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Grand Portage in the Revolutionary War

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Grand Portage in the Revolutionary War THE GREAT HALL is the only budding completed thus far in the reconstruction of Grand Portage. A replica of a 34-foot Montreal canoe and one of a fur press are in the foreground. GRAND PORTAGE m the Revolutionary War Nancy L. Woolworth URING THE American Revolution the only mdi- tary activity in what is now Minnesota occurred at NOW THAT the bicentennial of the American Revolution is officially Grand Portage on the North Shore of Lake under way, Minnesota History presents this special issue as its D Superior. For a few months in 1778 this remote fur contribution to the observance. Since Minnesota was largely a wil­ trade post in the northeastern corner of the state derness domain of Indian tribes and fur traders in 1775 and the served as tbe western terminus for the British military years following, it had very modest direct connections with the war. on the northern Great Lakes. How did this come Such as it had, however, are covered in this issue — a small military expedition to Grand Portage in 1778, northern boundary dif­ about? Why were Lieutenant Thomas Bennett. Sergeant ficulties that stemmed from geographical ignorance of peace A. Langdown, and five soldiers of the King's Eighth negotiators at the end of the war, and burial of one lone Revo­ Regiment of Foot sent to Grand Portage in the summer lutionary War veteran in Minnesota, Also treated in this issue are of 1778? Minnesota Historical Society holdings from the period of the The answer must be sought in British fur trade activi­ American Revolution and ramifications of the bicentennial obser­ ty, which began at Grand Portage shortly after the sur­ vance in Minnesota and the nation, — Ed, render of Montreal ended the French and Indian War in 1760. With the British victory, EngHsh traders in Al­ bany, New York, and Montreal, Quebec, hoping to take over the French trade of the Northwest, were delighted when British Generals Jeffrey Amherst and James Mur­ ' During the French regime, the trade was tightly controlled ray declared in the fall of 1760 that tbe trade would by means of royal licenses, limited in number. For a useful henceforth be open to both French and British sub­ survey, see Rhoda R. Gilman, "The Fur Trade in the Upper jects.' Mississippi Valley, f630-f850," in Wiscon.sin Magazine of His­ tory, 58:,3-8 (Autumn, 1974). On the British, see Marjorie G. One of the avant-garde of British traders attracted to Jackson, "The Beginning of British Trade at Michilimackinac, " the Lake Superior area was Alexander Henry, the elder, in Minnesota History, 11:239 (September, 19,30) and Wayne E, a merchant working with the commissariat of General Stevens, The Northwest Fur Trade 1763-1800, 14-41 (Urbana, Amhersfs army. On August 3, 1761, Henry received a Illinois, 1928), personal pass from General Thomas Gage, governor of Montreal, that permitted him to engage in the fur trade. Mrs. Woolworth holds a nuister's degree in history from the Following the Ottawa River route, Henry made his way Univer.sity of Michigan. She is author of The White Bear westward in the fall of 1761 to Fort Michilimackinac, the Lake Story, "The Grand Portage Mission: 1731-1965," pub­ lished in the Winter, 1965, issue of Minnesota History, and post at the Straits of Mackinac which the British that of other articles for historical and archaeological publications. vear took over from tbe French and which was to serve. Summer 1975 199 Fort William CANADA THE ONLY MILITARY activity during LAKE SUPERIOR the Revolutionary War in what is now Minnesota was prompted by the impor­ Sault Ste. Marie tance of the fur trade and of Grand Portage Fort St. Joseph as a rendezvous. Men and supplies were SPATES shipped from Fort Michilimackinac and Detroit for this brief engagement in the Fort Charlotte summer of 1778. ^qij^S Grand Portage LAKE HURON \ Fort Mackinac WISCONSIN fikW*'' swafts ol»* • Fort Detroit Michilimackinac for more than thirty years as the British military and ad­ a state of extreme reciprocal hostility, each pursuing his ministrative headquarters in the northern Great Lakes. interests in such a manner as might most injure his There he combined EngHsb capital with French- neighbour. The consequences, " Henr>' added, "were Canadian knowledge of the trade routes, sending French- very hurtful to the morals of the Indians. "* Canadian clerks and interpreters "into Lake Superior, In 1775 Henry, Peter Pond, and the Frobisher among the Chipeways, and to the Grand Portage, for the brothers, Joseph and Thomas, pushed westward until north-west. " Henry's voyageurs gathered furs from the they reached the Saskatchewan River. Three years later Indians on Lake Superior and began the advancement of Pond extended his activities still farther by opening the British mercantilism into the pays den haut, the vast trade in the profitable Athabasca region of what is now wilderness of the Northwest.