Darul Islam in Sekali Peristiwa Di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air by Ahmad Tohari

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Darul Islam In Sekali Peristiwa Di Banten Selatan By Pramoedya Ananta Toer And Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air By Ahmad Tohari

Dwi Desi Fajarsari, Teguh Supriyanto, Agus Nuryatin, Ida Zulaeha

Abstract: This research aims to observe and reveal world vision of authors on Darul Islam event as mentioned in Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air novels by Ahmad Tohari. Method that is applied in this research is dialectics method based on genetic structuralism theory perspective. Result of the research indicates ; (1) representations of the authors’ world vision on Darul Islam event in Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan novel are (a) Mutual cooperation, as Indonesian people ancestors’ legacy continue to grow in the society, especially in dealing with various problems, such as in solving the Darul Islam rebellion case in Indonesia at that time, (b) There is no boundaries to unity in Indonesia, as various ethnicities, religions, races, and even intergroups must live in harmony because a prosperous life will only be achieved if respecting each other ; (2) representations of the authors’ world vision on Darul Islam in Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air novel by Ahmad Tohari are (a) Policies taken by the Government shall consider every aspect and avoid disappointment from particular groups in the country, (b) God is the Most Merciful where human as His creation shall not have any violence. Conclusion of this research is the idea, affection, and aspiration of the authors as disclosed in the novels imply on the social change. The social, cultural and political issues occurred during the cross-nations conflict case, such as the Darul Islam rebellion as background of the novel, is a hypogram of social portrait occurred in Indonesia. Therefore, all parties, such as the teachers and litterateurs are suggested to apply this research as reference in their learning activity and as comparative material in their discussions.

Index Terms: world vision, the Rebellion of Darul Islam, genetic structuralism ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION The Darul Islam Movement seek to establish a State that is The history of Indonesia and Islam are two interrelated things. governed by Islamic law. The idea arose from a figure named Islam contributed greatly to the establishment of Indonesia Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo, who was more and also a threat against sovereignty of the government, at the acknowledged as Kartosoewirjo. Sekali Peristiwa di Banten same time. Establishment of Indonesia itself was related Selatan (later mentioned as SPDBS) and Lingkar Tanah participation of prominent Islamic figures and organizations in Lingkar Air (later mentioned as LTLA) are historical novels, Indonesia, ranging from Arab, Gujarat and Chinese traders, which highlight the social events issues in Indonesia, such as large Islamic empires from Aceh to Ternate, Padri leaders in the earlier Darul Islam rebellion. The selection of novels as West Sumatra, to large Islamic organizations early 20th material for research studies is because in addition to raising a century such as Muhammadiyah, Serikat Islam, Persis, to background of the same historical event also for several other Nahdhatul Ulama (NU). All have a special role in filling the reasons. Pramoedya and Tohari are great Indonesian authors. process of the nation's struggle for independence. On the They have won many awards in the field of literature. Their other hand, radical Islamic currents are able to disturb the works are are also published worldwide. Sekali Peristiwa di tranquility of Indonesia. Darul Islam who did not admit NKRI Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Lingkar and Pancasila becomes an example. The Darul Islam rebellion Tanah Lingkar Air by Ahmad Tohari are novels with similar becomes an important topic as it left its mark in the historical materials, historical events of Darul Islam rebellion in record of Indonesia. This topic will always remain interesting to Indonesia. The materials had passed several creative and be discussed, because the fact is found in history textbooks in imaginative processes as well as interpretations from the school and stored in the national archives of the Government authors. Pramoedya is a writer who has been known as a of Indonesia claimed this group is considered as rebels and rather 'leftist' man, while Tohari likes to create literary works disruptors of the security and stability of the State. However, that are thick with Islamic elements. Then it is assumed that this fact is considered controversial by some parties, including there are variations in world view from one reference to the the community claiming to be Indonesian Islamic Citizens and same reality. World view is defined as a concept that is owned their supporters. Darul Islam is a movement that strives to by humans or groups in society who intend to respond to and realize the ideals of the Islamic State of Indonesia (Dijk, 1983: explain all the problems of life in this world (Santosa 2006: 1). 