UrbanUrban MiningMining ConferenceConference andand ForumForum

AnalysisAnalysisAnalysis ofofof urbanurbanurban miningminingmining backgroundbackgroundbackground andandand potentialpotentialpotential Speaker:Speaker: TienTien--ChinChin Chang,Chang, Ph.DPh.D 2011/10/21 ExperienceExperience ProfileProfile

• Current position 1.Professor,1.Professor, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, NTUT, R.O.C. 2.Dean,2.Dean, College of Engineering 3.Chairman, oriented Environmental Research Center • Education National Central University Civil EngineeringPh.D . • Specialty Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Tien-Chin ChangChang,, Ph.D. Industrial Ecology Reduction and Recycling Management

Website：http://www.cc.ntut.edu.tw/~tcchang/ E-mail：[email protected] Phone：886-02-27712171-4132 Fax：886-02-27811334

2 EconomicEconomic TimesTimes reportsreports relatedrelated topicstopics

2003/12/18 2004/11/15

2004/12/08 2006/11/15 3 ContentsContents

1 Background of urban mining

2 The status of urban mining in advanced countries

3 Characterization of the urban mining

4 Comparison of urban mining inTaiwan and China

5 Future trend urban mining

4 AAA、Background、、BackgroundBackground ofofof urbanurbanurban miningminingmining

5 TheThe definitiondefinition ofof urbanurban miningmining

1.Narrow sense：Recycling of WEEE, Waste Electrical 、Electronic and Equipment.

2.General：Means for recycling waste in the recycling of all metals, precious metals, rare metals, rare earth metals, plastics, rubber and glass.

6 7

Sustainable Development

Recycling environment

Recycling industry Maximize

Clean Production

Pollution Prevention

Reduce waste volume reduction Future trends Future trends Optimization Recycling

Pollution Control

Waste disposal Urban Urban Mining Mining Base International environmental trends EnvironmentalEnvironmental problemsproblems facingfacing thethe worldworld

Global Warmi － Desertification－ Framework Convention on Rivers and lake Climate Change and the Anti-Desertification Climate Change and the pollution and water Kyoto Protocol Convention depletion - -WWCWWC Marine pollution-pollution- Environmental International hormone (and POPs)－ maritime conventions REACH (including the prohibited throw sea and oil pollution) Wetland use and resource protection － Endangered Wildlife-Wildlife- Rassam Convention CITES.Conventionon Biological Diversity Genetically modified crops and agricultural resource － Convention Acid rain － Prevent on Biological Safety pollutants from longlong-- proliferation treaty

The spread of The destruction of the hazardous waste－Basel ozone layer－Montreal Convention（RoHs、 Protocol WEEE） 8 AnalysisAnalysis ofof thethe globalglobal ofof mineralmineral resourcesresources depletiondepletion

1. Cu：45years 2. Fe：40years 3. Coal：200years 4. Oil：45years 5. ：60years

9 RestrictionsRestrictions incinerationincineration andand prohibitprohibit landfilllandfill

Final disposal technology ReductionReduction technologytechnology

Recycling Bury Seepage water, groundwater pollution ProductProduct Transport Combustion Ash

CO2, Air pollution recovery

WasteWaste stabilization stabilization technologytechnology UrbanUrban miningmining technologytechnology

Consumer Resource ResourceResource recycling recycling Product ProductionProduction of of social social

10 GlobalGlobal pollutionpollution problemsproblems causedcaused byby wastewaste

European Union EU-15 gradually 25,000萬噸 increased the amount of waste Rapid increase in the generated in 2025 will reach 25,000 amount of global waste tons, as shown

2025年 U.S. National Security Council estimated that in 2007 in 2007 there are 150 televisions, refrigerators, million an old computer washing machines, air to wait conditioners, computers and other electrical scrap five volume up to 1.5 Some major cities in Asia, million units Brazil's 2007 per day manufacturing 760,000 tons leads to 14 million tons per day of solid waste, of forecast to 2025, will reach 1.8 million tons per day

According to United Nations estimates , discarded globally each year up to 5,000 tons. Amount of global waste will increase two times to 2020 of 1980 faster than the population growth rate. 11 RHYTHMS MONTHLY(2009/8) 12 ContinentalContinental recyclingrecycling statusstatus ofof environmentalenvironmental pollutionpollution

Guiyu was all over the river has been filled with E-Waste ... open burning has been transferred to the more remote the village ... .. RHYTHMS MONTHLY(2009/8) 13 All kinds of information items of waste ...... CD. Cable. India's street children living out of resources.

