U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service GeneraE Technical Report SO-10
intennel~tlonshlpshmonc; micRooRc;Anisms, BARK OR A~BROS~A~eetles, hnb wooby host tissue: an ~nnotatebs~slio~j~hphy, 1965-1974
S.J. Barras and T.J. Perry
Southern Forest Experiment Station Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture INfERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG MICROORGANISMS, BARK OR AMBROSIA BEETLES, AND WOODY HOST TISSUE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1965-1974
S. J. Barras and T. J. Perry'
Of the many factors that influence the de- CVe have included pertinent literature pub- velopment of scolytids within woody hosts, the lished since Francke-Grosmann's 1967 review least understood are the interrelationships of "Ectosymbiosis in Wood Inhabiting Insects." insects, microorganisms, and host trees. Only Papers published before 1967 but not included limited itzformation is available concerning the in her review are also cited. We have excluded biological, ecological, and physiological para- literature related to Dutch elm disease because meters of the associations, but the final result is of previous extensive reviews (Laut and Scho- the destruction of valuable timber resources. maker 1974, Peacock 1973) .2 Broad classes of symbiosis have recently been All articles and abstracts were examined in recognized but are still not fully understood. entirety-either as originally printed or as re- Sylnbissis here denotes not only direct interac- prints or copies. When available, abstracts of tions betxrreen insects and micrsorganisms but the papers were reviewed to determine their also refers to microorganism-woody tissue inter- suitability for this publication and were revised actions that often influence insect development or expanded to satisfy the requirements of an and survival. annotated bibliography. The entries and the in- By compiling this bibliography, we hope to dex are as comprehensive as possible to offer stimulate further research into these interrela- readers of various interests a system for identi- tionships, which must be comprehended before fying pertinent information. We hope that re- a thorough understanding of scolytid develop- searchers in diverse fields will find the biblio- ment is possible. The bibliography represents graphy useful. a collection of articles and abstracts from many We regret inadvertent omissions and would disciplines; the entries were compiled both dur- welcome having them called to our attention. ing our own research and after an extensive re- 1. Abrahamson, L. P., H-M Chu, and D. M. Norris. vie~r. 1967. SYMBIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS We included papers and abstracts about the BETWEEN MICROBES AND AMBROSIA biislom and physiology of specific microorgan- BEETLES. 11. THE ORGANS OF MICROBIAL isms (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi) associated TRANSPORT AND PERPETUATION IN TRY- PODENDRON BETULAE AND T. RETUSUM i-r~ithbark and ambrosia beetles and items con- (COLEOPTERA:\ - SCOLYTIDAE). Ann. Entornol. eerning the maintenance of these associations. Soc. Am. 60: 1107-1110. Also ineluded are papers about pathogenic as- i7lycarzgia were the pmthoracic-plezcral type and soeiatiotts, nutrition, and other biochemical in- resembled those of other Trypodendron species. teractions, &Iicrobial taxonomic papers are pre- Secretions released into the mycangiutn may co?z- tribute to ambrosia cell growth in sgmbiontic sented only to 13rovide information on the fungi. synonomy of organisms. -- -- 2 Laut, J. G. and M. E. Shornaker. Dutch elm disease-a bibliogra- I Barras is research entomologist and Perry is biological technician, phy. Colorado State Forest Service, Colorado State University. 95 Forest Servic-USDA, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Pine- p. 1974. ville, La. The authors acknowledge the assistance of Michael Dunn Peacock, J. W. Research on chemical and biological controls for in preparing the bibliography and thank Dr. N. S. Whitney and elm bark beetles. Proc. IUFRO Meeting on Dutch Elm Disease. Dr. R. G. Wilkinson for reviewing the rnanuseript. St. Paul, Minn. (in press). 1973. 2. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1966. THE Describes a new genus, Raffaelea. R. ambrosiae XYCANGIA OF XYLOTERINUS POL1TUS from galleries of Platypus cylindrus is the lzcngus (SAY). Univ, Wisc. For. Res. Note 129, 4 p. originally described as Sporothrix sp. Also dis- Two distinct puirs of nzyea~tgiazcere fou~td in czisses the association betwee32 Ambrosiella xylebori adults. O?ze zcccs a protho~.acic-pleud type foztnd and Xyleborus compactus. only in females, and the otlzer opened into aid Ashraf, M.,and A. A. Berryman. 1969. BIOLOGY cavilies of bo f h sexes. OF SCOLYTUS VElVTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: 3. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1966, SYM- SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKING ABIES GRANDIS BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IN NORTHERN IDAHO. Melanderia 2: 1-23. PIICROBES AND AXBROSIA BEETLES. I. THE Aspergillus flavus u?zd Penicillium spa were iso- ORGASS OF XICROBIAL TRANSPORT AND latecl fronz parc~zt galleries a~zdEa?.oal mines. A. PERPETUATION OF XYLOTERISUS POLI- flavus was also isolated from dead Iarvue. It was TUS. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 87'7-880. not dete?.mi?zed if these fzcyzgi were suprophagous Reports more cletails abozct myca?zgia. Diffe.i.ent or erttomophugo~cs. fiilngi were isolated f?*o~p?/each type of nzycangia Baker, J, &I., and D. M. Norris. 1968. A COM- (see Abraha?nso?t and ~Vorris,No. 2 above). A PLEX OF FUNGI MUTUALISTICALLY IN- conzplex of fzr?tgi is involtjed i?z the ?z?ctritional VOLVED IN THE NUTRITIOK OF THE AM- utilixatio?~of .tzatzcral wood substrates. BROSIA BEETLE XYLEBORUS FERRUGI- 4. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1969. SYX- NEUS. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 11 : 246-250. BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN Paired oral mycangia present itz both sexes of MICROBES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES. IV. stock cz~lturebeetles co?ztained a co?nplez of fungi, AMBROSIAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH yeast, a?zd bacteria. Fusarium solani was the domi- XYLOTERINUS POLITUS. J. Invertebr. Pathol. nant fzcngal syrnbiote, but a Cephalosporium sp. 14 : 381-385. and a Graphium sp. were also isolated. Each fungus Two primary ambrosia fungi from ~tzycangiaof grew as ambrosial propagules that either provided X. politus were isolated and described. One was nutrients not already present in the diet or con- czcltiicred from the oral mycangia of both male and centrated nzctrients essential to reproduction. female adults and was tentatively identified us a tzew species of Raffaelea. The other was from the Barras, S. J. 1967. THORACIC MYCANGIUM prothoracic-pleztral rnycangia of the female only OF DENDROCTONUS FROrVTALIS (COLE- and was not identified. OPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) IS SYNONYMOUS WITH A SECONDARY FEMALE CHARACTER. 5, Abrahamson, L. P., and ID. M, Norris. 1970. SYN- Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 486-487. BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN A transverse ridge or callus on the surface of the MICROBES' AND AMBROSIA BEETLES (CO- exoskeleton covers the ozcter wall of the mycangiurn LEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). V. AMINO ACIDS and extends arozcnd the pronotu?n like a collar. AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN TO THE FUNGI The myca?zgiwm is a useful female sex character IN THE BEETLE. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63: for callow and ?nature adults. 177-180. Nonprotei-r~acids in the adult female of Xyleborus Barras, S. J. 1970. ANTAGONISM BETWEEN ferrugineus were qzcalitatively similar to those in DENDROCTONU$ FRONTALIS AND THE most endopterygotes. Ps-oline, valine, ancl alanine FUNGUS CERATOCYSTIS MINOR. Ann. Ento- wefuethe major constituents in the free a?nino acid mol. Soc. Am. 63: 1187-1190. pool. The soluble peptide awd apnide portion con- 112 the laboratory, C. minor acting alolze was detri- tainecl relatively large qzcantities of threonine and mental to D. frontalis developwzent in loblolly pine valitze. Glycine was the ?nost abundant amino acid bolts. In natzcre, interactions of ofhe?. beetle-as- in the protei~residue. sociated microorganisms and C. minor may inhibit 6. Andrieu, S., J. Riguet, and S. Massamba. 1971. the antagonisnz. ETUDE IMMUNOLOGIQUE COMPAREE DE Barras, S. J. 1973. REDUCTION OF PROGENY SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII ET DES SOUCHES AND DEVELOPXENT IN THE SOUTHERN SAPROPHYTES VOISINES. [A COMPARA- PINE BEETLE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF TIVE IMAIUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPORO- SYMBIOTIC FUNGI. Can. Entomol. 105: 1295- THRIX SCHENCKII AND OF RELATED SAP- 1299. ROPHYTIC STRAINS.] Sabouraudia 9 : 206-209. In loblolly pine bolts, lack of mycangial fzcngi or Strains of fttngi with Sporothrix conidial arrange- of the nortnal co~~zplenze?ztof ?nyccttzgial and ecto- ntent were taken from h~~nzansporotrichosis or cler)?talflcngi caused a sig?zificaztt decrease in n2cm- f rotn natural habitats and were conzparecl by agar- ber of pvogen y, progeny per gallery, progeng per gel precipitation. Three st ruins fro?= natzcru l habi- cm of gallery, and ?.atio of increase. Initial emer- tats prodftced a Ceratocystis sex~lal form. C. gence of p?.ogeny zoas delayed 13 to 24 days. Ab- stenoceras is a perfect state of S. schenckii, zuhich sence of flcngi had no effect on the nzcwzber of ca7cses sporotrichosis. sxccessfzcl attacks, the length of ovipositionul gal- 7. Arx, J. A. von, and G. L. Hennebert. 1965. DEUX lery, and the number of egg niches pepa cm of CHAMPIGNONS AiPllBROS'IA. [TWO AX- gallery. BROSIA FUNGI.] Mycopathol. Xycol. Appl. 25 : 13. Barras, S. J., and J. D. Hodges. 1969. CARBO- 309-315. HYDRATES OF INNER BARK OF PINUS TAEDAAS AFFECTED BY DENDROCTONW longed growth on potato glucose agar, the fungzts FROiVTALIS AND ASSOCIATED IMICRO- produced a type of Ceratoeystis minor. ORGA&-ISMS. Can. Entornol, 101: 489-493. 18. Basham, H. G. 1968. PATHOGENICITY OF 6l21cose3f~ztctose, and sucrose were the o~lgsugars SOME BLUE-STAIX FUNGI IN THE GENUS detected i?z innet* bark treated zuith a southe?"iz CERATOCYSTIS. Phytopathology 58 : 1042. pine beetle-?~zicroorganis?7;1complex atzd two beetle- Abstract of paper for American Phytoputhological associated fzcnyi. C. minor caused ct 68 percent Society. Lobloll% pines were inoculated with paye deel-ease ;n redzccing szcgars after i'li days, but a cztftzc~esof Ceratocystis species. SevercrE pathogenic basidio?nycete ?ngcangiaf fte?tgus required 36 days isolates of C, ips, C, minor, C. montia, and C, jo cause a 6.4 percent ~.edecctiorz.A similar decrease pilifera caused a penetratirzg stain in sapwood and i-n suer-ose was observed. Res~ltsindicated that both killed trees. All except C, pilifera are associated fungi influenced the carbohgdrate pool available with pine bark beetles. Dye conduction tests re- to the insect, b~~tC, minor had a more rapid effect vealed no dye in stained sapwood of dead seed- on the 6:N ratio. lings. 14, Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1971. LEPTOGRAPH- 19. Basham, H. G, 1970. WILT OF LOBLOLLY PINE Iil7~Vc;l StEREBRANTIS SP. NOV. ASSOCIATED INOCULATED WITH BLUE-STAIN FUNGI WITEX DELVDROCTOLVL~S TEREBRANS IN OF THE GENUS CERATOCLISTIS. Phyto- LOBLOLLY PINE. &fycopathol, MycoI, Appl. 43: pathology 60 : 750-754. 1-10, Pathogenicity of C. ips, C. minor, C. montia, and A Leptographium furzgus associated with the black C. pilifera appeared related to their capacities to tzcrpenti?te beetle (D. terebrans) is described for penetrate livitzg sapwood. Blockage of water con- the fimt time. The nume Leptographium tere- dz~ctioncaused wilting. Vigol* of the saplings, as brantis sp. nozt. is proposed, measzc?*ed by crown class or stem diameter, appear- 15. Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1971. GLAND CELLS ed inve?-sely related to stcsceptibility to pathogenic AND FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PROTHO- isolates. A zone of phenols and resins was noted RACIC MYCANGIUM OF DElYDROCTONUS i?z the region of fungal invasio~zof resistant trees ADJUA7CTUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- but not in trees killed by the fungi. DAE) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64 : 123-126. 20. Batra, L. R. 1963. ECOLOGY OF AMBROSIA Females have n well-developed ;~lzgeangiumand FUNGI AND THEIR DISSEMINATION BY males, a pse~~domycangiu?n.Two types of gland BEETLES. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 66: 213-236. cells were associated with the ~zyca?zgizc?~z:one had Discztsses ?nycangia as repositories for plant an efferent cz~ticula?.tubule previously zcnreported pathogens and the ?-ole of the ambrosial mass in but similar to Te~ebrionidaede f eyzsive gland cells ; insect nut? ition. Alnbrosia fungi were associated the other was a columnar cell found previously with 20 beetle species. Both the specific and domi- with other mycangia. A Vertieicladiella sp. near $tarit awzb rosia f ung-2cs and propagative bodies of huntii was contained by 60 percent of the fe?nale nonspecific f zcngi were present in insect tunnels. rnycangia bzct toas not associated with the male &i!ost foreign fungi were the yeasts and yeast allies pseltdo~~tycangia.Penicillium decumbens, P. spinu- Ceratocystis spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus, losurn, and yeasts were associated with both males Penicillium, and Trichoderma lignorum. Ambrosia am1 f enzcrles. fzcngi were stored in nzycangia during hibernation 16. Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1972. FUNGAL SYM- ancl disseminated during burrowi?zg in early spring. BIONT'S' IN THE PROTHORACIC MYCANG- Anzbrosia cells from ttennels and nzycangia of re- IUM OF DEhWROCTONU FRONTALIS (CO- lated beetles were morphologically similar but showed cultural differences. Linzited nzultiplication LEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Z. Angew. Ento- mol. 71 : 95-104. of fungi occzcrred i?z the mycangia of some beetles. A32 ~ndescribeclSporothrix and a busidiomycete 21. Batra, L. R. 1966. AMBROSIA FUNGI: EXTENT were the predominant fu~zgiin the attacking fe- OF SPECIFICITY TO AMBROSIA BEETLES. male. Other microof-ganisms such as Ceratocystis Science 153 : 193-195. minor, Penicillium spp., and geasts mag occasion- Beetles may feed on more tha~one species. Yeast- ally occur in callozo adults, but only yeasts were like awtbrosia propugz~lesin the mycangia are from still present in attacking beetles. The chemical conidin artd ascospores picked up by callow adults regime of the mgcangizcm selecti.t.elg favot-s Sporo- while ijz the tzc~.2nels. thrix sp. and the basidiomyce te. Sporothrix isolate 22* Batra, L, R. 1967, ARIEBROSIA FUNGI : A TAXO- is cc highly ntodified afzascigerous form of Cera- NOMIC REVISION, AND NUTRITIONAL tocystis. STUDIES OF SOME SPECIES. Mycologia 59: Barras, S. J., and J, J. Taylor. 1973. VARIETAL 976-1017. CERATOCYSTIS ~WILVORIDENTIFIED FROM Provides kegs to genera and species of all known MYCANGIUM OF DEiWROCTONUS FRON- ambrosia fzcngi associated with ambrosia beetles. TALIS. Mycopathol. et Mycol. Appl. 50: 293-305. The ambrosia phase occurs in insect tzcnnels and A cletailecf d~scriptiowof the ftcngus and a dis- mgcangia of Scolytidae, Platypodidae, and Lg- cussio?il, of its symbiotic relationship to the insect, mexylidae (Coleopteraj. Primary ambrosia fungi A fzkngus in the adttlt fentale produced an anasci- belong to fotcr gelzera of Tuberculariaceae (Am- gerolcs Sporothrix sp. i'~?~cla~ious media. After p~o- brosiella, Raffaelea, Monacrosporium, and Phial- ophoropsis) und two of Endo?ngcefales ( Ascoidea J~LE~ZES.Failure of f he hy~icrsc?tsifivif y .t*eaction and Endomycopsis 1. catcses ~tzussive~zecr-osis of lzost tisszee c~rtclwzag kill Batra, L. R, 1971. TWO NEW HE&fIASCO&IY- the free. CETES: PICHIA CROSSOTARSI AND P. '9.11- 29. Bevan, D. 1962. THE AMBROSIA BEETLE OR CROSPORA. Itlycologia 63: 994-1001. PINHOLE BORER TRYPODENllrIZOAV LILVEA- Gives cultztrul and ta3-onomic characteristics of TL7itI OL. Scot. For. 16: 94-99. two 9te.z~-species founcl in association ruifh the am- Irz co.itife?. logs of wester~zScotland, the u3nbrosia brosia beefle Grossotarsus wollasto~lif rorn Kakana- Jungzrs (tcniclerttif iecl) that l_i7*ovidesfood for the kote, Birysore, Ikldia. The yeasts may be an auxiliary brood is i~ocztlatecl:i~zto tzcnszels by the female at source of ~?atritio?z.Cztlftcral ancl faxo.tto~~icchar- the time of gufie?*lj consfrzcction. The originalirg acteristics of the geasts are prese~fed. white 9tzgceiium tztrns blaek in the entruzzce urzd 24. Batra, L. R. 1972. ECTOSYMBIOSIS BETWEEN wzai?~t?tlt~?zei: after the eggs hutch; then fhe Inrtqal AXBROSIA FTJSGI AND BEETLES-I. Ind. J. niches eharzye cola>*. FolTot4;ing plcpution, te~zclTi.tzg Mycol. Plant Pathol. 2 : 165-1 69. pa)-ezzts leave, hating kept the gallerg cleax for Reviews previozcsly described associatiotzs betweer1 Zaruae bg cropping buck fhe fungus. ambrosia beetles artd fzcnyi. Describes pri??zarg a?zd 30. Bikvre, C. de, and C. Jourd'huy. 1971. ETUDE auxilia~yambrosia f zt-agi ctvecl discusses specificity CO31PARATIVE DES PHOSPHOLIPIDES DE of associations. Ectosymbiosis I-epresents a mu- PLUSIEURS SOUCHES DE CERATOCYSTIS tzralistic ttzode of life where one symbiont canszot STENOCERAS ET DE SPOROTHECIX SCHEN- live zuitholtt the other. CKII. [CO&fPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PHOS- 25. Beanlands, G. E. 1967. THE EFFECTS OF BARK PHOLIPIDS FROM SEVERAL FORXS OF C, MOISTURE ON POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNZS STEXOCERAS AND OF S. SCHErVCKII.] C. R, (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ADULTS Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D. 278 : 53-55. AND THEIR DEVELOPING BROODS. Can. Characterizes pltospholipids from several forms of Entornol, 99 : 561-564. C. stenoceras (wild and tnutalzt sources) and S. Adlclts a~dinztxatzcre stages reared in white spruce schenckii. Phospholiljid eompositio?zs indicate simi- bark with high rnoisture levels had decreased sur- larity betwee?%tlze two species. ALL fungal stocks vival ancl rate of develop?nent after 40 days. High contaitzed curdiolipi?~,pltosphatidylethanolamir~e, moistztre ,nay have increased fu??gal growth and phosphatidyl N ~~zethyletha?zofai~zine,phospfzati&gl- the rate of bark decomposition. serine, phosphatidylcholine, Eysophosphatidyie- 26, Becker, G. 1971. PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLU- thanola~ni?ze, and IgsophosphutiCI~lcholi'Yze. The ENCES ON I4'00D-DESTROYING INSECTS qcilcl source (nsigerozcs) of C, stenoceras (1013) OF ?V00D COMPOUNDS AND SUBSTANCES co)ztained some plzospkatidyli?zositol; anasigerous PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS. Wood Sci. ?nzcta?zts (parasitic and ~zonparasitic) and S. and Technol. 5 : 236-246, schenckii did not. Describes reactions of various species of Coleop- 31. Bletchly, J. D., and M. G. White. 1962. SIGNIFI- fe~aand Isoptera to attractive or repellent com- CANCE AND CONTROL OF ATTACK BY THE pounds in wood species or substances produced by AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDROX LIM- fz~zg;. Insect ~zutritioncleperzds on woocl nitrogefz EATII'AI (OLIV.) (COL. SCOLYTIDAE) IN cowzpoz~nds,which call be increased by tlze presence ARGYLLSHIRE FORESTS. Forestry 35 : 139- of fungi. 163. 27. Berryman, A. A. 1969. RESPONSES OF ABIES Parent beetles introduce spores of specialized fztngi GRANDIS TO ATTACK BY SCOLYTUS VEN- where eggs are laid to provide the major part of TRALIS (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE). Can. brood 1?ztt~*itio7z.Fz~~gi ca?z su~viveonly when wood Entomol. 101: 1033- 1041. reynains green. In processed logs, both fztngi and Resistayzt trees produced seco.t~da~*yresi?z i?z cells larvae die as tir?zbe?-dries. of the phloewz ljare?zchy?.tzaand f armed callzts tissue 32. Borden, J. H., and N. XcClaren. 1970. BIOLOGY and iraunzatic resin cavities at the cu?.pzbiztm- OF CRYPTOPORUS VOLTATUS (PECK) sapwood i?zterface. Vztkzerable trees had limited SHEAR (AGARICALES, POLYPORACEAE) resi~zosisthat cozclcl ?lot preverzf invasion by the IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUBfBIA: i~sect-f 7e?!g?ts corrtplea.. DISTRIBUTION, HOST SPECIES, AND RE- 28. Berryman, A. A. 1972. RESISTANCE OF CONI- LATIONSHIP WITH SUBCORTICAL INSECTS. FERS TO INVASION BY BARK BEETLE- Syesis 3 : 145-1 54. FUNGUS ASSOCIATIOXS. BioScience 22 : 598- 0cctri.s pr-i?nal.ity zuhere anzual ?*ainfall is less 602. tha~t60 i~zches. Main host trees a)-c Pseudotsuga Discztsses irzaitzlg tceste,.)~bark bectlcs with Eiwzitecl rnenziesii CL~Z~Pinus ponderosa, bztt the fzcngz~szcas itrfor~rzntio?ton ~nycartgia. Infectio?~of tke inner also fo7old on Pinus contovta adAbies amabilis, bark ot. cambizt??z prodztces ct ?*esisiarzt 01' hgpcr- zofiich is a 3zezc: host record. Cotk oceztrrence a~zd settsifiue i-eactio-rl cazcsi-lzg a ~~'ozirzdlje?-iderm to clensif g were stro?zylg correlateci with Dozrglas-fir for?^ ctro?t?td flze tzeerotic lesiorr. Resista?lt trees beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) attacks orz ??zag produce contpoi.tnds toxic to fmgi (turpenes, lzost trees the previofts year. Ten~nochilavirescens polyphenor's). Callfts fort?zatiorzs eonfnirz tratcmafic vet?.. chlorodia, n lit-ecfator of szcbcorfieal irtseets, is i.esit2 ca1ln1.s or cnztifies fha f ex.entually c?tt.fait the ~)t.obctb/ya veefoz* of C. volvatus. 