DOCSLIB.ORG

Running Head: GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS and THINKING STYLES 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Running Head: GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS and THINKING STYLES 1 Running head: GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 1 A new measure of general misconceptions: Relations with rational, intuitive, critical thinking, and monetary incentives Marle Wortelboer Master thesis Economic Psychology Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences 1st Supervisor: W.W.A. Sleegers 2nd Supervisor: F. van Leeuwen March 22th 2019 GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 2 Abstract Past research indicated several issues regarding measurements of (psychological) misconceptions. In this paper, it was aimed to develop a new Test of General Knowledge and Misconceptions (TOGKAM) based on recent suggestions to address previous limitations of Bensley et al. (2014). In order to validate this TOGKAM, relations with rational- and intuitive thinking styles and critical thinking dispositions were tested. It was hypothesized that an Intuitive-Experiential thinking style was positively correlated with TOGKAM scores, whereas a Rational-Analytic thinking style and Critical Thinking dispositions were negatively correlated with TOGKAM scores. In addition, it was examined whether monetary incentives decreased the endorsement of misconceptions. Hypothesized was, that incentivized participants were more likely to use rational and analytic thinking styles and subsequently endorsed fewer misconceptions. Results of this study supported all the hypotheses. Keywords: misconceptions, intuitive- and rational thinking styles, critical thinking, dual- processing. GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 3 A new measure of general misconceptions: Relations with rational, intuitive, critical thinking, and monetary incentives Misconceptions are widely held beliefs that contradict established scientific evidence (Gardner & Brown, 2013; Sak, 2011). Misconceptions, or sometimes called myths, are stable and often deeply rooted beliefs about the world. Common misconceptions such as ‘bats are blind and navigate through echolocation’ or ‘the Chinese wall is the only man-made structure visible from space with the naked eye, are often part of ‘folk wisdom’ (McCutcheon, 1991). Despite the amount of research on the topic, implying sufficient knowledge is available regarding misconceptions, more information concerning the prevalence, origin, prevention and previous test assessments is required. Several studies demonstrated that misconceptions appear within all age groups and do not only prevail among lay people but also among experts of competence, or intelligence, such as with cardiologists and other healthcare workers (Cross, 2005; Sternberg, 1996; Winner, 1996). However, while misconceptions can be found throughout the entire population and within each field of knowledge, their exact prevalence rates are not well known (Garrett & Fisher, 1926; Crowe & Miura, 1995; Swami, Stieger, Pietschnig, Nader, & Voracek, 2012). For instance, within the field of psychology, the prevalence rate of psychological misconceptions is found to range from 40–70% among students (Arntzen, Lokke, Lokke, & Eilertsen, 2010). Moreover, a substantial increase was found from student’s myth recognition scores, from 38.5% to 66.3% (Kowalski & Taylor, 2009). Lastly, Furnham and Hughes (2014) showed that 35% of the 249 psychological myths were believed by over 50% of the respondents to be true. In conclusion, there is argued that these discrepancies in the prevalence estimations are assumed to be partly due to methodological issues (Bensley et al., 2014). GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 4 It is necessary to prevent misconceptions because they tend to pose a threat to society. First, misconceptions form obstacles to learning by impeding the acquisition of new and accurate knowledge (Gardner & Brown, 2013). This is particularly an issue for teachers as students already possess misconceptions before attending science courses (Mestre, 2001; Hammer, 1996). Secondly, misconceptions consist of misleading information which could influence people to make wrong decisions in their everyday lives (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Ruscio, & Beyerstein, 2011). For example, people’s inaccurate belief that vaccinations cause autism, prevent them from seeking vaccinations for themselves and their children. As a result, the vaccination-rate against contagious