U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service GeneraE Technical Report SO-10

intennel~tlonshlpshmonc; micRooRc;Anisms, BARK OR A~BROS~A~eetles, hnb wooby host tissue: an ~nnotatebs~slio~j~hphy, 1965-1974

S.J. Barras and T.J. Perry

Southern Forest Experiment Station Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture INfERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG MICROORGANISMS, BARK OR AMBROSIA , AND WOODY HOST TISSUE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1965-1974

S. J. Barras and T. J. Perry'

Of the many factors that influence the de- CVe have included pertinent literature pub- velopment of scolytids within woody hosts, the lished since Francke-Grosmann's 1967 review least understood are the interrelationships of "Ectosymbiosis in Inhabiting ." insects, microorganisms, and host trees. Only Papers published before 1967 but not included limited itzformation is available concerning the in her review are also cited. We have excluded biological, ecological, and physiological para- literature related to Dutch disease because meters of the associations, but the final result is of previous extensive reviews (Laut and Scho- the destruction of valuable timber resources. maker 1974, Peacock 1973) .2 Broad classes of symbiosis have recently been All articles and abstracts were examined in recognized but are still not fully understood. entirety-either as originally printed or as re- Sylnbissis here denotes not only direct interac- prints or copies. When available, abstracts of tions betxrreen insects and micrsorganisms but the papers were reviewed to determine their also refers to microorganism-woody tissue inter- suitability for this publication and were revised actions that often influence development or expanded to satisfy the requirements of an and survival. annotated bibliography. The entries and the in- By compiling this bibliography, we hope to dex are as comprehensive as possible to offer stimulate further research into these interrela- readers of various interests a system for identi- tionships, which must be comprehended before fying pertinent information. We hope that re- a thorough understanding of scolytid develop- searchers in diverse fields will find the biblio- ment is possible. The bibliography represents graphy useful. a collection of articles and abstracts from many We regret inadvertent omissions and would disciplines; the entries were compiled both dur- welcome having them called to our attention. ing our own research and after an extensive re- 1. Abrahamson, L. P., H-M Chu, and D. M. Norris. vie~r. 1967. SYMBIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS We included papers and abstracts about the BETWEEN MICROBES AND AMBROSIA biislom and physiology of specific microorgan- BEETLES. 11. THE ORGANS OF MICROBIAL isms (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi) associated TRANSPORT AND PERPETUATION IN TRY- PODENDRON BETULAE AND T. RETUSUM i-r~ithbark and ambrosia beetles and items con- (COLEOPTERA:\ - SCOLYTIDAE). Ann. Entornol. eerning the maintenance of these associations. Soc. Am. 60: 1107-1110. Also ineluded are papers about pathogenic as- i7lycarzgia were the pmthoracic-plezcral type and soeiatiotts, nutrition, and other biochemical in- resembled those of other Trypodendron species. teractions, &Iicrobial taxonomic papers are pre- Secretions released into the mycangiutn may co?z- tribute to ambrosia cell growth in sgmbiontic sented only to 13rovide information on the fungi. synonomy of organisms. -- -- 2 Laut, J. G. and M. E. Shornaker. Dutch elm disease-a bibliogra- I Barras is research entomologist and Perry is biological technician, phy. Colorado State Forest Service, Colorado State University. 95 Forest Servic-USDA, Southern Forest Experiment Station, - p. 1974. ville, La. The authors acknowledge the assistance of Michael Dunn Peacock, J. W. Research on chemical and biological controls for in preparing the bibliography and thank Dr. N. S. Whitney and elm bark beetles. Proc. IUFRO Meeting on Dutch Elm Disease. Dr. R. G. Wilkinson for reviewing the rnanuseript. St. Paul, Minn. (in press). 1973. 2. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1966. THE Describes a new , Raffaelea. R. ambrosiae XYCANGIA OF XYLOTERINUS POL1TUS from galleries of cylindrus is the lzcngus (SAY). Univ, Wisc. For. Res. Note 129, 4 p. originally described as Sporothrix sp. Also dis- Two distinct puirs of nzyea~tgiazcere fou~td in czisses the association betwee32 Ambrosiella xylebori adults. O?ze zcccs a protho~.acic-pleud type foztnd and Xyleborus compactus. only in females, and the otlzer opened into aid Ashraf, M.,and A. A. Berryman. 1969. BIOLOGY cavilies of bo f h sexes. OF SCOLYTUS VElVTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: 3. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1966, SYM- SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKING ABIES GRANDIS BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IN NORTHERN IDAHO. Melanderia 2: 1-23. PIICROBES AND AXBROSIA BEETLES. I. THE Aspergillus flavus u?zd Penicillium spa were iso- ORGASS OF XICROBIAL TRANSPORT AND latecl fronz parc~zt galleries a~zdEa?.oal mines. A. PERPETUATION OF XYLOTERISUS POLI- flavus was also isolated from dead Iarvue. It was TUS. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 87'7-880. not dete?.mi?zed if these fzcyzgi were suprophagous Reports more cletails abozct myca?zgia. Diffe.i.ent or erttomophugo~cs. fiilngi were isolated f?*o~p?/each type of nzycangia Baker, J, &I., and D. M. Norris. 1968. A COM- (see Abraha?nso?t and ~Vorris,No. 2 above). A PLEX OF FUNGI MUTUALISTICALLY IN- conzplex of fzr?tgi is involtjed i?z the ?z?ctritional VOLVED IN THE NUTRITIOK OF THE AM- utilixatio?~of .tzatzcral wood substrates. BROSIA XYLEBORUS FERRUGI- 4. Abrahamson, L. P., and D. M. Norris. 1969. SYX- NEUS. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 11 : 246-250. BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN Paired oral mycangia present itz both sexes of MICROBES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES. IV. stock cz~lturebeetles co?ztained a co?nplez of fungi, AMBROSIAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH yeast, a?zd bacteria. Fusarium solani was the domi- XYLOTERINUS POLITUS. J. Invertebr. Pathol. nant fzcngal syrnbiote, but a Cephalosporium sp. 14 : 381-385. and a Graphium sp. were also isolated. Each fungus Two primary ambrosia fungi from ~tzycangiaof grew as ambrosial propagules that either provided X. politus were isolated and described. One was nutrients not already present in the diet or con- czcltiicred from the oral mycangia of both male and centrated nzctrients essential to reproduction. female adults and was tentatively identified us a tzew species of Raffaelea. The other was from the Barras, S. J. 1967. THORACIC MYCANGIUM prothoracic-pleztral rnycangia of the female only OF DENDROCTONUS FROrVTALIS (COLE- and was not identified. OPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) IS SYNONYMOUS WITH A SECONDARY FEMALE CHARACTER. 5, Abrahamson, L. P., and ID. M, Norris. 1970. SYN- Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 486-487. BIONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN A transverse ridge or callus on the surface of the MICROBES' AND AMBROSIA BEETLES (CO- exoskeleton covers the ozcter wall of the mycangiurn LEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). V. AMINO ACIDS and extends arozcnd the pronotu?n like a collar. AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN TO THE FUNGI The myca?zgiwm is a useful female sex character IN THE BEETLE. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63: for callow and ?nature adults. 177-180. Nonprotei-r~acids in the adult female of Xyleborus Barras, S. J. 1970. ANTAGONISM BETWEEN ferrugineus were qzcalitatively similar to those in DENDROCTONU$ FRONTALIS AND THE most endopterygotes. Ps-oline, valine, ancl alanine FUNGUS CERATOCYSTIS MINOR. Ann. Ento- wefuethe major constituents in the free a?nino acid mol. Soc. Am. 63: 1187-1190. pool. The soluble peptide awd apnide portion con- 112 the laboratory, C. minor acting alolze was detri- tainecl relatively large qzcantities of threonine and mental to D. frontalis developwzent in loblolly pine valitze. Glycine was the ?nost abundant amino acid bolts. In natzcre, interactions of ofhe?. beetle-as- in the protei~residue. sociated microorganisms and C. minor may inhibit 6. Andrieu, S., J. Riguet, and S. Massamba. 1971. the antagonisnz. ETUDE IMMUNOLOGIQUE COMPAREE DE Barras, S. J. 1973. REDUCTION OF PROGENY SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII ET DES SOUCHES AND DEVELOPXENT IN THE SOUTHERN SAPROPHYTES VOISINES. [A COMPARA- PINE BEETLE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF TIVE IMAIUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPORO- SYMBIOTIC FUNGI. Can. Entomol. 105: 1295- THRIX SCHENCKII AND OF RELATED SAP- 1299. ROPHYTIC STRAINS.] Sabouraudia 9 : 206-209. In loblolly pine bolts, lack of mycangial fzcngi or Strains of fttngi with Sporothrix conidial arrange- of the nortnal co~~zplenze?ztof ?nyccttzgial and ecto- ntent were taken from h~~nzansporotrichosis or cler)?talflcngi caused a sig?zificaztt decrease in n2cm- f rotn natural habitats and were conzparecl by agar- ber of pvogen y, progeny per gallery, progeng per gel precipitation. Three st ruins fro?= natzcru l habi- cm of gallery, and ?.atio of increase. Initial emer- tats prodftced a Ceratocystis sex~lal form. C. gence of p?.ogeny zoas delayed 13 to 24 days. Ab- stenoceras is a perfect state of S. schenckii, zuhich sence of flcngi had no effect on the nzcwzber of ca7cses sporotrichosis. sxccessfzcl attacks, the length of ovipositionul gal- 7. Arx, J. A. von, and G. L. Hennebert. 1965. DEUX lery, and the number of egg niches pepa cm of CHAMPIGNONS AiPllBROS'IA. [TWO AX- gallery. BROSIA FUNGI.] Mycopathol. Xycol. Appl. 25 : 13. Barras, S. J., and J. D. Hodges. 1969. CARBO- 309-315. HYDRATES OF INNER BARK OF PINUS TAEDAAS AFFECTED BY DENDROCTONW longed growth on potato glucose agar, the fungzts FROiVTALIS AND ASSOCIATED IMICRO- produced a type of Ceratoeystis minor. ORGA&-ISMS. Can. Entornol, 101: 489-493. 18. Basham, H. G. 1968. PATHOGENICITY OF 6l21cose3f~ztctose, and sucrose were the o~lgsugars SOME BLUE-STAIX FUNGI IN THE GENUS detected i?z innet* bark treated zuith a southe?"iz CERATOCYSTIS. Phytopathology 58 : 1042. pine beetle-?~zicroorganis?7;1complex atzd two beetle- Abstract of paper for American Phytoputhological associated fzcnyi. C. minor caused ct 68 percent Society. Lobloll% were inoculated with paye deel-ease ;n redzccing szcgars after i'li days, but a cztftzc~esof Ceratocystis species. SevercrE pathogenic basidio?nycete ?ngcangiaf fte?tgus required 36 days isolates of C, ips, C, minor, C. montia, and C, jo cause a 6.4 percent ~.edecctiorz.A similar decrease pilifera caused a penetratirzg stain in sapwood and i-n suer-ose was observed. Res~ltsindicated that both killed trees. All except C, pilifera are associated fungi influenced the carbohgdrate pool available with pine bark beetles. Dye conduction tests re- to the insect, b~~tC, minor had a more rapid effect vealed no dye in stained sapwood of dead seed- on the 6:N ratio. lings. 14, Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1971. LEPTOGRAPH- 19. Basham, H. G, 1970. WILT OF LOBLOLLY PINE Iil7~Vc;l StEREBRANTIS SP. NOV. ASSOCIATED INOCULATED WITH BLUE-STAIN FUNGI WITEX DELVDROCTOLVL~S TEREBRANS IN OF THE GENUS CERATOCLISTIS. Phyto- LOBLOLLY PINE. &fycopathol, MycoI, Appl. 43: pathology 60 : 750-754. 1-10, Pathogenicity of C. ips, C. minor, C. montia, and A Leptographium furzgus associated with the black C. pilifera appeared related to their capacities to tzcrpenti?te beetle (D. terebrans) is described for penetrate livitzg sapwood. Blockage of water con- the fimt time. The nume Leptographium tere- dz~ctioncaused wilting. Vigol* of the saplings, as brantis sp. nozt. is proposed, measzc?