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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Apunts Educación Física y Deportes ISSN: 1577-4015 ISSN: 2014-0983 [email protected] Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya España Mirabet, Raquel; Pujadas, Xavier El espejismo franquista en la Universidad de Barcelona: las instalaciones deportivas (1954-1958) Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, vol. 36, no. 140, 2020, -March, pp. 8-14 Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya España Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=551662868002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Published 01 April 2020 EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y DEPORTES https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2020/2).140.02 ISSUE 140 8 DEPORTES DEPORTES Y Y The Francoist Mirage at the University of FÍSICA FÍSICA CIÓN CIÓN EDUCA EDUCA Barcelona: Sports Facilities (1954-1958) 140 Raquel Mirabet* RM and Xavier Pujadas Research and Innovation Group on Sport and Society (GRIES), Ramon Llull University, Spain 2.º trimestre (abril-junio) 2020 ISSN: 2014-0983 Cite this article: Mirabet, R., & Pujadas, X. (2020). The Francoist Mirage at the University of Barcelona: Sports Facilities (1954-1958). Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 140, 8-14. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983. es.(2020/2).140.02 OPEN ACCESS HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Abstract Editor: Starting in 1944, the Francoist dictatorship promoted physical education as a compul- © Generalitat de Catalunya sory university subject controlled by the Falange to furnish it with ideological content. Departament de la Presidència Institut Nacional d’Educació However, this political decision clashed with the reality of the harsh post-Civil War pe- Física de Catalunya (INEFC) riod. The University of Barcelona is a case in point, since it did not have its own sports facilities until 1957. The purpose of this study is to explain the circumstances in which ISSN: 2014-0983 these facilities were built against the background of the transformation of sports poli- *Corresponding author: cies under the dictatorship between 1954 and 1958, and also to analyse the extent to Raquel Mirabet which these infrastructures enabled more far-reaching change in the teaching objec- [email protected] tives and methods of university physical education. To this end, documentation in the Section: University of Barcelona’s Historical Archive (the University’s Sports Committee and Human and Social Sciences physical education activity reports), documentation in the city’s Historical Archive (the Received: University of Barcelona’s Board of Works and the Municipal Sports Committee) and 19 March 2019 newspaper library documentation from the period were examined in order to recon- Accepted: struct the situation at the time. The results evince the connection between changes 27 July 2019 in the political situation and infrastructural transformations, although there is little cor- Published: relation between these changes and the resistance to change of university physical 01 April 2020 education. This perspective demonstrates the clear asymmetry in sport and physical Cover: New Olympic Sports for education during Franco’s dictatorship between the ideological resolve of the State Tokyo 2020: Karate. apparatus and the determination of local organisations committed to modernisation Photo: Haifa, Israel - July 11, 2017: The Karate competitions during and which were closer to the public’s needs. 20th Maccabiah Games at the Romema Arena. Keywords: sport, University of Barcelona, facilities, Francoism, youth Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2020, n.º 140. 2nd Quarter (April-June), pp. 8-14 8 R. Mirabet and X. Pujadas The Francoist Mirage at the University of Barcelona: Sports Facilities (1954-1958) Introduction and Objectives under the dictatorship in the second half of the 1950s. During the 1950s, the tenets of Franco’s regime Alongside this general objective, two more specific changed progressively with regard to physical educa- objectives were pursued: a) to contextualise the cor- tion and sports policies. Like the actual dictatorship, relation between this process and the period of early the organisation and objectives of the regime’s sports international opening up of sports events in the Catal- policy were tailored to a modest political openness onian capital, and b) to analyse to what extent building resulting from the international scenario and domes- sports infrastructure was related to a more far-reach- tic needs. The generational changeover in its lead- ing transformation in teaching objectives and methods ers (General Moscardo died in 1956), coupled with in the compulsory subject of physical education at the a strong interest in the internationalisation and the university. HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES propagandistic use of sport, especially football (Viu- da-Serrano, 2013), spawned the first attempt to mod- ernise sports structures. This took shape particularly Methodology from the 1960s onwards, coinciding with the period of In order to accomplish these objectives, this research economic “developmentalism” (Santacana, 2011). This was addressed as a historiographic study embedded in attempt at modernisation was expressed in law by the the social sciences, given that researching the past in- Physical Education and Sports Act of 1961, although it volves investigating a dimension of society, as the histo- was most essentially embodied in a renewed vision for riographic method is a methodological practice in itself. which the regime’s leaders coined the “sport, public Therefore, the distinctive techniques of the historical need” slogan, far removed from the militaristic creed method were employed, which in this case involved of the early years (Quiroga Fernández de Soto, 2014). finding, analysing and gathering data from documents Against this backdrop, university physical education, for subsequent interpretation of the archive sources, which had been taught since 1944 as a compulsory which were triangulated with other newspaper library subject with a strategic role in conveying the values and published literature sources. of Falangism to young people, would also be adapted Three different types of documentary sources were as new facilities were built to deliver a marked im- explored in this research. Firstly, the documentation in provement compared to the patently inadequate early the University of Barcelona’s Historical Archive con- stage (La Vanguardia, 10.11.1944). These improve- cerning the viewpoint of the University’s Sports Com- ments, which in the case of Barcelona’s university dis- mittee and in the activity reports which provided in- trict took the form of the construction of the Univer- formation about university physical education and its sity of Barcelona’s sports facilities in 1957, were not content in the period prior to 1957. Secondly, the mu- matched by any updating of the content, methods and nicipal perspective was factored in, leveraging docu- objectives of physical education as a subject, which mentation from the University of Barcelona’s Board of remained under the control of the Spanish Universi- Works (crucial for analysing the infrastructure plan and ty Student Union (Sindicato Español Universitario or its predecessors) and from the Municipal Sports Com- SEU) run by the Falange (Ruiz Carnicer, 1996), and mittee, set up in 1952, kept in the city’s Historical Ar- aroused scant interest among young Catalan university chive. Finally, data were gathered from documentation students. Hence, in reality, and at universities, in this in the newspaper libraries of the period and other Fa- case the University of Barcelona, the infrastructural lange-related activities in order to analyse the sociopolit- changes which brought about unquestionable improve- ical and ideological framework associated with sport and ments in sports facilities (Rivero, 2008) do not seem to the university. be actually correlated to the updating of physical edu- cation as a subject at the university, which continued to be compulsory, imparted in line with traditional at- Physical education at university titudes and by teachers with little training and a milita- and its legal enforcement ristic profile. By making physical education compulsory at university Given the dearth of specific studies on universi- in March 1944 (Official State Gazette of 10.04.1944), ty sport during the dictatorship in Spain as a whole together with political and religious education, the and in the case of Catalonia, the main aim of this re- Francoist regime provided legal coverage for its pur- search was to explain the circumstances in which the pose of indoctrinating young people through university University of Barcelona’s sports facilities were creat- teaching. Nonetheless, the means required to accom- ed as part of the process of change in sports policies plish this purpose had to be furnished, starting with the Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2020, n.º 140. 2nd Quarter (April-June), pp. 8-14 9 R. Mirabet and X. Pujadas The Francoist Mirage at the University of Barcelona: Sports Facilities (1954-1958) appointment of the lecturers who would deliver the ap- which in turn helped to further the city’s international propriate instruction, as well as the equipment and in- sports and tourism appeal, coinciding with the regime’s frastructure required
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