diseases such as measles had strongly decreased (Madsen et al., 2002). In addition, even among experts misconceptions are prevalent with disastrous consequences. For example, it is found that when healthcare workers hold misconceptions as ‘exercise is ‘bad’ for the heart’, which could eventually lead to patients having a slower recovery and reduced rate of return to work (Lin, Furze, Spilsbury, & Lewin, 2008; Angus et al., 2012). In summary, misconceptions could prompt serious challenges for laypersons, policy makers, journalists, attorneys, and others (Bensley & Lilienfeld, 2017). Psychological Origins of Misconceptions One important source for misconceptions consists of a variety of psychological dispositions. In other words, an individual's personal attitudes, motivations, and opinions can shape their beliefs. Moreover, once misinformation becomes fixed in a person's knowledge base, new information is frequently distorted or ignored, resulting in strengthening or the retention of the inaccurate beliefs (Taylor & Kowalski, 2004). Therefore, strongly held, but incorrect beliefs are particularly difficult to change (Vosniadou, 2001; Lewandowsky, Ecker, Seifert, Schwarz. & Cook, 2012). GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 5 Lewandowsky et al. (2012) argued that awareness, motivation or the availability of cognitive sources are required to be able to reject incorrect information. There are various psychological traits, such as habitual patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions that affect whether misconceptions are adopted or rejected. In terms of misconception, critical thinking is the most obvious factor in affecting the endorsement. It is the disposition and ability to retrieve and use information to evaluate knowledge claims. For example, Taylor and Kowalski (2004) showed that students who actively employed critical thinking (CT) skills to evaluate newly encountered information were less susceptible to misconceptions. However, people often fail in signaling difficulties and activate critical thinking dispositions due to people often rely on heuristics (Bensley & Lilienfeld, 2016). Moreover, the acceptance of misconceptions versus scientifically supported beliefs relates to differences in information processing. The dual process theory posits that people have an intuitive system that automatically learns from experience and is largely unconscious (system 1), and a rational system for engaging in verbal reasoning that is conscious, deliberate, and analytic (system 2), (Evans & Stanovich, 2013). For people who tend to endorse psychological misconceptions, an intuitive process may be dominant, whereas, for those who hold fewer misconceptions, a rational process may be dominant (Bensley et al., 2014). To illustrate this, the following misconception can be used ‘Ostriches stick their heads in the sand to hide when they sense danger’. Here, it is possible that people simply recognize this information and as a somewhat social proof argumentation, intuitively accept the misconception to be true. However, there is also a possibility that people more deeply analyze the information and conclude that there is no benefit for ostriches sticking their head in the sand, and reject this information to be GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 6 true. This illustrates that these two systems of information processing affect the determination of misconception endorsement. In essence, within misconception research, the inference of the human brain processes information in two different systems should be taken into account. Pacini and Epstein (1999) came up with a Cognitive-Experiential self-theory as a dual-process model of cognition. They suggested that human behavior is controlled by two distinct information processing systems (1) a Rational-Analytic system that is conscious, controlled, logic-based, and largely affect free, and (2) An Intuitive-Experiential system that is predominantly preconscious, automatic, and tied to intuition and affect. Since these systems are closely related to the dual-process approach, similar assumptions regarding a link with misconception endorsement could be established. From these approaches, explanations regarding the prevalence of misconceptions could be provided. First, it is argued that people’s intuition can interfere with the process of determining information correct or incorrect, resulting in more errors (Myers, 2002). Therefore, effortful reflective thinking is required in order to be able to reject these misconceptions. Measurement Issues A full