33. Brader, L. 1965. BETEKENIS VAN DE AM- Abttndant perithecia resztlted whe~the ratio of BROSIA-SCHIMNEL V00R DE ORTTWIKKEL- nitrogen in asparagine and calciurn nitrate mi%- IN6 VAX XYLEBORUS COLZIPACTCS EICHH,, tures was 1 :3, The fztngus can z~CiEixenitrate tzitro- DE ZWARTE TAKKENBOORDER VAN ICOF- gen when an organic ~zitrogensource fikrnishirtg FIE (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE). [IX- an amino or amide group is available for the PORTAPU'CE OF AXBROSIA FUNGI FOR THE f ormatio~tof essen tiaE amino acid precursors. C. DEVELOP3fEXT OF XYLEBORUS COrWPAC- pluriannulata, C, piceae, 6. pilifera, atzd C. ips TUS EICHH,, THE BLACK COFFEE TWIG ~rodzhcedmore pe3-ithecia orL the asparagis~ze-nit~.ate BORER.] Entomol. Ber. 25: 32. medium than on the asparagke or calciu?~z?titrate Biology, syqnbiosis. media; C, coerulescens p.i-odueed fewer perithecia 34, Bright, D, E., Jr. 1968, REVIEW OF THE TRIBE than the others, XYLEBORINI IN Ahi'EERICA NORTH OF 39. Chansler, J, F., and D. A. Pierce. 1966. BARK XEXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). Can. BEETLE MORTALITY IN TREES INJECTED Entomol. 100 : 128S1323. WITH CACODYLIC ACID (HERBICIDE). J. All are ambrosia beetles. Adults bore into woodg Econ. Entomol, 59 : 1357-1359. tissues of host j731ants and feed on the ambrosial Fast acting herbicides containing cacodglic acid fangi lirtiqtg tunnel walls. Co?ziferozisand decidz~ou~ (dimethylarsenic acid) significantlg reduced broods trees and shrubs of all sixes are attacked. of Dendroctonus adjunetus, D. obesus, and D. 35. Bright, D. E., Jr., and R. W. Stark. 1913. THE ponderosae in natztrally infested trees. The chemi- BARK AND A3IBROSIA BEETLES OF CALI- cat was injected directly into the sap stream near FORNIA. COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE AND ground level. Application was made soon after PLATYPODIDAE. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 16, the attack before most of the eggs had hatched. 169 p. TJniv. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Limited i~zformationon the following beetle-fu~gus 40. Chapman, J. A. 1965. A REVIEW OF THE RE- LATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FUNGI AND associations : Platypus wilsoni-Tuberculariella ambrosiae, Scolytus ventralis-Trichosporium sym- SCOLYTID BEETLES-A SUMMARY. Pages bioticum, Dendroctonus brevicomis-blue stain fun- 32-38 in Proc. 13th West. Int. For. Dis. Work gus, Trypodendron lineatum-Nonilia ferruginea, Conf., Kilowna, B. C. Xyleborus dispar-ambrosial fungus, X. saxeseni- Brieflg reviews bark and anzbrosia beetles known ambrosial fungzbs, Monarthrum scutellare-Monilia to have specific associatio?zs with microorganisms and shows need for more information. The sym- brunnea and Gnathotrichus sulcatus-a~abrosial biotic relationship between the ambrosia beetle and f ~12gg'~s. its fungus should be demonstrated by removing 36. Buchner, P. 1965. ENDOSYMBIOSIS OF ANI- the fungus from the insect and szcbsequentlg re- MALS WITH PLANT MICROORGANISMS placing it. The relationship between bark beetles (TRANSL. FROM GERMAN). 909 p. John Wiley and blue stair2 fungi is not presently understood. and Sons, Inc., New York. Reviews and updates early literature of insect- 41. Chapman, J. A., S. H. Farris, and J. M. Kinghorn. fu~zgzcs transmission devices and insect-associated 1963. DOUGLAS-FIR SAPWOOD STARCH IN symbionts. Discusses Coleopterous bark-boring RELATION TO LOG ATTACK BY' THE AM- beetles Myelophilus minor, Ips acuminatus, Try- BROSIA BEETLE, TRYPOLIEXDRON. For. Sci. podendron, Xylosandrus, Anisandrus dispar, Xyle- 9 : 430-439. borus fornicatus, X. mascarensis, X. pfeili, Hyle- Both attacked and unattacked logs contain little or coetus dermestoides, H. lugubris, Platypus cylind- tzo starch. Immature and adult beetles feed pri- rus, Scolytus and Dendroctonus. The bacterial sym- tnarily on a symbiotic fzingus, which utilizes starch, bionts in mgcetocgtes of the Ipidae showed sigtzifi- sugars, or other nutritional substances in wood cant for~n dif f erences that varied according to cells. Discusses assumption that beetles have mgcetocyte location. evolved a behavior pattern for selecting logs suit- 37. Butin, R., and G. Zimmerman. 1972. ZWEI NEUE able for fungal growth. HOLZVERFXRBENDE CERATOCYSTIS-ART- 42. Chu, H-M, D. M. Norris, and L. T. Kok. 1970. EN IN BUCHENHOLZ (FAGUS SYLVATICA PUPATION REQUIREMENT OF THE BEE- L.). [TWO NEW WOOD STAIN CERATOCYS- TLE, XYLEBORUS FERRUGINEVS : STEROLS TIS-ARTEN IN BEECHWOOD (FAGCS SYL- OTHER THAN CHOLESTEROL. J. Insect VATICA L.) .] Phytopathol. Z. 74 : 281-287. Physiol. 16 : 1319-1387. Description of two new species isolated from gal- Aposgmbiotic insects that utilized cholesterol or leries of Xyloterus domesticus. C. bacillospora sp. lanosterol as the sole sterol source for producing nos. is eharacte.l-ixed by rocl-shaped spores; C. eggs and i~zitiallarval growth failed to pupate torulosa sp. now, is similar to C. distorta, but sizes durirtg consecutiz?e broods. When ergosterol or 7- of useospores and Cladosporium-like conidia differ. dehydrocholesterol was the onlg sterol source, in- Both ascomyeetes cause light brown discoloration sects consistently produced normal progeny. The af beechwood. insect feeds naturally on sgmbiotie fungi that eon- 38. Campbell, R. N. 1958. NUTRIENT REQUIRE- taia ergosterol. Lzlmisterol and vitamins D, and D, XER'TS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PERI- were antagonistic to progelzy 23roduction and sur- THECIA BY CERATOCYSTIS VARIOSPORA vival. At the C,, positio~z, the three chenticals AND OTHER SPECIES: Am. J. Bot. 45: 263-270. differed from acceptable ste~ols. 43. Cohb, I?. W., Jr., M. Krstic, E. Zavarin, and H. ?Y. and otlzer conifers. The fifth species, C. seticollis, Barber, Jr. 1968. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF zoas isolnted only o~rce-fronz arnbrosia beetle gal- VOLATILE OLEORESIN CO3IPONEKTS ON le~iesi2z a JZe~~tlocksttcrttp. FOflIES ANXOSUS AXD FOUR CERATOCYS- 49. Davidson, R. I%'. 19'71. NEW SPECIES OF CERA- TIS SPECIES, Phytopathology 58 : 1327-1335. TOCYSTIS. Mycolgia 63 : 5-15. Co)zstit?ee?ztsf om ponclerosa pine oleo?-esir~?*educed Five weye isolated: Ceratocystis fr~ancke-grosman- gs-owth of C, minor, C. schrenkiana, C. pilifera, niae from larval galleries of Hylecoetus dermes- anti F. annosus, b~tt12ot of C. ips. Colony character, toides i~ oak f ~o2nGci-malty, C, olivaceapini from piymentutio~t,and spo~ulatiorzwere also affected. Dendroctonus sp. orz po~zcl~rosupines i?z Arizona 'l.t'l.tThenfunlgi were ~emoveclfrom vapors othe?. tl.tart and Ne?c t.Ilrle,cico, C, distorta from nmb~osiu.beetles fiepta~xe,the colonies y~ew.rtortnallg. Inhibitio.1-cwas occasionally infesting spruce and fir in North someti.mes greater whcm eo?~rponerztswe?-e incor- America, C, gossypina fro??z insect galleries in porateci in the st~bstrate.Effects on spore germi- pines from ,Vorth America, a?zd C. sparsa fro932 rzafio?~were not as great as orz germ tz~beelonga- barlc b~etlegalleries in white spruce from Alaska. tion. Terl2ene conzpo~ze~zts?taay in f lzcence tree re- Ceratocystis gossypina vay. robusta teas isolntecl sistance to infectiotz, esl?ecialIg i?.t coxjunctio?z with f ?*o~zinsect-in fested pine in southern New Mexico. accztm~tlafiorzof phenols. 50. Davidson, R. %Ti., H. Franclte-Grosmann, and A. 44. Cobb, F. W., Jr., and %Y.D. Platt. 1967. PATHO- Ktiarik, 1967. A RESTUDY OF CERATOCYSTIS GENICITY OF VERTICICLADIELLA WAGE- PELVICILLATA AND REPORT OF TWO NERII TO DOUGLAS FIR. Phytopathology 57: AMERICAN SPECIES OF THIS GENUS FROM 998-999. EUROPE. Mycologia 59 : 928-932. F?tngaE iso fates f ronz Dozcglus-f ir arzd po?zderosu C. penicillata front Ips typographus zvas different pi?ze ca?t infect seedlitzys of both species. Severe from both C. europhioides and C. huntii. C. bieolor foliage discoloration was noted in pirze. The xylem was isolated from Ips-infested spruce logs near discoloration pattern tends to follow the annual Stoeklzolm, Swedert. ri9zgs vertically a~dtangentially, b?-ct .rtot radially as do bllce-stailt fungi. 51. Davidson, R. W., and R. C. Robinson-Jeffrey. 1965. 45. Coulson, R. N., T. L. Payne, J, E. Coster, and M. W. NEW RECORDS OF CERATOCYSTIS EURO- Houseweart. 1972. THE SOUTHERN PINE BEE- PHIOIDES AND 6. HUNTII WITH VERTI- TLE DENDROCTOrVUS FRONTALIS ZIMM. CICLADIELLA IMPERFECT STAGES FROM (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) 1961-1971. CONIFERS. Myeologia 57 : 488-490. Tex. For. Serv. Publ. 108, 38 p. Gives e,rtemhzl ranyes fo~the species and presents Reviews 11 refe?.ences o?z microbes. further records fo?. associatiorz of C. huntii wit!% Ips pini and Dendroetonus species. 46. Crane, J. L., and J. D. Sehoknecht. 1973. CONIDIO- GENESIS IN CERATOCYSTIS hTL~tlI,CERA- 52, DeGroot, R. C. 1972. GROWTH OF WOOD-IN- TOCI'STIS PICEAE, AND GRAPHIU2CI PENI- HABITING FUNGI IN SATURATED ATMO- CILLIOIDES. Am. J. Bot. 60: 346-354. SPHERES OF MONOTERPENOIDS. Mycologia Establishes the yzew hypomgcete genus Pesotum 64 : 863-870. for C, ulnli (associated with Seolytus multistriatus) Three quood-decay fztngi (Lenzites saepiaria, a~zd6. piceae, based on their corzidial states. Re- Peniophora gigantea, and Sehizophyllurn corn- jects the leetotype specimen Graphium peni- nlune) , one blue-stain fungus (Ceratocystis minor), cillioides as the conidial state. alzd one dczttero.~?2ycete(Triehoderma viride) were 47. Curtis, C. R. 1967. RESPONSE OF FUNGI TO grow?z iyz l-a-pinene, d-a-pinene, I-limo?zene, d- DIURNAL TEMPERATURE EXTREMES. Na- limonene, p-cymene, dl-eanzphene, mgcrene l-P- ture 213 : 738-739. ??inerze, and terpi?zolene. C. minor was inhibzted Several species were treated to clizcr?zul tempera- the least by all but p-cyfnene (not present in living tures of -94°C to 23 i: 2°C for 35 days to si??tulate pines) and terpi7zolene; T. viride was inhibited the ilrlartiu?~extremes. The Ceratocystis spp. showed most. ivatzcral selection for terperze-tolerarzt vari- ?r?ogrowtlz on soil plates dzcriny testing but after- azts of the fttngi may occur. D-a-pinene li?nits zvurds developed on potato dextrose agar at 25°C irzvusion of southerrt pine sapwood by C. minor. and did not differ morphologically frowz stock 53. DeMars, C. J., Jr., D. L. Dahlsten, and R. W. cztltures. Names no speeies. Stark, 1970. SUVIVORSHIP CURVES FOR 48. Davidson, R. ?Y. 1966. NEW SPECIES OF CERA- EIGHT GENERATIONS OF THE WESTERN TOCYSTIS FRO31 CONIFERS. 3fycopathol. My- PINE BEETLE IN CALIFORNIA, 1962-1965, col. Appl. 28: 273-286. AND A PRELIMINARY LIFE TABLE. Pages Fozw of five new species were associated with bark 134-146 i.p?, Studies of the Population Dynamics of beetles : Ceratocystis abioearpa f row galleries of the Western Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus brevico*zis Ips sp, in Engelmann spruce und Dryoeoetes sp. LeConte (Coleopetera : Scolytidae) . Edited by R. ilz s~tbalyi?zefir; C. nigrocarpa irz logs infested W. Stark and D. L. Dahlsten. Univ. Calif. Div. with ScoIytus sp., on late larvae of Dendroctonus Agrie. Sei., Berkeley. brevieomis isz ponderosa pine logs, and on ctduEts of Diseased ixsects were tzot prevalent, bzct Beauveria I. oregoni; C. Ieucocarpa i.~z.Ips yatler-ies in sugar bassiana and a12 Isaria sp, were isolatecl fronz dead pine und it? dead go.rzderosu pine; and C. minuta- larvae amd 31tag have caused some of the zcnex- hicolor ill Ips spp. galle?.ies irz spmce, firs, pines, 54. Doane, C. C. 1959. REACVERIA BASSIAXA AS Eggs are laid over an eztemded period, and larvae A PATHOGEN OF SCOLYTII'S 1TII;'LTISTRI- feed orz an arnbrosia fu?zgus that grows on gallery ATEIS. Ann, Entornof. Soc, Am, 52 : 109-111. wails a~zdthat develops eonzmzcnally with eggs alzd &fost freqzcentfy eencoz.tvztered pathoge~z. Infected pupae. up to 6.5 percent of overwintering larvae in trees 60. Eusebio, M. A. 1968. GROWTH OF FIVE STAIN- killed 97 percepzt af the la?-.cueitz orze epixootic. ING FUXGI AND STAIN DEVELOPMENT IN In the laboratory, 99 percent of the larvae died in PINE SAP'CVOOD. Philipp. J. For. 20: 69-91, 5 dttgs. Esti~zatedopti~nzznz tenzpei'atztres for growth on 55. Doane, C. C. 1960. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ~naltagar ct.-gzd blocks of white pirte were 24" C for OF SCOLYTES i?fli'L;TISFRIATUS NARSHAM Ceratocystis coerulea, Leptcgraphiun~lundbergii, AS RELATED TO CROWDING. J. Insect Pathol. Alternaria tenuis, arzd Cytcspora pini, ancl 28; C for 2 : 24-29, Ceratocystis ips, Fztngi de ueloj~ed primarily i~z Orze f o fotcr "last sta ye larvae" per ztiziC space ,zue?-e pareytchy?na cells, bzct at the rcty crossi~zg,the my- colzfi~eclon bark treated with Serratia marcescens celium, passed throz~ghthe pare?iclz?~z?zawalls and or sterile water. Mortality increased with nzc?nber through pits irc the adjacent tracheids to reach of larvae per zcnit space in botfz treated and 26%- the lu??ze?zs. treated bark. U~itreatedlarvae ztszcally died from 51. Farmer, L. J. 1965. THE PHLOEM-YEAST COM- bacteria already on the integziment. In 3 days, PLEX DTJRING INFESTATIONS OF THE nzortality of treated la~vae(4 per zcrzit space) was XOTJNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN LODGEPOLE 92 perce~t,artd cont~olru~o~tality was ctbout 60 PINE. Diss. Abstr. 26: 1304-1305. percent. Two other bactel-la, Aerobacter scolyti A phZoem-yeast complex i?zcluding at Least four and Escherichia klebsiellaeformis, euzcsed corn- species cognprises food for decelopi?zg Larvae of paruble ??%o?-talityin identical tests. Dendroctonus ponderosae. Eco9zomicalLy danzaging 56. Dowding, P. 1969. THE DISPERSAL AND SUR- outbreaks of the beetle will ?zot occur without the VIVAL OF SPORES OF FUNGI CAUSING complex, since larvae feed only in yeast-infected BLUESTAIN IN FINE. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. areas. Yeasts may rapidly convert host ~naterial 52: 125-137. to simpler molecztles, such as amino acids and Airborne dispersal is probably ?zot responsible for vitamins, needed in the larval diet. Eight yeast most infectiolts. Cofzidia of Ceratoeystis spp. (in- were isolated from the lodgepole pine-mountain cludi2zg C. minor) were rarely dislodged from pi~ebeetle complex: Hansenula holstii and Pichia ttzeir sticky heacls by dry a& cur?-ents but were pini, found in phloem and o?z larvae; H. capsulata, readily dislodged by and carried on ntist and splash Endomycopsis scolyti, Candida tenuis, and C, ru- droplets. Ascospores were carried 0?2& as large gosa fou.?c?din phloetn only; arzd C. silvicola and C. discrete nzasses in a few splash droplets. Conidia curvata, associated with the beetle in California. sez~aratedin zuater bzit lost viability rapidly on 62. Farris, S. H. 1965. REPOSITORIES OF SYM- ezposure to sunlight, ultraciolet light, and hu- BIOTIC FUNGUS IN AMBROSIA BEETLE midities below 95 percent r.k. An outer shell of MOLVARTNRUM SCUTELLARE LEC. (COLE- dp-ied spores and nzzccilage protected the inner mass OPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Proc. Entornol. Soc. of spores f~owzdesiccation a?zd provided some pro- B.C. 62 : 30-33. tection f rowz irradiation. Adult f emales transport symbiotic f zcngi in mg- 57. Dowding, P. 1970. COLONIZATION OF FRESH- cangia, which are elzlargement of the forecozal LY BARED PINE SAPWOOD SURFACES BY cavities similar to those described by Batra (1963) STAINING FUNGI. Trans. Br. Nycol. Soc. 55: for other member-s of the genus. Male beetles do 399-412. ?tot have these structures. Ceratosystis spp. (including C. minor) p~~oduced 63. Farris, S. H. 1965. A PRELIMINARY STUDY few air-borne spores. Most transmission to host OF SIYCANGIA IN THE BARK BEETLES, tissz~eis by avcimal vectors-often bark beetles. DENDROCTONUS YONDEROSAE HOPK., Spores ?,.zzcst be carried into sites protected from DENDROCTONUS OBESUS MANN,, AND rcltr-aviolet 2 ight a?zd desiccation. DENDROCTONCS PSEVDOTSUGAE HOPK. 58. Eckersley, A. N. 1934, SOHE SAP-STAINING Can. Dep. For. Bimon. Prog. Rep. 21(5) : 3-4. ORGANISMS OF PINUS RADIATA, D. DON, Notes fzcngoid rnaterial at variozcs locations on the IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. Proc. R. Soc. Vic- body of acl~clts,zcszcally ipz the teneral stage. My- toria 46 : 179-194. ca~tgiahurl, no associated gland cells or ?nucus Describes two fo?-ms of Ceratostomella (== Cera- secretions. tocystis) that rptay link the America?~C. pilifera 64. Farris, S. H. 1969. OCCURRENCE OF MY- zgith the Europea~zC, coerulea, both of which ?nay CANGIA IN THE BARK BEETLE DRYOCO- be ztctriants of the sutnc species, C. coerulea. ETES CONFCSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- 59. Enttvistle, P. F. 1964. INBREEDING AND AR- DAE). Can. Entomol. 101: 527-532. RHENOTOKY IN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE First record of mycanyia i?z the genzcs Dryocoetes. XYLEBORUS GOf34PACTUS (EICHH.) (GO- Both sexes co-rztained puired oral pouches between LEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Proc. R. Entomol. the base of the rrza-rzdibEes and the ventral terztorial Soc. Lond. Series A. 39 (4-6) : 83-88. arI?z. Stccining showed fzbngoid material in pouches Galle?*iesare initiated by silzgle adult females and but ?to associated gln?td cells. A related species, differ in form. clccordi?zg to host plant species, D, affaber, showed ?zo fu?zgal pouches. The pres- enee of mycangia in both sexes enszcres inoculutiorz 70. Franklin, R. T. 3970. OBSERVATIOKP\TS ON THE of feeding tun~zeland egg galleries. BLUE STAIN-SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE RE- 65. Faulds, W. 1973. DISCOLOURATION ASSOCI- LATIONSHIP. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 5: 53-57. ATED WITH PLATYPUS IVOUNDS IN LIVING ReEationslzip betwcen bizae-stairz fungi and soutfi- NOTHOFAGUS FUSCA. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 3: ern pi.rze beetle is ~otbejzeficial to beetles reared 331-341. in u labo~atory.La~vae made elongate 2ni~tesand Stai3xing mag be ct tisee resj?onse lo toxic szcbsta?zces dicl not g~owiri the bl~ce-stainedirtner bark. Parent ljroduced by the ?-rtieroorgazzisi-rzs. Two f xngi from beefles avoided stai??ed areas zchen ~?ossible,though insect t7rnzel.s i?? red beech (Ceratocystis sp, and ovil>ositio'~tdid nod appecir uf f ected. 0f over 190 Endomycopsis platypodis) and a nonsporzcluting egg niches, o?-zly42 larvae ?natured and transforrrzect fun gus isolated fromz lzeurb y tutznels, caused stai-fis iizto beetles. F?c?zyi way ?.educe nfctritive value of wh @?ti?zoczklated i?tdo cl~illeclholes ?.esenzbEitzy ifzsect inpzer bark and may even be toxic or repelfe~tto attack. Le~tgthof stains varied with ?xiel-oorga?a- Icc?.vue cind repelle~fto adults, isms. 71. French, J. R. J., and R. A, Roeper. 1972, OB- SERVATIONS ON TRYPODENDRON RUFI- 66. Findlay, W. P. K. 1959. SAP-STAIN OF TIM- TARSIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND BER. For. Abstr. 20 : 1-7. ITS PRIMARY SYhfBIOTIC FUNGUS, AM- ~Weztionssapwood staining fungi ?zot included i?z BROSIELLA FERRUGINEA. Ann. Entomol. Soe. F?-aneke-Grosmam's 1967 review. Fzwtgi are often Am. 65: 282. associatecl with bark beetle attacks. Disczcsses ?node Reports the firsst isolatio?r, of the fu?zgus from the of infection and clevelopnce?lt of stain. Ceratocystis beetle avzd describes a hibernating. site of the in- species are thc most important causes. sect-witiii?t a basidiomycete sporophore.- - Blue stai?;l. 67. Finnegan, R. J. 1967. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY (Ceratocystis sp.) luas observed in the three at- OF THE PITTED AMBROSIA BEETLE, COR- tacked trees but zuas not evide~zti.tz the basal 4 feet THYLUS PliNCTATISSI&IUS (COLEOPTERA : of boles with galleries. iiilycangia appeared identi- SGOLYTIDAE), IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. cal i?z strzccture and size to those of T. lineatum. Can. Entomol. 99: 49-54, French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1972. INTER- The ?~zalecuts the gallery and egg cradle a?zd de- ACTIONS OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE, posits spores of ambrosia f ~t~tgifrom special izecl XYLEBORUS DISPAR (COLEOQTEXA : SC0- 1-eposito3-ies i?z its thorct~;the fenzales lay eggs in LYTIDAE), WITH ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS a fu?rgus mat and plugs the e?zt?*a??cewith aqnbrosiu ALMBROSIELLA HARTIGII (FUNGI IMPER- 8tzycelium. FECTP) . Can. Entomol. 104 : 1635-1643.. 68. Francke-Grosmann, H. 1966. UBER SYMBIOSEN Tzuo biassays of z.arious insect stages denzonstrated VON XYLO-MYCETOPHAGEN UND PHLOE- the pleomorphic nature of the fungtcs and the inz- OPHAGEN SCOLYTOIDEA MIT HOLZBE- portance of the a?nbrosial form for the grozuth and T,VOHN$INDEN PILZEN. [ON THE SYMBIOSIS development of postdiapause adults and larvae. Irz OF XYLO-MYCETOPHAGOUS AND PHLOE- c?altzc?*e,j~ostdiapause adults and pztpae cazcse a OPHAGOUS SCOLYTOIDEA WITH WOOD- change fro?n, the rnycelial to the ambrosial form. INHABITING FUNGI.] Holz und Org. Int. Symp. Withortt the ambl-osial form, oviposition and pupa- Berlin-Dahlem (1965) 1: 503-522, tion did zot occzcr. The ambrosial fornz may be in- Labels as "phloeomycetophagous" some bark-in- clztcecl by a secretory product of the insect. Izabiti?zg beetles that have ?nyeetangia (same as French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1972. ILV VITRO ~?zycangiaof Batra 1963) and feed as larvae 012 CULTURE OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE ~)fzloe?ncolo~zixed by specific fungal associates. Ten XYLEBORUS DISPAR (COLEOPTERA : SCO- species of bark-breeding beetles had mycetaszgia LYTIDAE) WITH ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS, that contained fungi : Ips acuminatus, Dendroc- AiMBROSIELLA HARTIGII. Ann. Entomol. Soe, tonus frontalis, D. brevicomis, D. mexicanus, D. ~4nl.65: 719-721. parallelocollis, D. adjunctus, Myelophilus minor, The first ~.eeorded reuri?zg of a tentperate zone Hylurgops palliatus, Hylastes ater, a?zd HC. cuni- seotytid on a fzrngzis of the geizus Ambrosiella, cularius, Proposes Ceratoeystis minor as the znain Prediapnuse beetles failed to oviposit. Postdiapause fzcrzgzcs of the frontalis ancl brevicomis myeetangia, adtrits pi-od?tced a sirzglc generatio.iz. zoheri7 reared bttt 120 czcltures toel-e made. Furzgal flora are zcseftll in vitro mith its synzbiotic fungus Anlbrosiella as food far juvenile beetles. hartigii. 