Developed countries in the eyes of garbage … Often the eyes of the people behind the development of gold.

RHYTHMS MONTHLY(2009/8) 14 15 melt solder melt solder reduced to a waste pile to a waste reduced reduced to a waste pile to a waste reduced Ancestral farmland left field Ancestral Ancestral farmland left field Ancestral

Soldering iron to burn Soldering iron to burn

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E-Waste problem still exists!!

Manual dis ismantling scrap wire

mer uang ham gnetic Zh ge dheld mag the garba hild hand etals in t Mumbai Ecorec C recious m co a handful of arch of p legit in se timate recyclers RHYTHMS MONTHLY(2009/8) 16 UrbanUrban miningmining conceptconcept • 18,000 computers in the IC board (2.2 tons), can be extracted from 288 kg of copper, 44 kg tin, 1 kg of gold.gold. • According to Japan Electronics and Telecommunications Carriers Association, 66,000 handsets recycled 1 kg of goldgold,, 97,000 handsets recycled 1 kg silver.silver. „ Ore „ Waste Recycling (tons)

Shortage of resources, mining ore can be useful are low metal content, benefit from higher waste recycling

Source ：UNEP，Vital waste graphics II 17 UrbanUrban MiningMining VSVS ConventionalConventional miningmining Urban Mining Conventional mining Use：metal content of waste Crust

Recovery：recovery process Deposit

Disintegration : Remove of renewable resources Ore

Separation:：removal of impurities Concentrate

Regeneration：recycling of metal Metal

18 BBB、、、 TheThe The statusstatusstatus ofofof urbanurbanurban miningminingmining ininin advancedadvancedadvanced countriescountriescountries

19 ResourceResource controlcontrol stragiesstragies inin ChinaChina

一. Control projects in 2015: Cu、Pb、Al、Zn、Ni、 W、 Mo 、Sn 二. Control production and exports 三. Since 2006 a series of policies to promote in China : 1)Export restrictions 2) Elimination of export subsidies 3) Cancel tax rebates and four of raw materials increased export tariffstariffs on metals 四. The U.S. and the EU filed complaints with the WTO 20 ResourceResource protectionprotection policypolicy inin JapanJapan

21 TheThe amountamount ofof accumulationaccumulation ofof urbanurban miningmining inin JapanJapan

The amount of accumulation of major urban (ton)

The amount of The amount of Annual accumulation of accumulation of Country Metals world urban mine in the urban mine in (B) / (A) ranking consumption world Japan ％ (A) (B)

Sb 112,000 1,800,000 340,000 19.13％ 3

Cu 15,300,000 480,000,000 38,000,000 8.06％ 2

Au 2,500 42,000 6,800 16.36％ 1

In 450 2,800 1,700 61.05％ 1

Pb 3,300,000 57,000,000 5,600,000 9.85％ 1

Pt 445 71,000 2,500 3.59％ 3

Ag 19,500 270,000 60,000 22.42％ 2

Ta 1,290 43,000 4,400 10.41％ 3 22 ExamplesExamples ofof urbanurban miningmining inin SwedenSweden

Since 2001 Sweden began to notice buried in the airborne cables or cables in soil of a large social services network, such as water supply system or telecommunications network systems, although over time, some systems have to stop using, so these resourcesAccording to "sleep "the to state statistics: is left behind. it is more than 1800 tons