*ed by crown class or stem diameter, appear- 15. Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1971. GLAND CELLS ed inve?-sely related to stcsceptibility to pathogenic AND FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PROTHO- isolates. A zone of phenols and resins was noted RACIC MYCANGIUM OF DElYDROCTONUS i?z the region of fungal invasio~zof resistant trees ADJUA7CTUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- but not in trees killed by the fungi. DAE) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64 : 123-126. 20. Batra, L. R. 1963. ECOLOGY OF AMBROSIA Females have n well-developed ;~lzgeangiumand FUNGI AND THEIR DISSEMINATION BY males, a pse~~domycangiu?n.Two types of gland BEETLES. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 66: 213-236. cells were associated with the ~zyca?zgizc?~z:one had Discztsses ?nycangia as repositories for plant an efferent cz~ticula?.tubule previously zcnreported pathogens and the ?-ole of the ambrosial mass in but similar to Te~ebrionidaede f eyzsive gland cells ; insect nut? ition. Alnbrosia fungi were associated the other was a columnar cell found previously with 20 beetle species. Both the specific and domi- with other mycangia. A Vertieicladiella sp. near $tarit awzb rosia f ung-2cs and propagative bodies of huntii was contained by 60 percent of the fe?nale nonspecific f zcngi were present in insect tunnels. rnycangia bzct toas not associated with the male &i!ost foreign fungi were the yeasts and yeast allies pseltdo~~tycangia.Penicillium decumbens, P. spinu- Ceratocystis spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus, losurn, and yeasts were associated with both males Penicillium, and Trichoderma lignorum. Ambrosia am1 f enzcrles. fzcngi were stored in nzycangia during hibernation 16. Barras, S. J., and T. Perry. 1972. FUNGAL SYM- ancl disseminated during burrowi?zg in early spring. BIONT'S' IN THE PROTHORACIC MYCANG- Anzbrosia cells from ttennels and nzycangia of re- IUM OF DEhWROCTONU FRONTALIS (CO- lated beetles were morphologically similar but showed cultural differences. Linzited nzultiplication LEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Z. Angew. Ento- mol. 71 : 95-104. of fungi occzcrred i?z the mycangia of some beetles. A32 ~ndescribeclSporothrix and a busidiomycete 21. Batra, L. R. 1966. AMBROSIA FUNGI: EXTENT were the predominant fu~zgiin the attacking fe- OF SPECIFICITY TO AMBROSIA BEETLES. male. Other microof-ganisms such as Ceratocystis Science 153 : 193-195. minor, Penicillium spp., and geasts mag occasion- Beetles may feed on more tha~one species. Yeast- ally occur in callozo adults, but only yeasts were like awtbrosia propugz~lesin the mycangia are from still present in attacking beetles. The chemical conidin artd ascospores picked up by callow adults regime of the mgcangizcm selecti.t.elg favot-s Sporo- while ijz the tzc~.2nels. thrix sp. and the basidiomyce te. Sporothrix isolate 22* Batra, L, R. 1967, ARIEBROSIA FUNGI : A TAXO- is cc highly ntodified afzascigerous form of Cera- NOMIC REVISION, AND NUTRITIONAL tocystis. STUDIES OF SOME SPECIES. Mycologia 59: Barras, S. J., and J, J. Taylor. 1973. VARIETAL 976-1017. CERATOCYSTIS ~WILVORIDENTIFIED FROM Provides kegs to genera and species of all known MYCANGIUM OF DEiWROCTONUS FRON- ambrosia fzcngi associated with ambrosia beetles. TALIS. Mycopathol. et Mycol. Appl. 50: 293-305. The ambrosia phase occurs in insect tzcnnels and A cletailecf d~scriptiowof the ftcngus and a dis- mgcangia of Scolytidae, Platypodidae, and Lg- cussio?il, of its symbiotic relationship to the insect, mexylidae (Coleopteraj. Primary ambrosia fungi A fzkngus in the adttlt fentale produced an anasci- belong to fotcr gelzera of Tuberculariaceae (Am- gerolcs Sporothrix sp. i'~?~cla~ious media. After p~o- brosiella, Raffaelea, Monacrosporium, and Phial- ophoropsis) und two of Endo?ngcefales ( Ascoidea J~LE~ZES.Failure of f he hy~icrsc?tsifivif y .t*eaction and Endomycopsis 1. catcses ~tzussive~zecr-osis of lzost tisszee c~rtclwzag kill Batra, L. R, 1971. TWO NEW HE&fIASCO&IY- the free. CETES: PICHIA CROSSOTARSI AND P. '9.11- 29. Bevan, D. 1962. THE AMBROSIA BEETLE OR CROSPORA. Itlycologia 63: 994-1001. PINHOLE BORER TRYPODENllrIZOAV LILVEA- Gives cultztrul and ta3-onomic characteristics of TL7itI OL. Scot. For. 16: 94-99. two 9te.z~-species founcl in association ruifh the am- Irz co.itife?. logs of wester~zScotland, the u3nbrosia brosia beefle Grossotarsus wollasto~lif rorn Kakana- Jungzrs (tcniclerttif iecl) that l_i7*ovidesfood for the kote, Birysore, Ikldia. The yeasts may be an auxiliary brood is i~ocztlatecl:i~zto tzcnszels by the female at source of ~?atritio?z.Cztlftcral ancl faxo.tto~~icchar- the time of gufie?*lj consfrzcction. The originalirg acteristics of the geasts are prese~fed. white 9tzgceiium tztrns blaek in the entruzzce urzd 24. Batra, L. R. 1972. ECTOSYMBIOSIS BETWEEN wzai?~t?tlt~?zei: after the eggs hutch; then fhe Inrtqal AXBROSIA FTJSGI AND BEETLES-I. Ind. J. niches eharzye cola>*. FolTot4;ing plcpution, te~zclTi.tzg Mycol. Plant Pathol. 2 : 165-1 69. pa)-ezzts leave, hating kept the gallerg cleax for Reviews previozcsly described associatiotzs betweer1 Zaruae bg cropping buck fhe fungus. ambrosia beetles artd fzcnyi. Describes pri??zarg a?zd 30. Bikvre, C. de, and C. Jourd'huy. 1971. ETUDE auxilia~yambrosia f zt-agi ctvecl discusses specificity CO31PARATIVE DES PHOSPHOLIPIDES DE of associations. Ectosymbiosis I-epresents a mu- PLUSIEURS SOUCHES DE CERATOCYSTIS tzralistic ttzode of life where one symbiont canszot STENOCERAS ET DE SPOROTHECIX SCHEN- live zuitholtt the other. CKII. [CO&fPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PHOS- 25. Beanlands, G. E. 1967. THE EFFECTS OF BARK PHOLIPIDS FROM SEVERAL FORXS OF C, MOISTURE ON POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNZS STEXOCERAS AND OF S. SCHErVCKII.] C. R, (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ADULTS Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D. 278 : 53-55. AND THEIR DEVELOPING BROODS. Can. Characterizes pltospholipids from several forms of Entornol, 99 : 561-564. C. stenoceras (wild and tnutalzt sources) and S. Adlclts a~dinztxatzcre stages reared in white schenckii. Phospholiljid eompositio?zs indicate simi- bark with high rnoisture levels had decreased sur- larity betwee?%tlze two species. ALL fungal stocks vival ancl rate of develop?nent after 40 days. High contaitzed curdiolipi?~,pltosphatidylethanolamir~e, moistztre ,nay have increased fu??gal growth and phosphatidyl N ~~zethyletha?zofai~zine,phospfzati&gl- the rate of bark decomposition. serine, phosphatidylcholine, Eysophosphatidyie- 26, Becker, G. 1971. PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLU- thanola~ni?ze, and IgsophosphutiCI~lcholi'Yze. The ENCES ON I4'00D-DESTROYING INSECTS qcilcl source (nsigerozcs) of C, stenoceras (1013) OF ?V00D COMPOUNDS AND SUBSTANCES co)ztained some plzospkatidyli?zositol; anasigerous PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS. Wood Sci. ?nzcta?zts (parasitic and ~zonparasitic) and S. and Technol. 5 : 236-246, schenckii did not. Describes reactions of various species of Coleop- 31. Bletchly, J. D., and M. G. White. 1962. SIGNIFI- fe~aand Isoptera to attractive or repellent com- CANCE AND CONTROL OF ATTACK BY THE pounds in wood species or substances produced by AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDROX LIM- fz~zg;. Insect ~zutritioncleperzds on woocl nitrogefz EATII'AI (OLIV.) (COL. SCOLYTIDAE) IN cowzpoz~nds,which call be increased by tlze presence ARGYLLSHIRE FORESTS. Forestry 35 : 139- of fungi. 163. 27. Berryman, A. A. 1969. RESPONSES OF ABIES Parent beetles introduce spores of specialized fztngi GRANDIS TO ATTACK BY SCOLYTUS VEN- where eggs are laid to provide the major part of TRALIS (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE). Can. brood 1?ztt~*itio7z.Fz~~gi ca?z su~viveonly when wood Entomol. 101: 1033- 1041. reynains green. In processed logs, both fztngi and Resistayzt trees produced seco.t~da~*yresi?z i?z cells larvae die as tir?zbe?-dries. of the phloewz ljare?zchy?.tzaand f armed callzts tissue 32. Borden, J. H., and N. XcClaren. 1970. BIOLOGY and iraunzatic resin cavities at the cu?.pzbiztm- OF CRYPTOPORUS VOLTATUS (PECK) sapwood i?zterface. Vztkzerable trees had limited SHEAR (AGARICALES, POLYPORACEAE) resi~zosisthat cozclcl ?lot preverzf invasion by the IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUBfBIA: i~sect-f 7e?!g?ts corrtplea.. DISTRIBUTION, HOST SPECIES, AND RE- 28. Berryman, A. A. 1972. RESISTANCE OF CONI- LATIONSHIP WITH SUBCORTICAL INSECTS. FERS TO INVASION BY - Syesis 3 : 145-1 54. FUNGUS ASSOCIATIOXS. BioScience 22 : 598- 0cctri.s pr-i?nal.ity zuhere anzual ?*ainfall is less 602. tha~t60 i~zches. Main host trees a)-c Pseudotsuga Discztsses irzaitzlg tceste,.)~bark bectlcs with Eiwzitecl rnenziesii CL~Z~Pinus ponderosa, bztt the fzcngz~szcas itrfor~rzntio?ton ~nycartgia. Infectio?~of tke inner also fo7old on Pinus contovta adAbies amabilis, bark ot. cambizt??z prodztces ct ?*esisiarzt 01' hgpcr- zofiich is a 3zezc: host record. Cotk oceztrrence a~zd settsifiue i-eactio-rl cazcsi-lzg a ~~'ozirzdlje?-iderm to clensif g were stro?zylg correlateci with Dozrglas-fir for?^ ctro?t?td flze tzeerotic lesiorr. Resista?lt trees beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) attacks orz ??zag produce contpoi.tnds toxic to fmgi (turpenes, lzost trees the previofts year. Ten~nochilavirescens polyphenor's). Callfts fort?zatiorzs eonfnirz tratcmafic vet?.. chlorodia, n lit-ecfator of szcbcorfieal irtseets, is i.esit2 ca1ln1.s or cnztifies fha f ex.entually c?tt.fait the ~)t.obctb/ya veefoz* of C. volvatus. 33. Brader, L. 1965. BETEKENIS VAN DE AM- Abttndant perithecia resztlted whe~the ratio of BROSIA-SCHIMNEL V00R DE ORTTWIKKEL- nitrogen in asparagine and calciurn nitrate mi%- IN6 VAX XYLEBORUS COLZIPACTCS EICHH,, tures was 1 :3, The fztngus can z~CiEixenitrate tzitro- DE ZWARTE TAKKENBOORDER VAN ICOF- gen when an organic ~zitrogensource fikrnishirtg FIE (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE). [IX- an amino or amide group is available for the PORTAPU'CE OF AXBROSIA FUNGI FOR THE f ormatio~tof essen tiaE amino acid precursors. C. DEVELOP3fEXT OF XYLEBORUS COrWPAC- pluriannulata, C, piceae, 6. pilifera, atzd C. ips TUS EICHH,, THE BLACK COFFEE TWIG ~rodzhcedmore pe3-ithecia orL the asparagis~ze-nit~.ate BORER.] Entomol. Ber. 25: 32. medium than on the asparagke or calciu?~z?titrate Biology, syqnbiosis. media; C, coerulescens p.i-odueed fewer perithecia 34, Bright, D, E., Jr. 1968, REVIEW OF THE TRIBE than the others, XYLEBORINI IN Ahi'EERICA NORTH OF 39. Chansler, J, F., and D. A. Pierce. 1966. BARK XEXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). Can. BEETLE MORTALITY IN TREES INJECTED Entomol. 100 : 128S1323. WITH CACODYLIC ACID (HERBICIDE). J. All are ambrosia beetles. Adults bore into woodg Econ. Entomol, 59 : 1357-1359. tissues of host j731ants and feed on the ambrosial Fast acting herbicides containing cacodglic acid fangi lirtiqtg tunnel walls. Co?ziferozisand decidz~ou~ (dimethylarsenic acid) significantlg reduced broods trees and shrubs of all sixes are attacked. of Dendroctonus adjunetus, D. obesus, and D. 35. Bright, D. E., Jr., and R. W. Stark. 1913. THE ponderosae in natztrally infested trees. The chemi- BARK AND A3IBROSIA BEETLES OF CALI- cat was injected directly into the sap stream near FORNIA. COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE AND ground level. Application was made soon after PLATYPODIDAE. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 16, the attack before most of the eggs had hatched. 169 p. TJniv. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Limited i~zformationon the following beetle-fu~gus 40. Chapman, J. A. 1965. A REVIEW OF THE RE- LATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FUNGI AND associations : Platypus wilsoni-Tuberculariella ambrosiae, Scolytus ventralis-Trichosporium sym- SCOLYTID BEETLES-A SUMMARY. Pages bioticum, Dendroctonus brevicomis-blue stain fun- 32-38 in Proc. 13th West. Int. For. Dis. Work gus, Trypodendron lineatum-Nonilia ferruginea, Conf., Kilowna, B. C. Xyleborus dispar-ambrosial fungus, X. saxeseni- Brieflg reviews bark and anzbrosia beetles known ambrosial fungzbs, Monarthrum scutellare-Monilia to have specific associatio?zs with microorganisms and shows need for more information. The sym- brunnea and Gnathotrichus sulcatus-a~abrosial biotic relationship between the ambrosia beetle and f ~12gg'~s. its fungus should be demonstrated by removing 36. Buchner, P. 1965. ENDOSYMBIOSIS OF ANI- the fungus from the insect and szcbsequentlg re- MALS WITH PLANT MICROORGANISMS placing it. The relationship between bark beetles (TRANSL. FROM GERMAN). 909 p. John Wiley and blue stair2 fungi is not presently understood. and Sons, Inc., New York. Reviews and updates early literature of insect- 41. Chapman, J. A., S. H. Farris, and J. M. Kinghorn. fu~zgzcs transmission devices and insect-associated 1963. DOUGLAS-FIR SAPWOOD STARCH IN symbionts. Discusses Coleopterous bark-boring RELATION TO LOG ATTACK BY' THE AM- beetles Myelophilus minor, Ips acuminatus, Try- BROSIA BEETLE, TRYPOLIEXDRON. For. Sci. podendron, Xylosandrus, Anisandrus dispar, Xyle- 9 : 430-439. borus fornicatus, X. mascarensis, X. pfeili, Hyle- Both attacked and unattacked logs contain little or coetus dermestoides, H. lugubris, Platypus cylind- tzo starch. Immature and adult beetles feed pri- rus, Scolytus and Dendroctonus. The bacterial sym- tnarily on a symbiotic fzingus, which utilizes starch, bionts in mgcetocgtes of the Ipidae showed sigtzifi- sugars, or other nutritional substances in wood cant for~n dif f erences that varied according to cells. Discusses assumption that beetles have mgcetocyte location. evolved a behavior pattern for selecting logs suit- 37. Butin, R., and G. Zimmerman. 1972. ZWEI NEUE able for fungal growth. HOLZVERFXRBENDE CERATOCYSTIS-ART- 42. Chu, H-M, D. M. Norris, and L. T. Kok. 1970. EN IN BUCHENHOLZ (FAGUS SYLVATICA PUPATION REQUIREMENT OF THE BEE- L.). [TWO NEW WOOD STAIN CERATOCYS- TLE, XYLEBORUS FERRUGINEVS : STEROLS TIS-ARTEN IN BEECHWOOD (FAGCS SYL- OTHER THAN CHOLESTEROL. J. Insect VATICA L.) .] Phytopathol. Z. 74 : 281-287. Physiol. 16 : 1319-1387. Description of two new species isolated from gal- Aposgmbiotic insects that utilized cholesterol or leries of Xyloterus domesticus. C. bacillospora sp. lanosterol as the sole sterol source for producing nos. is eharacte.l-ixed by rocl-shaped spores; C. eggs and i~zitiallarval growth failed to pupate torulosa sp. now, is similar to C. distorta, but sizes durirtg consecutiz?e broods. When ergosterol or 7- of useospores and Cladosporium-like conidia differ. dehydrocholesterol was the onlg sterol source, in- Both ascomyeetes cause light brown discoloration sects consistently produced normal progeny. The af beechwood. insect feeds naturally on sgmbiotie fungi that eon- 38. Campbell, R. N. 1958. NUTRIENT REQUIRE- taia ergosterol. Lzlmisterol and vitamins D, and D, XER'TS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PERI- were antagonistic to progelzy 23roduction and sur- THECIA BY CERATOCYSTIS VARIOSPORA vival. At the C,, positio~z, the three chenticals AND OTHER SPECIES: Am. J. Bot. 45: 263-270. differed from acceptable ste~ols. 43. Cohb, I?. W., Jr., M. Krstic, E. Zavarin, and H. ?Y. and otlzer conifers. The fifth species, C. seticollis, Barber, Jr. 1968. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF zoas isolnted only o~rce-fronz arnbrosia beetle gal- VOLATILE OLEORESIN CO3IPONEKTS ON le~iesi2z a JZe~~tlocksttcrttp. FOflIES ANXOSUS AXD FOUR CERATOCYS- 49. Davidson, R. I%'. 19'71. NEW SPECIES OF CERA- TIS SPECIES, Phytopathology 58 : 1327-1335. TOCYSTIS. Mycolgia 63 : 5-15. Co)zstit?ee?ztsf om ponclerosa pine oleo?-esir~?*educed Five weye isolated: Ceratocystis fr~ancke-grosman- gs-owth of C, minor, C. schrenkiana, C. pilifera, niae from larval galleries of Hylecoetus dermes- anti F. annosus, b~tt12ot of C. ips. Colony character, toides i~ f ~o2nGci-malty, C, olivaceapini from piymentutio~t,and spo~ulatiorzwere also affected. Dendroctonus sp. orz po~zcl~rosupines i?z Arizona 'l.t'l.tThenfunlgi were ~emoveclfrom vapors othe?. tl.tart and Ne?c t.Ilrle,cico, C, distorta from nmb~osiu.beetles fiepta~xe,the colonies y~ew.rtortnallg. Inhibitio.1-cwas occasionally infesting spruce and fir in North someti.mes greater whcm eo?~rponerztswe?-e incor- America, C, gossypina fro??z insect galleries in porateci in the st~bstrate.Effects on spore germi- pines from ,Vorth America, a?zd C. sparsa fro932 rzafio?~were not as great as orz germ tz~beelonga- barlc b~etlegalleries in white spruce from Alaska. tion. Terl2ene conzpo~ze~zts?taay in f lzcence tree re- Ceratocystis gossypina vay. robusta teas isolntecl sistance to infectiotz, esl?ecialIg i?.t coxjunctio?z with f ?*o~zinsect-in fested pine in southern New Mexico. accztm~tlafiorzof phenols. 50. Davidson, R. %Ti., H. Franclte-Grosmann, and A. 44. Cobb, F. W., Jr., and %Y.D. Platt. 1967. PATHO- Ktiarik, 1967. A RESTUDY OF CERATOCYSTIS GENICITY OF VERTICICLADIELLA WAGE- PELVICILLATA AND REPORT OF TWO NERII TO DOUGLAS FIR. Phytopathology 57: AMERICAN SPECIES OF THIS GENUS FROM 998-999. EUROPE. Mycologia 59 : 928-932. F?tngaE iso fates f ronz Dozcglus-f ir arzd po?zderosu C. penicillata front Ips typographus zvas different pi?ze ca?t infect seedlitzys of both species. Severe from both C. europhioides and C. huntii. C. bieolor foliage discoloration was noted in pirze. The xylem was isolated from Ips-infested spruce logs near discoloration pattern tends to follow the annual Stoeklzolm, Swedert. ri9zgs vertically a~dtangentially, b?-ct .rtot radially as do bllce-stailt fungi. 51. Davidson, R. W., and R. C. Robinson-Jeffrey. 1965. 45. Coulson, R. N., T. L. Payne, J, E. Coster, and M. W. NEW RECORDS OF CERATOCYSTIS EURO- Houseweart. 1972. THE SOUTHERN PINE BEE- PHIOIDES AND 6. HUNTII WITH VERTI- TLE DENDROCTOrVUS FRONTALIS ZIMM. CICLADIELLA IMPERFECT STAGES FROM (COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) 1961-1971. CONIFERS. Myeologia 57 : 488-490. Tex. For. Serv. Publ. 108, 38 p. Gives e,rtemhzl ranyes fo~the species and presents Reviews 11 refe?.ences o?z microbes. further records fo?. associatiorz of C. huntii wit!% Ips pini and Dendroetonus species. 46. Crane, J. L., and J. D. Sehoknecht. 1973. CONIDIO- GENESIS IN CERATOCYSTIS hTL~tlI,CERA- 52, DeGroot, R. C. 1972. GROWTH OF WOOD-IN- TOCI'STIS PICEAE, AND GRAPHIU2CI PENI- HABITING FUNGI IN SATURATED ATMO- CILLIOIDES. Am. J. Bot. 60: 346-354. SPHERES OF MONOTERPENOIDS. Mycologia Establishes the yzew hypomgcete genus Pesotum 64 : 863-870. for C, ulnli (associated with Seolytus multistriatus) Three quood-decay fztngi (Lenzites saepiaria, a~zd6. piceae, based on their corzidial states. Re- Peniophora gigantea, and Sehizophyllurn corn- jects the leetotype specimen Graphium peni- nlune) , one blue-stain fungus (Ceratocystis minor), cillioides as the conidial state. alzd one dczttero.~?2ycete(Triehoderma viride) were 47. Curtis, C. R. 1967. RESPONSE OF FUNGI TO grow?z iyz l-a-pinene, d-a-pinene, I-limo?zene, d- DIURNAL TEMPERATURE EXTREMES. Na- limonene, p-cymene, dl-eanzphene, mgcrene l-P- ture 213 : 738-739. ??inerze, and terpi?zolene. C. minor was inhibzted Several species were treated to clizcr?zul tempera- the least by all but p-cyfnene (not present in living tures of -94°C to 23 i: 2°C for 35 days to si??tulate pines) and terpi7zolene; T. viride was inhibited the ilrlartiu?~extremes. The Ceratocystis spp. showed most. ivatzcral selection for terperze-tolerarzt vari- ?r?ogrowtlz on soil plates dzcriny testing but after- azts of the fttngi may occur. D-a-pinene li?nits zvurds developed on potato dextrose agar at 25°C irzvusion of southerrt pine sapwood by C. minor. and did not differ morphologically frowz stock 53. DeMars, C. J., Jr., D. L. Dahlsten, and R. W. cztltures. Names no speeies. Stark, 1970. SUVIVORSHIP CURVES FOR 48. Davidson, R. ?Y. 1966. NEW SPECIES OF CERA- EIGHT GENERATIONS OF THE WESTERN TOCYSTIS FRO31 CONIFERS. 3fycopathol. My- PINE BEETLE IN CALIFORNIA, 1962-1965, col. Appl. 28: 273-286. AND A PRELIMINARY LIFE TABLE. Pages Fozw of five new species were associated with bark 134-146 i.p?, Studies of the Population Dynamics of beetles : Ceratocystis abioearpa f row galleries of the Western Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus brevico*zis Ips sp, in Engelmann spruce und Dryoeoetes sp. LeConte (Coleopetera : Scolytidae) . Edited by R. ilz s~tbalyi?zefir; C. nigrocarpa irz logs infested W. Stark and D. L. Dahlsten. Univ. Calif. Div. with ScoIytus sp., on late larvae of Dendroctonus Agrie. Sei., Berkeley. brevieomis isz ponderosa pine logs, and on ctduEts of Diseased ixsects were tzot prevalent, bzct Beauveria I. oregoni; C. Ieucocarpa i.~z.Ips yatler-ies in sugar bassiana and a12 Isaria sp, were isolatecl fronz dead pine und it? dead go.rzderosu pine; and C. minuta- larvae amd 31tag have caused some of the zcnex- hicolor ill Ips spp. galle?.ies irz spmce, firs, pines, 54. Doane, C. C. 1959. REACVERIA BASSIAXA AS Eggs are laid over an eztemded period, and larvae A PATHOGEN OF SCOLYTII'S 1TII;'LTISTRI- feed orz an arnbrosia fu?zgus that grows on gallery ATEIS. Ann, Entornof. Soc, Am, 52 : 109-111. wails a~zdthat develops eonzmzcnally with eggs alzd &fost freqzcentfy eencoz.tvztered pathoge~z. Infected pupae. up to 6.5 percent of overwintering larvae in trees 60. Eusebio, M. A. 1968. GROWTH OF FIVE STAIN- killed 97 percepzt af the la?-.cueitz orze epixootic. ING FUXGI AND STAIN DEVELOPMENT IN In the laboratory, 99 percent of the larvae died in PINE SAP'CVOOD. Philipp. J. For. 20: 69-91, 5 dttgs. Esti~zatedopti~nzznz tenzpei'atztres for growth on 55. Doane, C. C. 1960. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ~naltagar ct.-gzd blocks of white pirte were 24" C for OF SCOLYTES i?fli'L;TISFRIATUS NARSHAM Ceratocystis coerulea, Leptcgraphiun~lundbergii, AS RELATED TO CROWDING. J. Insect Pathol. Alternaria tenuis, arzd Cytcspora pini, ancl 28; C for 2 : 24-29, Ceratocystis ips, Fztngi de ueloj~ed primarily i~z Orze f o fotcr "last sta ye larvae" per ztiziC space ,zue?-e pareytchy?na cells, bzct at the rcty crossi~zg,the my- colzfi~eclon bark treated with Serratia marcescens celium, passed throz~ghthe pare?iclz?~z?zawalls and or sterile water. Mortality increased with nzc?nber through pits irc the adjacent tracheids to reach of larvae per zcnit space in botfz treated and 26%- the lu??ze?zs. treated bark. U~itreatedlarvae ztszcally died from 51. Farmer, L. J. 1965. THE PHLOEM-YEAST COM- bacteria already on the integziment. In 3 days, PLEX DTJRING INFESTATIONS OF THE nzortality of treated la~vae(4 per zcrzit space) was XOTJNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN LODGEPOLE 92 perce~t,artd cont~olru~o~tality was ctbout 60 PINE. Diss. Abstr. 26: 1304-1305. percent. Two other bactel-la, Aerobacter scolyti A phZoem-yeast complex i?zcluding at Least four and Escherichia klebsiellaeformis, euzcsed corn- species cognprises food for decelopi?zg Larvae of paruble ??%o?-talityin identical tests. Dendroctonus ponderosae. Eco9zomicalLy danzaging 56. Dowding, P. 1969. THE DISPERSAL AND SUR- outbreaks of the beetle will ?zot occur without the VIVAL OF SPORES OF FUNGI CAUSING complex, since larvae feed only in yeast-infected BLUESTAIN IN FINE. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. areas. Yeasts may rapidly convert host ~naterial 52: 125-137. to simpler molecztles, such as amino acids and Airborne dispersal is probably ?zot responsible for vitamins, needed in the larval diet. Eight yeast most infectiolts. Cofzidia of Ceratoeystis spp. (in- were isolated from the lodgepole pine-mountain cludi2zg C. minor) were rarely dislodged from pi~ebeetle complex: Hansenula holstii and Pichia ttzeir sticky heacls by dry a& cur?