DOCSLIB.ORG

Moodie2019.Pdf (12.48Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Moodie2019.Pdf (12.48Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Between the Desert and the Deep The Lived Experience of the Funerary Landscape of the Ancient Maghreb (4th – 1st millennium BCE) Meg Moodie PhD Classics University of Edinburgh 2019 1 Abstract This thesis focusses on the underlying traditions, inspirations, and influences that led to the creation of the so-called Numidian elite funerary architecture of the 4th to 1st centuries BCE in the ancient Maghreb. Using the nine most-studied structures as a point of departure, the argument will focus on how these tombs and related monuments fit into their African and Mediterranean contexts and the impact this had on self- and social identity in North Africa. This will offer an insight into the indigenous communities and their society before and during this period as reflected in, and projected through, their funerary traditions. This includes analysing the pre-existing northern African burial traditions from the 4th millennium BCE onwards and their impact on the development of megalithic funerary practices over the millennia. By focusing on the built environment, landscape, and the human experience of death and burial, this study explores not only the physical reality of mortuary practices in the prehistoric Maghreb but also the lasting ritual traditions that influenced the later development of monumental construction during the Hellenistic period and beyond. This analysis is conducted through the theoretical frameworks of landscape and sense archaeology, globalization theory, and creolization theory to create a more balanced comprehension of the complex dynamics of the increasingly inter-regional and diverse context of the ancient Maghreb. 2 Lay summary This thesis centres on the funerary structures associated with the indigenous kingdoms of ancient North Africa and how foreign influences and local reactions to them affected the way communities buried and commemorated their dead in this region. Using the archaeological evidence of the 4th to 1st millennium BCE, this study looks at the wider context of ritual behaviour and how this was reflected in architecture. This analysis focuses on the extent to which ancient African and Mediterranean practices impacted on the design and construction of tombs in the ancient Maghreb. By using modern theories linked to the expansion of wide networks connecting regions through trade and migration, this thesis highlights how ancient communities interacted with each other without losing their sense of identity. Instead, these communities engaged with new influences as well as older traditions to create new forms of funerary architectural expression unique to this region and its people. 3 Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where stated otherwise by reference or acknowledgment, the work presented is entirely my own. _________________________ __________________________ 4 Acknowledgements Over the many years that it takes to work towards entering and completing a PhD, there are numerous advisors, mentors, friends, and family that make the process more manageable. While I cannot effectively thank everyone who has had a hand in forming the academic and non-academic setting that has helped create this work, there are those that deserve special mention. Firstly, many thanks to my supervisors Ben Russell and Andrew Erskine who have provided excellent guidance, patience, and encouragement throughout my PhD. Thank you also to Tanja Romankiewicz, Candace Rice, Guillaume Robin, and Tamar Hodos for valuable additional support and direction. Thank you to those who made my research trips to North Africa run smoothly: Kevin Dyck (Mosaic North Africa), Ahcicene Segouini, Rafik Cheraitia, Ridha ben Elhedi, and Makram Mallem. Thanks must also be given to the funding bodies that have made this necessary research and fieldwork possible: the Principle’s Career Development Scholarship, the Global Research Scholarship, the Baldwin Brown Fund, the Roberts Training Fund, the Research Student Support Fund, the Conference Support Fund, and the Tweedie Exploration Fellowship. Without all this academic and financial support none of this would have been possible. Secondly, thank you to my friends and colleagues Liam Gale, Ambra Ghiringhelli, Zofia Guertin, Alison John, and Briana King, without whom these past few years would have been far less fun and far more challenging. Thank you to my family, my parents Michele and Keith, and siblings Kate and James, who have never wavered in their support of my dreams and ambitions even when these have taken me to the other side of the world and very rarely back. And finally, to my wife and emotional rock, Bex Currie, no words can express the gratitude I have for your constant love, encouragement, patience, and belief in me when I could not see it. You will be as relieved as I am that this is now done. Ek het jou baie lief. 5 Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................11 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................23 Between the Desert and the Deep: The Lived Experience of the Funerary Landscape of the Ancient Maghreb (4th – 1st millennium BCE) ........................................................25 i. Introduction ...................................................................................................................25 i.i. The wider context ................................................................................................26 i.ii. Geographic focus .................................................................................................28 i.iii. Chronology .........................................................................................................29 i.iv. Hypothesis and research questions ...................................................................30 i.v. Methodology .......................................................................................................31 i.vi. Literature review ................................................................................................33 ii. Structure .......................................................................................................................36 Chapter 1: Setting and context - the ancient Maghreb ..............................................45 1.1. Socio-political context ...............................................................................................45 1.1a. Towns and tribes ..............................................................................................46 1.1b. Cities and kings ................................................................................................48 Maures ......................................................................................................................49 Masaesyli ...................................................................................................................50 Massyli ......................................................................................................................51 Gaetuli .......................................................................................................................53 Garamantes ...............................................................................................................54 1.1c. Engagement and identity .................................................................................55 1.2. Contact and connectivity...........................................................................................59 1.2a. Trans-Saharan contact .....................................................................................60 1.2b. Mediterranean contact ....................................................................................61 1.3. Archaeology ...............................................................................................................64 6 1.3a. Mortuary archaeology ..................................................................................... 66 1.3b. Landscape archaeology.................................................................................... 68 1.3c. Sense archaeology ........................................................................................... 69 1.4. Theoretical approaches: globalization and creolization ........................................... 71 Chapter 2: The Elite Amazigh Monuments of the Hellenistic Maghreb ..................... 73 Section A: The archaeological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C a Se Stud Y
    This project is funded by the European Union November 2020 Culture in ruins The illegal trade in cultural property Case study: Algeria and Tunisia Julia Stanyard and Rim Dhaouadi Summary This case study forms part of a set of publications on the illegal trade in cultural property across North and West Africa, made up of a research paper and three case studies (on Mali, Nigeria and North Africa). This study is focused on Algeria and Tunisia, which share the same forms of material culture but very different antiquity markets. Attention is given to the development of online markets which have been identified as a key threat to this region’s heritage. Key findings • The large-scale extraction of cultural objects in both countries has its roots in the period of French colonial rule. • During the civil war in Algeria in the 1990s, trafficking in cultural heritage was allegedly linked to insurgent anti-government groups among others. • In Tunisia, the presidential family and the political elite reportedly dominated the country’s trade in archaeological objects and controlled the illegal markets. • The modern-day trade in North African cultural property is an interlinked regional criminal economy in which objects are smuggled between Tunisia and Algeria as well as internationally. • State officials and representatives of cultural institutions are implicated in the Algerian and Tunisian antiquities markets in a range of different capacities, both as passive facilitators and active participants. • There is evidence that some architects and real estate entrepreneurs are connected to CASE STUDY CASE trafficking networks. Introduction The region is a palimpsest of ancient material,7 much of which remains unexplored and unexcavated by Cultural heritage in North Africa has come under fire archaeologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Morpho-Phenological Diversity Among Natural Populations of Medicago Polymorpha of Different Tunisian Ecological Areas
    Vol. 15(25), pp. 1330-1338, 22 June, 2016 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.14950 Article Number: A52532059051 ISSN 1684-5315 African Journal of Biotechnology Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Morpho-phenological diversity among natural populations of Medicago polymorpha of different Tunisian ecological areas Mounawer Badri*, Najah Ben Cheikh, Asma Mahjoub and Chedly Abdelly Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia. Received 27 August, 2015; Accepted 13 January, 2016 Medicago polymorpha is a herbaceous legume that can be a useful pasture plant, in particular, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. The genetic variation in 120 lines of M. polymorpha sampled from five regions in Tunisia was characterized on the basis of 16 morpho-phenological characters. Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that differences among populations and lines existed for all traits, with population explaining the greatest variation for measured traits. The populations of Enfidha and Soliman were the earliest flowering, while those of El Kef, Bulla Regia and Mateur were the latest. El Kef and Mateur exhibited the highest aerial dry weight while the lowest value was found for Soliman. Moderate to lower levels of heritability (H²) were registered for investigated traits. There was no significant association between pairwise population differentiation (QST) and geographical distances. Studied lines were clustered into three groups with 59 for the first group, 34 for the second group, and 27 lines for the third group. The lines of the first two groups showed the largest length of stems while those of the second group had the highest number of leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Materials and Techniqu63 in the Eastern
    BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQU63 IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN FRUM THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD TO THE FOURTH CENTURY AD by Hazel Dodgeq BA Thesis submitted for the Degree of'PhD at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne Decembert 1984 "When we buildq let us thinjc that we build for ever". John Ruskin (1819 - 1900) To MY FAMILY AND TU THE MEMORY OF J. B. WARD-PERKINS (1912 - 1981) i ABSTRACT This thesis deals primarily with the materials and techniques found in the Eastern Empire up to the 4th century AD, putting them into their proper historical and developmental context. The first chapter examines the development of architecture in general from the very earliest times until the beginnin .g of the Roman Empire, with particular attention to the architecture in Roman Italy. This provides the background for the study of East Roman architecture in detail. Chapter II is a short exposition of the basic engineering principles and terms upon which to base subsequent despriptions. The third chapter is concerned with the main materials in use in the Eastern Mediterranean - mudbrick, timber, stone, mortar and mortar rubble, concrete and fired brick. Each one is discussed with regard to manufacture/quarrying, general physical properties and building uses. Chapter IV deals with marble and granite in a similar way but the main marble types are described individually and distribution maps are provided for each in Appendix I. The marble trade and the use of marble in Late Antiquity are also examined. Chapter V is concerned with the different methods pf wall construction and with the associated materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition
    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
    [Show full text]
  • Julius Caesar
    Advisory Editor: Professor M. M. Willcock Julius Caesar THE CIVIL V/AR BOOKS I 8. II Edited with an Infroduction, Translation & Commentary by J. M. Carter {Qq t Aris & Phillips - Warminsten - England 153 COMMENTARY BOOK I 1.33 The capture of ltaly, Sicily and Sardinia 1-6 Caesar begins with the politícal moves made against him, and the tribunes who snpported him, in the first days of larunry. The aim is to show his chíef enemies a.s men who are unwilling to negotiate, contemptuons of the constitutíon, and actuated by discreditable personal motives. The clímax of this first section is the flight of the two tribunes from Rome on Jarunry 7th, but Caesar rounds it off wìth an account of the decßíons made hy the senate after they had gone, when hís enemies had a free lund to make the díspositions they wished. In spìte af hís supefficíally dispassionate tone, the presentation here is more consistenþ subjective and biased against his opponents thon anywhere else in the work. ' 1 L ...when Caesar's letter was delivered to the consuls: could Caesar have plunged thus, without introduction or explanation, into his narr¿tive? Modem editorial consensus (Fabre, Klotz, Oppermann, Trillitzsch) holds so, but there a¡e strong reasons for believing that at least several sentences have been lost from the start of the book: (a) the narative at the end of Bellum Gallicum I fails to join up properly with the beginning we have here, although Hirtius wrote it speciñcally to filI the gap between Caesar's two wodcs (8.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts." American Jl of Archaeology, Vol
    CHANSON, H. (2000). "Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts." American Jl of Archaeology, Vol. 104, No. 1, Jan., pp. 47-72 (ISSN 0002-9114). Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts H. CHANSON Abstract This paper examines the archaeological evidence for steep chutes, cascades and drop shafts in Roman aqueducts. It also presents comparative data on steep descent water flow in aqueducts based on physical model tests. It is suggested that the Romans were aware of the hydraulic problems posed by supercritical water flows, and that the technological solutions they imposed were rudimentary but sound. For example, they understood the need for energy dissipation devices such as stilling basin and dropshaft.* The Roman aqueduct remains one of the best examples of hydraulic expertise in antiquity. Many aqueducts were used, repaired and maintained for centuries and some, such as the aqueduct of Carthage (Tunisia), are still partly in use today.1 Most aqueducts consisted of long, flat sections interspersed by shorter steep drops. Despite arguments suggesting that Roman aqueducts maintained a fluvial flow regime 2, the present study suggests that these steep drops produced supercritical flows requiring a technical response to ensure normal water flow. It is argued that the Romans employed three methods to address this problem: chutes followed by stilling basins, stepped channels, and dropshafts. STEEP CHUTES AND STEPPED CASCADES : HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS A chute is characterized by a steep bed slope associated with torrential flow (fig. 1 and 2). This chute flow may be either smooth (fig. 2A) or stepped (fig. 2B). Roman designers used both designs as well as single drops along aqueducts (Tables 1 and 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Information