Therefore, the two cities in Sweden where the use of theof grid, copperthe local can power be recycled grid through a quantitative model, represented by the grid to find economies of in Gothenburg scale, and the results show that in large cities, even 20%in of Gothenburg the grid is no longer in use. Gothenburg Linköping Type of cable Airborne Cables Airborne Cables cables in soil cables in soil Medium- voltage 161 2106 307 653 (6 - 24 kV) Low-voltage (0.4 kV) 310 4305 88 2112 Total length 6882 km 3160 km 23 CCC、Characterization、、CharacterizationCharacterization ofofof thethethe urbanurbanurban miningminingmining

24 AnalysisAnalysis ofof urbanurban miningmining

25 SupplySupply andand regenerationregeneration ofof nonnon--ferrousferrous metalsmetals inin ChinaChina

™ Supply of non-ferrous metals ™ Annual production of renewable resources

1.In: Storage of top 1, Supply of 80% 1. Cu: 300 million tons / year

2. W: storage of top 1 , Supply of 85% 2. Pb: 1.35 million tons / year

3. Rare earths: storage of top 1,Supply of 80% 3. Al: 300 million tons / year

4. Ge: storage of top 1, Supply of 50% 4. Steel: 83 million tons / year

5. Mo: storage of top 2, Supply of 24% 5. Plastic: 12 million tons / year

26 TheThe requirementsrequirements ofof demonstrationdemonstration basebase ofof urbanurban miningmining

1. Recovery system network 2. Rationalization of industry links 3. Formalization of resources use 4. Leadership of technical equipment 5. Sharing of infrastructure 6. Centralization of dealing with environmental protection 7. Standardization of operational management

P.S 摘自:國家發改會、財政部之「關於開展城市礦產示範基地建設之通知」

27 DevelopmentDevelopment strategystrategy ofof urbanurban miningmining inin ChinaChina

Since 2010 five years will build 30 base of urban mining in China

Targets for 2015 are as follows

Cu 1.5 million tons Al 0.2 million tons Pb 0.35 million tons Plastic 1.8 million tons

28 TheThe necessitynecessity ofof developmentdevelopment ofof urbanurban miningmining

29 D、ComparisonD、Comparison ofof urbanurban miningmining inin TaiwanTaiwan andand ChinaChina

30 31

Source minimization and resource recycling 2007 program

2005 Waste classification and keep trash off the ground Policy

(Plastic limit policy) to 2002 promote source reduction

Remove the old

dumps 1998 2003 Four in one resource

1997 recycle project

Incineration Urban Mining 1990 Legislate for

1989 resource recycling Bury 1984

Free disposal Resource recycling and reusing history in Solid Waste Recycling History

First Treasures loves the thing Before General waste recycling by private Publica private stage period 1988 initiative, free market operation

Responsibility for Foundation set up by private businesses, 1988 Second recycling during the Semi-public associations and associations of the ↓ stage production industry private recycling co-organized by EPA for the 1997 period supervisory role

Set up waste general item Containers、 1997 cars/motorcycles、tires、Lubricant、 Semi-official color of the Third Feasibility of ↓ Lead-acid accumlators、Agriculture base pipe recovery fund stage Privatization June Containers、Electrical applicancesand period 1998 Computer applicances 8 Recycling management fund board

Government to set up July Fourth 32 recycling fund full Publicly owned 1998 Set up Recycilng fund management board stage PerformancePerformance forfor recycling(Urbanrecycling(Urban Mining)Mining)

year 1998 2010

Resource recycling volume 11.17 294.9 （Ten thousand tons）

Ref: EPA 2011 33 UrbanUrban MiningMining inin TaiwanTaiwan Per year trash treatment condition