-ents but were pini, found in phloem and o?z larvae; H. capsulata, readily dislodged by and carried on ntist and splash Endomycopsis scolyti, Candida tenuis, and C, ru- droplets. Ascospores were carried 0?2& as large gosa fou.?c?din phloetn only; arzd C. silvicola and C. discrete nzasses in a few splash droplets. Conidia curvata, associated with the beetle in California. sez~aratedin zuater bzit lost viability rapidly on 62. Farris, S. H. 1965. REPOSITORIES OF SYM- ezposure to sunlight, ultraciolet light, and hu- BIOTIC FUNGUS IN AMBROSIA BEETLE midities below 95 percent r.k. An outer shell of MOLVARTNRUM SCUTELLARE LEC. (COLE- dp-ied spores and nzzccilage protected the inner mass OPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Proc. Entornol. Soc. of spores f~owzdesiccation a?zd provided some pro- B.C. 62 : 30-33. tection f rowz irradiation. Adult f emales transport symbiotic f zcngi in mg- 57. Dowding, P. 1970. COLONIZATION OF FRESH- cangia, which are elzlargement of the forecozal LY BARED PINE SAPWOOD SURFACES BY cavities similar to those described by Batra (1963) STAINING FUNGI. Trans. Br. Nycol. Soc. 55: for other member-s of the genus. Male beetles do 399-412. ?tot have these structures. Ceratosystis spp. (including C. minor) p~~oduced 63. Farris, S. H. 1965. A PRELIMINARY STUDY few air-borne spores. Most transmission to host OF SIYCANGIA IN THE BARK BEETLES, tissz~eis by avcimal vectors-often bark beetles. DENDROCTONUS YONDEROSAE HOPK., Spores ?,.zzcst be carried into sites protected from DENDROCTONUS OBESUS MANN,, AND rcltr-aviolet 2 ight a?zd desiccation. DENDROCTONCS PSEVDOTSUGAE HOPK. 58. Eckersley, A. N. 1934, SOHE SAP-STAINING Can. Dep. For. Bimon. Prog. Rep. 21(5) : 3-4. ORGANISMS OF PINUS RADIATA, D. DON, Notes fzcngoid rnaterial at variozcs locations on the IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. Proc. R. Soc. Vic- body of acl~clts,zcszcally ipz the teneral stage. My- toria 46 : 179-194. ca~tgiahurl, no associated gland cells or ?nucus Describes two fo?-ms of Ceratostomella (== Cera- secretions. tocystis) that rptay link the America?~C. pilifera 64. Farris, S. H. 1969. OCCURRENCE OF MY- zgith the Europea~zC, coerulea, both of which ?nay CANGIA IN THE BARK BEETLE DRYOCO- be ztctriants of the sutnc species, C. coerulea. ETES CONFCSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- 59. Enttvistle, P. F. 1964. INBREEDING AND AR- DAE). Can. Entomol. 101: 527-532. RHENOTOKY IN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE First record of mycanyia i?z the genzcs Dryocoetes. XYLEBORUS GOf34PACTUS (EICHH.) (GO- Both sexes co-rztained puired oral pouches between LEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE) . Proc. R. Entomol. the base of the rrza-rzdibEes and the ventral terztorial Soc. Lond. Series A. 39 (4-6) : 83-88. arI?z. Stccining showed fzbngoid material in pouches Galle?*iesare initiated by silzgle adult females and but ?to associated gln?td cells. A related species, differ in form. clccordi?zg to host plant species, D, affaber, showed ?zo fu?zgal pouches. The pres- enee of mycangia in both sexes enszcres inoculutiorz 70. Franklin, R. T. 3970. OBSERVATIOKP\TS ON THE of feeding tun~zeland egg galleries. BLUE STAIN-SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE RE- 65. Faulds, W. 1973. DISCOLOURATION ASSOCI- LATIONSHIP. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 5: 53-57. ATED WITH PLATYPUS IVOUNDS IN LIVING ReEationslzip betwcen bizae-stairz fungi and soutfi- NOTHOFAGUS FUSCA. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 3: ern pi.rze beetle is ~otbejzeficial to beetles reared 331-341. in u labo~atory.La~vae made elongate 2ni~tesand Stai3xing mag be ct tisee resj?onse lo toxic szcbsta?zces dicl not g~owiri the bl~ce-stainedirtner bark. Parent ljroduced by the ?-rtieroorgazzisi-rzs. Two f xngi from beefles avoided stai??ed areas zchen ~?ossible,though insect t7rnzel.s i?? red (Ceratocystis sp, and ovil>ositio'~tdid nod appecir uf f ected. 0f over 190 Endomycopsis platypodis) and a nonsporzcluting egg niches, o?-zly42 larvae ?natured and transforrrzect fun gus isolated fromz lzeurb y tutznels, caused stai-fis iizto beetles. F?c?zyi way ?.educe nfctritive value of wh @?ti?zoczklated i?tdo cl~illeclholes ?.esenzbEitzy ifzsect inpzer bark and may even be toxic or repelfe~tto attack. Le~tgthof stains varied with ?xiel-oorga?a- Icc?.vue cind repelle~fto adults, isms. 71. French, J. R. J., and R. A, Roeper. 1972, OB- SERVATIONS ON TRYPODENDRON RUFI- 66. Findlay, W. P. K. 1959. SAP-STAIN OF TIM- TARSIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND BER. For. Abstr. 20 : 1-7. ITS PRIMARY SYhfBIOTIC FUNGUS, AM- ~Weztionssapwood staining fungi ?zot included i?z BROSIELLA FERRUGINEA. Ann. Entomol. Soe. F?-aneke-Grosmam's 1967 review. Fzwtgi are often Am. 65: 282. associatecl with bark beetle attacks. Disczcsses ?node Reports the firsst isolatio?r, of the fu?zgus from the of infection and clevelopnce?lt of stain. Ceratocystis beetle avzd describes a hibernating. site of the in- species are thc most important causes. sect-witiii?t a basidiomycete sporophore.- - Blue stai?;l. 67. Finnegan, R. J. 1967. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY (Ceratocystis sp.) luas observed in the three at- OF THE PITTED AMBROSIA BEETLE, COR- tacked trees but zuas not evide~zti.tz the basal 4 feet THYLUS PliNCTATISSI&IUS (COLEOPTERA : of boles with galleries. iiilycangia appeared identi- SGOLYTIDAE), IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. cal i?z strzccture and size to those of T. lineatum. Can. Entomol. 99: 49-54, French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1972. INTER- The ?~zalecuts the gallery and egg cradle a?zd de- ACTIONS OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE, posits spores of ambrosia f ~t~tgifrom special izecl XYLEBORUS DISPAR (COLEOQTEXA : SC0- 1-eposito3-ies i?z its thorct~;the fenzales lay eggs in LYTIDAE), WITH ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS a fu?rgus mat and plugs the e?zt?*a??cewith aqnbrosiu ALMBROSIELLA HARTIGII (FUNGI IMPER- 8tzycelium. FECTP) . Can. Entomol. 104 : 1635-1643.. 68. Francke-Grosmann, H. 1966. UBER SYMBIOSEN Tzuo biassays of z.arious insect stages denzonstrated VON XYLO-MYCETOPHAGEN UND PHLOE- the pleomorphic nature of the fungtcs and the inz- OPHAGEN SCOLYTOIDEA MIT HOLZBE- portance of the a?nbrosial form for the grozuth and T,VOHN$INDEN PILZEN. [ON THE SYMBIOSIS development of postdiapause adults and larvae. Irz OF XYLO-MYCETOPHAGOUS AND PHLOE- c?altzc?*e,j~ostdiapause adults and pztpae cazcse a OPHAGOUS SCOLYTOIDEA WITH WOOD- change fro?n, the rnycelial to the ambrosial form. INHABITING FUNGI.] Holz und Org. Int. Symp. Withortt the ambl-osial form, oviposition and pupa- Berlin-Dahlem (1965) 1: 503-522, tion did zot occzcr. The ambrosial fornz may be in- Labels as "phloeomycetophagous" some bark-in- clztcecl by a secretory product of the insect. Izabiti?zg beetles that have ?nyeetangia (same as French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1972. ILV VITRO ~?zycangiaof Batra 1963) and feed as larvae 012 CULTURE OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE ~)fzloe?ncolo~zixed by specific fungal associates. Ten XYLEBORUS DISPAR (COLEOPTERA : SCO- species of bark-breeding beetles had mycetaszgia LYTIDAE) WITH ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS, that contained fungi : Ips acuminatus, Dendroc- AiMBROSIELLA HARTIGII. Ann. Entomol. Soe, tonus frontalis, D. brevicomis, D. mexicanus, D. ~4nl.65: 719-721. parallelocollis, D. adjunctus, Myelophilus minor, The first ~.eeorded reuri?zg of a tentperate zone Hylurgops palliatus, Hylastes ater, a?zd HC. cuni- seotytid on a fzrngzis of the geizus Ambrosiella, cularius, Proposes Ceratoeystis minor as the znain Prediapnuse beetles failed to oviposit. Postdiapause fzcrzgzcs of the frontalis ancl brevicomis myeetangia, adtrits pi-od?tced a sirzglc generatio.iz. zoheri7 reared bttt 120 czcltures toel-e made. Furzgal flora are zcseftll in vitro mith its synzbiotic fungus Anlbrosiella as food far juvenile beetles. hartigii. 69. Francke-Grosmann, H. 1967. ECTOSYMBIOSIS French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1973. PAT- IN WOOD INHABITING INSECTS. Pages 142- TERNS OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION BE- 205 il? Symbiosis vol. 2, Edited by S. 31. Henry. TWEEN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE XYLE- Acadez~iicPress, New York. BORUS DISPAR AND ITS SYXBIOTIC FUN- A comprehe~zsivereview (277 citations). Includes GUS. J. Insect Physiol. 19: 593-605. review of f zcngal transmission organs (mycangia) fi7ric acid was the nzain nitrogenozcs product fozt~zd and coziers fozrr grotcps of insects : ambp-osia beetles i.p~ecccreta and hindguts of beetles, larvae, and (xylomycetopl-rctgous Scolytoidea), bark-f eeding pulriae (range 7.6-24*8 ;~guric ucid per beetle). bark beetles (some phloeophago?-rs Scol.t~tidae),ship No ninhgd?*in-11ositi'~'eco.mpo7tnds were found in f imberzuor~?zs (Lg?rzc,cylidae), and zuood wasps excreta. Col~centrationof nq~zmoniu-~zitrogenin the (Sip-icidne nncl Xiphydriidae). variozrs life stages averaged between 0*?0 and 1.13 ~gj&VH,-i;ZT per beetle. Comparative eoncentratioruts rni~sion.rr~ecftanist?z for associated microo?-ganis~zs, of eolzcble ;?;.rotci~uasand free amino acids suggested Smears and eultttres of the .ri.zgcetangiu were posi- that the ftt~gadsix the mgca~giaZC'CLS formed from tiwe f03' U.~~OS~CII"CSand vegetative cells of the yeast free a-~~zixclacids of fke +asecls. Lfuri~tg-the pe,.r'od Pichia sp.> lvizieh coipteides urith the ?nierosymbiofe of emelmgence, flight, and attack of new Itosts, fe- drrntina~tin dewelopmentul chamber-s of the larvae. mules had more than double the eoxce~ztrationof 81, Gouger, R, J, 1972, INTERRELBTIONS OF IPS soluble pu-otehts foltnd tke rest of the iyea-r.. Free AVt;tiSCS (EICHA.) AND ASSOCIATED amino acids had the lowest valz~esrecorded dzt~ing FUPU'GI, Diss, Abstr. 32: 6453-B. this ?3erao?zot~ce~,one i?z each ventrolaterctl FRONTALIS. Tissue and Cell 3: 295-308. r.e y ion. Each m yceta.i-lgizc~~~( == nzgenngizcm) is a Fungi are c?tlt?ilred a?.rd transported to new host coilecl tzcbe that is 4.69 i- 0.35 7~ntia length, that is trees wit hin a yeangilcpfi eo?zsistin,g of ct cuticttlar eream-colored, nad that opens into the alztelior i?tvagination along the endothoracic fold. T1~0types coxat cuvifg. i%fgeetanyiaoce2tr only i?t ~zalesad of glarrd cells secrete into tlte mgcalzgial Iztmen: lj?'ovide the overteintering storage site a?zd trans- o?ze ntay provide the basic nut?+ie.?-ztmediztnz, and the other may inhibit weed fzc~giand favor the 92. Helms, J. A., F. W. Cobb, Jr., and IT. S. TVhitney. grozctfz of the sgmbiotic crop. 1971. EFFECT OF INFECTION BY VERTI- 86. Hare, R. C, 1969. EFFECTS OF CERATOCYSTIS ClCLADIELLA FVAGEr%'ERIi' ON THE PHYS- i?iZIA1;OR (HEDGC.) HUNT, THE BLUE-STAIPY' IOLOGY OF PIrt"L;S POLYDEROSA. Phytopathol- FUNGUS CARRIED BY BENDROCTONUS O~Y61 : 920-925. FROXTALIS ZIXJI, ON BEETLE-RESISTANT Discussion of the fzlngzls with emphasis on its AND -SUSCEPTIBLE PISE SPECIES, Final fendezzcy to predispose trees fo bas-ii beetle attack. Rep. FS-SO-1401-5.18. U.S. Dep, Agrie. For. Serv. Flrngrrs-iyzfested piizes > 20 c.i?t: d.b.li. usfzully die South. For. Exp, Stn, Gulfport, Niss. 11 p. from coat disease following attacks by Dendroc- Six year old shortleaf, loblollg, axd atash pines tonus brevieomis or D. ponderosa. Aitkozrgh seed- were inocz~lwted with pzzre czrltures of C, nlinor lircys showed no visual sy.irzplot~zs1 month after to determine if resistance to the beetle is correlated i.rzoe?llcttio-rl zuith the f?c?tgzts, drawlatic decl-eases with resistavee to the fi~rzgus. No~zeof the trees i?z mi. jjhotosgtzthesis alzd tra?zspirafiorz occrrrred died. Five rrzonths later, 6. minor was reisolatecl along with marked i?zci.euses in foliar .reatel. stress 1 foot above the inoczclated area. C. minor is ?zot urzd stomafa elosu?