69. Francke-Grosmann, H. 1967. ECTOSYMBIOSIS French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1973. PAT- IN WOOD INHABITING INSECTS. Pages 142- TERNS OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION BE- 205 il? Symbiosis vol. 2, Edited by S. 31. Henry. TWEEN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE XYLE- Acadez~iicPress, New York. BORUS DISPAR AND ITS SYXBIOTIC FUN- A comprehe~zsivereview (277 citations). Includes GUS. J. Insect Physiol. 19: 593-605. review of f zcngal transmission organs (mycangia) fi7ric acid was the nzain nitrogenozcs product fozt~zd and coziers fozrr grotcps of insects : ambp-osia beetles i.p~ecccreta and hindguts of beetles, larvae, and (xylomycetopl-rctgous Scolytoidea), bark-f eeding pulriae (range 7.6-24*8 ;~guric ucid per beetle). bark beetles (some phloeophago?-rs Scol.t~tidae),ship No ninhgd?*in-11ositi'~'eco.mpo7tnds were found in f imberzuor~?zs (Lg?rzc,cylidae), and zuood wasps excreta. Col~centrationof nq~zmoniu-~zitrogenin the (Sip-icidne nncl Xiphydriidae). variozrs life stages averaged between 0*?0 and 1.13 ~gj&VH,-i;ZT per beetle. Comparative eoncentratioruts rni~sion.rr~ecftanist?z for associated microo?-ganis~zs, of eolzcble ;?;.rotci~uasand free amino acids suggested Smears and eultttres of the .ri.zgcetangiu were posi- that the ftt~gadsix the mgca~giaZC'CLS formed from tiwe f03' U.~~OS~CII"CSand vegetative cells of the yeast free a-~~zixclacids of fke +asecls. Lfuri~tg-the pe,.r'od Pichia sp.> lvizieh coipteides urith the ?nierosymbiofe of emelmgence, flight, and attack of new Itosts, fe- drrntina~tin dewelopmentul chamber-s of the larvae. mules had more than double the eoxce~ztrationof 81, Gouger, R, J, 1972, INTERRELBTIONS OF IPS soluble pu-otehts foltnd tke rest of the iyea-r.. Free AVt;tiSCS (EICHA.) AND ASSOCIATED amino acids had the lowest valz~esrecorded dzt~ing FUPU'GI, Diss, Abstr. 32: 6453-B. this ?3erao?zot~ce~,one i?z each ventrolaterctl FRONTALIS. Tissue and Cell 3: 295-308. r.e y ion. Each m yceta.i-lgizc~~~( == nzgenngizcm) is a Fungi are c?tlt?ilred a?.rd transported to new host coilecl tzcbe that is 4.69 i- 0.35 7~ntia length, that is trees wit hin a yeangilcpfi eo?zsistin,g of ct cuticttlar eream-colored, nad that opens into the alztelior i?tvagination along the endothoracic fold. T1~0types coxat cuvifg. i%fgeetanyiaoce2tr only i?t ~zalesad of glarrd cells secrete into tlte mgcalzgial Iztmen: lj?'ovide the overteintering storage site a?zd trans- o?ze ntay provide the basic nut?+ie.?-ztmediztnz, and the other may inhibit weed fzc~giand favor the 92. Helms, J. A., F. W. Cobb, Jr., and IT. S. TVhitney. grozctfz of the sgmbiotic crop. 1971. EFFECT OF INFECTION BY VERTI- 86. Hare, R. C, 1969. EFFECTS OF CERATOCYSTIS ClCLADIELLA FVAGEr%'ERIi' ON THE PHYS- i?iZIA1;OR (HEDGC.) HUNT, THE BLUE-STAIPY' IOLOGY OF PIrt"L;S POLYDEROSA. Phytopathol- FUNGUS CARRIED BY BENDROCTONUS O~Y61 : 920-925. FROXTALIS ZIXJI, ON BEETLE-RESISTANT Discussion of the fzlngzls with emphasis on its AND -SUSCEPTIBLE PISE SPECIES, Final fendezzcy to predispose trees fo bas-ii beetle attack. Rep. FS-SO-1401-5.18. U.S. Dep, Agrie. For. Serv. Flrngrrs-iyzfested piizes > 20 c.i?t: d.b.li. usfzully die South. For. Exp, Stn, Gulfport, Niss. 11 p. from coat disease following attacks by Dendroc- Six year old shortleaf, loblollg, axd atash pines tonus brevieomis or D. ponderosa. Aitkozrgh seed- were inocz~lwted with pzzre czrltures of C, nlinor lircys showed no visual sy.irzplot~zs1 month after to determine if resistance to the beetle is correlated i.rzoe?llcttio-rl zuith the f?c?tgzts, drawlatic decl-eases with resistavee to the fi~rzgus. No~zeof the trees i?z mi. jjhotosgtzthesis alzd tra?zspirafiorz occrrrred died. Five rrzonths later, 6. minor was reisolatecl along with marked i?zci.euses in foliar .reatel. stress 1 foot above the inoczclated area. C. minor is ?zot urzd stomafa elosu?*e. the p?*imury cause of death in beetle-itzfested trees, 93. Himes, W. E., and J. If. SkeIly. 1972. AN AS- 87. Harrar, J. G., and R. P. Ellis. 1940. THE BI- S8CSATION OF THE BLACK TURPENTINE OLOGY OF A SPECIES OF BEAUVERIA FRON BEETLE DEXDROCTOXTiTS TERERRANS, THE SOUTHERN PINE BARK BEETLE AND FOIWES AZcliVOSC7S IN LOBLOLLY PINE: (AESTR.). Proc. Va. Acad. Sci. 1: 211. (ABSTR.) . Phytcpathologg 62 : 670. This zcnidentified Beauveria was isoEated from A total of 1,458 insects ilz vu~iozcsstages of de- larvae and zous fozt?zd to be pathogenic to healthy velopment were re?novecl frorn roots and lower larvae. Growth chal-acteristics, reproductive struc- boles of infested trees and were incubated at 23°C tures, and nzet~itionalreqzcirements were stzcdied for 14 days on pine discs. The furzgus was isolated to evaluate its potential as a biological control f rorn 11 .5 perce-rzt of these insects. The Oedocepha- agent. No data were presented. lum fo~mof the fungus was fourtd in 9 of 130 larval gulleries. No.ize of the 13 canals produced 88. Harrar, J. G., and 3, G. Martland. 1940. THE bg adztlts was positive. The ifzsect is a likely vector. ETIOLOGY OF THE BEAUT7ERIA DISEASE OF DEMDROCTONCS FROLVTALIS (ABSTR.) . 94. Rinds, T. E., and P. E. Buffam. 19'91. BLUE Proc. Va. Acad. Sci. 1: 211. STAIN IN ENGELMANN SPRUCE TRAP Isolates of Beauveria sp. from the sozcthern pine TREES TREATED WITH CACODYLIC ACID. beetle were used in histological studies of i?zfection U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Sew. Res. Note EM-201, in larvae. Reports mode of infection, action within 4 p. Rocky Mt. For. Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. the host, and methods of fructificatio?~. Om yeur after treatment blue stain development was 2zegligible u?zd bark beetle development poor 89. Harrar, J. G., and J. G. Martland. 1940. A FUN- in trap trees treated 4-8 weeks azzd felled 2-4 weelcs GOUS PARASITE OF THE PINE BARK BEE- before peak flight. Leptographium engelmannii TLE (ABSTR.) . Phytopathology 30 : 8. was isolated frot?z 95 percent of the blue stain Many dead or dying. larvae in shortleaf pines fronz samples. Ceratocystis olivacea, C. coerulescens, C. eastern Vip-girzia were found infested with both sp. a?zd Graphiunl spp. were less consistent. C. fungi and nematodes. iMonospo?-ous cultztres show- coerulescens was isolated from 80 percent of the ed that the fungus was probably a Beauveria. brown stain samples associated with aqnbrosia bee- 90. Hedgecock, 6. G. 1906. STUDIES UPON SONE tles. Incipient decay i~zstain areas of felled trees CHROl\iTOGENIC FUNGI WHICH DISCOLOR zuas evident and 2uas cazaed by the sap rot fungus WOOD. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17: 59-114. Fomes pinicola alzd tzuo u~ziderztifiedsp. Gives keys and descriptions of several Ceratosto- 95. Hinds, T. E., and R. JV. Davidson. 1972. CERA- mella spp. ( =. Ceratocystis) , Graphium spp., and TOCT'STIS SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE other wood staining fzc*zgi. The presence of blue ASPEN AMBROSIA BEETLE. Mycologia 64: staini~zgfzcngi in the tunnels of some wood boring 405-409. beetles ilzdicates that the insects carrg conidia or Desc~ibesa ?zew species Ceratocystis retusi, which aseospoyes. has b3'0zc12 l~eritheciacmd long, flemcous ostiolnr 91. Heller, R. C. 1968. PREVISUAL DETECTION fila~nents. This species a-rzd C. brevieollis were OF PONDEROSA PINE TREES DYING FROX commotzlg fo?t,zci' in Coloraclo in pzrpal cells of the BARK BEETLE ATTACK. Pages 381-434 ipz Gtsljen a~nbrosia beetle Trypodendron retusum. Proc. 5th Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environ- 96. Hodges, J. D., S. J. Barras, and J. K. 3Iarrldin. ment. Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor. 1968. ARIINO ACIDS IN INKER BARK OF Aerial sensors haee not beetz s.~tccessf~rlin detectkg LOBLOLLY PINE, AS AFFECTED BY THE attacked trees before discoloration, and ~PO?LPZ~ob- SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE AND ASSOCIAT- servutio?zs are itzadequate fa?* appruisirzg the s7cc- ED 3IICROORGANISMS. Can. J. Bot. 46: 1461- cess of an attack. The best method of evalztatio?~ 1472, is to exat~zinethe xyle~rtfor the blue staiiz fzrngus Bolts infected with a92 asco212ycete (Ceratocystis Ceratostonlella spp. (= Ceratocystis spp.). Color minor), with u busidiom ycete 7ttycangial fun yzrs fransparencies ~euealedthree times as mang dying JSJB 2221, 01. with the beetle-nticroorga~istilcom- frees as grozind observations, plex brouglzf aboztf ?to qualitative changes i-iz free alltino acids belt pp-oduced chalzges iiz fsroteirz-bound [OBSERVATIONS OX THE BIOLOGY AND ones, Conce2ztration of most f?*ee amim acids and CONTROL OF PINE BARK BEETLES: DEK- soluble nit?-ogen clecreased, bzcf that of WZOS~pro- IIROCTOrVUS ADJGR'CTUS ELF. AND 8. feijz-bow~zd arnino acids, insoluble Ttitroge?~,and MEXICASCS HPK. PIX SOME REGIONS OF total ?zz'trogen irzcreasecl. THE STATE OF XEXICO.] B01. Tech. 40, 36 p, 91, Holst, E. C. 1936. ZYGOSACCNAROMYCES Inst. Nac, de Invest. For. 3Iexico City, D.F. PILVI, A n"E?FT SPECIES OF YEAST ASSOCP- Variolts fling icicles (especiailg modifications of tfze ATED WITH BARK BEETLES IN PINES, J. Bo,.clen.i~,i. type) gave f~-orn25 fo 50 percent re- Agric. Res. 53 : 513-5123. cowry if trees were treated &iring the first week Describes ad ~epol-tsdistribzction of a new geast of atfnck; little or. rrO fii~tgalgrowth uias obsel-i:ed. (Pichia pini) isolated fro~rz specimey-zs and gal- Resisturzt frees prodzle~dg~ii"o2~ish-%eh'lte resin pitch ley-ies of Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis tz~bes.A ""special slrbstarlce'Yin Ihc ?*esi?2i~tzpedes and also associated with Ips grandicollis, I. avulsus, the devetop~nenfof associated f tm yi. A biological and I. ealligraphus. control sf?adg with Metarrhiziunz anisopliae was 98. Holt, W. R. 1961. &.irETARRI-IIZIU&f ANISO- i??eonzplete. PLIAE (METCHNIKOFF) SOROKIN INFECT- 103. Jouvenaz, D. P., and R. C, TVilkinson. 1970. IN- ING LARVAE OF THE BLACK TURPENTINE CIDENCE OF SERRATIA ,?fARCESCENS IN BEETLE. J. Insect Pathol, 3: 93-102. WILD IPS CALLIGRAPNUS POPULATEOXS Reports probable new host record for a fz~p~gzts IN FLORIDA. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 16: 295-2965. isolated from full grou$?z !a?-vae under the bark of 1% laboratory czclttcres, chromoge??ic strains were a Eoblolly pine stzcmp in southern Mississippi. coz~sisterrtly isolated ft-om both live and dead 99. Hoog, G. S. de, 1974. THE GENERA BLASTO- I. calligraphus, but vtortality was legs tha~1 per- BOTRYS, SPOROTNRIX, CALCARISPORIUM cent pel. gene.;i.atio~z.~Vatltre larvae and pupae as- AND CALCARISPORIELLA GEN. NOV. Studia sociated with teneral adztlts in loose olcl bark lzad Xycol. (Netherlands) 7 : 1-84. ct higher i??cidence of the bacteria than larvae and The yentts Blastobotrys, co~nprisingonly one spe- pcpne associated with prcrerzt adults i?z tight fresh cies, is described. TIze genus Spoi*othrixis e~zlarged bark; tenerccl adztlts had a highel. incidence of to inclztde $4 species: sis are new; three am new bacteria tha?z parent adults. eombi-rzatio~zs;13 are conidial states of Ophiostorna; 104. Kabir, A. K. M. I?., and R. L. Giese. 1966. THE one is excluded. Calcarisporium is restricted to one COLUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE, CORTWYLUS speeies. Calcarisporiella is described. Ceratocystis, COLUMBIAMUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- an Asconzycete genus, is divided into two separate DAE). 11. FtJNGI AND STAINING ASSOCI- ge?zera based on the morphologg of the colzidial ATED WITH THE BEETLE IN SOFT MAPLE. states :Ceratocystis sensu strict0 comprises species Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 894-902. with Chalara, Chalaropsis, ancl Thielaviopsis Graphiurn sp. ??earrigidurn, Ceratocystis plurian- conidint states; most species of Ceratocystis auctt. nulata, Fusarium tricinctum, F. oxysporum, F. have Sporothrix, Verticicladiella, and Graphium solani, Pichia n. sp., Gliocladium roseurn, and states and are here classified in, Ophiostorna. Rhizoctonia sp. were isolated f?-onz galleries of 100. Hosking, G. P. 1972. XYLEBORUS SAXESENI, Corthyltzs colurnbianus and associated stains in ITS LIFE HISTORY AND FLIGHT BEHAVIOR Acer saccharinum. The wOhifc ~^iseztdo't~~,gcelid??tat IN NEW ZEALAND. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 3: 37-53. of Pichia sp. is very conspic~to~csiyz egg charnbers Rate of development is influenced nzuinlg by am- dztri71y egg and Inrva? stages, a?zd the larvae de- brosia f UVL~~(tc?zide?ttified) and indirectly by cli- pe?zd solely apo?r it fo~foocl. Opti~7ilzr?n growth matie factors and physiological conditio?~of the teml~erature tuas 65"-85°F for the Ceratocystis host. and 65"-75°F for the Piehia. O~zlyCeratocystis 101. Howe, V. K., A, D. Oberle, T. G. Keeth, and W. J. grew at 40" or W0F. No stain developed i?-tsap- Gordon. 1971. THE ROLE OF MICROORGAN- ?riooct' blocks i?zocltlated i~zthe labos.ato?*y. ISMS IX THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF LIGHT- 105. Kaneko, T. 1965. BIOLOGY OF SOXE SCOLYTID NING-STRUCK PINES TO SOUTHERN PINE AMBROSIA BEETLES ATTACKIKG TEA BEETLES. West. Ill. Univ. Bull. 50(3), 44 p. Ser. PLANTS. I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Biol. Sci. 9. OF TWO SPECIES Of" SCOLYTID BEETLES Of 577 gecrsts, flofgi, and bacteria isolated fro?n REARED ON STERILIZED TEA PLANTS'. Jap. bnl-k beetle galleries and exposed inner bark of J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 9: 211-216. struck loblollg ppines (Pinus taeda), 214. geasts XyIeborus cotnpactus avct7 X. gerlnanus were s~c- CG'PLI~207 hgphal fzinyi were icient.lfieci to species, cessf[tiig t-c~r-edi?~: test tic bes. Steam-sterilixecl swh- and 12 bacteria to ge~zera.Olfacto.meter tests indi- sfi.nle.s ?aacrcIPO twigs for X. co~npaetusa~zd tea cuted that the ?nicroorganisms produced no volatile I-oots or i;u:igs for X, germanus. Growth ate ancl s?tbstu??cesattractive to the insect. size cif s~tafrrriii?gbroods ?;a-f.iedwith fttngal grozcth, 102. Islas, S. F. 1914. OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA BIOLOGIA Y EI, COMBATE DE LOS ESCARA- 106. Kaneko, T. 1967, SHOT-HOLE BORER OF' TEA BAJOS DESCORTEZADORES DE LOS PINOS : PLANT IN JAPAN. Jap. Agric. Res. Q. 2: 19-21. IIEA:DROCTONCS ADJlilVCTW BLF, Y DEN- The f ?c~gusctssociatcd with Xyleborus germanus DROCTOLVUS MEXICANUS HPK. EX ALGU- u?zd X. cornpactus has two st-ages, the stored spore MAS REGIONES DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO. sfage, m5hicl? occu?.a in the trzycaptgia, and the culti- vatecl spore stage, which occztrs in the galleries. 111. King, B., and H. 0. W. Eggins. 1972. SOME OB- Virgin females with their associated a???brosia Sh&IIGtrA4'l'k0XSON DECAY JIECHXPU'ISMS OF fuzgi prodztce haploid males; in the abse~tce of MICROFCKGI DETERIORATING FYOOD. Pages f~c~gi,no reprodzcction takes place. 145-151 in Biodeterioration of Materials, vol. 2. 107. Kaneko, T., and K. Takagi, 1965. BIOLOGY OF Edited by A. H. Walters and E. H. Hueck-van der SOXE SCOLYTID AMBROSIA BEETLES AT- Plas. John Wiley & Sons, New York. TACKING TEA PLANTS. IV. PARTHENO- Discusses 33 species of fangi, inclztding many inold GENESIS OF XYLEBORCS GER;lifANUS and bl~cestairz, comrrzonly associatecf with attacked BLAND. IN RELATION TO THE GERrVANUS greerz wood. Growth rate patte~~3zsco9*relatecl with AMBROSIA FUNGUS. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. z~tilixation rates of starch and celtztlose agar and Zo01.9 : 303-304. witJz Eiqzsification of peeti?% gels. Ceratocystis Beetle has a polygamo?cs social organization zvith pilifera, which grew qriickly arzcl zcas highly a sex ratio of ctbo?if f 0:f (female to male). All a-inylolytic, cleared cell~close agar a~dliqtcified adult fernabes (mated and norzmafed) provided with pectute gels. C. coerulescens grew more slowly, was the arnbrosia fungus reproduced. Noncopulated fe- less active, adshowed ?~~azimumeet'lulolytie ac- males prod~tcedonly male proge-fly; mated females tivity. C. ulnli and C. picea were sloztl growing and prodacced botlz fe?nale and ?%ale progeqzy. shozued sligftt ceElzcEolytic activity. 108. Kaneko, T., and K. Takagi. 1966. BIOLOGY OF 112. Koch, A. 1963. ON THE ROLE OF THE SYX- SOME SCOLYTID AMBROSIA BEETLES AT- BIONTS IN WOOD-DESTROYING INSECTS. TACKING TEA PLANTS. VI. A COMPARA- Recent Progress in Microbial. 8 : 151-161. TIVE STUDY OF TWO AMBROSIA FUNGI Disczcsses synzbionts of various insect grozcps : ASSOCIATED WITH XYLEBORUS COiMPAC- Ipidae, Platypodidae, L ymex ylo.izidae, Siricidae, TUS EICHHOFF AND XYLEBORUS GER- Anobiidae, Ceru?.lzbycidae, and Lyctidae. The sym- MANUS BLANDFORD (COLEOPTERA: SCO- bio7zts provide OT supple7nent .izecessarg vitamins LYTIDAE) . Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1: 173-176. and profeins and participate in tlze nitrogen me- Botlz the tea root borer X. germanus and the tea tabolis~nof their hosts, whose ?~zetnbolicby-prod- twig borer X. compactus reprodzeced ?zor?nally fol- zccts are zcsed by the sywzbionts. lowing artificial exchanges of their synzbiotic am- 113. Kok, L. T., D. M. Norris, and H-M Chu. 1970. brosia fzcngi. The fungi appeared morphologically STEROL METABOLISM AS' A BASIS FOR A and physiologically alike with the exception of dif- MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS. Nature 225 : 661- f erent optimum temperatz~resof sporulatio?z in 662. cultivated spores. Ergosterol was the only sterol prodzcced by the 109. Kaneko, T., Y. Tamaki, and K. Takagi. 1965. mutualistic fungus Fusarium solani, associated PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE BIOLOGY with the beetle Xyleborus ferrugineus, in pzcre OF SOME SCOLYTID BEETLES, THE TEA e~tltureon a chemically defined sterile substrate. ROOT BORER, XYLEBORUS GERMANUS Ergoste?*ol was adequate for continzted growth, BLANFORD, ATTACKING TEA ROOTS, AND development, and reproduction of the f ungus-f ree THE TEA STEM BORER, XYLEBORUS COM- beetle. The insect is apparently unique in its use PACTUS EICHHOFF, ATTACKING TEA of cholester*ol for egg prodzcction and larval gro~htth TWIGS. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 9: 23-28. bztt not fo?-pupation. The opti?n.ccm tenzperatztre for mycelial growth of 114. ~otfnkov6.-~~chrov~,E. f 966. MYKOFL~RA ambrosia fungi was 23°C for X. germanus and 26°C CHODEB K~ROVC~~v CESKOSLOVENSKU. for X. compactus. X. germanus was reared com- [THE MYCOFLORA OF BARK-BEETLE GAL- pletely through one generation arzd partially LERLES 1N CZECHOSLOVAK1A.J ~eskaMykol. tlzrough another on azttoclaved wood colonized by 20 : 45-53. the ambrosia fungus. When the fungus grew on Thzrteerz pathologically igrzportunt species of f ungi agar-based media, the i~zsectdid ?tot develop. (If Ceratocystis species, Leptographium lund- bergii, and Graphium pycnocephalum) were iso- 110. Kirnmey, J. W., and R. L. Furniss. 1943. DE- lated from galleries of bark beetles of t12e genera TERIORATION OF FIRE-KILLED DOUGLAS- Ips, Hylurgops, Xyloterus, Pityogenes, Dryocoetes, FIR. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 851, 61 p. and Myelophilus. Most fu~zgicausing. wood stain belong to the genus Ceratostomella ( = Ceratocystis) . The Doztglas-fir 115. Kulman, H. M. 1964. PITCH DEFECTS IN RED beetle is a carrier of Ceratostomella pseudotsugae PINE ASSOCIATED WITH UNSUCCESSFUL ATTACKS BY IPS SPP. J. For. 62: 322-325. ( =I: Ceratocystis minor j ,which inf luences the early stage of sapwood deterioratio?~.The Douglas-fir U??szrccessful attacks produced ve?.tieal bark scars beetle is the most iwzportant insect pest that attacks and catfaces 072 red pi.i?e in Virginia and West Vir- fire-killed timber. The beetle opens the bole to gi~zia.The sears lay directfg over zoood szti-f'ace de- other agents of detez-ioratio$z arzd may accelerate pressions, which were above pitch defects buried the establishment of fzcngi. Three species of a7n- under one to eight annual gro$n.th rings. The de- brosiu beetles, Trypodendron bivittatum, Gnatho- fects were conzposed of Ips nuptial chambers a?zd trichus retusus, and G. sulcatus, cazcse degrade by egg galleries. The failzcre of so?ne attctck-s may be lnaking pinholes a?td b.y int?-odzccing blue-stain explained bg a?%absence of blzce stain in the wo.zcnds. fungi. Platypus wilsoni occasionally causes pin- 116. Le Fay, A., J. E. Courtois, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, holes bzcf is not eeono??zicatlyimportant. and S. Lambin. 1969. ETUDE DES OSIDASES ISE LTINSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS SEXDEN- OF THE OXIDASES OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS IfATZI'S ET DE S,4 FLORE XICROBIENNE. INSECT IPS SEXBENITATUS AND OF ITS [TEE STUDY OF THE OXIDASES OF THE XICROBIAL FLORA. 11. INFLUENCE OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS INSECT IPS SEXDEXTATUS SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE MICRO- AND ITS XICROBIAL FLORA.] C. R. Acad. BIAL FLORA ON TEE ACTIVITY OF PEGTI- Sei, 268 : 2968-2975. KASES AND CELLULASES ACTIVE IN A Extj-aeell~ciai.~n icrubes in the cligestive tract of the FYEAKLY ACID 3TEDIUbl WITHIN A XYLO- insect a r*C Achromobaeter superf ieialis, A. delicatu- PHAGOUS INSECT.] Ann. Inst, Pasteur 119: tus, and Candida puleherina, The ~nic?.obialflora 745-751. eontai~RPW~~CLI oridases. The i32sect possessed var- Beetles were reared on Scots pi~zelogs treatad witfi. iofzs eTtxyn%esthat erzabled it to degrade rzitmeyozts antibiotics lo selective[% kill Achromobacter super- oligosnceharides and polgsaccha?-ides, The activitg ficialis, A. delieatulus and Candida putcherina of these enxglrmes is less important and less varier1 symbionts in insect digestive tracts. iVo significant il-t tZz~miwobes tfiun in the insect. chcrrzge in enxyi~nalicactivity was noted with peetin 117, Le Fay, A., 5. E. Courtois, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, and hyclr-oxyethgl cellulose as substrates; thus, the and S. Lambin. 1970. &TUDE DES OSIDASES sgmbio?zts are of little importance in providirtg evt- DE L'IKSECTE XVLOPEAGE IPS SEXDEN- xgmes. TATUS ET DE SA FLORE MICROBIENNE. 120. Lgkander, B., ~ndE, Rennerfelt. 