Trash treatment rate

Waste accounted for the Daily percapitatras proportion of generation Daily percapitatras Daily per capita trash Trash treatmentrate(%) Trash treatmentrate(%) clearance volume h clearancevolume(kg) Processing accounted for sanitary h clearancevolume(kg) of waste generation ratio Trash recycle rate(include resource recycling rate、 food waste and Bulk waste recycling and reuse rate

year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

34 PerformancePerformance forfor wastewaste resource recyclingrecycling Daily per capita volume of garbage generated Four in one resource recycle project Daily percapita trash clearance (kg/per day) (kg/per volume Waste classification total clearance volume(ton/day) Average trash daily

year resource recycling amount and recycling rate Total auditing and verifying recycling volume Total resource recycling rate Moer than 1998 6-fold growth

35 unit：ton year PerformancePerformance forfor wastewaste treatmenttreatment inin TaipeiTaipei Sanzhuku Sanitary Landfill Site per year landfill volume

3,0003,000 volume Average dailydisposal

2,501 2,489 2,5002,500 2,407

2,160

2,000 ︵ 2,000 1,859 1,747 1,677 ton/day 1,5001,500 1,387

1,0001,000 ︶ 741 500500 429 167 133 88 54 59 0 19941994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008 year

ExpensesExpense ofhousehold trash 180 per year the case of household waste in city 165 158 ︵ 160 160 150 152

NT dollars/month 140140 127 128 household 120120

100 100 88

80 76 80 69 65 56 60 51 ︶ 隨水徵收 ← → 隨袋徵收 43 41 40 40 Pay-by-Water▼ Pay-by-Bag ＊ 20 0 9 6 year 995 996 997 998 99 001 002 003 004 005 00 008 1 19951 19961 1997 19981 1 1999 01-06/ 07-12/2 20012 20022 20032 20042 20052 20062007 20072 2008 36 01-06/2000 200007-12/2000 2000 SpecialSpecial Urban Urban MiningMining 37 item (15) Dry batteries (16) cars (17) motorcycles (18) tires (19) Lead-acid accumlators (20) Lubricant Computer applicances (21) NB (22) Host Shell (23) Motherboard (24) Monitor (25) Hard -like disk driver (26) Printer (27) Power (28) Keyboard Electrical applicances (29) TV (30) Washing machine (31) Refrigerator (32) Air conditioner (33) Fan (34) Lighting 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 type Goods type item (1) Containers (2) Containers Cu (3) Glass Containers (4) teltra pak brand containers、 bag paper box (5)tableware Paper Plastic Containers (6) PET (7) PVC (8) PE (9) PP (10) PS Waste expansible PS containers (11) PS Waste unexpansible PS containers (12) Other plastic (13) Bio-plastics (14) Agriculture Containers

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1 GeneralGeneral UrbanUrban MiningMining itemitem 1 CalculatedCalculated wastewaste containercontainer resourceresource valuevalue

2010 2010 Auditing and Types of recycled Unit price Reference Resource Item Resource ratio verifying volume materials (dollar/ton) value value(hundred (ton/year) million dollars/year) Secondary Fe Containers materials iron 8,900 Avg price 85% 48,149 3.64 ingots Secondary Cu Containers aluminum ingot 63,600 Avg price 90% 6,116 3.5 material Glass Containers Secondary glass 1,300 Avg price 90% 211,610 2.48

teltra pak brand Recycled paper Containers and pulp, 2,500 Avg price 87% 18,522 0.4 paper Containers Bulk plasma

PET 20,500 Max price 83.7% 104,548 17.94

PP/PE 12,000 Max price 90.4% 1,305 1.42

PVC 27,600 Max price 92.5% 77,750 19.85 Plastic Containers PS Waste unexpansible PS 1,100 Avg price 92.4% 6,188 0.59 containers PS Waste expansible 1,800 Avg price 76.4% 2,227 0.31 PS containers 38 Waste containers resource valuevalue 50.13NT hundred million dollars inin Taiwan 2010 ResourceResource valuevalue ofof wastewaste containercontainer perper yearyear trendtrend inin TaiwanTaiwan

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 AD

Since 2003, a growth of 66%

39 WEEEWEEE && InformationInformation ProductsProducts valuevalue assessmentassessment inin TaiwanTaiwan ¾ After the dismantling of valuables from WEEE & Information Products