*e. the p?*imury cause of death in beetle-itzfested trees, 93. Himes, W. E., and J. If. SkeIly. 1972. AN AS- 87. Harrar, J. G., and R. P. Ellis. 1940. THE BI- S8CSATION OF THE BLACK TURPENTINE OLOGY OF A SPECIES OF BEAUVERIA FRON BEETLE DEXDROCTOXTiTS TERERRANS, THE SOUTHERN PINE BARK BEETLE AND FOIWES AZcliVOSC7S IN LOBLOLLY PINE: (AESTR.). Proc. Va. Acad. Sci. 1: 211. (ABSTR.) . Phytcpathologg 62 : 670. This zcnidentified Beauveria was isoEated from A total of 1,458 insects ilz vu~iozcsstages of de- larvae and zous fozt?zd to be pathogenic to healthy velopment were re?novecl frorn roots and lower larvae. Growth chal-acteristics, reproductive struc- boles of infested trees and were incubated at 23°C tures, and nzet~itionalreqzcirements were stzcdied for 14 days on pine discs. The furzgus was isolated to evaluate its potential as a biological control f rorn 11 .5 perce-rzt of these insects. The Oedocepha- agent. No data were presented. lum fo~mof the fungus was fourtd in 9 of 130 larval gulleries. No.ize of the 13 canals produced 88. Harrar, J. G., and 3, G. Martland. 1940. THE bg adztlts was positive. The ifzsect is a likely vector. ETIOLOGY OF THE BEAUT7ERIA DISEASE OF DEMDROCTONCS FROLVTALIS (ABSTR.) . 94. Rinds, T. E., and P. E. Buffam. 19'91. BLUE Proc. Va. Acad. Sci. 1: 211. STAIN IN ENGELMANN SPRUCE TRAP Isolates of Beauveria sp. from the sozcthern pine TREES TREATED WITH CACODYLIC ACID. beetle were used in histological studies of i?zfection U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Sew. Res. Note EM-201, in larvae. Reports mode of infection, action within 4 p. Rocky Mt. For. Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. the host, and methods of fructificatio?~. Om yeur after treatment blue stain development was 2zegligible u?zd bark beetle development poor 89. Harrar, J. G., and J. G. Martland. 1940. A FUN- in trap trees treated 4-8 weeks azzd felled 2-4 weelcs GOUS PARASITE OF THE PINE BARK BEE- before peak flight. Leptographium engelmannii TLE (ABSTR.) . Phytopathology 30 : 8. was isolated frot?z 95 percent of the blue stain Many dead or dying. larvae in shortleaf pines fronz samples. Ceratocystis olivacea, C. coerulescens, C. eastern Vip-girzia were found infested with both sp. a?zd Graphiunl spp. were less consistent. C. fungi and nematodes. iMonospo?-ous cultztres show- coerulescens was isolated from 80 percent of the ed that the fungus was probably a Beauveria. brown stain samples associated with aqnbrosia bee- 90. Hedgecock, 6. G. 1906. STUDIES UPON SONE tles. Incipient decay i~zstain areas of felled trees CHROl\iTOGENIC FUNGI WHICH DISCOLOR zuas evident and 2uas cazaed by the sap rot fungus WOOD. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17: 59-114. Fomes pinicola alzd tzuo u~ziderztifiedsp. Gives keys and descriptions of several Ceratosto- 95. Hinds, T. E., and R. JV. Davidson. 1972. CERA- mella spp. ( =. Ceratocystis) , Graphium spp., and TOCT'STIS SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE other wood staining fzc*zgi. The presence of blue ASPEN AMBROSIA BEETLE. Mycologia 64: staini~zgfzcngi in the tunnels of some wood boring 405-409. beetles ilzdicates that the insects carrg conidia or Desc~ibesa ?zew species Ceratocystis retusi, which aseospoyes. has b3'0zc12 l~eritheciacmd long, flemcous ostiolnr 91. Heller, R. C. 1968. PREVISUAL DETECTION fila~nents. This species a-rzd C. brevieollis were OF PONDEROSA PINE TREES DYING FROX commotzlg fo?t,zci' in Coloraclo in pzrpal cells of the BARK BEETLE ATTACK. Pages 381-434 ipz Gtsljen a~nbrosia beetle Trypodendron retusum. Proc. 5th Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environ- 96. Hodges, J. D., S. J. Barras, and J. K. 3Iarrldin. ment. Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor. 1968. ARIINO ACIDS IN INKER BARK OF Aerial sensors haee not beetz s.~tccessf~rlin detectkg LOBLOLLY PINE, AS AFFECTED BY THE attacked trees before discoloration, and ~PO?LPZ~ob- SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE AND ASSOCIAT- servutio?zs are itzadequate fa?* appruisirzg the s7cc- ED 3IICROORGANISMS. Can. J. Bot. 46: 1461- cess of an attack. The best method of evalztatio?~ 1472, is to exat~zinethe xyle~rtfor the blue staiiz fzrngus Bolts infected with a92 asco212ycete (Ceratocystis Ceratostonlella spp. (= Ceratocystis spp.). Color minor), with u busidiom ycete 7ttycangial fun yzrs fransparencies ~euealedthree times as mang dying JSJB 2221, 01. with the beetle-nticroorga~istilcom- frees as grozind observations, plex brouglzf aboztf ?to qualitative changes i-iz free alltino acids belt pp-oduced chalzges iiz fsroteirz-bound [OBSERVATIONS OX THE BIOLOGY AND ones, Conce2ztration of most f?*ee amim acids and CONTROL OF PINE BARK BEETLES: DEK- soluble nit?-ogen clecreased, bzcf that of WZOS~pro- IIROCTOrVUS ADJGR'CTUS ELF. AND 8. feijz-bow~zd arnino acids, insoluble Ttitroge?~,and MEXICASCS HPK. PIX SOME REGIONS OF total ?zz'trogen irzcreasecl. THE STATE OF XEXICO.] B01. Tech. 40, 36 p, 91, Holst, E. C. 1936. ZYGOSACCNAROMYCES Inst. Nac, de Invest. For. 3Iexico City, D.F. PILVI, A n"E?FT SPECIES OF YEAST ASSOCP- Variolts fling icicles (especiailg modifications of tfze ATED WITH BARK BEETLES IN PINES, J. Bo,.clen.i~,i. type) gave f~-orn25 fo 50 percent re- Agric. Res. 53 : 513-5123. cowry if trees were treated &iring the first week Describes ad ~epol-tsdistribzction of a new geast of atfnck; little or. rrO fii~tgalgrowth uias obsel-i:ed. (Pichia pini) isolated fro~rz specimey-zs and gal- Resisturzt frees prodzle~dg~ii"o2~ish-%eh'lte resin pitch ley-ies of Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis tz~bes.A ""special slrbstarlce'Yin Ihc ?*esi?2i~tzpedes and also associated with Ips grandicollis, I. avulsus, the devetop~nenfof associated f tm yi. A biological and I. ealligraphus. control sf?adg with Metarrhiziunz anisopliae was 98. Holt, W. R. 1961. &.irETARRI-IIZIU&f ANISO- i??eonzplete. PLIAE (METCHNIKOFF) SOROKIN INFECT- 103. Jouvenaz, D. P., and R. C, TVilkinson. 1970. IN- ING LARVAE OF THE BLACK TURPENTINE CIDENCE OF SERRATIA ,?fARCESCENS IN BEETLE. J. Insect Pathol, 3: 93-102. WILD IPS CALLIGRAPNUS POPULATEOXS Reports probable new host record for a fz~p~gzts IN FLORIDA. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 16: 295-2965. isolated from full grou$?z !a?-vae under the bark of 1% laboratory czclttcres, chromoge??ic strains were a Eoblolly pine stzcmp in southern Mississippi. coz~sisterrtly isolated ft-om both live and dead 99. Hoog, G. S. de, 1974. THE GENERA BLASTO- I. calligraphus, but vtortality was legs tha~1 per- BOTRYS, SPOROTNRIX, CALCARISPORIUM cent pel. gene.;i.atio~z.~Vatltre larvae and pupae as- AND CALCARISPORIELLA GEN. NOV. Studia sociated with teneral adztlts in loose olcl bark lzad Xycol. (Netherlands) 7 : 1-84. ct higher i??cidence of the bacteria than larvae and The yentts Blastobotrys, co~nprisingonly one spe- pcpne associated with prcrerzt adults i?z tight fresh cies, is described. TIze genus Spoi*othrixis e~zlarged bark; tenerccl adztlts had a highel. incidence of to inclztde $4 species: sis are new; three am new bacteria tha?z parent adults. eombi-rzatio~zs;13 are conidial states of Ophiostorna; 104. Kabir, A. K. M. I?., and R. L. Giese. 1966. THE one is excluded. Calcarisporium is restricted to one COLUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE, CORTWYLUS speeies. Calcarisporiella is described. Ceratocystis, COLUMBIAMUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTI- an Asconzycete genus, is divided into two separate DAE). 11. FtJNGI AND STAINING ASSOCI- ge?zera based on the morphologg of the colzidial ATED WITH THE BEETLE IN SOFT . states :Ceratocystis sensu strict0 comprises species Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 894-902. with Chalara, Chalaropsis, ancl Thielaviopsis Graphiurn sp. ??earrigidurn, Ceratocystis plurian- conidint states; most species of Ceratocystis auctt. nulata, Fusarium tricinctum, F. oxysporum, F. have Sporothrix, Verticicladiella, and Graphium solani, Pichia n. sp., Gliocladium roseurn, and states and are here classified in, Ophiostorna. Rhizoctonia sp. were isolated f?-onz galleries of 100. Hosking, G. P. 1972. XYLEBORUS SAXESENI, Corthyltzs colurnbianus and associated stains in ITS LIFE HISTORY AND FLIGHT BEHAVIOR Acer saccharinum. The wOhifc ~^iseztdo't~~,gcelid??tat IN NEW ZEALAND. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 3: 37-53. of Pichia sp. is very conspic~to~csiyz egg charnbers Rate of development is influenced nzuinlg by am- dztri71y egg and Inrva? stages, a?zd the larvae de- brosia f UVL~~(tc?zide?ttified) and indirectly by cli- pe?zd solely apo?r it fo~foocl. Opti~7ilzr?n growth matie factors and physiological conditio?~of the teml~erature tuas 65"-85°F for the Ceratocystis host. and 65"-75°F for the Piehia. O~zlyCeratocystis 101. Howe, V. K., A, D. Oberle, T. G. Keeth, and W. J. grew at 40" or W0F. No stain developed i?-tsap- Gordon. 1971. THE ROLE OF MICROORGAN- ?riooct' blocks i?zocltlated i~zthe labos.ato?*y. ISMS IX THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF LIGHT- 105. Kaneko, T. 1965. BIOLOGY OF SOXE SCOLYTID NING-STRUCK PINES TO SOUTHERN PINE AMBROSIA BEETLES ATTACKIKG TEA BEETLES. West. Ill. Univ. Bull. 50(3), 44 p. Ser. PLANTS. I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Biol. Sci. 9. OF TWO SPECIES Of" SCOLYTID BEETLES Of 577 gecrsts, flofgi, and bacteria isolated fro?n REARED ON STERILIZED TEA PLANTS'. Jap. bnl-k beetle galleries and exposed inner bark of J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 9: 211-216. struck loblollg ppines (Pinus taeda), 214. geasts XyIeborus cotnpactus avct7 X. gerlnanus were s~c- CG'PLI~207 hgphal fzinyi were icient.lfieci to species, cessf[tiig t-c~r-edi?~: test tic bes. Steam-sterilixecl swh- and 12 bacteria to ge~zera.Olfacto.meter tests indi- sfi.nle.s ?aacrcIPO twigs for X. co~npaetusa~zd tea cuted that the ?nicroorganisms produced no volatile I-oots or i;u:igs for X, germanus. Growth ate ancl s?tbstu??cesattractive to the insect. size cif s~tafrrriii?gbroods ?;a-f.iedwith fttngal grozcth, 102. Islas, S. F. 1914. OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA BIOLOGIA Y EI, COMBATE DE LOS ESCARA- 106. Kaneko, T. 1967, SHOT-HOLE BORER OF' TEA BAJOS DESCORTEZADORES DE LOS PINOS : PLANT IN JAPAN. Jap. Agric. Res. Q. 2: 19-21. IIEA:DROCTONCS ADJlilVCTW BLF, Y DEN- The f ?c~gusctssociatcd with Xyleborus germanus DROCTOLVUS MEXICANUS HPK. EX ALGU- u?zd X. cornpactus has two st-ages, the stored spore MAS REGIONES DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO. sfage, m5hicl? occu?.a in the trzycaptgia, and the culti- vatecl spore stage, which occztrs in the galleries. 111. King, B., and H. 0. W. Eggins. 1972. SOME OB- Virgin females with their associated a???brosia Sh&IIGtrA4'l'k0XSON DECAY JIECHXPU'ISMS OF fuzgi prodztce haploid males; in the abse~tce of MICROFCKGI DETERIORATING FYOOD. Pages f~c~gi,no reprodzcction takes place. 145-151 in Biodeterioration of Materials, vol. 2. 107. Kaneko, T., and K. Takagi, 1965. BIOLOGY OF Edited by A. H. Walters and E. H. Hueck-van der SOXE SCOLYTID AMBROSIA BEETLES AT- Plas. John Wiley & Sons, New York. TACKING TEA PLANTS. IV. PARTHENO- Discusses 33 species of fangi, inclztding many inold GENESIS OF XYLEBORCS GER;lifANUS and bl~cestairz, comrrzonly associatecf with attacked BLAND. IN RELATION TO THE GERrVANUS greerz wood. Growth rate patte~~3zsco9*relatecl with AMBROSIA FUNGUS. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. z~tilixation rates of starch and celtztlose agar and Zo01.9 : 303-304. witJz Eiqzsification of peeti?% gels. Ceratocystis Beetle has a polygamo?cs social organization zvith pilifera, which grew qriickly arzcl zcas highly a sex ratio of ctbo?if f 0:f (female to male). All a-inylolytic, cleared cell~close agar a~dliqtcified adult fernabes (mated and norzmafed) provided with pectute gels. C. coerulescens grew more slowly, was the arnbrosia fungus reproduced. Noncopulated fe- less active, adshowed ?