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Exploring Concepts of Race Among Gay Men Looking for Sex Or Dates Online Just a preference: Exploring concepts of race among gay men looking for sex or dates online Denton Callander A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Social Research in Health Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences August 2013 Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. ix Publications and Presentations ............................................................................................................ x Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Thesis aims .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 The thesis scope .................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Locating myself ................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Prejudice and racism ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Defining prejudice ............................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Stereotypes and discrimination ......................................................................................... 19 2.3 Research on prejudice and stereotypes .............................................................................. 20 2.4 Prejudice and media ........................................................................................................... 30 2.5 Racial prejudice, racism, and race ...................................................................................... 33 i 2.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Gay men, dating and the Internet................................................................................................. 49 3.1 How we behave online ........................................................................................................ 50 3.2 Race and racism in an online world .................................................................................... 59 3.3 Gay men online ................................................................................................................... 62 3.4 “No Asians, please”: Gay men, race and the Internet ........................................................ 65 3.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 73 3.6 The current research ........................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 76 Stage 1: Content analysis of racialised language on a sex and dating webservice ....................... 76 Overview of approach to mixed methods research ..................................................................... 76 4.1 Methods: Content analysis of racialised language on a sex and dating webservice .......... 80 4.2 Results ................................................................................................................................. 86 4.3 Inferences drawn from stage 1 findings ............................................................................. 96 4.4 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Stage 2: An online survey of attitudes, perceptions and experiences related to racialised partner discrimination online .................................................................................................................. 107 5.1 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 107 ii 5.2 Results ............................................................................................................................... 119 5.3 Inferences from stage 2 findings ....................................................................................... 135 Chapter 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 149 Stage 3: In-depth interviews with Australian gay men who use sex and dating webservices ... 149 6.1 Interview methods ............................................................................................................ 149 6.2 Results and inferences from stage 3 ................................................................................. 153 Chapter 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 197 Discussion.................................................................................................................................... 197 7.1 The subtlety of online sexual racism: Revelations of a pervasive issue............................ 198 7.2 Negotiating sexual racism as a normalised feature of sex and dating online .................. 202 7.3 Sexual racism and sexual liberty ....................................................................................... 207 7.4 Methodological implications ............................................................................................. 212 7.5 Directions forward ............................................................................................................ 213 7.6 Concluding thoughts ......................................................................................................... 215 References ...................................................................................................................................... 217 Appendix A: Survey instrument ...................................................................................................... 242 Appendix B: Interview guide ........................................................................................................... 249 iii COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed Date 25 November 2013 iv AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed Date 25 November 2013 v ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content
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