understanding of misconceptions relies on a reliable and valid assessment of misconceptions. However, despite the importance of misconceptions research, popular measures of misconceptions suffer from severe methodological problems (Crowe & Miura, 1995; Swami et al., 2012). One methodological issue refers to the response format. Misconception measures often consist of a true/false (T/F) format. Participants have to indicate whether they believe a particular misconception is either true or false. However, the T/F format is problematic since (1) responses could be influenced by an acquiescence bias (yea-saying bias), (2) the format of T/F often GENERAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND THINKING STYLES 7 constraints responses to be either completely true or false although
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Selective Hypothesis Testing
    Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1998,5(2), 197-220 Selective hypothesis testing DAVID M. SANBONMATSU and STEVEN S. POSAVAC University ofUtah, Salt Lake City, Utah FRANK R. KARDES University ofCincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio and SUSAN p. MANTEL University ofToledo, Toledo, Ohio A diverse set ofbiases that have been found to characterize judgment may be similarly mediated by a process ofselective hypothesis testing. Ourpaper begins with a definition ofselective hypothesis test­ ing and an explanation ofhow andwhen this process leads to error. We then review a diverse and often disconnected set offmdings in the person perception, judgment, cognition, attitudes, attribution, and rule discovery literatures thatcanbe explained by this process, Finally, we examine the question ofwhy the selective testing of hypotheses occurs. Although the psychological literature suggests that selec­ tive hypothesis testing contributes to a variety of errors, in many contexts it may be a useful and effi­ cient strategy that leads to satisfactory judgment. The proliferation ofresearch on human judgment dur­ Although a vast body of research is reviewed that indi­ ing the last three decades has led to the identification of cates that a multitude oferrors may result from selective a multiplicity of errors that may characterize the obser­ hypothesis testing, in general this judgmental strategy is vations, interpretations, and evaluations ofeveryday life not necessarily a bad one. As we shall suggest, in many (see, e,g" Kahneman & Tversky, 1982; Nisbett & Ross, contexts
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Diversity and Socioecological Theory Are Essential to the Future Of
    PAPER Broadening horizons: Sample diversity and COLLOQUIUM socioecological theory are essential to the future of psychological science Michael D. Gurvena,1 aDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Edited by Daniel Hruschka, Arizona State University, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Susan A. Gelman April 10, 2018 (received for review December 15, 2017) The present lack of sample diversity and ecological theory in flourished in areas of anthropology and economics, but have had psychological science fundamentally limits generalizability and relatively limited impact in psychology. Psychology has been obstructs scientific progress. A focus on the role of socioecology in considered more a proximate level explanation detailing mech- shaping the evolution of morphology, physiology, and behavior anism, complementing the ultimate-level functional approach of has not yet been widely applied toward psychology. To date, behavioral ecology. Evolutionary psychology has been remark- evolutionary approaches to psychology have focused more on ably influential in showcasing hypothesized design features of finding universals than explaining variability. However, contrasts psychological mechanisms, but emphasis in practice has been between small-scale, kin-based rural subsistence societies and more on uncovering human universals than explaining variability. large-scale urban, market-based populations, have not been well The overwhelming emphasis on Western, educated, industrial- appreciated. Nor has the variability within high-income countries, ized, rich, democratic (WEIRD) samples in psychological studies or the socioeconomic and cultural transformations affecting even is now well recognized (2), but recognition has had little impact the most remote tribal populations today. Elucidating the causes on broadening the sample pools or research directions in much and effects of such broad changes on psychology and behavior is a of psychology (3).