~~azimumeet'lulolytie ac- males prod~tcedonly male proge-fly; mated females tivity. C. ulnli and C. picea were sloztl growing and prodacced botlz fe?nale and ?%ale progeqzy. shozued sligftt ceElzcEolytic activity. 108. Kaneko, T., and K. Takagi. 1966. BIOLOGY OF 112. Koch, A. 1963. ON THE ROLE OF THE SYX- SOME SCOLYTID AMBROSIA BEETLES AT- BIONTS IN WOOD-DESTROYING INSECTS. TACKING TEA PLANTS. VI. A COMPARA- Recent Progress in Microbial. 8 : 151-161. TIVE STUDY OF TWO AMBROSIA FUNGI Disczcsses synzbionts of various insect grozcps : ASSOCIATED WITH XYLEBORUS COiMPAC- Ipidae, Platypodidae, L ymex ylo.izidae, Siricidae, TUS EICHHOFF AND XYLEBORUS GER- Anobiidae, Ceru?.lzbycidae, and Lyctidae. The sym- MANUS BLANDFORD (COLEOPTERA: SCO- bio7zts provide OT supple7nent .izecessarg vitamins LYTIDAE) . Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1: 173-176. and profeins and participate in tlze nitrogen me- Botlz the tea root borer X. germanus and the tea tabolis~nof their hosts, whose ?~zetnbolicby-prod- twig borer X. compactus reprodzeced ?zor?nally fol- zccts are zcsed by the sywzbionts. lowing artificial exchanges of their synzbiotic am- 113. Kok, L. T., D. M. Norris, and H-M Chu. 1970. brosia fzcngi. The fungi appeared morphologically STEROL METABOLISM AS' A BASIS FOR A and physiologically alike with the exception of dif- MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS. Nature 225 : 661- f erent optimum temperatz~resof sporulatio?z in 662. cultivated spores. Ergosterol was the only sterol prodzcced by the 109. Kaneko, T., Y. Tamaki, and K. Takagi. 1965. mutualistic fungus Fusarium solani, associated PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE BIOLOGY with the beetle Xyleborus ferrugineus, in pzcre OF SOME SCOLYTID BEETLES, THE TEA e~tltureon a chemically defined sterile substrate. ROOT BORER, XYLEBORUS GERMANUS Ergoste?*ol was adequate for continzted growth, BLANFORD, ATTACKING TEA ROOTS, AND development, and reproduction of the f ungus-f ree THE TEA STEM BORER, XYLEBORUS COM- beetle. The insect is apparently unique in its use PACTUS EICHHOFF, ATTACKING TEA of cholester*ol for egg prodzcction and larval gro~htth TWIGS. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 9: 23-28. bztt not fo?-pupation. The opti?n.ccm tenzperatztre for mycelial growth of 114. ~otfnkov6.-~~chrov~,E. f 966. MYKOFL~RA ambrosia fungi was 23°C for X. germanus and 26°C CHODEB K~ROVC~~v CESKOSLOVENSKU. for X. compactus. X. germanus was reared com- [THE MYCOFLORA OF BARK-BEETLE GAL- pletely through one generation arzd partially LERLES 1N CZECHOSLOVAK1A.J ~eskaMykol. tlzrough another on azttoclaved wood colonized by 20 : 45-53. the ambrosia fungus. When the fungus grew on Thzrteerz pathologically igrzportunt species of f ungi agar-based media, the i~zsectdid ?tot develop. (If Ceratocystis species, Leptographium lund- bergii, and Graphium pycnocephalum) were iso- 110. Kirnmey, J. W., and R. L. Furniss. 1943. DE- lated from galleries of bark beetles of t12e genera TERIORATION OF FIRE-KILLED DOUGLAS- Ips, Hylurgops, Xyloterus, Pityogenes, Dryocoetes, FIR. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 851, 61 p. and Myelophilus. Most fu~zgicausing. wood stain belong to the genus Ceratostomella ( = Ceratocystis) . The Doztglas-fir 115. Kulman, H. M. 1964. PITCH DEFECTS IN RED beetle is a carrier of Ceratostomella pseudotsugae PINE ASSOCIATED WITH UNSUCCESSFUL ATTACKS BY IPS SPP. J. For. 62: 322-325. ( =I: Ceratocystis minor j ,which inf luences the early stage of sapwood deterioratio?~.The Douglas-fir U??szrccessful attacks produced ve?.tieal bark scars beetle is the most iwzportant insect pest that attacks and catfaces 072 red pi.i?e in Virginia and West Vir- fire-killed timber. The beetle opens the bole to gi~zia.The sears lay directfg over zoood szti-f'ace de- other agents of detez-ioratio$z arzd may accelerate pressions, which were above pitch defects buried the establishment of fzcngi. Three species of a7n- under one to eight annual gro$n.th rings. The de- brosiu beetles, Trypodendron bivittatum, Gnatho- fects were conzposed of Ips nuptial chambers a?zd trichus retusus, and G. sulcatus, cazcse degrade by egg galleries. The failzcre of so?ne attctck-s may be lnaking pinholes a?td b.y int?-odzccing blue-stain explained bg a?%absence of blzce stain in the wo.zcnds. fungi. Platypus wilsoni occasionally causes pin- 116. Le Fay, A., J. E. Courtois, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, holes bzcf is not eeono??zicatlyimportant. and S. Lambin. 1969. ETUDE DES OSIDASES ISE LTINSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS SEXDEN- OF THE OXIDASES OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS IfATZI'S ET DE S,4 FLORE XICROBIENNE. INSECT IPS SEXBENITATUS AND OF ITS [TEE STUDY OF THE OXIDASES OF THE XICROBIAL FLORA. 11. INFLUENCE OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS INSECT IPS SEXDEXTATUS SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE MICRO- AND ITS XICROBIAL FLORA.] C. R. Acad. BIAL FLORA ON TEE ACTIVITY OF PEGTI- Sei, 268 : 2968-2975. KASES AND CELLULASES ACTIVE IN A Extj-aeell~ciai.~n icrubes in the cligestive tract of the FYEAKLY ACID 3TEDIUbl WITHIN A XYLO- insect a r*C Achromobaeter superf ieialis, A. delicatu- PHAGOUS INSECT.] Ann. Inst, Pasteur 119: tus, and Candida puleherina, The ~nic?.obialflora 745-751. eontai~RPW~~CLI oridases. The i32sect possessed var- Beetles were reared on Scots pi~zelogs treatad witfi. iofzs eTtxyn%esthat erzabled it to degrade rzitmeyozts antibiotics lo selective[% kill Achromobacter super- oligosnceharides and polgsaccha?-ides, The activitg ficialis, A. delieatulus and Candida putcherina of these enxglrmes is less important and less varier1 symbionts in insect digestive tracts. iVo significant il-t tZz~miwobes tfiun in the insect. chcrrzge in enxyi~nalicactivity was noted with peetin 117, Le Fay, A., 5. E. Courtois, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, and hyclr-oxyethgl cellulose as substrates; thus, the and S. Lambin. 1970. &TUDE DES OSIDASES sgmbio?zts are of little importance in providirtg evt- DE L'IKSECTE XVLOPEAGE IPS SEXDEN- xgmes. TATUS ET DE SA FLORE MICROBIENNE. 120. Lgkander, B., ~ndE, Rennerfelt. 1955. 2NDER- I, ~TUDEDE LA FLORE XICROBIENNE ET SOKNINGAR OVER INSEKTS-OCH BLANADS- COMPARISON DE SES OSIDASES AVEC SKADOR PA SAGTIMMER. [INVESTIGA- CELLES DE L'INSECTE TOTAL. [STUDY OF' TIONS OF' DAMAGE CAUSED BY BARK BEE- THE OXIDASES OF THE XYLOPHAGOUS IN- TLES AND BLUEING FUNGI IN SAW TIM- SECT IPS SEXDENTATUS AND OF ITS MI- BER.] Medd. Statens SkogsforskningsinstituL, CROBIAL FLORA. I. STUDY OF THE MICRO- 4518) : 1-36. BIAL FLORA AND COMPARISON OF THEIR Sttu-veys the uuzost iv?tporta?zt blzteing fztnyi [inelad- OXIDAS'ES WITH CELLS OF THE WHOLE in@ Cladosporium, Pullularia, and Ophiostoma INSECT.] Ann. Inst. Pasteur 119: 483-491. ( = Ceratoeystis) ] spread either by air or blpf forest Two bacte~ia(Aehromobacter spp,) and one yeast i??sects; also discusses the most damaging insects ( Candida spp.) isolated reg~clurLy f rorn the aEi- that transmit stain i?z Sweden. Insects are Blasto- meuttary canal of I. sexdentatus had variozts en- phagus minor and Ips acuminatus on Scots piuze, xynzes that were less inzportant and dive?+sifiedthan I, typographus on No?.zvny spr.rcce, and Trypoden- those of the insect at all develoi~nzental stages, dron lineatum on pine and spruce. E~txy?pzes inclztded glucosidases, galacfosiduse, 121. Liese, W. 1970. ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS az-nglase, pectinase, and cellulase. OF WOODY TISSUE DISINTEGRATION. Ann. 138. Le Fay, A,, A. Thuillier, C. Chararas, and J. E. Rev. Phytopathol. 8 : 231-258. Courtois. 1969. INFLUENCE DE LA DESTRUC- Pullularia pullans and Ophiostoma ( = Cerato- TION &ELECTIVE DE LA FLORE MICRO- eystis) coeruleum are discussed. Passive pcnetra- BIENNE SUR L?ACTIVITEI DE DEUX OSI- tion of the cell wall bg blzte stain fungi is by .means DASES CHEZ L'INSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS of a travts~~ressor-iztm.Coaction of mechanical forces SEXDENTATUS, [INFLUENCE OF THE SE- and enxynzes prodztced at the tip of the tralzspres- LECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE MICRO- soriunt probably occzcrs. F~trtherwide?zi?tg of the BIAL FLORA ON THE ACTIVITY OF TWO canals clid lzot occur nors were therae any visible OXIDASES ON THE XYLOPHAGOUS IPS changes in cell wall structure. The blue stain fungi SEXDENTATUS.] C. R. Acad. Sei. 268: 3130- del-ive ?zutrie?ztsf YOBZ pa~+e?zchy?~zacells. 3132. Liese, W. 1971. THE ACTION OF FUNGI AND I% adults reared orz wood impregnated with anti- BACTERIA DURING WOOD DETERIORA- bacterial awl antifungal substances, two bacteria TION. Int. Pest ControI 1: 20-24. alzd a yeast in the digestive tube of the insect were Some blue stain fungi cnztsing sapzuood di~colora- selectivelg clestroged bg inhibitory stcbstavzces. No tio?z grew inside ray cells and derived n?rt?'ie?zts significant t~~odifientionof the cnxymatic activitg from pure.tzchg?na cells. Since ~zoenzymes are pro- of l~ectinancl hgdrozyethyl cetlztlosc oceztrred i?? df~cedthat can deg?-ade a cell wall, the funguts i~sects acith ilzgested cmtibiotics, antibacterial ente?.s b?! unechanical pressztre. Bacteria are f o rcnd agents, GY antifztnyal ctgeuzts. The v~ticrobialflora in parerzchgtna cells of sapwood, whose contents appurentlg functiorr. as accessories in elaboraii~zg ?~rovideclasilzg accessible rzzctrition; the bacteria the tw50 oriduses in fhe total enxg?-~atiecomplex. genernflg have a lower and ?nore ?-estrictive lytic 119. Le Fay, A,, 4. T$uillier, J. E. Courtois, and C. activity than ffcuzgi, und cell wall dete~iorationis Chararas. 1970. ETUDE DES OSIDASES DE lheref ore p9eotonged. L'IKSECTE XYLOPHAGE IPS SEXLIENTATUS 123. Livingston, R. L. 1971, ASPECTS OF THE RE- ET DE SA FLORE MICROBIENVE. 11. INFLU- LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FIX EN- ENCE DE LA DESTRUCTION SELECTIVE D$ GRAVER SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOP- LA FLORE XICROBIENNE SUR LXCTIVITE TERA: SCOLtYTIDAE) AND CERTAIN AS- DE PECTIKASES ET DE CELLULASES AC- SOCIATED FUNGI. Ph.D. Thesis. Wash. State TIVES EK NILIEU FAIBLEMENT ACIDE Univ. (Diss. Abstr. 32: 2771B.) CHEZ UN INSECTE XYLOPHAGE. [STUDY Trichosporium synlbioticum has beerz isolated from pliloem, larwal mipzes, i~ztel-rtccllyfro?;$ lareae, a;zd get fc;z