10). Like other humans, the author has a worldview and ideas on the problems he faces both internally (lust, motives, dreams, etc.) and externally (economic, social, cultural, etc.). ______The author's worldview reflected in the essay he wrote is very likely a response or response to the problem of life. Regarding  Dwi Desi Fajarsari is currently undergoing doctoral education at Semarang state university majoring in language education. This research the problem of the author's worldview, in Damono's book was guided by three promoters, namely: Prof. Dr. Teguh Supriyanto, M. (1978: 41-44) it is explained that the world view (vision du Hum., Prof. Dr. Agus Nuryatin, M. Hum., And Prof. Dr. Ida Zulaeha M. monde, world vision), according to Lucien Goldmann, genetic Hum. Dwi Desi Fajarsari is a recipient of an Indonesian LPDP structuralism figures from France is a meaningful global scholarship. structure, a total understanding trying to capture reality as something whole. Wellek and Austin Warren (1989: 134-153) classified literary studies related to the views or thoughts of the author as a study of literature with an extrinsic approach. Wellek reasoned that literature was often seen as a form of 4101 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 thought that was wrapped up specifically. Thus, literature is as a form of culture (a product of life) that promises good analyzed to reveal the history of the author's thought. The opportunities for educational media and the inculcation of life author's thought certainly departs from the reality or reality of values, especially for school-age children. In essence, learning the world it faces. So. literature is a representation of the literary appreciation plays a very important role in learning reality of life faced by humans, both personally and in groups Indonesian. This has been proven in the 1968 Curriculum to in a society. Related to the problem of representation of the the present (2013 curriculum), literary appreciation is a author's view, Budiman (1995) explained that the learning material that must be taught to students from representation was a major or important issue in literature in elementary school through high school (both high school and the world. Literary works like other art forms, in general are vocational high school). If literary teaching is carried out with often seen as an effort to represent reality and therefore the right approach, literature can contribute significantly to the literature is often referred to as imitation, mimesis, or imitation desired success of human development. From the above of existing reality. In relation with previous researches, the background explanation, the researchers compiled a focus of Researchers acknowledge several previous research titles research, namely the application of genetic structuralism related to world vision. In 2015, Suwargono, et al. published methods to the SPDBS and LTLA novels in order to discover “Philanthropism In Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol: A the author's world view of Darul Islam found in the three Genetic Structuralism Analysis” as their research. In 2018, novels. Goldmann said that the core of genetic structuralism is Amri published a research “Transcendentalism Aspects in the the movement of attention between abstraction and the Poem The Rhodora by Ralph Waldo Emerson”. In 2016 “The concrete. This research will start from the study of intrinsic Shift Of Minangkabau Cultural Values In The Novel Persiden elements (unity and coherence) as the basic data. By Wisran Hadi (A Genetic Structuralism Approach)” was Furthermore, researchers will connect various elements with adapted into a research Delia Putri. In 2018 Oktalifa, et al from the reality of the community. Important events in his day will Universitas Sebelas Maret published a research with “Genetic be connected directly with intrinsic elements of literary works. Structuralism And Value Of Character Education In The Thus genetic structuralism is considered suitable for dissecting Monologue Matinya Toekang Kritik, The Death Of Criticizers the two novels. This research is framed with title “Darul Islam By Agus Noor”. Kadir wrote “Upaya Ahmad Tohari Melawan in Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan by Pramoedya Ananta Korupsi in Orang-Orang Proyek” Novel in 2018. “ Genetic Toer, Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air by Ahmad Tohari. Structuralism Analysis in Short Story Pusaka Tinggi by Darman Moenir Text Structure, Social Structure and World 2 DARUL ISLAM IN SEKALI PERISTIWA DI BANTEN View Perspective” was adapted in a research by Mutiara in SELATAN BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER AND 2018. In 2015, Riyadi menulis “Sufistic And Transformative Pedagogic Values In Syaikh Siti Jenar Novel By Agus Sunyoto LINGKAR TANAH LINGKAR AIR BY AHMAD TOHARI Genetic Structuralism”. Further information about these Principally, the case, which was adapted Sekali Peristiwa di researches is explained in references section SPDBS and Banten Selatan and Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air novels are how LTLA have been used research material several times before. to safeguard the unity. Post the independence proclamation, The researchers acknowledge several research titles, which Indonesian people still faced challenges which was later have been conducted on this SPDBS and LTLA novel. In 2009 emerged. The treason of the separatist movement arose due Mukhtar Syaifuddin Semarang State University student raised to various triggers, which naturally occur as a young country the title "Social Conflict and Political Conflict in Sekali that is not yet stable. The domestic situation is in turmoil, Peristiwa Di Banten Selatan Novel by Pramoedya Ananta people who know nothing are victims, squeezed between the Toer's" as his research. Agung Dwi Prasetyo raised the title warring parties. This internal upheaval arose partly because of "The Amid Self-Actualization Process in Lingkar Tanah problems with central and regional relations. In addition, the Lingkar Air Novel by Ahmad Tohari's: An Approach to upheaval also occurred due to ideological competition Psychological Literature" in his research. This novel is indeed between Islamists, communists and nationalists. One very not the first time being targeted by literary studies. There are important issue is the desire of certain Islamic communities to several other studies related to this study which will be establish the daulah