    [Show full text]
  • Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Data
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MODELS FOR ANCHORING AND ACQUIESCENCE BIAS IN CONSUMPTION DATA Arthur van Soest Michael Hurd Working Paper 10461 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10461 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 April 2004 Financial support was provided by the National Institute of Aging under grant 5P01AG0829. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. ©2004 by Arthur van Soest and Michael Hurd. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Models for Anchoring and Acquiescence Bias in Consumption Data Arthur van Soest and Michael Hurd NBER Working Paper No. 10461 April 2004 JEL No. C81, D12 ABSTRACT Item non-response in household survey data on economic variables such as income, assets or consumption is a well-known problem. Follow-up unfolding bracket questions have been used as a tool to collect partial information on respondents that do not answer an open-ended question. It is also known, however, that mistakes are made in answering such unfolding bracket questions. In this paper, we develop several limited dependent variable models to analyze two sources of mistakes, anchoring and acquiescence (or yeasaying), focusing on the first bracket question. We use the experimental module of the AHEAD 1995 data, where the sample is randomly split into respondents who get an open-ended question on the amount of total family consumption - with follow-up unfolding brackets (of the form: is consumption $X or more?) for those who answer “don’t know” or “refuse” - and respondents who are immediately directed to unfolding brackets.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Construal Level Theory to Deter the Social Desirability Bias
    Using Construal Level Theory to Deter the Social Desirability Bias A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies Of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILISOPHY (PH.D.) in the department of Marketing of the College of Business 2012 by Scott A. Wright B.S., Boston College Committee Members: Frank R. Kardes, Ph.D., James J. Kellaris, Ph.D., David J. Curry, Ph.D., and Rebecca Walker Naylor, Ph.D. 1 ABSTRACT Leveraging Construal Level Theory to Attenuate the Social Desirability Bias by Scott A. Wright Chair: Frank R. Kardes, Ph.D. The social desirability bias is the tendency of respondents to adjust their responses or behavior in such a way as to present themselves in socially acceptable terms. The systematic bias introduced by the social desirability bias threatens the legitimacy of empirical research by confounding a phenomenon of interest with impression management behavior, thus obscuring research results and potentially triggering false conclusions. When the social desirability bias is a concern (e.g., when asking socially sensitive, embarrassing, or private questions), researchers commonly use techniques such as indirect questioning to avoid this bias. By asking respondents how most or the typical person would respond (i.e, referring to a third party target) the respondent transcends from an egocentric focus on his or her own unflattering attitudes or behavior onto that of an ambiguous target. Given the target‘s indistinctness respondents project their own feelings, attitudes, behaviors, or beliefs when responding while remaining psychologically distanced from the true, yet socially undesirable response.
    [Show full text]
  • Lump Sum Versus Annuity: Choices of Kentucky Farmers During the Tobacco Buyout Program
    Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 41,3(December 2009):613–624 Ó 2009 Southern Agricultural Economics Association Lump Sum versus Annuity: Choices of Kentucky Farmers during the Tobacco Buyout Program Helen Pushkarskaya and Maria I. Marshall Our study uses the data collected during the implementation of the tobacco buyout program in Kentucky to evaluate how rural households, diverse in income, age, family structure, location, education level, and other characteristics, made a choice between annuities and a lump-sum payment. Subjects in our field experiment did not have to retire or change their employment, as did subjects in many field studies of the choice between annuities and lump-sum payments, which allowed us to evaluate the relationship between the option choice and a decision whether to exit the tobacco market. Our results suggest that while discounted utility theory gives ac- ceptable predictions of the farmers’ behavior, other factors have to be taken into consideration. First, there are consistent biases that describe individual intertemporal behavior, such as availability bias or acquiescence bias. Second, there is a certain degree of heterogeneity in individual intertemporal preferences that correlates with their personal characteristics, such as education and production status. Third, our analysis revealed that the decision to exit the tobacco market positively correlated with the decision to take a lump-sum payment. Key Words: annuity, family business system, intertemporal choice, lump sum, tobacco buyout JEL Classifications: G11, H31, J10 The U.S. tobacco buyout program, a program et al., 2006; Beach, Jones, and Johnston, 2005; that was designed to ease the transition for Brown, 2005; Gale, 1999; Gale, Foreman, and U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Questionnaire Design on Response Times And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship at UWindsor University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2009 The mpI act of Questionnaire Design on Response Times and Responses to Questions Marc Frey University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Frey, Marc, "The mpI act of Questionnaire Design on Response Times and Responses to Questions" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 30. This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. The Impact of Questionnaire Design on Response Times and Responses to Questions by Marc Frey A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Graduate Studies through Psychology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2009 © 2009 Marc Frey Questionnaire Characteristics iii Author’s Declaration of Originality I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Acquiescence in Surveys Using Positively and Negatively Worded Questions