1955. 2NDER- I, ~TUDEDE LA FLORE XICROBIENNE ET SOKNINGAR OVER INSEKTS-OCH BLANADS- COMPARISON DE SES OSIDASES AVEC SKADOR PA SAGTIMMER. [INVESTIGA- CELLES DE L'INSECTE TOTAL. [STUDY OF' TIONS OF' DAMAGE CAUSED BY BARK BEE- THE OXIDASES OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS IN- TLES AND BLUEING FUNGI IN SAW TIM- SECT IPS SEXDENTATUS AND OF ITS MI- BER.] Medd. Statens SkogsforskningsinstituL, CROBIAL FLORA. I. STUDY OF THE MICRO- 4518) : 1-36. BIAL FLORA AND COMPARISON OF THEIR Sttu-veys the uuzost iv?tporta?zt blzteing fztnyi [inelad- OXIDAS'ES WITH CELLS OF THE WHOLE in@ Cladosporium, Pullularia, and Ophiostoma INSECT.] Ann. Inst. Pasteur 119: 483-491. ( = Ceratoeystis) ] spread either by air or blpf forest Two bacte~ia(Aehromobacter spp,) and one yeast i??sects; also discusses the most damaging insects ( Candida spp.) isolated reg~clurLy f rorn the aEi- that transmit stain i?z Sweden. Insects are Blasto- meuttary canal of I. sexdentatus had variozts en- phagus minor and Ips acuminatus on Scots piuze, xynzes that were less inzportant and dive?+sifiedthan I, typographus on No?.zvny spr.rcce, and Trypoden- those of the insect at all develoi~nzental stages, dron lineatum on pine and spruce. E~txy?pzes inclztded glucosidases, galacfosiduse, 121. Liese, W. 1970. ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS az-nglase, pectinase, and cellulase. OF WOODY TISSUE DISINTEGRATION. Ann. 138. Le Fay, A,, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, and J. E. Rev. Phytopathol. 8 : 231-258. Courtois. 1969. INFLUENCE DE LA DESTRUC- Pullularia pullans and Ophiostoma ( = Cerato- TION &ELECTIVE DE LA FLORE MICRO- eystis) coeruleum are discussed. Passive pcnetra- BIENNE SUR L?ACTIVITEI DE DEUX OSI- tion of the cell wall bg blzte stain fungi is by .means DASES CHEZ L'INSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS of a travts~~ressor-iztm.Coaction of mechanical forces SEXDENTATUS, [INFLUENCE OF THE SE- and enxynzes prodztced at the tip of the tralzspres- LECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE MICRO- soriunt probably occzcrs. F~trtherwide?zi?tg of the BIAL FLORA ON THE ACTIVITY OF TWO canals clid lzot occur nors were therae any visible OXIDASES ON THE XYLOPHAGOUS IPS changes in cell wall structure. The blue stain fungi SEXDENTATUS.] C. R. Acad. Sei. 268: 3130- del-ive ?zutrie?ztsf YOBZ pa~+e?zchy?~zacells. 3132. Liese, W. 1971. THE ACTION OF FUNGI AND I% adults reared orz wood impregnated with anti- BACTERIA DURING WOOD DETERIORA- bacterial awl antifungal substances, two bacteria TION. Int. Pest ControI 1: 20-24. alzd a yeast in the digestive tube of the insect were Some blue stain fungi cnztsing sapzuood di~colora- selectivelg clestroged bg inhibitory stcbstavzces. No tio?z grew inside ray cells and derived n?rt?'ie?zts significant t~~odifientionof the cnxymatic activitg from pure.tzchg?na cells. Since ~zoenzymes are pro- of l~ectinancl hgdrozyethyl cetlztlosc oceztrred i?? df~cedthat can deg?-ade a cell wall, the funguts i~sects acith ilzgested cmtibiotics, antibacterial ente?.s b?! unechanical pressztre. Bacteria are f o rcnd agents, GY antifztnyal ctgeuzts. The v~ticrobialflora in parerzchgtna cells of sapwood, whose contents appurentlg functiorr. as accessories in elaboraii~zg ?~rovideclasilzg accessible rzzctrition; the bacteria the tw50 oriduses in fhe total enxg?-~atiecomplex. genernflg have a lower and ?nore ?-estrictive lytic 119. Le Fay, A,, 4. T$uillier, J. E. Courtois, and C. activity than ffcuzgi, und cell wall dete~iorationis Chararas. 1970. ETUDE DES OSIDASES DE lheref ore p9eotonged. L'IKSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS SEXLIENTATUS 123. Livingston, R. L. 1971, ASPECTS OF THE RE- ET DE SA FLORE MICROBIENVE. 11. INFLU- LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FIX EN- ENCE DE LA DESTRUCTION SELECTIVE D$ GRAVER SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOP- LA FLORE XICROBIENNE SUR LXCTIVITE TERA: SCOLtYTIDAE) AND CERTAIN AS- DE PECTIKASES ET DE CELLULASES AC- SOCIATED FUNGI. Ph.D. Thesis. Wash. State TIVES EK NILIEU FAIBLEMENT ACIDE Univ. (Diss. Abstr. 32: 2771B.) CHEZ UN INSECTE XYLOPHAGE. [STUDY Trichosporium synlbioticum has beerz isolated from pliloem, larwal mipzes, i~ztel-rtccllyfro?;$ lareae, a;zd get fc;zANIMAL - STUDY OF THE AC- Pathol. 9 : 451-458. QUISITION OF ITS PATHOGENIC ABILITY Fe~nalesco?ztuin paired, saclike mycetangiu (= my- AS COMPARED TO THAT OF SPOROTNRIX eanyiu??~)that lie dorsal to the prothoracic cozal SCHENCKII.] Sabouraudia 9 : 191-205. cavities. These large specializecl o?.gans for storage Ceratocystis stenoceras, uszcally parasitic on plants, and trurzsport of the a,nbrosia fungus spores are toas pathogenic for the hamster and mouse. U~icell- appa?*e~ztlyli?zed with sclerotixed cuticular ma- ulai. forms grow.rz at 35" C prodzkced lesions in some terial, and the posterio~portio?z is heavily anus- animals. Passaged strains were always more culatr~red.A tube eztends from each myeeta~zgiunz virulent than wild ones, did not fo~mperithecia, to an ezternccl opening in the procoxal cavitg. One and are colzsidered to be stable, asexual pathogenic section of the organ wall adjacent to the tube lacks nz?ttarzts. They prodtceed tria~zgula~,pignzented sclerotixatio??, and contains a series of cells and spot-es and are indistinguishable from S. schenckii ducts that terminate in pores within the myce- in rno~phology,physiology, and pathogenicity. The ta~gia.These may be sec7-etory cells that provide erperi.rne?ztally prodzcced disease was similar to the mat rix s?crrounding the spore aggregates. experi?tzentat. sporot?*ichosis. The presence of eigar- 126. Lu, K. C., 19. G. Allen, and W. B. Bollen. 1957. shaped ayzd asteroid bodies suggests that Cera- ASSOCIATION OF YEASTS WITH THE DOUG- tocystis nzny cazcse spontaneous sporotrichosis. LAS-FIR BEETLE. For. Sci. 3: 336-343. Mason, R. R. 1967. DYNAMICS OF IPS POPU- Isolations were rnade from galleries, exoskeletons, LATIONS AFTER SUMMER THINNING IN A and ali?nentary t~acts.The species isoluted-either LOBLOLL'Y PINE PLANTATION: WITH SPE- alone or ?nixed-were : Saccharomyces pastoria, CIAL REFERENCE TO HOST TREE RESIST- Candida parapsilosis, 6. mycoderma, and Hansen- ANCE. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Mich. 152 p. (Diss. ula capsulata. Together, the four species were at- Abstr. 27: 2215-I?.) tractive to the beetle; separately, S. pastoria was Reasserts that the blue stain fzcngzcs Ceratocystis sig~zificantlyattractive, H. eapsulata gave i?zeon- ips is i~zvariccblyfouncl withi-rz the galleries and clzcsive ?-esults, and the other two species feere re- chanzbers of Ips avulsus and Ips grandicollis. The jected b2j the beetle. emet rlat~rreof the relationship betweetz the fuagus 127. MacCallum, B. D, 1922. SOME WOOD-STAIN- ccnd f lze beetle 1-emnins ~tnclear. ING FUNGI. Trans, Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 231-236. ibiatbre, D. E. 1964. EFFECT OF CERATOCYS- Graphiun~penicillioides was considered as a stage TZS ZPS AXD CERATOCYSTIS MIXOR ON THE i?z the iife-hisforyof Ceratostomella pieeae ( === Ce- FREE SUGAR POOL, IN PONDEROSA PINE ratocystis piceae) . The f?crjgzcs was observed on SAPWOOD, Contrib. Boyce Thompson fnst. 22: Pinus sylvestris attacked bg Hylesinus piniperda. 509-511. 128. %IacLean, D. B., and R. L. Giese. 1967. THE LIFE Free sugars a?-e most. prevalent in flze ray par- HISTORY OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE XY- e?zehyma cells, where fizngat hyphae are most abun- LOTEEI,nJCS POLITUS (COLEOPTERL4:SCOL- clu~zt. Frz~etose was appctre7ztly zttikized by both YTIDAE). Can. Entomol. 99 : 285-299. fungi since it was abztndazzt in ftninfeeted sapwood Callow adults first reverse the& position in the b?~twas ?tot prese?zt in infected zuood. Large quan- cgy cradles, then begin feeding 07% an a?nbrosial tities of zylose appeared ir??wood i~zfeeted with fzt?zgfcs that lines ffie watts of the cradle and is us C. minor, bzct very little was found in wood it%- fected with 6. ips 01- i.i-t nor?i?zfeeted ~cnod.Henzi- BARK BEETLE. J'veyerhaeuser Timber Go. For. cciilzllolyfic cnagnze activity nray acco~zrzt fora the Res, Sote 11, 2l pp.Milliconla Forest Tree Farm, prcserzce of syfose. Ths preseztec of deteetibte grt- Coos Bay, Oregon. laet?r?*onleacid nnci ~jturrr~itol sicgyesis fhctt pectoiy- *r;luny Dendroetonus 1cirrrre die of stat-vation. Cera- tic and tlehgdi.*oyertctaeactii~itg may calso oeritl*. tostomella pseudotsugae = Ceratocystis minor) 133. Xathre, D. E, 1964. PATHOGENICITY Oft' and other f~oigij'rttt-ocl~(e~cJ bg ~~jitltbeetles carcse CERA TOCY'YTIS IPS ASD CERATOCI-STIS deeornposition of CAcj tar?lbi?cnz cwd relzder it 7c"rz- ,321ill'OR TO PIA7YS POXZIEROSA. Condrib. Boyce sltifnble as lcr~-rtrf iotici', d 9ecoizdui.g eitertty, Thompson Inst. 22 : 363-388. Dryoeoetes pseudotsugae, teas ublludanr ia wi~~d- The f~t-izgiTt3ere pnthogenfc to s~rlall(<9 cm d.6.h.) thp-ozcn trt-es infested with Do?igfrts-fils beefles ad pond~i'osapi~es. Beafk restilted ?nore qlricklg (<20 pcci-f iclciorlg ?totlceublc in ti-ces tc.iCh heavy bli?ne clays) whelr inoezri'atiun cove,-ed $O-c.~iz ba~clsof staz'?~and high lui-val ~ttoi.taiilg. The stain ctccorn- aupzvoocf ;*ather than 10- or 20-cnt b~iitds. tree^ puliies a??rbl'osia beetles, aohiclz cause dumage by inoctrlafed ill s?nall patches and needle holes to eo?tsfrlkctil~y lo.irg wincling I?l?lnels iwto sapwood si~rzttlafebeetle ctttacks 1ts14aIIg octiow,%ed r*esistanee a?tcI!hea r.t ~~oacti, to infection, ]?robably hecnttse of copiiri.zcs resin flow. 138- Meiffren, X., and X, Belin, 1960. ESSAI DE Dge sfjcdies showled thuf cater is cond~eefedai*o2ti"2d TRAITEXEST MIXTE INSECTICIDE ET but nof ihroziyh i?tfectocl arcas of scrpa5ooci. Path- FONGICIDE CONTRE LE SCOLUTE DES ogenicitg may involve en.6-1-yof air into the sap- RAXEAUX DC CAF~IERXYLEBORUS A%fOR- ?uood. STATTI HAGED, [TEST OF MIXED IN- 134. Xathre, D. E. 1964. SURVEY OF CERRTOCYS- SECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE TREATMENT TIS SPP. ASSOCIATED WITH BARK BEETLES AGAINST THE SCOLYTID OF COFFEE IN CALIFORNIA. Contrib. Boyee Thompson Inst, BRANCHES XYLEBORUS %ORSTATTI 22 : 353-362. EIAGED.] Rev. Caf6, Cacao, The. 4: 150-158. Ceratoeystis minor was isolated from old galleries Wlzerz tlie insect bores i~tobrunches and excavutes of Dendroetonus brevieomis and D. montieolae; ct gallery, a cccrzke?. ofte~farws orz all sides of the C, ips zvcts isolcctecf:from gal1e.i-ies and adults of D. ent~*a?zce.Several fzzzndred isolatiorzs -i*euealed the valens, Ips confusus, ancl I. oregcnis, and fro??^ gal- f ollawirtg f wzgi i?c cleereasiny o~ci"e?-of ft*eqztency : leries o~lyof D. montieolae, 1. ponderosae, avrcl I. Colletotriehun~ coffeanum, Pestalozzia coffeicola, emarginatus; C. sehre~~kianawas associated with Botryodiplodia theobrcmae, Fusariurn deeemel- attacks of D. valens a~rdD. n~ontieolae;C. montia, lulare, F, lateritium, Aspergillus sp., utzd Penicil- with D, jeffreyi and D. montieolae; und C. minuta, liuni sp. C. coffeanum, wlaich wifk P. eoffeicola is with I. eonfusus u~dI. emarginatus. Inoezclatio~s an agent of anth~*acnose,aecourctecl, for 80 pe?.cent of fhe sapwood of sntall (<9 em d.b.h.) ponderosct of the isolatiozzs either ctlo~zeor i?z associations with pine with C. ips, C, minuta, ad C. sehrenkiana other species. killecl the frees after variozts periods of time. 139. Miller, D. L., and A. D. Partridge. 1974. ROOT 135. Mathre, D. E. 1964. STUDIES ON TEE PATH- ROT INDICATORS IN GRAND FIR. U.S. Dep. OGENICITY TO PONDEROSA PINE OF CERA- Agric. Plant Dis. Rep. 58 : 275-276. TOCYSTIS SPP. ASSOCIATED WITH BARK Roofs of ,rot-nqal, discoiorecl, cc-izd dyiyzg gra~?dfir BEETLES IN CALIFORNIA. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. (Abies grandis) were e2:atttined alorzy zuitlz above- of Calif., Davis. 61 p. (Diss. Abstr. 27: 349B.) g?-o?t?zdsigpts ancl sy??zpdo??zscrs greclictors of root The patlzoge~zicity of some blite-stairt fftrzgi wns ;-of,pri.lncrrily Armillaria niellea. Bar-k beetle gal- tested to detel-,?zi?ze the role of these fzr.i?gi in the lel.ies or=CI~SGOJOI'CC~ Joliage were the oszly effective death of beetle-nttncked frees. Trees s?tecessfzttly i~ldicato2-sof the root rots. Of the root-2-otted trees, crtfncked hy bark beetles ?rsztally die wifhin a few 75.71 percent hacl .ize?u hark b~etlegctlleries ctnd weeks to severcrl ?~zonths.The e~uctcalrse of death 74.29 pel-eejzt had yelio~r?or recl foliage. 98.15 per- has ~otbee,& frtllg esfctblished. Sincc .inecha?zicnlly cetzt of fhe borli beetle darraccye ?Gas in trees with gircilecl frees will live 1 or more years, the girdJi?tg adt~a2zcedroot decay. crefio?z of the beetles does ?tat erplaitz the ~npicl 140. Xiller, J. N., and F. P. Keel?. 1960. BIOLOGY clecrth of the tree. The all~zos.6-consl.n.rrf assoeiatz'o~z AND GOKTROL OF THE W-ESTERN PINE of blzre-sfcrinilag flc-rzgi with bark beetles sltggesfs BEETLE. U. S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 800, 381 p. that fhese jjazyi mag be ct csztse of tree death. Reviews prtblished a~zclunlattblished reports on the 136. %leCamloridge, W. F. 1974, IDENTIFYING PON- insect with 14 i*el;ieu.s I-clated to f?(?tgi, baete?.ict, DEROSA PIKES INFESTED WITH 31OI.JPu'- 01- yeccsls. The yeast Saccharomgces pinl ( = Picl~ia TAIS PIKE EEETI,ES, U.S. Dep. Agrie. For. pini zcns ct col-rsiciizf clssociafe a f lcc;.-~qaeanti adults. Serv. Res. Note Rftl-273, 2 p. Rocky &It. For, and S. pastori ~*etrder.eclthe phioei~i clttrctctice to the Range Exp. Stn,, Ft. Ccllins, Colo. ~lzseei-.Yecist fel.mentat-io-rt caused ch~rzgesin the B&sc~'~~Psefztl~aetri'i8ties cif sueeessfzclly affnckect i.l~,ii.i:e!~tcor?t~nt oj the phloewc bzrt pr.oditced no trccs. Btirc slcliit infeetiolt of zcood wzcler the hark pafhogcnic bactcriu 02. virrtscs itt rtssociadio?? with is i~zci'icated by CL drdl bltae color. A 70?tg, ncl?"1-o2c~ fhe Zltsect. Two r(nictentified fzrngi 7r)ei.e sztspected strip of i3jjeetio~ is ?ts?(a/lgzot fatal. brtt it2feefi07t of hei??y tciutl~oge~2ic.011e blzle-sf nil^ fungzts [Cera- zeefl distt*ib?il.ed a)-ozljzd tltc tree aazct aceom~?-nni~c7 tostomella ips ( = Ceratocystis ips) 1 teas speeif ic by Ji~teixsecd fins:: 03- brood i3zdicates n fufal aftnck. fa fhe ~RS~CICCT~~! af3l?-a?*ei?ifly irtfllte~zcild the host 137, McCo?van, J. C,, and J. A. Rudinsky. 1958. BIO- free .i*esporzse. Reports growtiz of tleea?~fztngi clur- LOGICAL STCDIES ON THE DOUGLAS FIR ilig nttd fol/o?ciltg i~tseetaftack. 141. Moltlar, '4. C. 1965. PATHOGEKIC FUXGI AS- 145. Xoore, C. E. 1972. PATHOGENICITY OF" TEN SOCIATED IVITH A BARK BEETLE OX AL- STRAINS OF BACTERIA TO LARVAE OF THE PIKE FIR. Can. J, Bot. 43: 563-570. SOUTEEEX PIKE BEETLE. 5. Invertebr. Pathol. itilosi alpine fir morfulity from attacks by Dryoco- 20: 41-45. etes ccnfusus zcns caused bg fu?zgi, zukich zcere Puthoge?rieity z~~asclete?.?tzirred by inoculctti?zg probably curried into trees by the beetles. Of three healthy Zccr-cae orally. All b~tfhe tls 1-ee Bacillus spp., Ceratocystis arzd one Graphium, flze .i?zost ~i~z4lei;it zuhieh were previoz4sly isolated, ?&ere from both fttr~lgzts was C. dryocoetidis as a Vei%icicladiella ZrecrlChg and diseased beeflcs. The Bacillus spp. (B. imperfect fo?'m, bxt tree deafh occui.recl only when cereus, B. thuringiensis 77ar. th~~ingiensis,avzd ~zecrotic lesiorcs coalescecl. Followi~gi-,?oczilntio?z B, thuringiensis cav.kenyae) , Pseudornonas aerugi- with 6. dryocoetidis, Eirzgelmazz~sp.i.uce and lodge- nosa, P. fluorescens, and Serratia marcescens welee pole pi~eappeared resistant, a fuct wltiek may cclf f ro~zdiseased beetles and were pathogenic. explai?~the ilzf requency of successf xl D. co~ifusus Alcaligenes faecalis ancl Aerobacter aerogenes, both cittacks oz these hosts. from diseased beetles, ctnd A. faecalis nnd S, mar- 142. Noore, G, E. 1970. ISOLATING ENTOXOGEN- cescens, fro?% l~ealthybeetles, were ~zofpathoge~ic. OUS FUNGI AND BACTERIA AND TESTS OF 146. Moore, G. E., and R. C. Thatcher. 1973. EPI- FTJNGAL ISOLATES AGAINST THE SOTJTH- DEMIC AND ENDEMIC POPULATIONS OF ERN PINE BEETLE. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1702- THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE. U.S. Dep. 1704. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. SE-111, 11 p, South- Describes a ??tefhocl of elii~tinati~tysaprophytic east. For. Exp. Stn., Ashville, N. C. fungal overgrowth so that i?zternal and noPzsporu- Defines cfiffere?zces befzc'een epidemic a?zd ~3zdemic tati~go?.gajzisnzs calz be detected ilz diseasecl ilzsects. poplclations of the sozcthern pine beetle i?.~two dis- Isolated fungi were Beauveria bassiana, Aspergil- tinct geographical areas. Beetle pop?tlutio?zs may lus flavus, Fusarium solani, Fenicillium spp., A. be lowei*ed by enco?c?*ccgi~zgthe develo1~??zeiztof path- niger, a?zd Trichoderma spp. Izz pathogenicity tests ogenic oryanis?ns. wlze.i-e the first th~eefz~?zgi and o?ze Penicilliun? sp. BIorgan, F. D. 1967. IPS GRANDICOLLIS IN we7.e inocztlated i.izto the beetles, all inoc?slated in- SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Aust. For. 31: 137-155. sects died in, 6-10 days. Bacterial isolates from Beetles i?ztrodzhced several fzcxgi ilzto i??ner hn?+lc diseased beetles were Serratia, Pseudomonas, Aero- ancl sapzuoocl of Pinus radiata. Ft~zgial~ays associ- baeter, and Bacillus spp. ated with Ips grandieollis were Diplodea pinea, 143. Moore, G. E. 1971. MORTALITY FACTORS' Ceratocystis ips, and certain yeasts. D. pinea a?zd CAUSED BY PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND C. ips ca.ztsed sapwood disco lo?-a fio~. Wizeiz inoczt- FUNGI OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE luted ijz s?sfficient qzcctntity, C, ips co?ztribzcted to IN NORTH CAROLINA, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 17: the deaths of infected trees. 2 8-3 7. 148. Moya-Borja, G. E. 1971. SOME ASPECTS OF Pafli ogenic microorganisms were 2-esponsible f 07- THE BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF FOUR 42 perce??t of the ?noiatalityof brood insects collect- SPECIES OF XYLEBORUS AMBROSIA BEE- ed dztrilzy sanzpli?zg periods from 1966-1968. Bac- TLES. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Wis. 143 p. (Diss. teria isolated fidonz znoribzcnd and deacl beetles in- Abstr. 31 : 7350B.) clltdecl Serratia mareescens, Pseudomonas aerugi- Serial sagittal sectio?zs of aclz~ltsof X, posticus, nosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis aar. X. corniculatus, ctnd X. culleatus revealecl one pair thuringiensis, B. cereus ancl Flavobacterium spp.; of oral .~nycang.iafo~ each sex. Intact om1 rnyea?zyiu fwzgi isolated f~o??zboth the exteriol* and interior were ~ecrdilg observed inicroscopically in calloz~ of flze beetles incl7tdecl Beauveria bassiana, Asper- aclttlts of X. ferrugineus and X. posticus. Fusarium gillus flavus, Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium solani, solani, Cephalosporiu~nsp., Graphium sp., an ztn- Metarrhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces sp., m.rd identifieel yeast, and an ?&%identifiedbacte~ia teere Scopulariopsis sp. isolated front mgcangia of all folrr species and 144. Moore, G. E. 1972. MICROFLORA FROM THE eonzprise their inicro bial cornplea.. ALIMENTARY TRACT OF HEALTHY SOUTH- ERN PINE BEETLES, DErVDROCTONliS 149. Nakashima, T. 1971. NOTES ON THE ASSOCI- FRONTALIS (SCOLYTIDAE), AND THEIR ATED FUNGI AND THE MYCETANGIA OF POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO PATHOGE- THE AMBROSIA BEETLE, CROSSOTARSUS NICITY. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 19: 72-75. iZiIPOSICfi'S BLAKDFORD (COLEOPTERA : Il_lier~lor*c~of 250 healthy larvae adadults were PLATYPODIDAE). Appl. Entornof. Zool. 6: 131- deter-~~ti~zedby aseptically excising portiolzs of the 137. fore-, wzid-, ancl hinclguts and c.rtlturing them orz A single spherical myceta~zgiz~mis located at the ugrxr. Six genera of bacteria ancl five genera of back of fhe preorctl cavity of the adztlt female. fztngi were recovered from 178 insects. The most Sponge-liil-e tissfte cozztaining fzt?zyctl material s~r- jregzte?ztly isolntecl bacteria teere Aerobaeter aero- ro7t.uzds file sphere. Absidia glauea ZC~CGSisolated genes, Alealigenes faecalis, and Serratia spp. As- fl-om ffjwid i32 the pi.eor.ct1 caz;ifies of ctil fe~~iales.172 pergillus spp. azzd Penieillium spp. were the znost u few speeinzens, Cepl~alosporiummycophilum, C. freqzcejzt Jft~tgi,and Candida sp. was the onlg ?;least acremonium, Chaeto~niumindicum, a~dseveral bite- recovered. Sevelz of the species were identical zoith te-r-ia were also isolated. fcte?rlf atice or conditioned ?,athogens recove?'ed 150. Nakashima, T. 1972. NOTES ON THE XYCE- frolri rliseasecl beetles in otlzer stztdies. TANGIA OF THE AXBROSIA BEETLES', VLA1"IrPII'S SEVERINI BLANDFORD AXD P. ui~gallery wcclls. Xyleborus seriatus is the o?rl?g CALAllfUS SLASDFORD (COLEOPTERrZ : species that feeds oi.2 the a~ilbi-osiuf?tr?gi yimowiny SCOLYTIDAE), Appt, Entomol, Zool, 7: 217-225, betweex the bur.1; a?zd sal~?c.ood.Dci2izctge to Crees Fetlzule acitzlts of both si~ecieshave several liztsrdred ancii logs is assesscd aecc;r.clit-tg to depth ancl densitg integ?tmentai.*g,])itfed ntycetcc-rlyia orz the piso?~ott[~~t, of galter*ies ~?~adcby inrudiz~gblzte-stain or wood- whereus nzaie adttlts ltnve only u few of the pits. rott i?zg J~tltgiand by the black, f~crtytrs-stained Thc muiri ~~~gceto-~lgiaof the mule ad?rEf of P. gaELer*ies of the ambi.osiu beetles. severini apse e?llurged forecorccl ancl ~lzesoeowalccrvi- 155, Xobuchi, A. 1973, THE PLATYPODIDAE OF ties ,201. fozt??d i?? fe~nctIes. JAPAN. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. Toyko 256: 1-22. 151. ~eii$ilov&,A. 1956. PE~S%~VEKZNALOSTI All 18 reeognixed species of Plutyl~odidueccre avz- CIZOPASK*CH HUB KUROVCU IPS TL'PO- brosic! beetles 20ith ~~zo~zoyat~zo2~~social o?*ga~rixa- GRAPNVS. [A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ti09z. The ?%zyecc~tgiaof Crossotarsus niponie~zs,Pla- E;NO%TTLEDGEOF THE PARASITIC FUNGUS' typus calamus, atlcl P. severini hare been deswibed OF IPS TYPOGRAPHUS.] Preslia 28 : 273-275. 