Abrahamson, L. P. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Entwistle, P. F. 59 Larnbin, S. 116, 117 Allen, D. G. 126 Eusebio, M. A. 60 Lamprecht, A. 211 Andrieu, S. 6 Laut, J. G. 209 Arx, J. A. von 7 Farmer, L. J. 61 Lawrence, J. S. 195 Ashrof, M. 8 Farris, S. H. 41, 62, 63, 64, 235 Lawton, J. R. S. 164 Foulds, W. 65 LeFay, A. 116, 117, 118, 119 Baker, J. K. 158 Findlcy, W. P. K. 68 Lekander, B. 120 Baker, J. M. 9, 159, 160 Finnegan, R. J. 67 Liese, W. 121, 122, 186 Barber, W. W., Jr. 43 Francke-Grosmann, H. 50, 68, 69 Lister, C. K. 208 Barras, S. J. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, Franklin, R. T. 70 Livingston, R. L. 123, 124 17, 85, 96 French, J. R. J. 71, 72, 73, 74 Lowe, R. E. 125 Basham, H. G. 18, 19 Frye, R. H. 75 Lu, I(;. C. 126 Batra, L. R. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Funk, A. 76, 77 Beal, d. A, 190 Furniss, M. M, 78 Mac Caiium, 8. D. 127 Beanlands, G. E. 25 Furniss, R. L. 110 Mac Lean, D. B. 128, 129 Becker, G. 26 Mariat, F. 130, 216 Belin, M. 138 Giese, R. L. 79, 80, 104, 125, 128, 129 Martland, J. G. 88, 89 Berndt, H. 186 Gordon, W. J. 101 Mason, R. R. 131 Berryman, A. A. 8, 27, 28, 124 Gouger, R. J. 81, 243 Massamba, S. 6 Bevon, D. 29 Graham, K. 82 Mathre, D. E. 132, 133, 134, 135 Bievre, C. de 30 Griffin, H. D. 83 Mauldin, J. K. 96 Biguet, J. 6 Guerrero, R, T. 84 McCambridge, W. F. 136, 209 Blauel, R. A. 233 McClaren, M. 32 Bletchly, J. D. 31 Happ, C. M. 85 McCowan, J. C. 137 Bollen, W. B. 126 Happ, G, M. 85 McManus, M. L. 125 Borden, J. H. 32, 206 Hare, R. C. 86 Meiffren, M. 138 Brader, L. 33 Harrar, J. G. 87, 88, 88 Merrill, W. 174, 231 Bright, D. E., Jr. 34, 35 Hedgecock, G. G. 90 Metcalf, G. E. 208 Brooks, M. A. 183 Helier, R. C. 91 Miller, D. L. 139, 168 Buchner, P. 36 Helms, J. A. 92 Miller, J. M. 140 Buffam, P. E. 94 Hennebert, G. L. 7 Mills, C. 184 Burton, K. A. 237 Himes, W. E. 93 Molnar, A. C. 141 Butin, H. 37 Hinds, T. E. 94, 95 Moore, G. E. 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Hodges, J. D. 13, 96 Morgan, F. D. 147 Cahill, D. B. 208 Halst, E. C. 97 Moya-Borja, G. E. 148 Cain, R. F. 242 Holt, W. R. 98 Myers, C. A. 209 Campbell, R. N. 38 Hoog, G. S. de 99 Carmo-Sousa, L. D. 176 Hoskins, G. P. 100 Nakashima, T. 149, 150 Chansler, J. F. 39 Houseweart, M. W. 45 Nel, E. E. 224 Chapman, J. A. 40, 41 Howe, V. K. 101 Neuzilova, A. 151 Chararas, C. 116, 117, 118, 119 Nilsson, T. 152 Chu, H-M 1, 42, 160, 161, 162 Nisikado, Y. 153 Clark, E. W. 184 Nobuchi, A. 154, 155 Jensen, K. F. 182 Cobb, F. W., Jr. 43, 44, 92, 207, 234 Nord, J. C. 156 Jourd'huy, C. 30 Coster, J. E. 45 Norris,D.M. 1,2,3,4,5,9,42, 113, 157, Jouvenaz, D. P. 103 Coulson, R. N. 45 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 171, 172, Courtois, J. E. 116, 117, 118, 119 Kiltlrik, A. 50 173, 193,194 Crane, J. L. 46 Kabir, A. K. M. F. 104 Curtis, C. R. 47 Oberle, A. D. 101 Kaneko, T. 105,106,107, 108,109,213,214 Olchowecki, A. 163 Dahlsten, D. L. 53 Keen, F. P. 140 Olofinboba, M. 0. 164 Davidson, R. W. 48, 49, 50, 51, 95, 185 Keeth, T. 6.101 Ordish, G. 165 DeGroot, R. C. 52 Kendrick, W. B. 217 Orr, P. W. 78 DeMars, C. J., Jr. 53 Kimmey, J. W. 110 Osgood, E. A. 166 Doane, C. C. 54, 55 King, B. 111 Dorsey, C. K. 181 Kinghorn, J. M. 41 Porker, A. K. 167 Dowding, P. 56, 57 Klift, W. C. van der 228, 229 Partridge, A. D. 139, 168 Downing, G. L. 209 Koch, A. 1 12 Pawsey, R. G. 169, 195 Du Toit, J. W. 198 Kok, L. T. 42, 113 Poyne, T. L. 45 Kotinkovd-Sychrovd, E. 1 14 Peleg, B. 170, 171, 172, 173 Eckersley, A. M. 58 Knoke, J. K. 192, 193, 194 Peplinski, J. D. 174 Eggins, Ha 0.W. 11 1 Krstic, M. 43 Perry, T. 14, 15, 16 Ellis, R. P. 87 Kulman, H. M. 115, 181 Person, H. L. 175 Phaff, H. J. 176, 177 Schocknecht, j. D. 46 VitB, J. P. 222 Pierce, D. A. 39 Scott, D. B. 198, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229 Von Schrenk, H. 223 Pitman, 6. B. 178 Shepherd, R. F. 199 Walt, J. P. van der 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, Platt, W. D. 44 Shrimpton, D. M. 179, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 229 Rennerfelt, E. 120 Skelly, J. M. 93, 231 Watson, J. A. 180, 199, 203 Reid, J. 163 Smith, W. ti. 182 Weiser, J. 230 Reid, R. W. 179, 180, 202 Spaulding, P. 205 Wertz, H. W. 231 Rexrode, C, 0.181 Stark, R. W. 35, 53, 206, 207 White, M. G. 31 Reynolds, P. E. 182 Stevens, R. E. 208, 209 Whitney, H. S. 92, 180, 204, 232, 233, 234, Richards, A. G. 183 Struble, G. R. 210 235 Richmond, J. A. 184 Strzelczyk, A. 211 Wickerham, L. J. 236, 237 Robinson-Jeffrey, R. C. 51, 185 Svihra, P. 118 Wilcox, W. W. 238 Roeper, R. A. 71, 72, 73, 74 Wilkinson, R. C. 103, 239, 243 Takagi, K. 107, 108, 109, 212, 213, 214 RGsch, R. 186 Wilson, M. 240 Tamaki, Y. 109 Rudinsky, J. A. 137, 187, 188, 196, 197, Wood, D. L. 241 222 Taylor, J. j. 17, 215 Wright, E. F. 242 Thatcher, R. C. 146 Rumbold, C T. 189 Wygant, N. D. 75 Thuiliier, A. 116, 117, '1 18, 119 Toriello, C. 216 Yamauti, K. 153 St. George, R. A. 190 Yearian, W. C. 243 Salonen, K. 191 Upadhyay, H. P. 217 Yoneyama, M. 177 Saunders, J. L. 192, 193, 194 Savory, J. G. 195 Vaartaga, 0. 218, 219 Zavarin, E. 43 Schmitz, R. F. 196 Vasil'ev, 0.A. 220 Zimmerman, G. 37, 244 Schneider, 1. A. 197 Verrall, A. F. 221 Subject Index

Abies 48, 49, 177 Aureobasidiztnz pullztla~zs 186 in sapwood 18, 19, 31, 44, 52, 56, al-r~abilis32 57, 58, 60, 66, 90, 91, 94, 104, co~eoior206, 210, 233 Bacilbzts 142 110, 115, 122, 132,133, 134, 136, yz-altdis 8, 27, 139, 168 ce?.eus 143, 135 137, 147, 153, 164, 178, 180, 185, tasiocurpa 48, 141 thzt~i.i~yZelzsis var. kenyae 145 191, 199, 200, 203, 204, 220, 223, may?tifica 210 tfzzt?*ingiei.~sisvar, tl'lv,rilzgiensis 234,240 Absidin ylauca 149 143, 145 with beetles 11, 13, 14, i5, 16, I?, Aeer Bacteria 9, 36, 55, 81, 101, 103, 116, 18, 20, 35, 37, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, ljseztdolsrla tarzzts 244 117, 118, 119, 122, 129, 140, 142, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70, 11, 75, 79, 81, suechari~zzcm 104 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 158, 170, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 103, A chrornobaeter 117 171, 172, 173, 205, 220, 230, 235, 110, 114, 115, 120, 127, 131,133, delicutulus 116, 119 238, 244 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 147, supe?.ficiales 116, 119 Bark beetle 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 153, 154, 155, 157, 165, 169, 178, iZerobacter 142 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 180, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, aerogenes 144, 145 36, 39, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, scolyCi 55 53, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 64? 66, 68, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 217, 218, A Ecalige~tesfaeculis 144, 145 69, 70, 75, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 219, 223, 232, 234, 235, 238,239, Alpine fir 141 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 tZ lternaria 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 110, 112, Bostrichid 227, 229 Izu?nicola 186 114, 115, 116,117, 118, 119, 120, Botz+godipEodia 157 tenuis 60 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 133,134, theob?.ouna 138, 164 Ambrosia beetle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, Brown stain 35, 94, 123, 210 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 34, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,151, 153, Bzcllera tszcga 176 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 48, 49, 51, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 176, 177, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 178, 180, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, Cacodylic acid 39, 75, 94, 208 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 94, 95, 190, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, Culea~ispo~.ieEEa99 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, Calcurispori%m 99 110, 112, 113, 114, 120, 125, 128, 209, 210, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, California five-spined ips 134, 178, 129, 137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 154, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 187 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 California red fir 210 162, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, Basidiomycete 13, 16, 32, 43, 52, 71, Candida 117, 144, 157 185, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 212, 93, 94, 96, 139, 168, 187, 207, eurvata 61 213, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 219, 222, 223, 234, 244 clejzdro?zema 229 231, 235, 244 Beaztveria 87, 88, 89 edax 224 Ambrosia fungi 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 20, bassiana 53,54,142,143,151,230 etttomophilia 229 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35. de??sa 151 hylophila 229 40, 41, 42, 59, 62, 65, 67, 69, 71, y lobz~lifera151 mycoclerma 126 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 84, 100, Beech 37, 65, 244 orego?zerzsis 176 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 125, Betzdci: 157 parapsilopsis 126 128,129,148,149,154,156,157, verrz~cosa152 pztlckerina 116, 119 158, 159, 160, 172, 173, 174, 192, Bje~kanderaadztsta 244 1.7tyosa 61 194, 197, 198, 212, 213, 214, 225, Black coffee twig borers 7, 33, 59, silva?zorztm 229 226, 227, 228, 229, 244 105, 106, 108, 109 silvicola 61 A~~zbrosiella22 Black turpentine beetle 14, 93, 98 te7mis 61 ferrztgi?zea 71, 244 Blastobotrys 99 Carbohydrates 13,41,116,132,164, ha?-tigii 72, 73, 244 Blastophagz~smino?. 120 184,186,200,216,237 sztlcati 77 Blue stain 35, 40, 70, 75, 115, 154, Caribbean pine 169 xy1ebop.i 7, 156 155, 169, 202, 209, 238, 239, 240 Celtis af?.icana 227 American elm 157 fungi 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Cephalosporizrm 9, 143, 148 Aniino acids 5, 38, 61, 74, 96, 161, 20, 30, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, acre??to?zizcm149 184 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, mycophibcm 149 Anisattdncs tlispar 36, 244 66, 68, 71, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 90, Cerambycid 112, 228, 229 Anobiidae 112 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 104, 110, Ce~atocpstis20, 47, 56, 57, 65, 66, Antiaris africana 164 111, 114, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 71, 79, 82, 83, 90, 91, 99, 114, Aposyrnbiotic 42, 161, 162 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 120, 135, 141, 152, 163, 165,187, A~.millaria mellea 139, 168 141, 147,152, 153, 157, 163, 164, 195, 211, 217, 241, 244 Ascoidea 22 165, 167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, abiocarlsra 48 hplecoeti 244 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 195, 200, adiposa 182 Aspen ambrosia beetle 1, 95 201, 203, 204, 205, 208, 211, 215, bacillispm+a 37, 244 Aspergillus 20, 138, 144, 244 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, bicolo?. 50, 233 fla?~?ts8, 129, 142, 143 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 241, 242, brevicollis 95 ?riger 142 243, 244 l~?~~c?z~zeociliata152 brun?zeocri?zita 242 Cnestus 154 Endonzgcopsis 22 carza 152 Coffee borer 138 platypodis 65 elavatct 152 Coleoptera 22,26,36 (See also Bark scoiyti GI, 177 eoe~fnlea58, 60 beetle, Ambrosia beetle) E?tg.el?nan?~sprztce 48, 75, 94, 141 coe~zrleurn121 Golietotrichztm coffea?zlhm 138 Engelraann spruce beetle 236 coer~ciescens38, 94, 111, 152, 182 Golulnhian tiniber beetle 79, 80, 104, English oak 84 crassivagi?tata 152 156 E;nzymes 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, distorta 37, 49 Conifers 51, 168, 188, 222, 233, 236, 122, 132, 152, 175, 186 d3syocoeticlis 141 240 Eschericfzia klebsiellaef ormis 55 elcrophioides 50, 51, 242 Col~tlzyfzts Eucalyptus cumulclztle-iisis 84 fugacea.t.?tm 174, 181, 231 col.rtmbiunzrs 79, 80, 104, 156 Ez~~.opl-iizcm180, 204 Jateatu 242 pupzeta tissin~us67 azrrezc?n 185 fimbriata 193, 194, 233 Crossota~szts154 claviyerztm 179,185, 201, 203, 232, f raneke-y ?.os??~arzniae49 niponicus 149, 155 233, 235 yossypi?-~u49 wollasto?zi 23 tri~zacrifo~me167, 185 gossypina var. ~~obztsta49 C~yptococcttsskinneri 176 robusttci?r 185 huntii 50, 51 Crgptopor.trs volvatus 32 E'ayus silvallcu 37, 244 Cytosporu pi?iii 60 ips 18, 19, 38, 43, 60, 81, 83, 131, Fatty acids 200, 239 (See also Ster- 132, 133, 134, 140, 147, 152,178, Dendrocto?zus 36, 49, 51, 165, 185, ods, Lipids) 205, 218, 219, 221, 233, 239, 243 189 FEavobnete.i.ium 143 le?ceocarpa 48, 233 adjzt~tctus15, 39, 68, 102 Fictts syeomorzt~227 ?najo?. 233 brevicol?zis 35, 48, 53, 68, 92, 97, Fir 8, 27, 32, 48, 49, 139, 131, 168, mi?-cor 11,13,16,17,18, 19,43, 52, 134, 140,175, 187, 207, 234, 241 177, 206, 210, 233 56, 57, 68, 83, 86, 96, 110, 132, engeEman?zi 236 Fir engraver beetle 8, 27, 35, 123, 133, 134, 137, 152, 153,182, 184, fiontalis 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 124, 177, 206, 210 186, 205, 215, 220, 233, 234. 45, 68, 70, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, Five-spinned engraver beetle 97, ~?zi?z?cta134, 152, 233 97, 101, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 131, 147, 218, 219, 243 ~ni~zuta-bicolor48, 233 166, 190 Fowtes montiu 18, 19, 134. 