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2017 Assessing Acquiescence in Surveys Using Positively and Negatively Worded Questions Amy C. Hutton Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4679 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Amy C. Hutton 2017 All Rights Reserved ASSESSING ACQUIESCENCE IN SURVEYS USING POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY WORDED QUESTIONS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University by Amy Christine Hutton Master of Fine Arts, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Bachelor of Musical Arts, DePauw University, 2004 Director: Dr. James H. McMillan, Interim Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, School of Education; Professor, Department of Foundations of Education Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia February 2017 ii Acknowledgement Support is key to completing any dissertation and this one is no exception. Although these acknowledgements are insufficient to truly recognize their importance in this journey, I hope these acknowledgements will provide a glimpse into my gratitude towards the family, friends, and professors who helped make this dissertation possible. I want to thank my wonderful husband, Daniel, for being my rock throughout this journey. Thank you for all the sacrifices you made, for always encouraging me to persist, and for taking such great care of our children.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Whose Eyes Are You Going to Believe? Scott V
    VOLUME 122 JANUARY 2009 NUMBER 3 © 2009 by The Harvard Law Review Association ARTICLE WHOSE EYES ARE YOU GOING TO BELIEVE? SCOTT V. HARRIS AND THE PERILS OF COGNITIVE ILLIBERALISM Dan M. Kahan, David A. Hoffman, and Donald Braman TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................838 I. IT’S OBVIOUS! .......................................................................................................................843 II. TAKING THE SCOTT CHALLENGE....................................................................................848 A. Four Members of the American Venire ..........................................................................849 B. Theoretical Background: Motivated Cognition of Legally Consequential Facts.......851 C. Study Design and Hypotheses.........................................................................................854 1. Sample ..........................................................................................................................854 2. Stimulus ........................................................................................................................854 3. Response Measures .....................................................................................................856 4. Individual Characteristics ..........................................................................................859 (a) Demographic Characteristics ...............................................................................859
    [Show full text]
  • Research.Pdf (1.418Mb)
    DISPOSITIONAL AND SITUATIONAL PREDICTORS OF CONFIRMATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Graduate School at the University of Missouri – Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by LIVIU FLOREA Dr. Thomas W. Dougherty, Thesis Supervisor AUGUST 2007 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled DISPOSITIONAL AND SITUATIONAL PREDICTORS OF CONFIRMATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW presented by Liviu Florea, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Tom Dougherty Professor Art Jago Professor Dan Turban Professor Michael Kramer Professor Chris Robert ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the result of inspiration, hard work, dedication, persistence, efforts, and sacrifices. At the starting point, I had enthusiasm and a lot of ideas, but I was rather idealistic regarding the requirements of the PhD Program. It took hard work, flexibility, time, financial resources, and a lot of patience from my dissertation advisor, Dr. Tom Dougherty to put me on the right track – to channel my efforts, to improve my writing, and to help structure my ideas. I am grateful to Dr. Dougherty for everything that he has done for me. I am also grateful to my dissertation committee members, Professors Art Jago, Dan Turban, Michael Kramer, and Chris Robert who – each of them in his own way and within his time availability – have inspired and guided me, and helped me gain the confidence to reach this point in my career. Over my years at the University of Missouri - Columbia, I was fortunate to meet other great professors that shaped my research interests and helped significantly to reach this point, including Betty Dickhaus, Ron Ebert, Al Bluedorn, Dan Greening, Jim Wall, Laura King, Lynn Cooper, Jennifer Krull, and Ken Evans.