    Juengst and Becker, Editors Editors and Becker, Juengst of Community The Bioarchaeology 28 AP3A No. The Bioarchaeology of Community Sara L. Juengst and Sara K. Becker, Editors Contributions by Sara K. Becker Deborah Blom Jered B. Cornelison Sylvia Deskaj Lynne Goldstein Sara L. Juengst Ann M. Kakaliouras Wendy Lackey-Cornelison William J. Meyer Anna C. Novotny Molly K. Zuckerman 2017 Archeological Papers of the ISSN 1551-823X American Anthropological Association, Number 28 aapaa_28_1_cover.inddpaa_28_1_cover.indd 1 112/05/172/05/17 22:26:26 PPMM The Bioarchaeology of Community Sara L. Juengst and Sara K. Becker, Editors Contributions by Sara K. Becker Deborah Blom Jered B. Cornelison Sylvia Deskaj Lynne Goldstein Sara L. Juengst Ann M. Kakaliouras Wendy Lackey-Cornelison William J. Meyer Anna C. Novotny Molly K. Zuckerman 2017 Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, Number 28 ARCHEOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Lynne Goldstein, General Series Editor Number 28 THE BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF COMMUNITY 2017 Aims and Scope: The Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association (AP3A) is published on behalf of the Archaeological Division of the American Anthropological Association. AP3A publishes original monograph-length manuscripts on a wide range of subjects generally considered to fall within the purview of anthropological archaeology. There are no geographical, temporal, or topical restrictions. Organizers of AAA symposia are particularly encouraged to submit manuscripts, but submissions need not be restricted to these or other collected works. Copyright and Copying (in any format): © 2017 American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Qanats Ameliorate Impacts Due to the Desertification of the Libyan Sahara
    QANATS AMELIORATE IMPACTS DUE TO THE DESERTIFICATION OF THE LIBYAN SAHARA Undergraduate Research Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in Earth Sciences in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University By Zachary Ray Miculka The Ohio State University 2019 Approved by Franklin W. Schwartz, Advisor School of Earth Sciences T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... v Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Design and Physical Setting .................................................................................................................. 3 Location and Topography ........................................................................................................................... 4 Lithology .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Climate and Hydrology
    [Show full text]
  • Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf
    Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Catherine Connors, Chair Alain Gowing Stephen Hinds Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics © Copyright 2014 Laura Zientek University of Washington Abstract Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Catherine Connors Department of Classics This dissertation is an analysis of the role of landscape and the natural world in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. I investigate digressions and excurses on mountains, rivers, and certain myths associated aetiologically with the land, and demonstrate how Stoic physics and cosmology – in particular the concepts of cosmic (dis)order, collapse, and conflagration – play a role in the way Lucan writes about the landscape in the context of a civil war poem. Building on previous analyses of the Bellum Civile that provide background on its literary context (Ahl, 1976), on Lucan’s poetic technique (Masters, 1992), and on landscape in Roman literature (Spencer, 2010), I approach Lucan’s depiction of the natural world by focusing on the mutual effect of humanity and landscape on each other. Thus, hardships posed by the land against characters like Caesar and Cato, gloomy and threatening atmospheres, and dangerous or unusual weather phenomena all have places in my study. I also explore how Lucan’s landscapes engage with the tropes of the locus amoenus or horridus (Schiesaro, 2006) and elements of the sublime (Day, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • The Continental Intercalaire Aquifer at the Kébili Geothermal Field, Southern Tunisia
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 The Continental Intercalaire Aquifer at the Kébili Geothermal Field, Southern Tunisia Aissa Agoun Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development Water Resources Departement, C.R.D.A Kébili, Kébili 4200, TUNISIA [email protected] Keywords: CI, Kébili, wells, artesian wellheads like valves and monitoring points. Also drawdown of the water level has been observed due to the ABSTRACT increasing water demands. Radiocarbon analysis has shown that radiocarbon is present at between 2 and 10 pmc which The C.I. "Continental Intercalaire" aquifer is an extensive leads to the conclusion that the water is recharged during horizontal sandstone reservoir (Neocomien: Lower the late Pleistocene 25,000 years B.P, corresponding to the Cretaceous: Purbecko-Wealdien). The CI is one of the last glaciation (Edmonds et al., 1997). Water is fossil and largest aquifers in the world covering more than 1 million 2 without actual recharge, so to preserve the trans-borderers km in Tunisia, Algeria and Libya. This aquifer covers reservoir, more research must be carried out on the aquifer. 80,000 km2 in Tunisia Full collaboration with Algerian and Libyan organizations In Kébili field in southern Tunisia, the geothermal water is is necessary in order to achieve economical and sustainable about 25 to 50 thousand years old and of sulphate chlorite future production and regional development. Long term type. The depth of the reservoir ranges from 1000 to 2800 monitoring of pressure temperature and salinity at the m. wellhead for each production well should be carried out. Any increase of drawdown during the next 20 years caused The piézométric level is about 200 meters above the by increased production will lead to environmental changes.
    [Show full text]