1?reztiotssly. A mb,*osicc beetles i.il this fnr?zily ccltd ce Exanzi~atiotz of tlw bark beetle t*evealecl fottt- few yenercr. of fhe Seolyticlae cause ,i?echunical" enfoltroplt agozts Beauveria fo rnts : Beauveria bas- &antage to gkmee?tlogs, aricl they faeillfate the ipz- siana, B. globuIifera, ccrzd B, densa have bee,& fie- vasiolt of blzte-stuiqz or. woocl-oof tiny fu~zyi. Pro vicles guentty fou7lcl i?z insects, but fhe foztrth, Spicaria kegs to all species ancl ~nelztionsgeographiccrl tlis- farinosa, is from a?z ?~nclescribedhost. .Mass cul- tribzctiorz and host pla?zts. fui.es of B. globulifera pl-oduced good sporulution, 156. Nord, J. C. 1972. BIOLOGY OF THE CO- nrrd the f ZI?Z~Z~SWCLS lctilixed for sztccessf tcl co.iztrol LUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE, CORTHYLUS of the pest Gnorimoschema ocellatellum. COLUAIEIANUS (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTI- 152. Nilsson, T. 1973. STUDIES ON WOOD DE- DAE), IN GEORGIA. Ann. Entomol. Soe. Ani. 65: GRADATION AND CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVI- 350-358. TY OF MICROFUNGI. Studia For. Suec. 104, The f 7r nyzcs Ambrosiella xylebori, isolated from 40 p. R. Coll. For., Stockholm. active gcrllet.ies u~zdfro172 r?zgccc?2giain t~zaleadults, Cavity fo~.mation, cell wall erosio~z,a?zcl cellztlose mccy be fhe l~rinla?-yanzbrosia fur~yuslitzing chan- clearing zuere observed in 160 f~tngusspecies, i~z- qzels of tlze gcilley-y and brood cells. It is the most cirtcling 13 Ceratocystis species (brunnecciliata, 1z~xztt.inntf zt?zgzcs i7z the ??ezuly escc~vatedportions cana, elavata, coerulescens, erassivaginata, ips, of the gallerg and provides food for larvae and minor, minuta, olivacea, piceae, pilifera, tetropii, 21reszcnzably adzclts. and sp. A). Two species (piceae a?zd sp. A) pro- 157. Norris, D. &!I.1966. THE CO3IPLEX OF FUNGI ducecl cavities in secondary cell walls of birch ESSENTIAL TO THE GROWTH AND DE- (Betula verrucosa) wood fibem, bztt 072ly piceae VELOPMENT OF XYLEBORUS SNARPI IN cuused cavities irz pi~ze (P. silvestris) . Cellulolytic WOOD. Holz und Organismen. Int. Synlp. Berlin- activitg was ?toted 2'9% cava, piceae, and tetropii. Dahlem (1965) 1: 523-529. 153. Nisikado, Y., and K. Yamauti. 1934. CONTRIBU- Investigated furzyal synzbio?~tsa?zcc! assoeicttes of TIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SAP sevelz species of a?nbrosicr. beetles irz the geneya STAINS OF WOOD IN JAPAN. I,:. STUDIES Xyleborus, Trypodendron, Monarthrum, anti! Xylc- ON CERATOSTOllilELLA PINI MUNCH, THE terinus; tl'ze species ntcty attack Betula, Populus, CAUSE OF A BLUE STAIN OF PINE TREES. Quercus, Theobrorna, or Ulnius. Sy~l?biouzts CLIZ~ Ber. Ohma Inst. Landwintsch. Forsch. 6 : 467-490. ctssociates of Xyleborus sharpi ctttacki?zy Theo- Describes atzd itl~~stratesthe fungus Ceratostonlella bvoma o?,Ulnlus we2.e emphnsixecl. O~zespecies each pini ( == Ceratocystis minor), which was foztnd on of Bckryodiplodia, Fusarium, Paeciloniyees, ccncl Pinus densiflora a~zdPinus thumbergii. It attacked Candida was isolated f ,.om ?,tost o?liljosifional t rtn- fellecl: t-iaeescmd those already wectkenecl by bark ?tels or br.oocl: gctlleries of X, sharpi, bit f other fwlgi beetles. werci rctrely isolated. Whet? this beetle zuus reared 154. Nobuchi, A. 1972. THE BIOLOGY OF J.4PANESE 072 the ?zo.rzhost species Ulmus an~erieana,the scrnte SCOLYTIDAE AXD PLATYPODIDAE (COLE- foic?* f~ngiwere isolateel: from gcillei-ies co?ztai-izi?ty OPTERA). Rev. Plant. Prot. Res. 5: 61-75. brood. These co?2siste?zt fi?zdings indicate that tlze X'glo.tngcetophagy is a highly slcleciutixed feedi.izg fo~f?l?zgi are p?-obably essential for malzg ctm- izabit p?*ezlalenf ill the tribes Xylote?.ilzi a?zcl XgEe- brosia f irngfts compleres. boi*i?ti of the subfamily Ipinae, ir~some of tlze 158. Norris, D. N., and J. K. Baker. 1967. SYXBI- Scolgfidne, nnd irz all species of tlze Platypodidae OSIS: EFFECTS OF A MUTUALISTIC FUN- Iftat occftr. it2 Jnpcrw, f?felz~declare species of the GUS UPON THE GROWTH ,4ND REPRODUC- ge?teT*u Neohyorrhynchus, Sueus, Trypodendron, TION OF XYLEBORCS FERRCTG~L'~;EI;'S.Sci- Indocryphalus, Xylosandrus, Xylebortrs, Cnestus, ence 156 : 1120-1 122. Scolytoplatypus, Platypus, Crossotarsus aizd Dia- Beetles clevelol-red f?'~?ilctsy?itbio~~tic eggs fhi70?tg1t pus. Spores of a syn?bioticfwzgi are cccri-ied by bee- the aclrtlt sfaye on a ster.ilizetl nte2-idie diet (I), bzrt tles ix specialized st~~~ct?tresovt 01' wit hi?^ their t fie ?.esarlti?zg acl?tlts oviposited viable eggs otziy boclies; tlze,,efoi*e safe t^r'a)2~2?o?*fof fJze fltny2is to whe~a nz?ctualistic f?tnyzts (Fusariu~nsolani) was t?ei-~'galleries is ass2lred. Tunrzels exte?zcl dii-eetly i.r?oc?llated info the diet. This aezbrosict fztng.tts fh,.o?cgh bark into sapt~oodor !tea?-ttr?oocr'.Eoth probably slgrrthesixes citemieals tssential to insect la,*z*aectrtd aclztlts feecl OR umb?*osiccfuxgi g?'otci~?g ~*ept.ocl-zrction.On atzoth el. dief (II), beetles with bacte?-ial symbionts still required the umbrosia 163, Olehoweeki, A., and J. Reid. 1914. TAXONOMY f zkngzhs for reprodttctiort. This fi&?2g^~,swas con- OF THE GENL'S CERATOCYSTIS LX ,liI:ANI- sistently isolated from orrd mgcungia in the beetles TOBA. Can, J. Bot, 52: 1675-1711. artd was transported to gallelies constructed by the Presents keys Lo 70 species, incl2tding 50 that occur 2'72sects. in LWanitoba, and divides them into four groups 159. Norris, D. X., and J. 31. Baker, 1968. A ;\ifINIMAL based on crscospob*e chal-acteristics: afinuta, Ips, NISTRITIOK,;_AL SUBSTRATE REQVIRED BY Flmbriata, a~zdPilvera. Keys to species for each FCSARIUIW SOLAXZ TO FULFILL ITS MU- grozcp are bused adclitiortally an the following: TUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH XYLE- character of the peritheciat zeck; size, color, and BORW F'ERRUGIA-EW. Ann. Entomol, Soc. Am, or*rzame~taiio.r?,of the pe~ithecial base; presence 61 : 1473-1475, and nature of the ostiolar hgphae; character of the Beetles give71 a minimal nutritional diet of cellzclose, conidial state; unci cka?-acter of the mycelia in agar, zouter, and th~fungz~s F'usarium solani pro- czklture. T.zr.e?&ty-five Eew species are described, and duced no progeny because the diet did not provide descriptions of the eo?~ici"ialstates of three species adequate nut?-ition for the fztngus, which in tz~rn are provided for the first time. was not adequate fo ensfwe beetle reprodzcetion. 164. Olofinboba, X, O., and J. R. S. Lawton. 1968, AN The additio~of chelnicals swch as 'Wessofz salts, INVESTIGATION INTO THE BIOLOGY OF sodium tzit~ate,zvood ~;itami.vts,and dextrose re- THE BLUE-STAIN ORGANISM IN ANTIARIS sulted in a chemically defined sttbstrate requi~ed AFRICANA. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 21: 6-20, by the symbiotic fungus to fulfill its 92zutualistic Describes expel-imelzts showing which part of the role as jsrovider of the ~2ctritionaLrequirements of tree is szisceptible to fungal developme?zt, The the a~nbrosiabeetle, X. ferrugineus. causal organism is Botryodiphdia theobromae, 160. Norris, D. %I., J. M. Baker, and W-M Chu. 1969. which colonizes the wood by ente~iagfrom vessels SYMBIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BE- into adjaceltt vasicentric parenchgt?za, where rapid TWEEN MICROBES AND AMBROSIA BEE- developme~ztoccurs. The fu~zgalhyplzae they2 pene- TLES. 111. ERGOSTEROL AS THE SOURCE trate rag parenckyr~zaand other xylem cells and OF STEROL TO THE INSECT. Ann. Entomol. greatly deplete the carbohydrate content of the Soc. Am. 62 : 463-414. wood. Without a mutualistic fungus, Xyleborus ferrugin- 165. Ordish, G, 1966. PINE BARK BEETLE IN HON- eus pzcpated in the second generation on test diets DURAS. Span 9 : 121-123. containing 0.2 g of ergosterol. Cholesterol at 0.2 g Discusses outb9-eak of Dendroetonus spp. and sug- per diet batch was not an adequate source of sterol gests that the beetle's relationship with Ceratocgstis in the second fu~zgus-free ge~eration.Sterol ye- blue stai~zis ?tot symbiotic, eonz?nensal, or parasitic qzcirements lacking il2 the diets of the first genera- according to the usz~aldefinitio.rzs of these condi- tion appaz-entlzj were met by carry-over of such tions; the insect ?nerely t.i.anspor-ts the fungus to nzct?.ie~ztsfrom the previozcs generation (stock cul- szr,itable host material. twae), whose diet contained fungus. 166. Osgood, E. A. 1957. A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 161, Norris, D. M., and H-M Chu. 1970. NUTRITION SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS OF XYLEBORW FERRUGINEUS. 11. A HOLI- FROLVTALIS ZIMM. U.S. Dep. Agric, For. Serv. DIG DIET FOR THE APOSY%IBIOTIC INSECT. Res. Pap. SE-80, 19 p, Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Ann. Entomol, Soc. Am. 63: 1142-1145. Asheville, N. C. Speci~nensof X. ferrugineus were czcttured in test Foz~rteen?.eferences from 6929-1969 are given for tubes, freed of ectosymbiotes, and observed for fftngi associated with the insect. development and for rzutritional and physiological 167. Parker, A. I(. 1957. EUROPNIUM, A NEW needs. Two holidic diets, om containing 20 amino GENUS OF THE ASCOhjYCETES WITH: A. acids and the other 18, were assessed for nzttritional! LEPTOGRAPHIUM IMPERFECT STATE. Can. adequacy. Both were adequate, but the diet con- taini~g10 amino acids was better. Ergosterol is J. Bot. 35: 173-179, Describes a nezu species, Europhium trinacriforme, the source of sterol. Reproduction is arrhenotokozcs, a-rzd discusses a rrzethod fo~czcltztring on artificial and fertilized females yield progeny with a spa%- androus sex ratio. media the perithecia fozbnd on the trunks of dead 162. Norris, D. M., and H-M Chu. 1971. XATERNAL and clging Pinus monticola. XYLEBORCTS FERRUGIXEUS TRANSXIS- 168. Partridge, A. D., and D. L. Miller. 1972, BARK SION OF STEROL OR STEROL-DEPENDENT BEETLES AND ROOT ROTS RELATED IN METABOLITES NECESSARY FOR PROGENY IDAHO COKIF'ERS. U.S. Dep, Agrie. Plant Bis. PUPATION. J, Insect Physiol. 17 : 1741-1745. Rep. 56: 498-500. The aposymbiofic f enzale Xyleborus ferrugineus Exa?~i.rzafio.~zsof root rots caused 1~2ainEy621 Armil- trunsnzitted ergosterol or el-gosterol-dependent laria mellea showed a sigrz;ifica?zt association be- metabolites rtecessary for progeny pftpation. Trazs- tzcee~trotting ad the presence of bark beetles. mission was apparently tra-nsovarial. Sterol for The rel'utioltship was particztlarty evideltt i?t Llozcg- iwznzattcre develop?nent was 1-eguired irz the progeng las-fir, granci-fir, ctnd ponderosa pine. The bark diet. Whc~nzaintained on a diet containing cho- beetles wefee not identified. lesterol, nzccternal females were ?-zo Ionger able to 169. Pawseg, R. G. 1968, OBSERVATIONS OX BLUE- transmit cheq~icaleo)npovzents Izecessary for prog- STAIN AND PIN-HOLE BEETLES, AND e.il y jiupatio ft . THEIR CONTROL, UN UXPEELED LOGS 05' PIMIITS CARIBAEA IN TRINIDAD. Commonw. p~otfound in the p?.imnry oiicytes of nonoliipositiny For, Rev, 47: 211-2244. treated fentales, bztt when placed on an antibiotic- Chewticut treat?neizt of logs (log-e~zdsand whote- free diet, the felnales regained fertility. Their eggs Eoys) itnmediately affep-felling was not effective in eo?ztained many synzbionts that were transmitted controlli9zg blue-stain. FVhole-log spragirzg with 2.0 transovariallg. percent gapz?Tza B.H.C. +a dieseline gave excellent 1'74. Peplinski, J. D., and JV. &%errill.1974. NONSUR- co.pztrol of pi-rz-hole beetle ciarfiaye, and there was VIVAL OF CERATOCYSTIS FAGACEARUrV IN evide?tee of art i?i.-rrerse relationship befweerz resin FRASS' OF OAK BARK BEETLES AND AX- prod2tctio1z frmz cut e?ids of logs and blue-staift BROSIA BEETLES. Phytopathology 64 : 1528- dereloprne?sC. Bark beetles were 92od associated with 1530. bEtce-stai~t. Viable propagzzles of the ful-rgus were not preselzt 170. Peleg, B,, and D. M. Norris, 1972. BACTERIAL izr. the frass of oak bark beetles f Pseudopityopthorus SYBfBIOTE ACTIVATION OF INSECT PAR- spp.) or ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus saxeseni, X, THENOGENETIC REPRODUCTION, Nat. New xylographus, a~dXyloterinus politus) in Pen?z- Biol. 236 : 111-112. sglvunia oaks. The oak bark beetle appears to cal-ry In Xyleborus ferrugineus, both natzcral oocyte the funglrs internally, either ir~the digestive tract rrtaf-uration and haplozd ?;lartlzenogenesis depend on or in special str?ccfzcres such as mgcattgia. The per- bacterial sgmbiotes i~zthe insect. The symbiotic centage of effective vectors is lower than 0.4 per- bacteri.trm isoEated was placed in the genus Staphy- ce~zt,a fact that may explain the slow sp?*eading loeoceus (see following paper). rate of oak wilt. Peleg, B., and D, M. Norris. 1972. SYMBI- 175. Person, H. L. 1931. THEORY IN EXPLANATION OTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MI- OF THE SELECTION OF CERTAIN TREES CROBES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES. VII. BY THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE. J. For. BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS ASSOCIATED 29: 696-699. WITH XYLEBORUS FERRUGINEUS. J. In- An i~zitialweak attractio?.~occurs, caused by the vertebr. Pathol. 20 : 59-65. forynation of volatile oils such as aldehydes or T?.ansovnrially transmitted bacterial symbionts in esters-by-products of respiratory fermentation or the genzts Staphylococcus were isolated from the abnormal enzyme activity in subnormal trees. These gut lumen of at1 beetle stages and were shown to oils attract beetles from the immediate vicinitg, incade the oocytes. The invasion zuas associated and the beetles introduce a yeast into the inlzer with initiation of nuclear division when the oocytes, bark. The yeast produces a fer?nentation strong zcnfertilixed by sperm, were szcr-roanded by the fol- enough to attract other beetles from a wider radizcs. licular wall in the ovariole. With such an oocyte Phaff, H. J., and L. D. Carmo-Sousa. 1962. FOUR activation, the bacterium apparently supercedes NEW SPECIES OF YEAST ISOLATED FROM the sperm and enables the beetles to reproduce purthe?zogenetically. INSECT FRASS IN BARK OF TSUGA HETER- OPHYLLA (RAF.) SARGENT. Antonie van Peleg, B., and D. M, Norris. 1973. HAPLOID Leeuwenhoek 28 : 193-207. VERSUS DIPLOID XYLEBORUS FERRUGI- These yeasts were isolated from insect frass in LVEUS.I. LARVAL INSTARS, DEVELOPMENT, Pacific coast henzlock and were described as Sporo- AND ZMORPHOGENESIS OF THE META- bolomyces singularis, Bullera tsugae, Cryptococcus THORACIC WING. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: skinneri and Candida oregonensis. Sporobolomyces 180-183. singularis, a nonpigmented species, required an Xyleborus ferrugineus reared 01% stock cultzcres of alnendment of the genxs definition. The yeasts are fungal and bacterial sy~nbiontshad three instars probably transmitted by Scolytus tsuga. for both haploid a~zddiploid larvae. iVo marked clifferences zuere observed in the time required for Phaff, H. J., and M. Yoneyama. 1961. ENDOrVY- larval development. The first distinct difference COPSIS SCOLYTI, A NEW HETEROTHALLIC was observed i~zthe metathoracic wings of the SPECIES OF YEAST. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek pupa: adult females possessed well-developed wings 27 : 196-202, and were strong flyers, but the adult ~naleshad The natural habitat of the new species is in frass degenerate metatftoracic wings and cotcld rzot fly. or i?t larvae or adults of two species of bark bee- tles: Scolytus ventralis, which attacks Abies, and Peleg, B,, and D. N. Norris. 1973. O~CYTEACTI- S, unispinosus, which attacks Pseudotsuga. VATION IN XYLEBORUS FERRUGINEUS BY BACTERIAL SY2IBIONTS. J. Insect Physiol. 178. Pitman, G. B. 1965. CERTAIN FACTORS AF- 19: 137-145. FECTING COLOKIZATION OF PONDEROSA This umbrosia beetle exhibits arrhenotokous par- PINE BY IPS CONFUSUS (LE CONTE) (CO- thenogenesis, in which the ztntnated female normatlg LEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Ph.D. Thesis. lays eggs that gield haf~loidmale progeny. By in- Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon, 21 7 p. (Diss. vading adactivati?zg the ob'cgtcs, bacterial sym- Abstr. 26 : 598.) biont~PEay enable the beetles to reproduce asexuaf- Inoculation zuith the blue staining fzcngus Cera- ly. Antibiotics incorporated in a sodium benxoate- toeystis ips indicated that the rnic~oorga~zis~~zwas or in an asorbie aeid-based meridic diet significantly aiding colonization and brood development onlg bg redzcced ovipositiorz and ~2u.tl-zberof pl-ogeny of eeto- reducing ltzoistzare move~nentand oleoresin eitruda- synzbiotic fzc~gas-f ree z;.i?-gi?tfe?~ates. Bacteria zuere tion in the outer sapzuood. 179. Reid, R. ?lie,and D. M. Srimpton. 1971. RESIST- 183. Richards, A. G., and IM. A. Brooks. 1958. INTER- ANT RESPONSE OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO NAL SY3fBIOSIS IN INSECTS. Ann. Rev. En- IKOCULATION WITH EGGROPHIGJZ CLAVIG- tomot, 3 : 37-56. ERC;lf 11.: DIFFERENT &$O;".J'THSAXD AT Giues a ye~zerafaccozrr~t of internal symbiosis i.tc DIFFEREKT HEIGHTS ON STEX, Can. J. Bot. insects ar7d i.izclutfes some defirzitions. Disctcsses 49: 349-351. fhe origin of sgqnbiotic associations, the unatorny of For lodyepole pirtes inoculated at rrzontizlg iinfervats fiosts, and the effects of synzbiotic mic?-oo.rga?.zis7r~s betzceen Jfay arzd October, the nunzber of trees o.i-1 insects. The Scolgtids are not mentioned. showing u fzdiy r*esista"iltres?lo"rZse reaeltecl a muxi- 184. Richmond, J, A,, C, Hills, and E. W. Clark. 1970. pnum irc eas-ly July u?td therz gradzcctlly declined. CHE3tIChL CHANGES IN LOBLOLLY PINE, FVt5e.r~resistant lodyepole pine trees zcSereinoculated Plr'v'bTS TAEDA L., INNER BARK CAUSED BY at i-pztert~ctlsof 6 feet starthzg cct the gro.ctndline, BLUE STAIN FUXGUS, CERATOCYSTIS the resista~t3-eslio~se was greatest 2'~. fhe lowest 1IlIiVOR (HEDG.) HUNT. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. 10 feet. Soc. 86: 171. 180. Reid, R. W., H. S. W-hitney, and J. A. Watson. 1967. Investiycctes elzanges i?z free amino acids, carbo- REACTIOXS OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO AT- h ydrates, ctrzd fatty acids (free a?zd triglyceride) TACK BY DEKDROCTONCS PONDEROSAE itz iinnei- bark of loblolly pirze irzfeeted with the blue HOPKINS AND BLUE STAIN FUNGI. Can. J. stain fungus and in 7cninfected inner bark. Free Bot. 45 : 1715-1126. and triglyeeride fatty acids of the fzcngzks were Europhium sp. ctrzd Ceratocystis rnontia were corz- also analyzed. Uninf ected bark showed decreases sistenffy isolated f?-onz D, ponderosae (= D. monti- for all properties observed. Five weeks after inczt- colae) arzd from, their galleries and adjace?zt stem butio.12, infected bark revealed a 36 pep-cent decrease tisszce. Secondary resinosis is largely responsibte in the amino nitrogen content, an 80 percent de- for tree resista?zce to bark beetles and blzce-stain crease in carbohydrates, a three-fold decrease in furzgi. Resista2zce did ?tot depend 012 tlze abse?zce triglyceride fatty acids, and a seven-fold increase of the two fzcngi because both were present in sz6c- in free fatty acids. The ?nujoy free and triglgceride cessful afzd irz zsnsz~ccessfzcl beetle at facks. Follow- fatty acids of both the injected bark and the pure i?cg attacks, fh~amounts on ~zonconductive sap- ftcngal cultu~eswere identical. Infected bark re- wood were about equal in ?-esistanl and susceptible vealed large amozlnts of resin acids. trees, b~tthe sapwootl of resistant trees was soak- ed with resitz. 172 s?tccessf?tl attacks, tlze sapwood 185. Robinson-Jeffrey, R. C., and R. W.Davidson. 1968. was ?tot soaked but was colonixccl by blue-stain THREE NEW EGROPHIUM SPECIES WITH f ~pzgi. VERTICICLADIELLA IMPERFECT STATES 181. Rexrode, C. O., H. M. Kulman, and C. K. Dorsey. ON BLUE-STAINED PINE. Can. J. Bot. 46: 1965. BIONOMICS OF THE BARK BEE- 1523-1527. TLE PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORTj'S PRUI.l170SUS Perfect states of all three species are similar; spe- WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ROLE cies separation is based on differe~zcesbetweepz the AS A VECTOROF OAK WILT,CERATOCYSTIS imperfect states. Europhium clavigerum, E. aureum FAGACEARUM. J. Econ. Entornol. 58 : 913-916. and E. robustum exhibit Verticicladiella impel-fect Parent beetles left the trees 10 to 12 days after forms, and a previouslg described E. trinacriforme they had eonstrzreted egg galleries. I12 laboratory was distinguished by its Leptographium-like form. sttcdies, parents e??zeryed afte?. completing their Cleistotheciu of the perfect state, were found on galleries, made new attacks o.tz fresh twigs, and bark, sapwood, and in old beetle galleries of in- fed on buds. With t?ze spe?*matixation technique, fested, blzce-stained pines, including lodgepole, 2 to 20 percent of the emerging parent beetles col- ponderosa, limber, and western white pine. E. lected in the fielcl carried the oak wilt fz~ngzcs and clavigeruin was found on all hosts and was isolated could therefore serve as vectors. Parents were more directly from the mountailz pine beetle and Ips likely veeto?.s than thei~offspring, which emerged species, E. robustum was foulzd c)?z ponderosu pine only after the trees had become dry or were over- a~zdisolated f 7-om ambrosia and Dendroctonus bee- rzc~by ot fze~fmgi. tles (720 species given), and E. aureum was re- 182. Reynolds, P. E., FV. H. Smith, and K. F. Jensen. corded o?z lodgepole pine only. 1972, EFFECT OF CONSTANT AND FLUCTU- 186. Rijsch, R., W. Lie??, and H. Berndt. 1969. UNTER- ATING TEMPERATURES ON THE IN VITRO SUCHUNGEN UBER DIE ENZYME VON GROWTH OF CERATOCYSTIS SPECIES. BLXUEPILZEN. I. CELLULASE-, POLYGA- Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 59: 1-9. LAKTURONASE-, PEKTINESTERASE-, UND Isolates of C. adiposa, C, pluriannulata, C. minor, LACCASE-AKTIVIT~T.