    [Show full text]
  • SIGCHI Conference Paper Format
    When Designing Usability Questionnaires, Does It Hurt to Be Positive? Jeff Sauro James R. Lewis Oracle Corporation IBM Software Group 1 Technology Way, Denver, CO 80237 8051 Congress Ave, Suite 2227 [email protected] Boca Raton, FL 33487 [email protected] ABSTRACT When designing questionnaires there is a tradition of General Terms Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, including items with both positive and negative wording to Reliability, Standardization, Theory minimize acquiescence and extreme response biases. Two disadvantages of this approach are respondents accidentally agreeing with negative items (mistakes) and researchers INTRODUCTION forgetting to reverse the scales (miscoding). Designers of attitudinal questionnaires (of which The original System Usability Scale (SUS) and an all questionnaires that measure satisfaction with usability are positively worded version were administered in two one type) are trained to consider questionnaire response experiments (n=161 and n=213) across eleven websites. styles such as extreme response bias and acquiescence bias There was no evidence for differences in the response [17]. In acquiescence bias, respondents tend to agree with biases between the different versions. A review of 27 SUS all or almost all statements in a questionnaire. The extreme datasets found 3 (11%) were miscoded by researchers and response bias is the tendency to mark the extremes of rating 21 out of 158 questionnaires (13%) contained mistakes scales rather than points near the middle of the scale. To the from users. extent that these biases exist, the affected responses do not provide a true measure of an attitude. Acquiescence bias is We found no evidence that the purported advantages of of particular concern because it leads to an upward error in including negative and positive items in usability measurement, giving researchers too sanguine a picture of questionnaires outweigh the disadvantages of mistakes and whatever attitude they are measuring.
    [Show full text]
  • Anchoring Effect in Managerial Decision-Making in Accountants and Managers: an Experimental Study
    doi: 10.7213/rebrae.11.003.AO08 Anchoring effect in managerial decision-making in accountants and managers: an experimental study Daniel Fonseca Costa[a], Bruno César de Melo Moreira[b], Francisval de Melo Carvalho[c], Wa- shington Santos Silva[d] [a] PhD in Business Administration – Federal University of Lavras, Professor of the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais, Formiga, MG, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] [b] PhD in Business Administration – Federal University of Santa Catarina, Professor of the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais, Formiga, MG, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] [c] PhD in Business Administration – Mackenzie University, Professor of the Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.E-mail: [email protected] [d] PhD in Statistics – Federal University of Lavras, Professor of the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais, Formiga, MG, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze, by means of an experiment, if the type (positive or nega- tive) and the level (simple or complex) of economic-financial information influence the anchoring effect of accountants and managers in a process of managerial decision-making. To do so, an exper- imental methodology targeting a sample of 86 Accountants, 68 Managers and 118 people with different professional activities (control group) was used. The results showed, in the first test with- out differentiation of factors (type and level), that about 96% of the participants have the anchoring effect, leaning towards minimum and maximum estimates of sales revenue, operating expenditure and result. In addition, the ANOVA and the Approximate Permutation Test brought significant evidence that the anchoring effect in minimum projections can be influenced by the type of infor- mation, not being significant for anchoring in maximum projections and for the level of information on both estimates (minimum and maximum).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 /6275 Robust Relationships Between Science Knowledge And
    1 Robust Relationships between Science Knowledge and Favorable Attitudes Towards Science and Scientists in the United States John Protzko1 1 Corresponding Author: [email protected]. University of California, Santa Barbara /6275 2 Abstract People who know more about science are more interested in science and related fields and show more positive attitudes towards science and scientists. This covariation may be important for advocating the beneficial effects of continued science education in the American public. This covariance, however, may be confounded by methodological artifacts or share a common cause through general Cognitive Ability. Furthermore, the measurement properties of science knowledge have not been fully tested. We use data from the General Social Survey, a nationally-representative sample of American adults (N = 1,543) to tease these apart. We build a series of structural equation models, starting with a simple covariance structure and then adding in the effect of general Cognitive Ability on both science knowledge and attitudes and interests, moving to one that concurrently accounts for methodological problems like acquiescence bias. Here we show general Cognitive Ability has a strong predictive relationship with science knowledge (β = .65-79), and a number of items are affected with acquiescence bias. We also show the science literacy items as a whole are not an ideal scale, but can become one by removing three items. Taking these issues into account, however, does not eliminate the positive relationship between science knowledge and interests in science, technology, space exploration, foreign policy, environmental issues, and having positive attitudes towards science and scientists (all βs > .13; all ps < 03).
    [Show full text]