Category Project valuables

TV CRT、PDP & TFT-LCD Air Motor、Fans、Compressors and Refrigerant Electrical conditioning Washing and Chip and Motor Electronic machine Equipment Compressor、Motor Refrigerator and Refrigerant compressors Fans Motor

Monitor (CRT) & (TFT-LCD) CPU、Fans、Memory、Hard disk、Floppy disk、 Information Host PC board、Case、Power Products Printer Drum、Toner cartridge & Toner

Notebook TFT-LCD & PC board 40 WEEEWEEE && InformationInformation ProductsProducts valuevalue assessmentassessment inin TaiwanTaiwan ¾ WEEE & Information Products value

After the output The amount of audit Resource value In 2010 Category Project value of unit certification in 2010 （billion/year） resource （Ten thousand/year） LCD TV 338.8~474.3 60.2 1.61 CRT TV 112.7~148.1

Air conditioning 1697.9~2230.3 46.9 9.21 Electronics Washing machine 621.7~907.7 36.9 2.82 Refrigerator 369.0~591.6 33.3 1.60

Fans 54.8~76.8 1.2 -

LED Monitor 86.3~117.8 120.1 1.35 CRT Monitor 111.6~135.4

Information computer 138.8~238.7 117.8 2.22 41 Products Printer 58.7~96.1 69.8 0.54 Taiwan'sTaiwan's experienceexperience withwith thethe implementationimplementation ofof thethe developmentdevelopment potentialpotential ofof miningmining citiescities inin ChinaChina ¾ "Four machines and a computer" estimates of resource value in china

The amount of audit After the output Recycling capacity in certification in 2010 in Resource value in 2010 Resource value in 2010 in Category Project value of unit China（Ten Taiwan（Ten in Taiwan（billion China（billion NT/year） resource thousand/year） thousand/year） NT/year）

TV 112.7~474.3 60.2 1.61 500 13.37

Air Electronics conditioning 1697.9~2230. 3 46.9 9.21 600 117.83

Washing machine 621.7~907.7 36.9 2.82 500 38.21

Refrigerator 369.0~591.6 33.3 1.60 400 19.22

Information computer 138.8~238.7 117.8Taiwa 2.22 500 9.42 China Products Notebook 56.3~73.2 5.3 n 0.03 500 2.83

19.45 billion 200.88 billion Total 533.8 3000 Resource value in China is 4.425 billionNT/year RMB / year that about TaiwanNT/year 10 42 times 42 TheThe EE--WasteWaste Recycling Status in Taiwan

The upstream and downstream analysis of the urban mining

Temporary storage at home

Not qualified recyclers 43 ChineseChinese urbanurban miningmining industryindustry withwith developmentdevelopment potentialpotential ofof thethe provinceprovince ofof domaindomain analysisanalysis ¾ Shanghai appliance "Change the old to the new" policy of dismantling

The average The average Total The total number of number of ownership amount of Treatment ownership dismantling in Company (Unit of dismantling rate(%) in one week(Unit of one week(Unit of (Unit of thousand) thousand) thousand) thousand) 上海電子廢棄物 15.9 24.0 782.2 769.3 98.36 交投中心 上海新金橋環保 52.1 52.3 2840.1 2831.0 99.68 有限公司 偉翔環保科技發展 3.2 1.9 1859.3 1850.6 99.53 有限公司 鑫廣再生資源 23.0 14.3 234.9 174.3 74.21 有限公司

森藍環保有限公司 11.7 4.5 255.4 217.6 85.21

Total 105.9 97.1 5971.9 5842.9 97.84

Shanghai can be estimated about 5.08 million a year 數據源:上海市環保局，2011/5/30~2011/6/5 44 recycling units, output will reach 749 million RMB / year.44 ChineseChinese urbanurban miningmining industryindustry withwith developmentdevelopment potentialpotential ofof thethe provinceprovince ofof domaindomain analysisanalysis