[STUDIES ON THE C. coeuulescens, azcl C. pilifera, all frorrc the Sozcth- ENZYMES OF BLUE-STAIN FUNGI. I. CELL- eastern United States, crnd 14 isolates of C, ulmi ULASE, POLYGALACTURONASE, PECTI- were tested at constant 5°C i~zcremerztsfrom 15' SASE AND LACCASE ACTIVITY.] Arch. to .35"C, with fbztctuating treatments admitzistered Mikrobiol. 67 : 28-50. by va~yinythe tentpelaatzcre 9",Go, and 9°C above Ceratocystis mincr, Aureobasidiunl pullulans, and a~dbelow the constant temperatures. C. minor Alternaria humicola weye cziltivated in a?&unbuf- grew relativelg sfozuly at all tetizpe?*utzwes tested fe~ed nlttrient solzcfion with glucose or carbo- but grew best at a co?zstant 25°C and at 6" fl~ccttca- zymethyl cell?_closeas carbon source. R7lzen cultxre tions abozct a 25" mean. filtrates were used to detect celltilase, polygalactu- ronase, pectinesterase, and p-cfiphe~zoforiduse,each Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliaturn. When the tempera- f.icnyics prodzcced all f oztr erzxy mes. With glucose t?ttS~CUS ?bear O°C, f?t?zyaI development ceased. as fhe carbon SOZI?*CC, the acidity increased at the 192, Saunders, J. L., and J. K. Knoke. 1967. DIETS bcgirr ?ling of f?cnyat growtft, whereas witlt carbo- FOR REARISG THE AJIBROSIA BEETLE ,~ymethy) cellzelose, the pH values i?~zntedicttelybe- XYLEBORCS FERRCGINECS (FABRICIUS) earFte yle?rfrul. TIte glzccose solzttion p?.odi~ced ?-)tore IX TJITRO. Science 157: 460, 463. ccllztl"use tfzm the cu?-boxgmethyl cellzclose one. Fewtale u?nbt*osia beetles zuew t-eared s?tecessf~tt"ly 187, Rudianskg, J. A. 1961. FACTORS AFFECTING ax at? artificial diet zuhe?? their associctteci fungus, THE POPULATION DENSITY OF BARK BEE- a species of Fusariun~,zeos not inhibited. TLES. Proc. 13th IUFRO-Cong. vol. 1, Seet. 24-11, 193. Saunders, J. L., J. K. Knoke, and D. 31. ru'orris, Jr, 13 p. 1967. ENDOSULFAN AND LINDANE RESI- Popzllatio?t levels of bark beetles are detemined by DUES OX THE TRUNK BARK OF THEO- abio&ic factors szcch as clinzate, oleoresirz. pressztre, BlZOJfA CACAO FOR THE COXTROL OF zcate -r. conduction, rvcoistzcre, and ter?zperature, a?zd X'YLEBORUS FERRGGfl'c'EUS. J. ECOII. En- biotic factors sfcch as parasites, predators, and tomol. 60 : 79-82. fang i. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae in Dozcglas-fir Describes chemical frectt?~ze?ztsto control u vascula?. and D. brevicomis, D. n~onticolae,am2 Ips confusus wilt ir?cifed by the fu?zgits Ceratocystis firnbriata, in pc"~derosupine becomo primary i?isect pests when gez.ze3-ally associated with Xyleborus ferrugineus. the abiotic and biotic interrelationships are dis- E?zdosztlfan residzce sztf ficient for beetle control re- turbed al?cl whe?z host co??ditionsure s7titable. Doz~g- ?ttai~zecl20 weeks after treatnze?zt. Lindane residue Ins-fir, i?2fectcd with Fomes pini rh~zd exhibiti3tg cli?ninished rapidly after 4 weeks. less fl~a?t2.5 atms of oleoresi~ez7iclation pressure 194. Saunders, J. L., D. M. Norris, and J. K. Knoke. toere szcccessf?clly invaded by the Douglas-fil- beetle. 1967. IXSECT-HOST TISSUE INTERRELA- A btue-stailt fztngzcs ( Ceratoeystis sp. ) obstrzccts TIONS BETWEEN XYLEBORUS FERRUGI- water co?zd?~ctio?zand louiers tree resistance to LVEUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND beetle attack, but D. brevicornis is able to overcome TNEODROMA CACAO IN COSTA RICA. Ann. ponderosa pi?ze withozct the uszcal develof~rnent of Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 419-423. bhe -stuirz f zttzgi. ;C.tVooddeterioratiuit was 7-etarded i~zbeetle-i~zfested 188. Rudinsky, J. A., and P. Svihra. 1911. THE PAT- zo~es.Tlze fact tlznt a wood preservative zoas pro- TERNS OF WATER CONDUCTION IN CONI- cirlced by either the beetle, tlze associatecl fwzgi, or FERS. Acta Inst. For. Zvolen, Czech. 2: 369-383. the liost qrzay i~zdicatc ccn evolved provisio?~for Ti-ees mder great or prolonged wccter stress are inaintrcirzin g conditions satisfacforg for br.ood de- sitceessfzclly invaded by the Douglas-fir beetle, but zvlopnze.rzt. I?zfesfed trltnks sttpported develop?nenf clu?-i?zg ~*ai~ty07- cloudy u-eatlzer, water balance is for 2-3 ?no?~tlzsafter an irzfestution by the vascu1a.i- ~csuallyrestol.ed. High oleor+esi?z er?edatio?t pres- pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata, which caztsecl swe the72 induces ~esinosis;the resilt flow in the foliage wilt. gal1el.y sgstem made by parent beetles and develop- 195. Savory, J. G., R. G. Pawsey, and J. S. Lawrence. ing larvae stops the fee&?tg, yepels flze beetles, and 1965. PREVENTION OF BLUE-STAIN IN UN- prevents fztrther spreud of blue-sfcci?z fltngi. The PEELED SCOTS PINE LOGS. Forestry 38: 59- tree then tVecovers. 81. 189. Rumbold, C. T. 1929. BLUE-STAINING FUNGI Effective co?ztrol of blue-stain degrade i?z logs can FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. Phytopa- he accomplished oyzly bg treutir~g the logs with thology 19 : 597-599. clze?lticals that prevent attacks by bark beetles- Forest trees not infested with Dendroctonus or ips the t~.a~zsrnittorsof Ceratocystis spp. a?rd otlzer had the greatest variety of blzte-stain fzcrrgi. Trees bl?ri)zgf~tngi. Whole-log tr.eutme?tfswith a combi-rzed infested with either of these beetles contained the fz.~ngicide anel ijcsecticide i~z.a wcttcs- emtclsio.rz E2 blzce-stain fu~gusspecific for that beetle. pe?-cent Santobi-ite (active ingreclierif .90 percent 190. St. George, R. A,, and J. A. Beal. 1929. THE .sodi?tm pen tach lorophe~cttef, 2 percent borax, a?zd SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE: A SERIOUS 0.75 peivce??t gaptlma BNC] upplierl to the poi~etof ENE&iY OF PINES IN THE SOUTH. U. S. Dep. 1.217i off gave .very good protectio?~for 3 ?z.zontlzs. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 1586, 18 p. Edf)*eat?)rents zuifli fir jtgicides followed by ieholc- Co?ztai?zs a?z early statement associatipzy a blzce- toy Creut~?ze-,ztsieifh i?,secticides sttere criso effective. stuirz fzengtcs with trees kitled bg the beetle. 196. S'ehmitz, R. F., and J. A. Rudinsky. 1968. EFFECT 191. Safonen, K. 1966. OBSERVATIONS OK IPS OF COAIPETITIOX ON SG'RVIVAL IN WEST- SEXDENTATCS (BOERN.) (COL., SCOLY- ERN OREGOK OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEE- TIDAE) AS A BLUER OF TIaIBER AT INARI TLE. For. Res. Lab. Res. Pap. 8, 42 p. Ore, State (LNL) IN THE SUMMER OF 1965. Ann. Entomol. Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. Fenn. 32 : 88-96. A f tacks ceased when tlze temperutftre,dropped be- Extensive bltce stain was recorded iv Scotch pine 202~'50nF or d2ir.iz.zg rain. So differences were ob- sct23?uoocl associated with attncli and Larval develop- served i?~the nzrmbei- of eggs lcticl cct ciifferenf attack ment of I. sexdentatus i?z Fi?z.Ia?zd.Depth of stai?zi?zg densities (one to three aticeelis per square food), ranged front 0.1 to 25.0 112112 aizd appeared to be con- bzct ntamim~tmbrood s?lrvival occrcl.red at densities trolled by the arnourzt of q?zoistztrc ~'YZthe sa~~~oood. of 2.0 to 1.9 attaclcs per sglrare foot. Tlie larvae Stctin fftngi appea?.ed to be Tuberculariella ips aizd avoidecl areas of the pfzloe??z.that contained white fungal mats or the blue stain fzrngus; thus, the ~fi~r-e-~?or~?zal co.itstitt~e.~zts of keartzuood. Free acids, di~ectio~tof the Eai-vaE ~rlinesis controlled in part pkeltolics, and rzezitral components i.rzereased mxck by f;?,knyai grozutli. Int~asl-ieeificco~npetitiorl~ was a znoi*e slozclg tha~rtei*l_ie?zes arad achieced cc fhlmi con- factop- in izatural control, but ixterspeeijic corn- cent?*atio~about eql~alto that i~zheartwood. Fme petition was not. sugar levels decreased. ,Vo urzusualtg high or low 197. Schneider, I. A., and J. A, Rudinsky. 1969. JIY- levels of azig eonzpo?rrtd were observed in res2;ianse CETANGIAL GLANDS AND THEIR SEASQX- to the woztnd, exeelit for n high Ievei of pheblrrrtd- AL CHANGES IN GNATNOTRICHUS RETCr- YeEe. SUS AND 6. SCLCATUS. Ann. Entornol. Soc. 201. Shrimpton, D. M. 1973. AGE- AND SIZE-RE- Am. 62: 39-43. LATED RESPONSE OF LODGEPOLE PINE Fungzes repssitories of the male beetles are rela- TO INOCULATION ?VITH EC'ROPHIUM CLA- tively p-r-irnitive but co?ztuin u glandular epithelizem. VIGERUllil. Can. J. Bot. 51: 1155-1160. The glarzcl ceEIs are activated at the end of hiber~~a- The reaetiolzs of 530 frees betzoeen 8 and 140 years tion ancl secrete Ills-0x9 h fztnnel-shaped openi?zgs old were classified as resistalzf or nonresistant after i~tothe ilcrnen of the ~ngcetangilcr7.zdlr,~i?ty the flight a szcunncer inoeulafio,~with E. clavigerum, the fun- period. Developr?xe~tof the sgmbiotic fungi is sgn- gus associated with Fke nto~t?ztai?zpixe beetle. Trees clbl-o?zixecl zcL'itf?. that of the g~ct?~cls.F~tngzes cells between 31 ad50 years old kacl fize g~eatestfre- passively gain e~ztraneei~zto the mycetungizc?n bg quency of potentially resistant individuals. The beetle ~~tove~tentirz the gallery at the eml of hiber- you~zgest(age 10-30) ccnd oldest (age 90-120) t?-ees nafio9z; the cells ~?rolife?-atein thc presence of the sliowed a decr.easl.rzg freqzce~zcy of resistant i~zdi- seeyet io?z and are disseminutecl in the new galleries. viduals. Trees pote~tiatly capable of preventi~zg By the time the beetles are preparing. brood gal- bark beetles fro?n colorzixirzg their stem tissues gen- lery, the gland cells are clepteted a~dbeyilz to de- erally had bette~diameter growth ad thicker teriorate. phloem thui.2. no?zresistant trees. 198. Scott, D. B., and J. W. Du Toit. 1970. THREE NEW RAFFAELEA SPECIES. Trans. Br. Mycol. 202. Shrimpton, D. af., and R, W. Reid. 1973. CHANGE Soe. 55 : 181-186. IN RESISTANCE OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO The principal fzcngi occu.1-ring in symbiosis with 3IOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE BETWEEN 1965 tzoo arnbrosia beetles in Soztth Af'i"ica are desc~ibed AND 1972. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 430-432. 11.2 1965, lodgepole pirzes near Radi~t?~z, were and assipzed to newly described species in Raf- B.C., faelea. R. albimanens sp. ~ov.and R. hennebertii graded for resista?zce to ~nou~ztairzpine beetles by sp. nov. are associated with Platypus externeden- evaluating their response to i~ocztlatio~xwith a bltce- tatus, and R. arxii sp. nov., with Xyleborus tor- staix fz~ngzzs rzor~nallgtra~zsported by the beetle, quatus. Trees szcrviving the first treatqne~twere inoczclated 199. Shepherd, R. F., and J. A. Watson. 1959. BLVE agai.rz irz 1972, and the resistance of each was re- STAIN FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THE evaluated. .Most trees graded ?zonresista?zt in 1965 MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE. Can. Dep. Agric. had died by 1972; whereas, most trees origirzally rated resistant were still alive and were again rated For. Biol. Div. Bimon. Prog. Rep. 15(3) : 2-3. Blue-stail? flcngi (ztnidentified) are .i~sztallyintro- resistant. duced into a green tree at the time of attack by 203. Shrimpton, D. M., and J. A. Watson. 1971. RE- adztlt beetles, which the fungi help to establish by SPONSE OF LODGEPOLE PINE SEEDLINGS' redztci.izg resin flow and blocking zuate?. rnove?ne?zt TO INOCULATION WITH EUROPHZu13f CLA- ilz the t?-ee. This stzcdy indicates that the fungi VIGERUM, A BLUE STAIN FUNGUS. Can. J. p?-obably reduce resin prodttetion by utilixilzg the Bot. 49 : 373-375. cell co.izte?zts a?zd stored food of pare~chymacells, Point inoculations of the fu?zg.us i?z 4-6 year old which conduct the food from the phloem ilcto the seedlings prodztced ~esinomsreactions similar to sapwood. The fungi restrict water eonductio?~by those observed i~tmatztre trees following artificial destroying the ray parenchyma cells, wlzich pay- or natural introdztctio?~of tlze jz~ngus with the tially corztrol water ?noveme?zt. mo?mtain pine beetle. No blzce stain developed in 200. Shrimpton, D. M. 1973. EXTRACTI'CTES AS- the sapwood of any of the inoeztlatecl seedlilzgs. SOCIATED WITH WOUND RESPONSE OF Sixty days uf ter irzoeulation, f he resi~zoztstissues of LODGEPOLE PINE ATTACKED BY THE the seedlings contained 58 percent p-phellarzdrene, MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE AND ASSOCI- 22 percent R-carene, 12 percent p-pinevze, 4 percent ATED XICROORGAnTIS&fS. Can, J. Bot. 51: 527- camlshene, 2 perce~zta-y~inene, and traces of other 534. terpeites. The phe?zolics ide2ztified were pinosylvi~, Describes the lodgepole pine respolzse to sapwood pi?zosylvi~z monometh ylethei., pittobartksin, ad in~adingfangi vectored by bark beetles. First, an pinocembrin. Identical compo?rnds aye present in ~zzattcre trees shoz~~i~g1-esistant ~"eactio?ts. i~zitialf 1026 of oleoresin escapes into adjacent tis- sues from resin dztcts seve?-ed by fhe attackiyzg bee- 204. Shrimpton, D. M., and H. S. 'CVhitney. 1968. INHI- tles; nest, a sgnthesis of ~~tonoterpeneoccurs witkin BITION OF GROfTTTH OF BLUE STAIN FTjNGI pare?zehgrna cells adjacent to the beetle gallery; BY WOOD EXTRACTIVES: Can. J. Bot. 46: fi.rzally, sugars and fatty ctcids a?-e Tttilixed by the 757-761. fztngi, The total a?notk~iitof tel-pene increased to Two blue-stain fu?zgi (Ceratocystis ~~lontiaazd levels well above those .ttor?naZ for sapwood and Europhium sp.), both co~?zmonlyassociated zuitl?. heartwood. All compol?etzts fottnd in the response ~izoztntairz pz'rae beetle attacks on Eodgepolc pine, evolcccl a resi~ozcsreaction i~zsapwood of resistant f h o.rtgh blites fair? d~~~elopnze~ztwas i~zitialty wed as trees. Both Jt~rtgiwere inhibited in vitro by the one of the guidelines fo-i.. determini?zg the optir~al resipzolas sapfcuod, bztt nonresinous sapwood stimu- time to apply the acid, the charzces for suecessfztl lated fungal growth. The fact that acetone ex- beette control are poo~by the time blztestuin is de- tract~and volatile s.rrbstances from resino.zcs arrd tectable, The lerzgth of tke larval ntine~is the best nont-esino?ts sapwood ilzhibited fzt~zgalgrowth sztg- i~zdiccrtor.of when to applg fhe acid, which si'tould yests that inhibitors are present in both but that be introduced into infested trees before the mixes the degree of inhibition is deter7nined by the amozrnt exceed 0.5 inch. of: ixhibitors present. C. montia is apparently inz- 209. Stevens, R. E,, C. A. Xyers, W. F. XcCambridge, portnnf i~ ~stablishinga?r initial: i?zfection coztrt 6. L. Downing, and J. G. Laut. 1974. NOUPJTAIK for the eomljlete fztngal complex carried by the PINE BEETLE IN FRONT RANGE PONDER- beetle. OSA PINE: WHAT IT'S DOING AKD HOW 205. Spaulding, P, 1961. FOREIGN DISEASES OF TO CONTROL IT. T7. S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. FOREST TREES OF THE WORLD. U. S. Dep. Gen. Tech, Rep. RX-7, 3 p. Rocky 31t. For. and Agric., Agric. Handb. 197, 361 p. Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. Lists petthogenie diseases of forest trees according Beetles hc~vea I-year life cycle. They attack new to caztsal age~ts(viruses, bacteria, and fungi) ; also trees i?z micls?c?nmer and caq-ry a blxe stai~fu?zg.~ts lists hosts, pathogenicity, and range, Of the seven, that hastens tree death. SuccessfzcELy ctttaeked t-rees Ceratocystis species listed, five (C. ips, C. minor, die almost im?necliately bzkt do not fade for Tzearly C. pilifera, C. tetropii, and C. ulrni) are said to be a year. Co?nbinecl programs of direct control, associuted with bark beetles. loyging of infested trees, preventative silviculture, 206. Stark, R. W., and J. H. Borden. 1965. OBSERVA- and individual tree protectio?t are proposed as suit- TIONS OK XORTALITY FACTORS OF THE able control methods. FIR ENGRAVER BEETLE, SCOLYTUS VEN- 210. Struble, G. R. 1937. THE FIR ENGRAVER BEE- TRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). J. TLE, A SERIOUS ENEMY OF WHITE FIR Econ. Entomol. 58 : 1162-1163. AND RED FIR. U. S. Dep. Agric. Circ. 419, 15 p. Data obtai~edfront dissectio~z of 505 Scolytus WitJti'l~.4 to G days cifter the start of atz egg galtery, ventralis galleries in three white fir twes accounted a yellowish-b.r.own discoloration of the cambiztm for 7'8.6 pe~centlarval ??zortality. Predation and layer appeam, extending vertically f~+or~zeach side co~npetitioncont~.ibz;ted 65.8 percent, parasites 4.9 of the gallery. The fzctzgus that eazcses the stair8 is percent, and a fungus, 7.9 percent. The fungus Trichosporium symbioticurn, which spreads in ad- iden tificd as Oedocephalum sp,, contributed to the t~anceof the feedi?zg larvae and dries the cambium deaths of two trees. It is not known if the fztngzis layer. is "e~tomoge~ozt~,'~since the genus is reportedly sap~*ophytico~z plant material; however, the fztngus 211. S'trzelczyk, A,, and A. Lamprecht. 1972. BADANIA NAD GRZYBAMI POWODUJACYMI SINIZNE .~casfozcnd colo~zixingcomplete larvae. 207. Stark, R. IV., and F. W. Cobb, Jr. 1969. SMOG DREWNA SOSNOWEGO. [STUDIES ON THE INJURY, ROOT DISEASES AND BARK BEE- BLUE-STAINING FUNGI OF PINE WOOD.] TLE DAMAGE IN PONDEROSA PINE. Calif. Acta Mycol. 8: 239-247. Describes studies to determine i~teractionsamong Agric. 23 : 13-15. futzgi and to evalzcate the susceptibility of these Photochetnical oxidants (smog) caused serious in- fungi to co?nmonly used fungicides. Blue-staining jztry to ponderosa pine in the SaTz Bet-nardino Bfozc?ztains of southern Califot-nia. Smog injury fzrngi fro?n the genera Pullularia, Hormiscium, and apparently renders the trees more susceptible to Homodendrum weye strongly inhibited by Tricho- attack bg two destructive forest insects, the western dernia strains, but strains of Ophiostoma ( =; Cera- pi~ebeetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis) and the toeystis) were less szcsceptible to irthibition by this antagonist. Sodium pe~ztachlorophenohte-ewefz at mountain pine beetle f D, ponderosae) . Photochemi- cal oxidant injul*y to porzderosa pine reduces the low doses-provecl to be a rnzcch st?*orzger furzgicide oleoresilz yield, the rate of resin flow and oleoresin tha~zsodizc?,.z orthophenylphenolate. ex?cdatio?t pressure, the moisture content of sap- 212. Takagi, K. 1967. THE STORAGE ORGAN OF wood and phloem, and the phloem thickness, all of SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS IN THE AMBROSIA wfzich are important irz defending frees agailzst BEETLE XYLEBORUS RUBRICOLLIS EICH- bark beetles. Infection of the trees by root disease HOFF (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) . Appl. f?rngi, particularly Fomes annosus and Vertici- Entomol. 2001. 2: 168-170. cladiella wagenerii, prodziced silnilar i~tjuriesalong The adult fenzale has ct pair of sac-like pockets with fh~res?llfi?z g increases irt bark beetle attacks. (mycangia) contai~zi?clgfzc~~gul cells, located at the 208. Stevens, R. E., D. B. Cahill, C, K. Lister, and G. E. base of the .mandibles beneath the 1abr.t~~~.Li~ing Xetcalf. 1974. TIMING CACODYLIC ACID the inner strrfctce of the nzycangia are s.fnooth cilia TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF MOUN- formed by scales or lines spaced at ,-eg?cla~+i?zter- TAIN PINE BEETLE IN INFESTED PON- vals. Gland-like struct.ztres covering the mycangia DEROSA PINES. U. S. Dep. Agric, For, Sen. zualls were obserced b?ct zuere not describecl in detail. Res, Note RfM-262, 4 p. Rocky Bft. For, and Range 213. Takagi, K., and T. Kaneko. 1965, BIOLOGY OF Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. SOXE SCOLYTID AXBROSIA BEETLES AT- CnrefzrE tinting is critical in tlze post-attack appli- TACKING TEA PLANTS. 11. SPORE STORAGE cation of cacodylic acid against beetle brood. Al- ORGAN OF TEA ROOT BORER, XYLEBORUS GERMANUS BLANDFORD. Jap. J. Appl. En- Upadhyay, H. P., and W. B. Kendrick, 19%. A tomol. Zool, 9 : 247-248. NEW GRAPNfCni3-LIKE GEXUS (CONIDIAL The organ consists of a shallote do.i.sal pouch in the STATE OF CERA TOCYSTIS). 3Iycofogia 66 : intersegmental rne~nbrane between the pro~otzbm 181-183. and mesonotznm. The stored spores are spherical Co~aidiu.of the Ceratoeystis most often clissentinated and are s~nallerthan those from galleries of the by insect vecto?.s such as bark beetles are intro- host plant. They are laid tightly i?z ttze sac at the duced to the vector by the stalked spore drop, The breeding period, but few are present during over- nr-ultifnrious conidiul states forming spoye cllvaps winte?-ing. Fungus propagntioft p?-obubly oeetcrs have been separated into the genera Verticieladiella, durirzg the p7-e-breeding period. Graphium, Leptographium, Pesoturn, and the new 214. Takagi, K., and T. Kaneko. 1965. BIOLOGY OF gen.zls Phialographium. SOME SCOLYTID AXBROSIA BEETLES AT- 218. Vaartaja, 0. 1963. FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH TACKING TEA PLANTS. 111. SPORULATION INSECTS IN PINE TREES. Page 11 in Woods OF XYLEBORUS GERfifAlVGS AXBROSIA and For. Dep. South Aust. Annu. Rep. 1961-62, FUNGUS. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 9: 298-300. Edited by B. H. Bednall, Adelaide, The ambrosia fztngtts was esse~tiulto beetle de- Diplodia pini, Ceratocystis ips, n~zdseveral ~61.1- velopmejizt. Spores withi?z the mycangizcm were ide??tified fztnyz' and yettsts were eommox to Ips readily detected in all seasons bzct winter and were grandicollis and Pinus radiata ?zear Adelaide, ~norphologicallydifferent from those in the gal- A test ~'alia. leries. Tlte optirnftm ten~peraturerarzge for sporu- 219. Vaartaja, 0. 196'7. THE COMMON FUNGAL AS- latiart of spores cultivated from gallery walls was SOCIATES OF THE BARK BEETLE, IPS so narrow (20-25°C) that the growth of the beetle GRANDICOLLIS, IN PINUS RADIATA IN was i~zdirectly limited by the effect of the soil SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Aust. For. Res. Inst. temperattcre on the fungus in the tea ?.oats. 2 (4) : 40-43. 215. Taylor, J. J. 1970. A COMPARISON OF SOME Reports the first .i.ecord of Ceratocystis ips on Pinus CERATOCYSTIS SPECIES WITH SPORO- radiata. Pla~ctingsof xonstai?zed bark and wood THRIX SCHENCKII. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. from infested trees of parent galleries and of older 42 : 233-240. galleries zn~ithlarvae a~2dadztlts showed that C. ips Sy.w~podulosporogenozcsconidial states of C. minor, was intimately (>50 percent) associated with the C. montia, C. multiannulata, 6. narcissi, C. nigro- insect. The fungus was ofteyz isolated from the carpa, C. perparvispora, and C. pilifera were fourtd Leptographium fruiting structures on bark or to be morphologically indistinguishable from the wood, and C. pilifera was oecasiorzally isolated from co~idialstate of the f arm-genz~s Sporothrix. Cul- this hctbitat. Macrophoma sabinea was associated tural, morphological, and serological characteristics (>50 percerzt) with nonstained bark and wood on and virulence of the species in mice were compared Gzfested trees. Unide~ttifiedyeasts were commonly to demonstrate the close similarity between the (>50 percent) associated with new galleries, Ceratocystis spp. conidial states and S. schenckii. larvae, and adults. No Basidionzycetes were iso- The first three characteristics of the Ceratocystis lated. spp. were either the same or varied sirnilarty as 220. Vasil'ev, 0. A. 1968. K VOPROSU OB ISPOL' those observed among S. schenckii strains, the only ZOVANII ANTAGONIZMA GRIBOV I BAK- exception being that Ceratocystis spp. hydrolyzed TERII DYLA ZASHCHITY DREVESINY. [us- starch and S. schenckii did not. iTouse virulence ING THE ANTAGONISM OF FUNGI AND BAC- tests showed slight variations in the sixes and TERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF WOOD.] shapes of sympodztlospores and yeast-like budding Nauch. Tr. Leningrad Lesotekh. Akad. 110: 28-33 forms, bztt no signifieaxt differences were observed. [Bio. Abstr. 88862, 19681. 216. Tcriello, C., and F. Mariat. 1974. ~TUDECOM- An unidentified bacterial strain from sapwood of PAR^ DES POLYOSIDES DES CHAMPI- rafted pi?ze logs and a fu?-tgzcs,Trichoderma viride, GNONS CERATOCYSTIS STENOCERAS ET either szeppl.essed or corrzpletely stopped the growth SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII. COMPOSITION of eight species of blue-stain ft~ngiincluding Cera- CHIMIQUE ET ANALYSE IMMUNOLOGIQUE. toeystis minor. Both organisms .might be zcsed to [A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE POLY- develop methods of protecting coniferous trees SACCHARIDES PRODUCED BY THE FUNGI against wood staini~zgft~ltngi, CERATOCYSTIS STENOCERAS AND SPORO- Verrall, A. F. 1939. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE THRIX SCHEATCKII. CHEMICAL NATURE AND SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF WOOD- AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.] Ann. STAINING FTJNGI IN THE SOUTHERN i\;lierobiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 125A : 287-307. STATES. Phytopathology 29 : 1031-1051. Similar polystcccharides were sy?zthesixed by a Seven fzcngi found to cause ?najor stain clamage strain of C. stenoceras, by an asezual mzrtant of the in sof~themttrees were Endoconidiophara coerules- same ftingzts pathogenic for aninzals, and by a cens, Ceratostomella ( = Ceratocystis) plurian- strain of the hyphomycete S, schenckii. Both nulata, Diplodia natalensis, and Graphium ridigum somatic and ?netabolic pofysaccha~iclescorztained irz ha~dwoodsand C, pilifera, C. ips, D. natalensis, More mannose than rha~nrzose.Chernical and anti- ad Diplodia sp. in pi?les. Highest incidences of gerzie analysis showed that the three fungi are D. natalensis oec?crred during the hot sztrnnzer closelg related. months : C. pilifera and E. coerulescens occurred most freqftenflg duritzy cool t~to2tfks.C. ips, Diplodia The species was recovered from tunnels excavated sp., C. pluriannulata, uacl 6.rigidum shozued little by the beetle, Xylopsocus capueinus, in Ficus seusorzat flucti.tata'a?z. sycomorus a?td Celtis africana, on the zlorth coast 222. Vit4, J. P., and J. A. Rudinsky, 1962. IXVESTI- of A-atal. GATIONS OX TEE RESISTAKCE OF COSI- 228. Walt, J. P. van der, D. B. Scott, and FV. C, van der FERS TO BARK BEETLE INFESTATIOKS. Klift. 1971. FIVE KE?V TORULOPSIS SPECIES XI. Int. Kongr. Entomol, ?Tein 1960, Sonderdr. FRO31 SOUTH AFRICAN INSECT SOCRCES. Verh, 11: 219-225. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3'1 : 461-471. Trees i~zfectedwith ~Jzc: fxngzrs Fomes pini were Fivc new yectst species, Torulopsis dendrica, T, rrzoree s?rsceptiblc fo nzo?tlztui?z pine beetle crffacks philyla, T. silvatica, 7'. insectalens, a?rcl T. nemo- flza.i.t ?tni??feetedoms becazise the oleoresin o:i.ftcta- dendra, loere recoveised from Cei.az~bgeid,Plutyliid, tiorz p2-esstcre of tliseased twes was o~igabout haif and Scoly f icT beetle infestations in indige?zous trees fhat of fzealtlzp mes. Disfzrrba~lcesitz the ~orlrzal izz Natal and the Cape Provhzce in South Africa. water I-elcttiopz ?MCI~cZit?tinish the exl.cdc~tionof oleo- 229. Walt, J. P. van der, D, 3. Scott, and W. C. van der ?-esin f rom f Ire inferco.izrtected capillal-g syste?n of Klift. 1971. FOUR NEW, RELATED CAI?JDIDA resin dmcts und ?nay came c~bnormalfydecreased SPECIES FROB1 SOUTH AFRICAN INSECT tzkrgidity fhat predisposes ponderosa pi~zeto beetle SOURCES. Antonie vaiz Leeuwelzhoek 37 : $49-460. attack. Fozt?" Tzew yeast species f Candida hytophifa, C. 223. Von Schrenk, H, 1903. THE "BLUING" AND THE dendronenta, C. silvanorum arzd C. entomophila) "RED ROT" OF THE WESTERN YELLOW were recovered from Bostrichicl, Ce?*umbycid, PINE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE Scolyticl, apzd Plutypid beetle irtfestations of in- BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE. U. S. Bur. diyenozts tmes i32 the Trunsvaal, Natal, a~clthe Plant. Ind. Bull. 36, 40 p. Cape Proviqzce itz South Africa. Bluing after a72 attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae 230. Weiser, J. 1970. THREE NEW PATHOGEPU'S OF is caused by the fungus Ceratostomella (=Cera- THE DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE, DENDOC- tocystis) pilifera, which was not isoluted f~om TONUS PSE UDOTSUGAE: NOSEMA DEN- alime?ztary canals, feces, or live beetles during a DROCTONI N. SP., OPHRYOCYSTZS DEN- limited dissemination study. Thc recl rot disease, DROCTONI N. SP., AND CHYTRIDIOPSIS caused by Polyporus ponderosus, is not vectored by TYPOGRAPHI N. CO31B. J. Invertebr. Pathol. beetles but by spores in the air. Both fungi con- 16: 436-441. tribute to wood deterioratiolt. Three new protozoan parasites and a fungal para- 224. Walt, J. P. can der, and E. E. Nel. 1968. CANDIDA site were f~~(?idin Do?~gEas-firbeetles. Knowledge EDAX SP. N. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 34 : 106- of diseases of bark beetles is based chiefly on a few 108. stltdies of diseases occ?drring i?z Eziropea.iz scolytids. Three strains of the yeast were isolated fro~nfrass Protozoan infectiotz rates are low, and the fungus recovered f?+omdeserted subcortical i~zsectgalleries Beauveria bassiana in adzrlts cazhses sporadic, t2ot2- in Sclerocarga caffra growilzg ?tear Groblersdal in specific infection. Bacteria zcsz~allyappear only i.12 the T ransvaaf. la?-vue cxposed to extre??~ephysical conditions. Lab- 225. Walt, J. P. van der, and D. B. Scott. 1971. PICHIA o,-ato?.2j tests indicuted that these associated bae- AjlBROSIAE SP. N., A NEW AUXILIARY AM- fcria do ?tot came ?~lortalityexcept when apl2lied i~z BROSIA FUNGUS. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 37 : very high dosctges. 15-20. 231. Wertz, E. W., J. M. Skelly, and W. Merrill. 1971. This new species was isolated from the linings of CERATOCYSTIS FAGACEARUM NOT TRANS- freshly opened tztnnels u~zdfrom tlze larval cradles MITTED BY AMBROSIA BEETLES. Phytopa- of the zylow,ycetop1zagous scolytids, Platypus ex- thclogy 61 : 1185-118'1. ternedentatus, P. sampsoni, atzd Xyleborus torqua- Monarthrum fasciaturn, Xyleborus saxeseni, and tus. Pichia ambrosiae nzay be a cot?tnzon coml?onent X. xylographus did nof attack or trctnsmit Cera- of the ectosyntbiontic flora of these beetle species, tocystis fagacearum to healthy red oak seedlings, which irtf es f bo f 12 i?zdige?tous and emtie trees i?z f h c saplings, or nznture trees. Xyloterinus politus at- coastal reyioyz of ??orthet-tz Natal. tucked heulthy red oaks of all ayes and tuntteled 226. Walt, J. P. van der, and I). 3.3. Scott. 1971. SAC- into the ry1e.m b~ttdid not transmit the pathogen. CHAROMYCOPSIS SYNNAEDEXDRA, NEW 232. Whitney, H. S. 1971, ASSOCIATION OF DEN- YEAST FROM SOUTH AFRICAN INSECT DROCTOLVUS POXDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA : SOTJRCES. Mycopathol, Nycol. Appl, 44 : 101-106. SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI r)e.sc?-ibes u species isolated in northern Natal AXD YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOP- from walls of t?cnzl-els excavnfed by Platypus ex- MEET IN LODGEPOLE PIKE. Can. Entomol. ternedentatus in Tabernaen~ontanavet?trieosa cf??ci I03 : 1495-1503. fro111 tltmtels of Xyleborus sp. in Rapanea rnelan- Describes fhe pftysical assoeiatiorc befwee?~the bee- ophloeos a~clNuxia floribunda, rzear Knysjza, Cape tle and its associated microorganisms : the blue- Pro*vidence. stain f?ii~gi Ceratocystis montia and Europium 227. Walt, J. P. van der, and D. B. Scott. 1971. PICWIA clavigerum and the yeasts Pichia pini, Wansenula XYLOPSOCI, A NEW YEAST FROM SOUTH capsulata, a?zd H. holstii. The associutio?~was in- AFRICAN INSECT SOURCES. Mycopathol. My- vestigafec~in sillgle b?*ooclsyeared in bolts of lodge- COI. Appl. 44: 321-324. pole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Eggs about to hatc11 and first-.instar Ear.r;ae were always liurn spp.; and 2 contained CIadosporiunl spp.; 18 contiguo?cs with the >r~ieroorganisms; newEg Iuid contuiized yeasts (mainly Piehia pini. Eansenula eggs adlarvae of the seco~d,third, u?~dfoztrth capsulata, o~ H. holstii) ; 3 nzgcu~giayielded only i~starswere not. D~~riizy plcpution, blue-s fain fuvzyi gellow bneter.ial colonies, a?zd 2 did not yield an& and yeasts colonized lsupal ci"znrnbe2. walls; whe?? micr~oo~ga?zisms.Sot?te mycanyia that yielded the contacted by telzerals, the microorga.~zisms were bl?ce-stain fungi also yielded one or two yeasts, transfer~edto a 2zew generation of insects. The bzct the two bltde-sfuin f~izg2'wei.e net-el. found irz necessity for physical contact between the insect tlze same nzycu2lyitcm; the nonstainitty fltnyi %>ere and the mier.oorya?zis'itzs stipports the h y?jothesis ?csuctlly solitary. of their sy-elbiotic relationship. 236. Wickerham, L. J. 1960. HASSENGLA HOLSTII, Whitney, H. S., and R. A. Blauel. 1972. ASCO- A NEW YEAST 13IPORTAKT IN THE EARLY SPORE DISPERSION IN GERATOCPSTIS SPP. EVOLUTION OF THE HETEROTHALLIC SPE- AND ECROPHIUIM CLAVIGERlilllil IN CONI- CIES OF ITS GEKTJS. &%ycolcgia52: 111-183, FER RESIN, ilIycologia 64 : 410-414. Hansenula holstii is the most pril-trifizle heterothal- Dispersal by msin is p?-obably iinpo~tantfor i~ocu- lic species of the genus, a~zdits co?c~zterpctrtumo?iLg lafion alild infection of these fungi in conifer-o?rs the ho??vofhaflicspecies is H. capsulata. Bath a,-e hosfs, Cirri of the followZ?ig fu~zgidispersed i?zto found in co?ziferozcs trees alzd bark beetles; H, single ascospores in pine or fir resin : Ceratoeystis holstii is associated with Dendsoctcnus engelmanni, bicolor, C. firnbriata, C. ips, C. major, C. minor, Keitker yeast forms diploid cells i?r natlere, bxt both C, minuta, C. minuta-bicolor, C. montia, and C. can be indz~cedto do so i~zttte laboratory. pilifera ; ascospore masses of Europhium cla- 237. Wickerham, L. J., and K. A, Burton, 1961. PHY- vigeru~xdispersed in the same mafiner. Only C. LOGENY OF PHOSPHOMANNAN-PRODUC- fimbriata a~zdC. pilifera did not disperse in water. ING YEASTS. I. THE GENERA. J. Baeteriol. Cirri of C. leucocarpa dispersed in water but not 82 : 265-268. pine resin, and those of C. montia dispersed i?z 12 Primitive geasts of the genera Hansenula, Piehia, of 25 substances tested and ger~~inatedon water and Pachysolen are tralzsported to their sap sub- agar only whe?t resins, zuater, and uzzdecane were strate by baz% beetles. The yeasts produce ertra- rcsed as dispersing agents. Germination of C. minor cellular phosphorylated Txannans, which through zuas not inhibited on water agar when either tlzeir adhesive q~calityenable the geasts to adhere ponderosa pine or white fir resin was the disl~ersing to insects boring throztyh the bark. The yeasts in agent. Describes a technique for obtaining si?zgle tzcrn provide food for beetles and their b?+ood.This ascospore cultures foElowing dispersal in resipz; relatio~shipbetween the yeast alzd the beetle ig one the methocl should be zcseful for investigating of balanced symbiosis. genetic va?~iability. 238. Wilcox, W. W. 1970. AXATOMICAL CHANGES 234. Whitney, H. S., and I?. W. Cobb, Jr. 1972. NON- STAINING FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THE IN WOOD CELL WALLS ATTACKED BY FUN- GI AND BACTERIA. Bot. Rev. 36: 1-28. BARK BEETLE DENDROCTONUS BREVI- Reviews papers describing the aetio??sof blue-stailz COAitIS (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) ON a?zd nzotd fungi in timber. Many such fzt'izgi a?-e PINUS PONDEROSA. Can. J. Bot. 50: 1943-1945. Three fzcngi-Ceratocystis nigrocarpa, a~zunidenti- trans~nittedto the trees by insects bztt apparently fied hyphomycete, and a~zzcnidentified basidiomy- cause little damage to the st?-zccture of the wood cete-were isolated from extensive noyzstained areas they inliabit. Hyphae nzay be prese?zf in .inost wood elemevzts a?zd are zcsually most nzc?neraus in ray of sapwood; tlze two unide?ztified fungi were also parenchy?~zacells. Pe?zetration is prizrzarily through present in the thoracic .tnycangium of the female pits; Agphae pass directly through the torus, but beetle. Norzstaining fzcnyi may assist in tlze dis- ruption of the condzccti?zy system of ponderosa pine bore kyphae bore holes throzcgh tracheids and fibers, attacked by the beetle and may eo?ztribtite to tree a more complex process tha~zpit penetration. Bore hyl3hae are smafles- than the other hyphae crnd ?$zag death. C. minor was isolated fro~nscattered patches act?rully form from a?z appressorizcnz. Penefratio?? of blzte-stained sapwood. The staining fungfcs C. minor and the three ?zonstaining f?izzgi appeared to tlzrough pits tori a~dthe cell quails may be pri- be ?n?ctuallyexettcsive. marily ~nechunical. 235. Whitney, H. S., and S. H. Farris. 1970. MAXIL- 239. Wilkinson, R. C. 1968. REPRODUCTION AND LARY XYCANGIU35 IN THE MOUNTAIN DIET IN THREE SPECIES OF IPS BARK BEE- PINE BEETLE. Science 167: 54-55. TLES. Page 83 in Fla. Inst. Food and Agrie. Ser. A mycangiu?n was foeated in tlze cardines of wale Ann. Res. Rep., Univ. of Fia., Gainesville. a?zd female Dendroctonus ponderosae, bfct no glancl The yeasts Hansenula holstii and Pichia phi, iso- cells we2.e ?*eported zuith the structzcre, which re- lated from Ips avulsus, suplsressed the growth ad sc??zbied mgcanyia in several species of Trypoden- spore procl~tctio~of the blue stuirz f?[?zy~s(Cera- dron ambrosia beetles. Blzce-stain fungi a~dyeusfs tocystis ips) also earried by this beetle. Of the 12 associated with beetle attacks were czcltzcred after fattg acids iclentified by chro?natoyraphic nntlfysis beiz~gzsolated f ronz the m ycangia of 32 ~r?zsexed of Ips calligraphus life fornzs, Cf 6 and C18:1 cam- i77sects. Five mycangia contairzed t fie blzte-stai?t pozsnds were p~esentin highest concelatrations. fungus Ceratocystis montia, and 16 contained 240. Wilson, 34. 1922. THE BLUISG OF GOXIPER- Europhium ciavigerum, also u blue-stai~zfungz~s; OUS TIMBER. Trans. Roy. Scot. Arboric. Soe. 4. eontailzed Trichodern~aspp.; 3 contained Penicil- 36 : 82-92. Reviews early information 092 blzte-stain fqcngi. In avulsus, I. calligraphus, und I. grandicollis, all in- Pinus ponderosa severe! y at tacked by Dendroctonus festing Pinus species in Floriclu. In typical slush ponderosae, the blue col'oration of the wood appear- pirze logs 4 Pinus eltiottii var. elliottii) containi?i?g ed to spread frowt tke beetle Itoles, pe.i.haps becaztse bbue-stui?~innoczclated and stain-f 1-ee I. avuisus the beetles form eha?znefs for. hyphae to puss more ?2apuiatio?zs,no significant diuerences were founck deel~lyi?-zto supzcood. in egg gullci-g length, b~+oocrl-size, br*ood compasitiolz, Wood, D. L. 1972. SELECTION AND COLONI- p~cpal tceigl~t,0,' fecunditg. Si?~ila?-i.es.rllts were ZATIOX OF POKDEROSA PINE BY BARK ?fsuall%obtaitzed with I. calligraphus atzd I. grandi- BEETLES. I?z Insect, Plant Relationships. Edited colIis. BE?ceslcsi?t-free papztlaticr?ls of all fht-ee species by W. F. van Ernden. Symp. R. Entomo!, Soc. Lon- were I-earecl sztceess fttlly thi'o~cyhth ree to foxr SUC- don 6 : 101-1 17. cessiue generatioits i?z flsny zcs- f ree slash pilze Ings. Cites f 0211' ref e?-ences u~zcl reviews ex)*)*e~ttknowl- Oviposition was izzlzibited z~3he.l~pine Logs were edg~on ussoeiatio?7s of Dendroctonus brevicomix itzoculatcd with C, ips 8 clc~ysprior to the introd?cc- with several Ceratocystis spp. ancl yeasts. States tiozl of acfults. that ?z~oststzcclies of host resistance have ignored 244. Zimmern~an,G. 1973. DIE PILZFLORA EINIGER f Fte ph y fopafhoge~t-host tree refatio9zslzips am1 IN HOLZ LEBENDER BORKENKAFER. [THE argues thut effects of l~hysio-eher~zicalproperties E'UPJGI OF SOME WOOD-IXHABITING BARK of the Izost o?z the beetle u??d fhe pathoge~z lnztst BEETLES.] Mater. Org. 8: 121-131. be co?zsidered. Anibrc.siella hartigii, Fusarium javanicum, Cera- Wright, E. F., and R. F. Cain. 1961. NEW SPE- tocystis sp., Penicilli~~mcitrinum, Penicillium sp., CIES OF THE GENUS CERATOCYSTIS. Can. Trichoderma viride, Aspergillis sp., and u Sphae- J. Bot. 39: 1215-1230. ropsidales fzcngzcs were isolatecl from Anisandrus Describes ancl iflztstrntes fo2~tEew species of fkc dispar yalle~iesin Acer pseudoplatanus; F. javani- yenlss Ceratocystis (C. europhioides, C. bruntieo- cum was of te~tisolated apctrt fro?^ the Ambrosiella crinita, C. falcata, and C, sagmatospora). iTfany f7tnyzcs. Ceratocystis bacillospora, C. torulosa, C. fttngi ill this genus possess dark-colored hyphae piceae, Anlhrosiella ferruginea, Gliccladium ro- thut cccuse bl~ccstain discolo~atio;lz.Beetles associ- seum, Torula sp., Penicillium sp., T. viride, Graph- utecl ttrifh these flrngi arc agcl?ts fo?. dispersing iurn peniciilioides, Graphium sp., a Sphaeropsidales, spores. ancl Bjerkandera adusta were isolated frowt Xy- Yearian, TV. C,, R. J, Gouger, and R. C. Wilkinson. loterus domesticus in Fagus sylvatica. Ascoidea 1972. EFFECTS OF THE BLUESTAIN FUN- hyleeoeti, C. bacillospora, Ceratocystis sp., C;. peni- GUS, CERATOCYSTIS IPS, ON DEVELOP- cillioides, Graphium sp., bacteria, yeasts, and a MENT OF IPS BARK BEETLES IN PINE Sphaeropsidales were isolated f?-o?n gallep-ies of BOLTS. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 481-487. Hylecoetus dermestoides F. sylvatica. The fungus The blttestai?~fungus Ceratocystis ips was colz- F. javanicum cuitsed a pathogenic reaction in the sistenf ly associated with and t?*ansmitted by Ips shoots of tollzato plants. Author Index
Abrahamson, L. P. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Entwistle, P. F. 59 Larnbin, S. 116, 117 Allen, D. G. 126 Eusebio, M. A. 60 Lamprecht, A. 211 Andrieu, S. 6 Laut, J. G. 209 Arx, J. A. von 7 Farmer, L. J. 61 Lawrence, J. S. 195 Ashrof, M. 8 Farris, S. H. 41, 62, 63, 64, 235 Lawton, J. R. S. 164 Foulds, W. 65 LeFay, A. 116, 117, 118, 119 Baker, J. K. 158 Findlcy, W. P. K. 68 Lekander, B. 120 Baker, J. M. 9, 159, 160 Finnegan, R. J. 67 Liese, W. 121, 122, 186 Barber, W. W., Jr. 43 Francke-Grosmann, H. 50, 68, 69 Lister, C. K. 208 Barras, S. J. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, Franklin, R. T. 70 Livingston, R. L. 123, 124 17, 85, 96 French, J. R. J. 71, 72, 73, 74 Lowe, R. E. 125 Basham, H. G. 18, 19 Frye, R. H. 75 Lu, I(;. C. 126 Batra, L. R. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Funk, A. 76, 77 Beal, d. A, 190 Furniss, M. M, 78 Mac Caiium, 8. D. 127 Beanlands, G. E. 25 Furniss, R. L. 110 Mac Lean, D. B. 128, 129 Becker, G. 26 Mariat, F. 130, 216 Belin, M. 138 Giese, R. L. 79, 80, 104, 125, 128, 129 Martland, J. G. 88, 89 Berndt, H. 186 Gordon, W. J. 101 Mason, R. R. 131 Berryman, A. A. 8, 27, 28, 124 Gouger, R. J. 81, 243 Massamba, S. 6 Bevon, D. 29 Graham, K. 82 Mathre, D. E. 132, 133, 134, 135 Bievre, C. de 30 Griffin, H. D. 83 Mauldin, J. K. 96 Biguet, J. 6 Guerrero, R, T. 84 McCambridge, W. F. 136, 209 Blauel, R. A. 233 McClaren, M. 32 Bletchly, J. D. 31 Happ, C. M. 85 McCowan, J. C. 137 Bollen, W. B. 126 Happ, G, M. 85 McManus, M. L. 125 Borden, J. H. 32, 206 Hare, R. C. 86 Meiffren, M. 138 Brader, L. 33 Harrar, J. G. 87, 88, 88 Merrill, W. 174, 231 Bright, D. E., Jr. 34, 35 Hedgecock, G. G. 90 Metcalf, G. E. 208 Brooks, M. A. 183 Helier, R. C. 91 Miller, D. L. 139, 168 Buchner, P. 36 Helms, J. A. 92 Miller, J. M. 140 Buffam, P. E. 94 Hennebert, G. L. 7 Mills, C. 184 Burton, K. A. 237 Himes, W. E. 93 Molnar, A. C. 141 Butin, H. 37 Hinds, T. E. 94, 95 Moore, G. E. 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Hodges, J. D. 13, 96 Morgan, F. D. 147 Cahill, D. B. 208 Halst, E. C. 97 Moya-Borja, G. E. 148 Cain, R. F. 242 Holt, W. R. 98 Myers, C. A. 209 Campbell, R. N. 38 Hoog, G. S. de 99 Carmo-Sousa, L. D. 176 Hoskins, G. P. 100 Nakashima, T. 149, 150 Chansler, J. F. 39 Houseweart, M. W. 45 Nel, E. E. 224 Chapman, J. A. 40, 41 Howe, V. K. 101 Neuzilova, A. 151 Chararas, C. 116, 117, 118, 119 Nilsson, T. 152 Chu, H-M 1, 42, 160, 161, 162 Nisikado, Y. 153 Clark, E. W. 184 Nobuchi, A. 154, 155 Jensen, K. F. 182 Cobb, F. W., Jr. 43, 44, 92, 207, 234 Nord, J. C. 156 Jourd'huy, C. 30 Coster, J. E. 45 Norris,D.M. 1,2,3,4,5,9,42, 113, 157, Jouvenaz, D. P. 103 Coulson, R. N. 45 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 171, 172, Courtois, J. E. 116, 117, 118, 119 Kiltlrik, A. 50 173, 193,194 Crane, J. L. 46 Kabir, A. K. M. F. 104 Curtis, C. R. 47 Oberle, A. D. 101 Kaneko, T. 105,106,107, 108,109,213,214 Olchowecki, A. 163 Dahlsten, D. L. 53 Keen, F. P. 140 Olofinboba, M. 0. 164 Davidson, R. W. 48, 49, 50, 51, 95, 185 Keeth, T. 6.101 Ordish, G. 165 DeGroot, R. C. 52 Kendrick, W. B. 217 Orr, P. W. 78 DeMars, C. J., Jr. 53 Kimmey, J. W. 110 Osgood, E. A. 166 Doane, C. C. 54, 55 King, B. 111 Dorsey, C. K. 181 Kinghorn, J. M. 41 Porker, A. K. 167 Dowding, P. 56, 57 Klift, W. C. van der 228, 229 Partridge, A. D. 139, 168 Downing, G. L. 209 Koch, A. 1 12 Pawsey, R. G. 169, 195 Du Toit, J. W. 198 Kok, L. T. 42, 113 Poyne, T. L. 45 Kotinkovd-Sychrovd, E. 1 14 Peleg, B. 170, 171, 172, 173 Eckersley, A. M. 58 Knoke, J. K. 192, 193, 194 Peplinski, J. D. 174 Eggins, Ha 0.W. 11 1 Krstic, M. 43 Perry, T. 14, 15, 16 Ellis, R. P. 87 Kulman, H. M. 115, 181 Person, H. L. 175 Phaff, H. J. 176, 177 Schocknecht, j. D. 46 VitB, J. P. 222 Pierce, D. A. 39 Scott, D. B. 198, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229 Von Schrenk, H. 223 Pitman, 6. B. 178 Shepherd, R. F. 199 Walt, J. P. van der 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, Platt, W. D. 44 Shrimpton, D. M. 179, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 229 Rennerfelt, E. 120 Skelly, J. M. 93, 231 Watson, J. A. 180, 199, 203 Reid, J. 163 Smith, W. ti. 182 Weiser, J. 230 Reid, R. W. 179, 180, 202 Spaulding, P. 205 Wertz, H. W. 231 Rexrode, C, 0.181 Stark, R. W. 35, 53, 206, 207 White, M. G. 31 Reynolds, P. E. 182 Stevens, R. E. 208, 209 Whitney, H. S. 92, 180, 204, 232, 233, 234, Richards, A. G. 183 Struble, G. R. 210 235 Richmond, J. A. 184 Strzelczyk, A. 211 Wickerham, L. J. 236, 237 Robinson-Jeffrey, R. C. 51, 185 Svihra, P. 118 Wilcox, W. W. 238 Roeper, R. A. 71, 72, 73, 74 Wilkinson, R. C. 103, 239, 243 Takagi, K. 107, 108, 109, 212, 213, 214 RGsch, R. 186 Wilson, M. 240 Tamaki, Y. 109 Rudinsky, J. A. 137, 187, 188, 196, 197, Wood, D. L. 241 222 Taylor, J. j. 17, 215 Wright, E. F. 242 Thatcher, R. C. 146 Rumbold, C T. 189 Wygant, N. D. 75 Thuiliier, A. 116, 117, '1 18, 119 Toriello, C. 216 Yamauti, K. 153 St. George, R. A. 190 Yearian, W. C. 243 Salonen, K. 191 Upadhyay, H. P. 217 Yoneyama, M. 177 Saunders, J. L. 192, 193, 194 Savory, J. G. 195 Vaartaga, 0. 218, 219 Zavarin, E. 43 Schmitz, R. F. 196 Vasil'ev, 0.A. 220 Zimmerman, G. 37, 244 Schneider, 1. A. 197 Verrall, A. F. 221 Subject Index