^ Alberta. As the lines of trade were stretched from By 1767 eighteen canoes went from Michilimackinac Montreal to this far northwestern area, the need for a to Lake Superior carrying trade goods worth 7,481 pounds, 17 shillings, and fourteen canoes went beyond ^James Bain, ed.. Travels h Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories Between the Years 1760 and 1776 by Superior to the Northwest with cargoes worth 5,117 Alexander Henry, 12, 16^8, 48 (Boston, 1901); Jackson, in pounds, 10 shillings. In October, 1767, three companies Minnesota History, 11:236, 241; Brian L, Dunnigan, King's of traders who listed destinations beyond Lake Superior Men At Mackinac: The British Garrisons, 1780-1796, 13, 32 sent back to Michdimackinac 4,293 beaver pelts alone. (Reports in Mackinac History and Archaeology, no, 3 — Mack­ Jonathan Carver, who visited Grand Portage in July, inac, 1973). •'Charles E. Lart, ed., "Fur-Trade Returns, 1767, in 1767, says nothing about any buildings there, but he Canadian Historical Review. 3:352-58 (December, 1922); does record his meeting with a large party of Indians "Abstract of Indian Trade Licenses, 1768-76," in Governor who "were come to this place in order to meet the trad­ General of Canada Papers, Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, ers from Michillimackinac, who make this their road to typexvritten copy in the Minnesota Historical Society; Jonathan the north-west. "^ Caix'er, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768, 107-13 (reprint edition, Min­ By 1775 ten British licenses were given out for as neapolis, 1956). many companies to send thirty-eight canoes of merchan­ "Bain, ed.. Travels ir Adventures, 2,35; "Abstract of In­ dise to Grand Portage. Henry, arriving at tbe portage on dian Trade Licenses, 1768-76, " in Governor General of June 28, 1775, commented that he "found the traders in Canada Papers, 200 Minnesota History base midway along the route was apparent. Grand Por­ rounded by the forests that stretched up die slopes of tage, at the gateway of the best water route from the nearby Mount Rose and Mount Josephine. Large Great Lakes to the West, became that supply base as Montreal canoes and small sailing vessels arrived at the well as the annual rendezvous point for the Montreal bay each June bearing company partners to inspect the partners and the winterers.^ furs collected from the Indian hunters over the year. From the time — perhaps about 1768 — when John Inside the dwellings each clerk probably had a store on Askin, a Mackinac trader, built the first cabin in a the ground floor and beds in the loft for himself, his cleared opening overlooking Grand Portage Bay, to the interpreter, and his canoemen. Northeast of Grand Por­ outbreak of the American Revolution, four pabsaded log tage Creek were scattered the white tents of inde­ cabins or 'Torts" had been constructed by competing pendent traders and winterers.® groups of British traders upon a glacial beach level sur- Each June men like Henry, who had wintered in the pays d'en haut, also headed for Grand Portage. They ^ Harold A. Innis, "Peter Pond and the influence of Capt. traveled eastward in small birch-bark North canoes, de­ James Cook on exploration in the interior of North America, " scended the Pigeon River to Fort Charlotte, and carried in Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of their furs across the nine-mile trail to the rendezvous on Canada, series 3, 22:135-.37 (May, 1938); Charies M. Gates, Grand Portage Bay. There, amid much feasting and rev­ ed,. Five Fur Traders of the Northwest. 12 (St. Paul, 196,5). elry the ninety-pound packs of muskrat, raccoon, bear, ^On die cabin built by Askin (sometimes spelled Erskine), fox, marten, mink, fisher, otter, and the much-prized see Grace Lee Nute, ed., "A British Legal Case at Old Grand Portage," in Minnesota History, 21:134 (June, 1940). Askin was beaver brought by tbe winterers were counted by one of sending his sailing sloops to Grand Portage at least by 1778; see the company partners. About a month later the winter­ note 15, below. Four buildings are indicated on Patrick ers would begin their return journeys to assigned posts McNiff's map of the North Shore of Lake Superior, 1794, in in the interior, carrying with them canoe loads of such Ontario Provincial Archives, Toronto, discussed on p. 207, be­ trade goods as tools, trinkets, kettles, liquors, blankets, low. The fact that they were stockaded is mentioned in "Trade in the Lake Superior Country in 1778, " an unsigned memo­ cloth, flintlock muskets, gunpowder, and shot.'' randum to Sir Guy Carleton, January 20, 1778, inMichigan His­ By 1778 Grand Portage had become the keystone of torical Collections, 19:337 (1891).
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