180, 204, 215, jeff~egi134 a?z?zost~s43, 93, 207 232, 233, 235 ??ze,xicunzcs 68, 102 piwi 187, 222 muEtiannztlata 215 ~nonticolae ( = ponde~osae) 134, pi7zicola 94 ~zarcissi215 180, 187 Four-spined engraver beetle 81, 97, ~zigrocurpa48, 215, 234 obesus 39, 63, 75 131, 239, 243 olivacea 94, 152 paraLlelocolEis 68 Fungi 25, 27, 78, 140, 143, 144, 152, olivaceapini 49 po?zclerosae 39, 61, 63, 92, 134, 166, 181, 238 pe?zicillatu 50 136, 180, 185, 187, 199, 200, 201, wood decay 26, 28, 43, 52, 93, 94, l?e?-parvispo?*a215 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 222, 111, 121, 122, 152, 154, 155, 168, piceae 38, 46, 111, 127, 152, 244 223, 232, 235, 240. 187, 194, 207, 222, 223, 238, 244 pilifera 18, 19, 38, 43, 58, 111, pseuclotsugrae 32, 63, 78, 110, 126, (See also Ambrosia fungi, My- 152, 182, 205, 215, 219, 221, 223, 137, 187, 188,196, 230 cangial fungi, Bluestain fungi) 233 rzt fipennis ( = obeszcs) 75 Fungicide 102, 138, 195, 211 pI?tria?z?wlata 38, 104, 182, 221 terehrans 14, 93, 98 F7tsari?t??z20, 129, 157, 192 yaetztsi 95 vatens 134 clece?nellztlare 138 sagmatospora 242 Diaplts 154 java~zicz~rn244 sehrenkia?za 43, 134 Diets 9, 42, 61, 105, 108, 109, 113, lute?+itiu~~138 seticollis 48 118, 119, 158, 159, 160, 161,162, oxysporizim 104 sparsa 49 172, 173, 192, 239. sola?ri 9, 104, 113, 142, 143, 148, ste,zoceras 6, 30, 130, 216 Diniethylarsenic acid 39, 75, 94, 208 158, 159 tet~opii152, 205 Diplodin 221 triciizet?~??z104 tor?~losu37, 244 pinect 147 Gallery 7, 8, 12, 29, 37, 48, 49, 59, ~cl?ni46, 111, 182, 205 218 pitti 64, 61, 71, 76, 78, 79, 84, 93, 97, aariospora 38 zzatale?zsis 221 Ceratostome Lla 90, 91 101, 104, 106, 114, 115, 126, 131, Douglas-fir 32, 41, 44, 77, 110, 137. 134, 138, 139, 154, 156, 157, 158, coerzcleu 58 168, 187 ips 140, 221 189, 181, 185, 188, 197, 200, 206, Douglas-fir engraver beetle 177 210, 213, 214, 219, 221, 223, 226, piceae 127 Douglas-fir beetle 32, 63, 78, 110, 227, 231, 243, 244 piliferu 58, 221, 223 126, 137, 187. 188, 196, 230 pi.izi 153 GEiocZacli~t??~raseztuz 104, 244 Dryocoetes 48, 114 G.i?athofricft?cs plzt~ia?z~zttlatct221 atfabe?. 64 pseztdots?cgae 110, 137 retztszts 110, 197 confttsus 64, 141 stflcnt?rs 35, 77, 110, 197 Chaef omiztm jTizclic'ltm 149 pseudotsqcgae 137 Chcklara 99 G?lorimosehema ocellatellzcnz 151 Chcllaropsis 99 Elm 157 Grand fir 8, 27, 139, 168 Chytridiopsis tgpograpki 230 Endoeo~zidioph09-a coer?tlesce?zs 221 C;?-aphi~tn?9, 77, 90, 94, 99, 141, 148, Claclospo~itt~?~37, 120, 235 Endomycetales 22 217, 244 Morzacrosporium 22 Parasite 89, 130, 187, 206, 230 &jotza.~.thr.z~m157 Parenchyma cells 27: 60, 121, 122, fasciaturn 125, 231 132, 164, 199, 200, 238 sctrtellare 35, 62, 76 Pathogens 18, 19. 20, 28, 44, 53, 54, Hanse?aula 237 .Vo.lzilia 55, 87, 88, 89, 94, 98, 102, 103, capsulata 61, 126, 232, 235, 236 b?"~~nnea35, 76 114, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, holstii 61, 81, 232, 235, 236, 239 fermgirlea 35, 76 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, Hemlock 48, 176 Monterey pine 58, 141, 218, 219 146, 141, 151, 193,194, 208, 206, Homocle~adrum211 3Xountain pine beetle 39, 61, 63, 92, 216, 230, 231, 241, 244 Ha rrnisci?t?jrz 211 13-1, 136, 180, 185, 187, 199, 200, Hylaster Parthenogenesis 59, 106, 107, 161, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208,209, 170, 171, 173 nter 68 222, 223, 232, 235, 240 e?olxiculari.lts 68 Pe~rieiEli?tnz8, 16, 20, 129, 138, 142, 31utualism 9, 24, 82, 113, 158, 159, Nyleeoet~rs 144, 235, 244 160 citrintwz 244 dermestoicles 36, 49, 244 Mycangium 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, lrcgztbris 36 dee?a?-i.tbelzs15 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 36, 62, Hylesinus piniperda 127 sl~i.i2ztlosu?~15 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, M~jlurgops114 Peniopko.raa yiyantea 52 79, 80, 85, 106, 123, 124, 125, palliatus 68 Pesotum 46, 217 129, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, Pestaloxxia coffeieoka 138 Inclocryphalzrs 154 158, 174, 197, 212, 213, 214, 234, Phenols 19, 28, 43, 200, 203 Insecticide 39, 75, 94, 169, 193, 195, 235 Phialographiztm 217 208 gland ceIls 15, 63, 64, 85, 124, Phialophoropsis 22 Ipidae 36, 112, 154 125, 197, 212, 235 Phloem 13, 27, 28, 61, 68, 70, 82, 96, lpinae 154 mycangial fungi 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 123, 137, 140, 147, 184, 196, 199, Ips 48, 50, 114, 115, 185, 189, 239 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 36, 62, 201, 207 acu?ni?zatzcs 36, 68, 120 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, Phloem-yeast complex 61 av7tEszts 81, 97, 131, 239, 243 76, 77, 79, 80, 85, 96, 106, 123, Phloeomycetophagous insects (See calligraphus 97, 103, 239, 243 124, 125, 148, 154, 156, 158, 174, Bark beetles) confzcszts 134, 178, 187 212, 213, 214, 234, 235 Picea 48, 49, 50 enzn.i-giyzatzts 134 Mycetangium (See Mycangium) ubies 120 gralzdicollis 97, 131, 147, 218, 219, Mycetocytes 36 glazcca 25, 49 243 M?felophil?rs 114 engeEman?zi 48, 75, 94, 141 or-eyoni 48 mi?zoj- 36, 68 Pichia 79, 80, 104, 237 oregonis 134 Nematodes 89, 230 arnbrosiae 225 pi~i51, 83 Neohyorrhynchus 154 crossotarsi 23 po?zderosae 134 Nitrogen microspora 23 sezdentatzcs 116, 117, 118, 119, in fungi 5, 38, 112 pini 61, 81, 97, 140, 232, 235, 239 191 in insects 74, 112 xglopsoci 229 typoyraphzts 50, 120, 151 in wood 13, 26, 96, 184 Pine engraver beetle 51, 83 Isccria 53 Norway spruca 120 Pin-hole borers Isoptera 26 LVosema cte~zdrocto?zi230 (See Ambrosia beetles) Pine 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 60, 97, 102, Jeffrey pine 223 Nothofag7ts f?csca 65 120, 190, 211, 220, 221, 233, 243 Jeffrey pine beetle 134 Nutrition 3, 9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 38, 41, 42, 61, 68, 70, 72, 73, Pi?wrs f,u?cr?rs ?tobilis 84 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 100, 104, 112, caribea 169 Leptographiunz 167, 185, 217, 219 122, 123, 128, 129, 140, 148, 156, contorta 32 engelmannii 94 co?ztorta var. latifolia 61, 141, Iztndbergii 60, 114 179, 180, 185, 200, 201, 202, 203, tel-ebl-antis 14 204, 232 Letlxites saepiaria 52 de?zsiflora 153 Linlber pine 185 Oak 49, 84, 157, 174, 231 echi.ilata 86, 89 Lipids 30 (See also Sterols, Fatty Oak wilt 174, 181, 231 elliottii var, elliottii 86, 243 acids) Oedocephalzc?~,93, 206 flexilis 185 LobloIly pine 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, Oleoresin 43, 178, 187,188, 200, 207, jeffreyi 223 86, 93, 96, 98, 101, 131, 184 222 la?nberfiana 48 Lodgepole pine 32, 61, 141, 179, 180. Oocyte 170, 171, 173 ?~oitticolaGO, 167, 185 185, 200, 201, 202, 203, 201. 232 Oplziosto?na 99, 120, 211 ponderosa 32, 43, 44, 38, 49, 91, Lymexylidae 22, 69, 112 brzrn?zeo-citiatztm 191 92, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 168, Lyctidae 112 eoe~ztleum121 178, 185, 187, 207, 208, 209, 222, Ophgryocystis dendroeto?ri 230 233, 234, 240, 241 iI.Incrophowza sabi~ea219 Orthotornic~ls caelatfts 83 racliata 58, 147, 218, 219 MapIe 104, 244 resi??osn 115 Metar?.hixizom a?~isop?zliae98, 102, Pachgsoletz 237 s?jlvesfris 119, 120, 127, 152, 191, 143 Pacific silver fir 32 195 Mexican pine beetle 68, 102 Paecilotnl~ees 143, 157 tqeda 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 86, 93, 96, 98, 101, 131, 184 Resin 19, 27, 28, 102, 133, 169, 180, fhlcmberyii 153 188, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 222, Pitted ambrosia beetle 67 233 Pitdogenes 114 Resinosis 27, 133, 180, 188, 203, 204 Platypodidae 22, 33, 112, 154, 155, Rhixoctortia 104 228, 229 (See Ambrosia beetle) Root rot 92, 139, 168, 207 Platypus 65, 154 (See also Fomes, Arytzillu~ia) erxla??z.tcs 150, 154 Round-headed pine beetle 15, 39, 68, egli?zdrus 7, 36 102 226 exter?~erJenCafus198. 225, 226 Taber?zaenzo.i?tam ve?ztrieosa Taxonomy sampsorzi 225 Succharon8gces fungi 7, 14, 17, 20, 22, 31, 46, 48, sitlentus 84 pastori 126, 140 severini 150, 155 pilei 140 49, 50, 58, 77, 83, 84, 90, 95, 99, wz'lsoni 35, 76, 110 Saccharomycopsis synrzaedendra 153, 163, 167,185,198, 217, 242 Polygraphus rzrfipenyzis 25 226 yeasts 22, 23, 97, 104, 176, 177, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 236 Polyphenols 28 Scrtzi~oj~hyllumcnmmuzze 52 Potyporzts ponderostcs 223 Sclerocarya cckffra 224 Tea and coffee plant borers Ponderosa pine 32, 43, 44, 48, 49, Scolytidae 22, 34, 40, 68, 69, 154, roots 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 213, 91, 92, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 155, 228, 229, 230 214 168, 118, 185, 187, 207, 208, 209, Scolytus 36, 48 twigs 7, 33, 59, 105, 106, 108,109, 222, 233, 234, 240, 241 ??zuatistriatus 46, 54, 55 138 Poplar 157 tsuga 176 Tem?eochilia virescelzs var. chlorodia Poplctzts 157 zc?zispinosus 177 3 2 Powder post beetle 112 ve?ztraEis 8, 27, 35, 123, 124, 177, Tenebrionidae 15 Predator 32, 187, 206 206, 210 Termites 26 Pse~rdomo?ras142 Scol y toplatypzcs 154 Terpenes 28, 43, 52, 200, 203 ~erugi?zosa143, 145 Scopz~Eariopsis 143 Theobroma 157 f tzcoresce~zs143, 145 Seots pine 119, 120, 127, 152, 191, cacao 193, 194 99 Pseudotvlycangiun~15 195 Thielaviopsis Pseudopit?jopthorus 174 Se~ratia142, 144 Timberworms 22, 36, 49, 69, 112, przcitzosus 181 rna?.cesceyzs 55, 103, 143, 145 244 Pse?cdotsuga 177 Ship timberworms 69 TorzkEa 244 z?ze?zxiesii 32, 41, 44, 77, 110, 137, Shot-hole borers Torzclopsis dendrica 228 168, 187 ( See Xyleborzcs species) P~rllfrlaria 120, 211 Shortleaf pine 86, 89 insectalens 228 1,zcllans 121 Siricidae 69, 112 rte?nodelzdra 228 228 Six-spined engraver beetle 97, 103, philyla Qz~erczcs49, 157, 174 239, 243 silvatica 228 robur 84 Slash pine 86, 243 Trap trees 75, 94 ?.ltb?.a 231 Smaller European elm bark beetle Trichoclerma 142, 211, 235 lig??or?cn~20 Raffaelea 4, 7, 22 46, 54, 55 viricle 52, 220, 244 alr',irna?te?ts 198 Southern pine beetle 10, 11, 12, 13, Trich0spo.i-iicmsymbiotic~inz 35, 123, ccrrzbrosiae 7 16, 17, 45, 68, 70, 85, 86, 87, 88, 210 a~~xii198 89, 96, 97, 101, 142, 143, 144, T?*gpocle?~dro?~36, 41, 154, 157, 235 he?r?zebertii 198 145, 146, 166, 190 betzdae 1 su~ztoroi84 Sphaeropsidales 244 bivittatttnz 110 sulcati 77 Spicas-ia f ari?zosai; 151 ti?zeatzcnz 29, 31, 35, 71, 76,120 Rapa~zecr,~nela?zophloeos 226 Sporobolom?jces singularis 176 ?.etzlszlrm 1, 95 Red beech 65 Sporothriz 7, 16, 17, 99 ?.ttfitarsis 71 Red fir 210 schelzckii 6, 30, 130, 215, 216 Tszcga 4% Red oak 231 Sporotrichosis 6, 130 hete~oph?jllcc176 Red pine 115 Spruce 25, 48, 49, 50, 75, 94, 120, Tubereulariaceae 22 Red turpentine beetle 134 141 T?~bere~tla?-ieUa Reproduction Spruce beetle 39, 63, 75 a2nbrosiae 35, 76 conidia 6, 43, 46, 108, 130, 151, Spruce timber beetle 110 163, 213, 214, 217 Staph~lococcus170, 171 ips 191 of fungi 43, 46, 47, 87, 130, 151, Sterols 42, 113, 160, 161, 162 (See 163, 213, 214, 217 also Lipids, Fatty acids) of insects 9, 12, 25, 42, 72, 73, Striped ambrosia beetle 29, 31, 35, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,113,158, 71, 76, 120 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 171,172, Subalpine fir 48 173, 192, 194, 232, 239, 243 Sttezts 154 o5cyte activation 170, 171, 173 Sugar pine 48 parthenogenetic 59, 10G, 107, 161, Syn~biosis1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, Western balsam bark beetle 64, 141 170, 171, 173 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, Western pine beetle 35, 48, 53, 68, f

Barras, S. J., and T. J. Perry 19'75. Interrelationships anlong microorganisms, bark or ambrosia beetles, and woody host tissue: an annotated bibliography, 1965-1974. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La. 34 p. (USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-10) About 250 references, with comprehensive subject index. Additional keywords: Symbiosis, Coleoptera, Dend).octo?z2cs,coni- fers, bacteria, fungi.

Barras, S. J., and T. J. Perry 1975. Interrelationships among microorganisms, bark or ambrosia beetles, and woody host tissue: an annotated bibliograplzy, 1965-1974. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La. 34 $3. (USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. 80-10) About 250 references, with comprehensive subject index. Additional keywords: Symbiosis, Coleoptera, Derzd),octo~t~ss,coni- fers, bacteria, fungi.