Abies 48, 49, 177 Aureobasidiztnz pullztla~zs 186 in sapwood 18, 19, 31, 44, 52, 56, al-r~abilis32 57, 58, 60, 66, 90, 91, 94, 104, co~eoior206, 210, 233 Bacilbzts 142 110, 115, 122, 132,133, 134, 136, yz-altdis 8, 27, 139, 168 ce?.eus 143, 135 137, 147, 153, 164, 178, 180, 185, tasiocurpa 48, 141 thzt~i.i~yZelzsis var. kenyae 145 191, 199, 200, 203, 204, 220, 223, may?tifica 210 tfzzt?*ingiei.~sisvar, tl'lv,rilzgiensis 234,240 Absidin ylauca 149 143, 145 with beetles 11, 13, 14, i5, 16, I?, Aeer Bacteria 9, 36, 55, 81, 101, 103, 116, 18, 20, 35, 37, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, ljseztdolsrla tarzzts 244 117, 118, 119, 122, 129, 140, 142, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70, 11, 75, 79, 81, suechari~zzcm 104 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 158, 170, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 103, A chrornobaeter 117 171, 172, 173, 205, 220, 230, 235, 110, 114, 115, 120, 127, 131,133, delicutulus 116, 119 238, 244 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 147, supe?.ficiales 116, 119 Bark beetle 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 153, 154, 155, 157, 165, 169, 178, iZerobacter 142 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 180, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, aerogenes 144, 145 36, 39, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, scolyCi 55 53, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 64? 66, 68, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 217, 218, A Ecalige~tesfaeculis 144, 145 69, 70, 75, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 219, 223, 232, 234, 235, 238,239, Alpine fir 141 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 tZ lternaria 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 110, 112, Bostrichid 227, 229 Izu?nicola 186 114, 115, 116,117, 118, 119, 120, Botz+godipEodia 157 tenuis 60 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 133,134, theob?.ouna 138, 164 Ambrosia beetle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, Brown stain 35, 94, 123, 210 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 34, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,151, 153, Bzcllera tszcga 176 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 48, 49, 51, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 176, 177, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 178, 180, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, Cacodylic acid 39, 75, 94, 208 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 94, 95, 190, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, Culea~ispo~.ieEEa99 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, Calcurispori%m 99 110, 112, 113, 114, 120, 125, 128, 209, 210, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, California five-spined ips 134, 178, 129, 137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 154, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 187 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 California red fir 210 162, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, Basidiomycete 13, 16, 32, 43, 52, 71, Candida 117, 144, 157 185, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 212, 93, 94, 96, 139, 168, 187, 207, eurvata 61 213, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 219, 222, 223, 234, 244 clejzdro?zema 229 231, 235, 244 Beaztveria 87, 88, 89 edax 224 Ambrosia fungi 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 20, bassiana 53,54,142,143,151,230 etttomophilia 229 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35. de??sa 151 hylophila 229 40, 41, 42, 59, 62, 65, 67, 69, 71, y lobz~lifera151 mycoclerma 126 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 84, 100, Beech 37, 65, 244 orego?zerzsis 176 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 125, Betzdci: 157 parapsilopsis 126 128,129,148,149,154,156,157, verrz~cosa152 pztlckerina 116, 119 158, 159, 160, 172, 173, 174, 192, Bje~kanderaadztsta 244 1.7tyosa 61 194, 197, 198, 212, 213, 214, 225, Black coffee twig borers 7, 33, 59, silva?zorztm 229 226, 227, 228, 229, 244 105, 106, 108, 109 silvicola 61 A~~zbrosiella22 Black turpentine beetle 14, 93, 98 te7mis 61 ferrztgi?zea 71, 244 Blastobotrys 99 Carbohydrates 13,41,116,132,164, ha?-tigii 72, 73, 244 Blastophagz~smino?. 120 184,186,200,216,237 sztlcati 77 Blue stain 35, 40, 70, 75, 115, 154, Caribbean pine 169 xy1ebop.i 7, 156 155, 169, 202, 209, 238, 239, 240 Celtis af?.icana 227 American elm 157 fungi 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Cephalosporizrm 9, 143, 148 Aniino acids 5, 38, 61, 74, 96, 161, 20, 30, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, acre??to?zizcm149 184 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, mycophibcm 149 Anisattdncs tlispar 36, 244 66, 68, 71, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 90, Cerambycid 112, 228, 229 Anobiidae 112 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 104, 110, Ce~atocpstis20, 47, 56, 57, 65, 66, Antiaris africana 164 111, 114, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 71, 79, 82, 83, 90, 91, 99, 114, Aposyrnbiotic 42, 161, 162 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 120, 135, 141, 152, 163, 165,187, A~.millaria mellea 139, 168 141, 147,152, 153, 157, 163, 164, 195, 211, 217, 241, 244 Ascoidea 22 165, 167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, abiocarlsra 48 hplecoeti 244 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 195, 200, adiposa 182 Aspen ambrosia beetle 1, 95 201, 203, 204, 205, 208, 211, 215, bacillispm+a 37, 244 Aspergillus 20, 138, 144, 244 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, bicolo?. 50, 233 fla?~?ts8, 129, 142, 143 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 241, 242, brevicollis 95 ?riger 142 243, 244 l~?~~c?z~zeociliata152 brun?zeocri?zita 242 Cnestus 154 Endonzgcopsis 22 carza 152 Coffee borer 138 platypodis 65 elavatct 152 Coleoptera 22,26,36 (See also Bark scoiyti GI, 177 eoe~fnlea58, 60 beetle, Ambrosia beetle) E?tg.el?nan?~sprztce 48, 75, 94, 141 coe~zrleurn121 Golietotrichztm coffea?zlhm 138 Engelraann spruce beetle 236 coer~ciescens38, 94, 111, 152, 182 Golulnhian tiniber beetle 79, 80, 104, English oak 84 crassivagi?tata 152 156 E;nzymes 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, distorta 37, 49 Conifers 51, 168, 188, 222, 233, 236, 122, 132, 152, 175, 186 d3syocoeticlis 141 240 Eschericfzia klebsiellaef ormis 55 elcrophioides 50, 51, 242 Col~tlzyfzts Eucalyptus cumulclztle-iisis 84 fugacea.t.?tm 174, 181, 231 col.rtmbiunzrs 79, 80, 104, 156 Ez~~.opl-iizcm180, 204 Jateatu 242 pupzeta tissin~us67 azrrezc?n 185 fimbriata 193, 194, 233 Crossota~szts154 claviyerztm 179,185, 201, 203, 232, f raneke-y ?.os??~arzniae49 niponicus 149, 155 233, 235 yossypi?-~u49 wollasto?zi 23 tri~zacrifo~me167, 185 gossypina var. ~~obztsta49 C~yptococcttsskinneri 176 robusttci?r 185 huntii 50, 51 Crgptopor.trs volvatus 32 E'ayus silvallcu 37, 244 Cytosporu pi?iii 60 ips 18, 19, 38, 43, 60, 81, 83, 131, Fatty acids 200, 239 (See also Ster- 132, 133, 134, 140, 147, 152,178, Dendrocto?zus 36, 49, 51, 165, 185, ods, Lipids) 205, 218, 219, 221, 233, 239, 243 189 FEavobnete.i.ium 143 le?ceocarpa 48, 233 adjzt~tctus15, 39, 68, 102 Fictts syeomorzt~227 ?najo?. 233 brevicol?zis 35, 48, 53, 68, 92, 97, Fir 8, 27, 32, 48, 49, 139, 131, 168, mi?-cor 11,13,16,17,18, 19,43, 52, 134, 140,175, 187, 207, 234, 241 177, 206, 210, 233 56, 57, 68, 83, 86, 96, 110, 132, engeEman?zi 236 Fir engraver beetle 8, 27, 35, 123, 133, 134, 137, 152, 153,182, 184, fiontalis 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 124, 177, 206, 210 186, 205, 215, 220, 233, 234. 45, 68, 70, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, Five-spinned engraver beetle 97, ~?zi?z?cta134, 152, 233 97, 101, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 131, 147, 218, 219, 243 ~ni~zuta-bicolor48, 233 166, 190 Fowtes montiu 18, 19, 134. 180, 204, 215, jeff~egi134 a?z?zost~s43, 93, 207 232, 233, 235 ??ze,xicunzcs 68, 102 piwi 187, 222 muEtiannztlata 215 ~nonticolae ( = ponde~osae) 134, pi7zicola 94 ~zarcissi215 180, 187 Four-spined engraver beetle 81, 97, ~zigrocurpa48, 215, 234 obesus 39, 63, 75 131, 239, 243 olivacea 94, 152 paraLlelocolEis 68 Fungi 25, 27, 78, 140, 143, 144, 152, olivaceapini 49 po?zclerosae 39, 61, 63, 92, 134, 166, 181, 238 pe?zicillatu 50 136, 180, 185, 187, 199, 200, 201, wood decay 26, 28, 43, 52, 93, 94, l?e?-parvispo?*a215 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 222, 111, 121, 122, 152, 154, 155, 168, piceae 38, 46, 111, 127, 152, 244 223, 232, 235, 240. 187, 194, 207, 222, 223, 238, 244 pilifera 18, 19, 38, 43, 58, 111, pseuclotsugrae 32, 63, 78, 110, 126, (See also Ambrosia fungi, My- 152, 182, 205, 215, 219, 221, 223, 137, 187, 188,196, 230 cangial fungi, Bluestain fungi) 233 rzt fipennis ( = obeszcs) 75 Fungicide 102, 138, 195, 211 pI?tria?z?wlata 38, 104, 182, 221 terehrans 14, 93, 98 F7tsari?t??z20, 129, 157, 192 yaetztsi 95 vatens 134 clece?nellztlare 138 sagmatospora 242 Diaplts 154 java~zicz~rn244 sehrenkia?za 43, 134 Diets 9, 42, 61, 105, 108, 109, 113, lute?+itiu~~138 seticollis 48 118, 119, 158, 159, 160, 161,162, oxysporizim 104 sparsa 49 172, 173, 192, 239. sola?ri 9, 104, 113, 142, 143, 148, ste,zoceras 6, 30, 130, 216 Diniethylarsenic acid 39, 75, 94, 208 158, 159 tet~opii152, 205 Diplodin 221 triciizet?~??z104 tor?~losu37, 244 pinect 147 Gallery 7, 8, 12, 29, 37, 48, 49, 59, ~cl?ni46, 111, 182, 205 218 pitti 64, 61, 71, 76, 78, 79, 84, 93, 97, aariospora 38 zzatale?zsis 221 Ceratostome Lla 90, 91 101, 104, 106, 114, 115, 126, 131, Douglas-fir 32, 41, 44, 77, 110, 137. 134, 138, 139, 154, 156, 157, 158, coerzcleu 58 168, 187 ips 140, 221 189, 181, 185, 188, 197, 200, 206, Douglas-fir engraver beetle 177 210, 213, 214, 219, 221, 223, 226, piceae 127 Douglas-fir beetle 32, 63, 78, 110, 227, 231, 243, 244 piliferu 58, 221, 223 126, 137, 187. 188, 196, 230 pi.izi 153 GEiocZacli~t??~raseztuz 104, 244 Dryocoetes 48, 114 G.i?athofricft?cs plzt~ia?z~zttlatct221 atfabe?. 64 pseztdots?cgae 110, 137 retztszts 110, 197 confttsus 64, 141 stflcnt?rs 35, 77, 110, 197 Chaef omiztm jTizclic'ltm 149 pseudotsqcgae 137 Chcklara 99 G?lorimosehema ocellatellzcnz 151 Chcllaropsis 99 Elm 157 Grand fir 8, 27, 139, 168 Chytridiopsis tgpograpki 230 Endoeo~zidioph09-a coer?tlesce?zs 221 C;?-aphi~tn?9, 77, 90, 94, 99, 141, 148, Claclospo~itt~?~37, 120, 235 Endomycetales 22 217, 244 Morzacrosporium 22 Parasite 89, 130, 187, 206, 230 &jotza.~.thr.z~m157 Parenchyma cells 27: 60, 121, 122, fasciaturn 125, 231 132, 164, 199, 200, 238 sctrtellare 35, 62, 76 Pathogens 18, 19. 20, 28, 44, 53, 54, Hanse?aula 237 .Vo.lzilia 55, 87, 88, 89, 94, 98, 102, 103, capsulata 61, 126, 232, 235, 236 b?"~~nnea35, 76 114, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, holstii 61, 81, 232, 235, 236, 239 fermgirlea 35, 76 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, Hemlock 48, 176 Monterey pine 58, 141, 218, 219 146, 141, 151, 193,194, 208, 206, Homocle~adrum211 3Xountain pine beetle 39, 61, 63, 92, 216, 230, 231, 241, 244 Ha rrnisci?t?jrz 211 13-1, 136, 180, 185, 187, 199, 200, Hylaster Parthenogenesis 59, 106, 107, 161, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208,209, 170, 171, 173 nter 68 222, 223, 232, 235, 240 e?olxiculari.lts 68 Pe~rieiEli?tnz8, 16, 20, 129, 138, 142, 31utualism 9, 24, 82, 113, 158, 159, Nyleeoet~rs 144, 235, 244 160 citrintwz 244 dermestoicles 36, 49, 244 Mycangium 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, lrcgztbris 36 dee?a?-i.tbelzs15 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 36, 62, Hylesinus piniperda 127 sl~i.i2ztlosu?~15 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, M~jlurgops114 Peniopko.raa yiyantea 52 79, 80, 85, 106, 123, 124, 125, palliatus 68 Pesotum 46, 217 129, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, Pestaloxxia coffeieoka 138 Inclocryphalzrs 154 158, 174, 197, 212, 213, 214, 234, Phenols 19, 28, 43, 200, 203 Insecticide 39, 75, 94, 169, 193, 195, 235 Phialographiztm 217 208 gland ceIls 15, 63, 64, 85, 124, Phialophoropsis 22 Ipidae 36, 112, 154 125, 197, 212, 235 Phloem 13, 27, 28, 61, 68, 70, 82, 96, lpinae 154 mycangial fungi 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 123, 137, 140, 147, 184, 196, 199, Ips 48, 50, 114, 115, 185, 189, 239 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 36, 62, 201, 207 acu?ni?zatzcs 36, 68, 120 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, Phloem-yeast complex 61 av7tEszts 81, 97, 131, 239, 243 76, 77, 79, 80, 85, 96, 106, 123, Phloeomycetophagous insects (See calligraphus 97, 103, 239, 243 124, 125, 148, 154, 156, 158, 174, Bark beetles) confzcszts 134, 178, 187 212, 213, 214, 234, 235 Picea 48, 49, 50 enzn.i-giyzatzts 134 Mycetangium (See Mycangium) ubies 120 gralzdicollis 97, 131, 147, 218, 219, Mycetocytes 36 glazcca 25, 49 243 M?felophil?rs 114 engeEman?zi 48, 75, 94, 141 or-eyoni 48 mi?zoj- 36, 68 Pichia 79, 80, 104, 237 oregonis 134 Nematodes 89, 230 arnbrosiae 225 pi~i51, 83 Neohyorrhynchus 154 crossotarsi 23 po?zderosae 134 Nitrogen microspora 23 sezdentatzcs 116, 117, 118, 119, in fungi 5, 38, 112 pini 61, 81, 97, 140, 232, 235, 239 191 in insects 74, 112 xglopsoci 229 typoyraphzts 50, 120, 151 in wood 13, 26, 96, 184 Pine engraver beetle 51, 83 Isccria 53 Norway spruca 120 Pin-hole borers Isoptera 26 LVosema cte~zdrocto?zi230 (See Ambrosia beetles) Pine 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 60, 97, 102, Jeffrey pine 223 Nothofag7ts f?csca 65 120, 190, 211, 220, 221, 233, 243 Jeffrey pine beetle 134 Nutrition 3, 9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 38, 41, 42, 61, 68, 70, 72, 73, Pi?wrs f,u?cr?rs ?tobilis 84 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 100, 104, 112, caribea 169 Leptographiunz 167, 185, 217, 219 122, 123, 128, 129, 140, 148, 156, contorta 32 engelmannii 94 co?ztorta var. latifolia 61, 141, Iztndbergii 60, 114 179, 180, 185, 200, 201, 202, 203, tel-ebl-antis 14 204, 232 Letlxites saepiaria 52 de?zsiflora 153 Linlber pine 185 Oak 49, 84, 157, 174, 231 echi.ilata 86, 89 Lipids 30 (See also Sterols, Fatty Oak wilt 174, 181, 231 elliottii var, elliottii 86, 243 acids) Oedocephalzc?~,93, 206 flexilis 185 LobloIly pine 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, Oleoresin 43, 178, 187,188, 200, 207, jeffreyi 223 86, 93, 96, 98, 101, 131, 184 222 la?nberfiana 48 Lodgepole pine 32, 61, 141, 179, 180. Oocyte 170, 171, 173 ?~oitticolaGO, 167, 185 185, 200, 201, 202, 203, 201. 232 Oplziosto?na 99, 120, 211 ponderosa 32, 43, 44, 38, 49, 91, Lymexylidae 22, 69, 112 brzrn?zeo-citiatztm 191 92, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 168, Lyctidae 112 eoe~ztleum121 178, 185, 187, 207, 208, 209, 222, Ophgryocystis dendroeto?ri 230 233, 234, 240, 241 iI.Incrophowza sabi~ea219 Orthotornic~ls caelatfts 83 racliata 58, 147, 218, 219 MapIe 104, 244 resi??osn 115 Metar?.hixizom a?~isop?zliae98, 102, Pachgsoletz 237 s?jlvesfris 119, 120, 127, 152, 191, 143 Pacific silver fir 32 195 Mexican pine beetle 68, 102 Paecilotnl~ees 143, 157 tqeda 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 86, 93, 96, 98, 101, 131, 184 Resin 19, 27, 28, 102, 133, 169, 180, fhlcmberyii 153 188, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 222, Pitted ambrosia beetle 67 233 Pitdogenes 114 Resinosis 27, 133, 180, 188, 203, 204 Platypodidae 22, 33, 112, 154, 155, Rhixoctortia 104 228, 229 (See Ambrosia beetle) Root rot 92, 139, 168, 207 Platypus 65, 154 (See also Fomes, Arytzillu~ia) erxla??z.tcs 150, 154 Round-headed pine beetle 15, 39, 68, egli?zdrus 7, 36 102 226 exter?~erJenCafus198. 225, 226 Taber?zaenzo.i?tam ve?ztrieosa Taxonomy sampsorzi 225 Succharon8gces fungi 7, 14, 17, 20, 22, 31, 46, 48, sitlentus 84 pastori 126, 140 severini 150, 155 pilei 140 49, 50, 58, 77, 83, 84, 90, 95, 99, wz'lsoni 35, 76, 110 Saccharomycopsis synrzaedendra 153, 163, 167,185,198, 217, 242 Polygraphus rzrfipenyzis 25 226 yeasts 22, 23, 97, 104, 176, 177, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 236 Polyphenols 28 Scrtzi~oj~hyllumcnmmuzze 52 Potyporzts ponderostcs 223 Sclerocarya cckffra 224 Tea and coffee plant borers Ponderosa pine 32, 43, 44, 48, 49, Scolytidae 22, 34, 40, 68, 69, 154, roots 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 213, 91, 92, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 155, 228, 229, 230 214 168, 118, 185, 187, 207, 208, 209, Scolytus 36, 48 twigs 7, 33, 59, 105, 106, 108,109, 222, 233, 234, 240, 241 ??zuatistriatus 46, 54, 55 138 Poplar 157 tsuga 176 Tem?eochilia virescelzs var. chlorodia Poplctzts 157 zc?zispinosus 177 3 2 Powder post beetle 112 ve?ztraEis 8, 27, 35, 123, 124, 177, Tenebrionidae 15 Predator 32, 187, 206 206, 210 Termites 26 Pse~rdomo?ras142 Scol y toplatypzcs 154 Terpenes 28, 43, 52, 200, 203 ~erugi?zosa143, 145 Scopz~Eariopsis 143 Theobroma 157 f tzcoresce~zs143, 145 Seots pine 119, 120, 127, 152, 191, cacao 193, 194 99 Pseudotvlycangiun~15 195 Thielaviopsis Pseudopit?jopthorus 174 Se~ratia142, 144 Timberworms 22, 36, 49, 69, 112, przcitzosus 181 rna?.cesceyzs 55, 103, 143, 145 244 Pse?cdotsuga 177 Ship timberworms 69 TorzkEa 244 z?ze?zxiesii 32, 41, 44, 77, 110, 137, Shot-hole borers Torzclopsis dendrica 228 168, 187 ( See Xyleborzcs species) P~rllfrlaria 120, 211 Shortleaf pine 86, 89 insectalens 228 1,zcllans 121 Siricidae 69, 112 rte?nodelzdra 228 228 Six-spined engraver beetle 97, 103, philyla Qz~erczcs49, 157, 174 239, 243 silvatica 228 robur 84 Slash pine 86, 243 Trap trees 75, 94 ?.ltb?.a 231 Smaller European elm bark beetle Trichoclerma 142, 211, 235 lig??or?cn~20 Raffaelea 4, 7, 22 46, 54, 55 viricle 52, 220, 244 alr',irna?te?ts 198 Southern pine beetle 10, 11, 12, 13, Trich0spo.i-iicmsymbiotic~inz 35, 123, ccrrzbrosiae 7 16, 17, 45, 68, 70, 85, 86, 87, 88, 210 a~~xii198 89, 96, 97, 101, 142, 143, 144, T?*gpocle?~dro?~36, 41, 154, 157, 235 he?r?zebertii 198 145, 146, 166, 190 betzdae 1 su~ztoroi84 Sphaeropsidales 244 bivittatttnz 110 sulcati 77 Spicas-ia f ari?zosai; 151 ti?zeatzcnz 29, 31, 35, 71, 76,120 Rapa~zecr,~nela?zophloeos 226 Sporobolom?jces singularis 176 ?.etzlszlrm 1, 95 Red beech 65 Sporothriz 7, 16, 17, 99 ?.ttfitarsis 71 Red fir 210 schelzckii 6, 30, 130, 215, 216 Tszcga 4% Red oak 231 Sporotrichosis 6, 130 hete~oph?jllcc176 Red pine 115 Spruce 25, 48, 49, 50, 75, 94, 120, Tubereulariaceae 22 Red turpentine beetle 134 141 T?~bere~tla?-ieUa Reproduction Spruce beetle 39, 63, 75 a2nbrosiae 35, 76 conidia 6, 43, 46, 108, 130, 151, Spruce timber beetle 110 163, 213, 214, 217 Staph~lococcus170, 171 ips 191 of fungi 43, 46, 47, 87, 130, 151, Sterols 42, 113, 160, 161, 162 (See 163, 213, 214, 217 also Lipids, Fatty acids) of insects 9, 12, 25, 42, 72, 73, Striped ambrosia beetle 29, 31, 35, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,113,158, 71, 76, 120 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 171,172, Subalpine fir 48 173, 192, 194, 232, 239, 243 Sttezts 154 o5cyte activation 170, 171, 173 Sugar pine 48 parthenogenetic 59, 10G, 107, 161, Syn~biosis1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, Western balsam bark beetle 64, 141 170, 171, 173 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, Western pine beetle 35, 48, 53, 68, f
Barras, S. J., and T. J. Perry 19'75. Interrelationships anlong microorganisms, bark or ambrosia beetles, and woody host tissue: an annotated bibliography, 1965-1974. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La. 34 p. (USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-10) About 250 references, with comprehensive subject index. Additional keywords: Symbiosis, Coleoptera, Dend).octo?z2cs,coni- fers, bacteria, fungi.
Barras, S. J., and T. J. Perry 1975. Interrelationships among microorganisms, bark or ambrosia beetles, and woody host tissue: an annotated bibliograplzy, 1965-1974. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La. 34 $3. (USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. 80-10) About 250 references, with comprehensive subject index. Additional keywords: Symbiosis, Coleoptera, Derzd),octo~t~ss,coni- fers, bacteria, fungi.