Factor analysis of the development potential

Factor Analysis The top three provinces

Population Guangdong、Henan、Shandong Population density Shanghai、Tianjin、Beijing ECI Beijing、Zhejiang、Hainan GDP Shanghai、Tianjin、Beijing Human Development Index Shanghai

Above table, some parameters can be found in this case, Shanghai Shanghaiand Beijing are an advantage, it can be assumed to be Chinese resource industry matures, will be able to have a substantial resource market. 45 UrbanUrban miningmining industryindustry withwith developmentdevelopment potentialpotential ofof thethe provinceprovince ofof domaindomain analysisanalysis inin ChinaChina Regional Analysis

More high human High human development index development index

Medium human Low human development index development index

Source :《China Human Development Report》 (2008)

46 FutureFuture StrageStrage OfOf UrbanUrban MiningMining InIn TaiwanTaiwan

1. Effective recycling of resources

3. High efficiency of the urban mining technology

4. Appropriate management of hazardous substances 47 StatusStatus ofof WasteWaste TransboundaryTransboundary movementmovement

In 2009

Name Country Weight Of waste (ton/year) Mixed scrap metal China 45,90.34 treatment by Physical USA 0.38 treatment Belgium 1.47 Scrap wire and cable China 15,027.40 （by Physical Belgium 1.16 treatment） USA 0.26 China 28,516.55 Japan 250.11 PCB Belgium 14.74 USA 2.36 Belgium 7.09 Parts of PCB Singapore 1.54 USA 2.62

48 EEE、、、 FutureFuture Future trendtrendtrend ofofof UrbanUrbanUrban MiningMiningMining

49 TrendTrend InIn TheThe FutureFuture

1 Stability significant growth of TMR

2 Environmental protection Consciousness

3 WEEE products life cycles

4 Recycling technology and management

5 Recycling of materials supply systems

50 TotalTotal MaterialsMaterials RecoveryRecovery

Growth rate 300%

51 EnvironmentalEnvironmental AwarenessAwareness

Computer cover ：PVC、 BFR Power： Be 、Hg、Cd、Pb、 PVC E-Waste Hazardous materials Fan ： PVC CPU：Pb SECC ：Cr Dashboard ：Hg、Ba Adapters ： Cr 、 BFR Fan ： PVC I/O Port： PVC Transistor ： Cd 、 Pb 、 BFR PCB：Hg、 Pb 、 BFR Mobo ： Be 、 Hg 、 Cd 、Pb、 PVC CRT ： Cd 、 Pb 、 BFR RAM：Pb Slot ： PVC

Phosphors ：Be Transistor ： Cd 、 Pb 、 BFR Monitor ：Hg、Ba、 Pb RGB： Cd 、 Pb Battery ：Hg Monitor cover ： PVC 、 BFR Wafer ： Cd 52 TrendTrend ofof UrbanUrban MiningMining 2010 2020 Alternative Expensive Fuels ‹ RDF ‹ Nano materials ‹ Metal ‹ Biomass Energy ‹ Electronic-grade chemicals ‹ Secondary fuel ‹ Special materials Rare material material

Basic ‹ Engineering gradin ‹ Magnetic metal ‹ Construction materials ‹ Dissociate metal ‹ Cu、Sn ‹ Super hard metal ‹ Low-temperature semiconductor ‹ General chemicals Technology Technology

‹ RDF production ‹ Recycling of pensive material ‹ Basic material recovery ‹ Recycling of rare material

53 RecyclingRecycling ofof SolarSolar batterybattery MaterialMaterial

Single crystal 、 Polysilicon 、 Amorphous Silicon 、 1 CdTe、CuIn、GaSe.

2 CIGS(copper indium gallium selenide)

54 老子 道德經27章 常善救物常善救物 故無棄物故無棄物

路曼曼其修路曼曼其修遠兮遠兮，吾，吾將上下而求索將上下而求索 屈原屈原 離騷離騷

55 Groups of Recycling oriented Environment Research Center

Thank for your attention

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