ismaliyah (Islamic state). One strong referred to in the next chapter. But to the best of researchers' group that wants to establish an Islamic State is a group that knowledge, there has been no review of the views on Darul calls itself by the name Darul Islam (DI), also known as the Islam in those three novels. Thus, researchers feel the need to Islamic State of Indonesia (NII). This group conducted a discuss these issues. Horatius explained the terms Dulce et political movement that was proclaimed on August 7, 1949 (2 utile in his work Ars Poetica, means the literature has dual Shawwal 1368) by Sekarmaji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo in functions, to entertain and beneficiary for the (2006: 19). By Cisampah Village, Ciawilingar District, Cisayong Authority, reading novels, emotional and emotional struggles occur, Tasikmalaya, West Java. They aim to make Indonesia a besides that the reader will obtain the values of the great life theocracy with Islam as its foundation. Through Sekali that are often separated from his observations. Through the Peristiwa di Banten Selatan, the authors adapted his view on novel, the author tries to give a message to the reader. But the the Daril Islam rebellion event. SPDBS tells the story of the moral or message delivered through the story certainly has a character of Ranta who is an innocent and poor farmer. This different effect when compared with direct delivery. Novels are figure is then faced with a conflict brought by Lord Musa. Lord not patronizing the readers like lectures or textbooks, but Musa is a landlord who likes to fool and oppress peasants and rather provide something that indirectly touches the hearts of villagers in Banten like Ranta. Later it was known that Lord the readers. Thus there will be a desire that consciously and Musa was a member of DI. In the SPDBS novel the Darul without coercion to contemplate and reap the wisdom of the Islam group was represented by the cruel Lord Musa. Lord contents of the meaning of the story it reads. Novels as the Musa and his accomplices often worried people. Lord Musa embodiment of experiences laden with life values can be used wanted to use up all sources of prosperity for residents such as land, rice fields, and even self-esteem. The description in 4102 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 the novel is below: cooperative activity carried out by the community for the common good. The sense of belonging to a village that arises Mereka yang datang pada kita hanya in the community will establish community with a sense of untuk menyuruh kita jadi maling. mutual understanding, strong desire to fight for the village, and Mereka! yang hidup memisahkan diri a sense of sharing fate with others. If the community is united, dari kita, seperti binatang buas di rimba. mutual assistance can be achieved. Mereka, yang dalam kepalanya cuma After the proclamation of independence, Indonesian ada pikiran mau mangsa sesamanya. people still faced challenges, which emerged later. The coup Mereka ! Mereka ! (SPDBS : 21) separatist movement arose due to various triggers, which naturally occur as a young country that was not yet stable. The Aku tak takut di bui. mereka suruh aku domestic situation faced a turmoil, people who know nothing curi bibit karet onderneming. Aku became the victims, squeezed between the warring parties. bawakan sampai dua kali balik. Mereka This internal upheaval arose partly because of problems with bilang, Cukup! Pulang Kau! Aku tanya, central and regional relations. In addition, the upheaval also Mana upahku ? Mereka beri aku upah occurred due to ideological competition between the Islamists, pukulan rotan, merampas pikulan dan communists and nationalists. A very important issue was golokku. (SPDBS : 25) aspiration of certain Islamic communities to establish the Islamic state (Islamic state). A major group who wanted to ...aku hanya contoh saja dari pada establish an Islamic State was a group proclaimed theirselves mangsa yang lemah, lengah dan lena. as Darul Islam (DI), which was also known as the Islamic State Karena kebuasannya aku dipaksa jadi of Indonesia (NII). Next, in SPDBS, Pramoedya responded to maling untuk memenuhi this issue by suggesting a solution so that the Indonesian kebutuhannya(SPDBS : 83) people should safeguard the unity. There is no boundaries to limit unity in the Indonesian conflict between social structures. Musa, a Lord, wanted to state, whether ethnicity, religion, race, and even intergroups dominate Ranta and other people who were weak and poor shall live in harmony as only by respecting each other will and were not domiciled. Conflicts between social structures achieve a prosperous life. Through SPDBS, Pramoedya like this exacerbated the chaos in Indonesian during the early declared the message of his views. He does not agree if post-independence era where everything was not well Indonesia is divided, furthermore, if our brother becomes the ordered. Therefore, the author offered a solution to these victim. The solidarity was in the literary text as follows: international conflicts through mutual cooperation. This is seen in the novel's excerpt as follows: Kalau kita tak bisa seorang diri pertahankan keselamatan kita, nah, kita Kalau kita sudah bersatu seperti dulu. kerja beramai-ramai. Coba perhatikan, Ingat kau? Waktu Jepang hampir turun? turun-temurun kita hidup morat-marit. Limabelas tahun yang lalu barangkali? Kenapa? Karena tidak mengerti, kalau Kita bersatu melawan gerombolan ajag kita bersatu, bersama-sama kerja, yang tiap malam membunuh kambing bersama-sama bela diri, sebenarnya dan sapi kita? (SPDBS: 69) kekuatan kita jauh lebih besar. Semua saja bisa kita kerjakan. Jangankan Itu juga mudah kita lawan. Persatuan waduk buat seluriuh desa kita, biar saja modalnya. Pertama-tama kita mesti penjajah bisa kita usir! (SPDBS: 72) jadi sahabat dan saudara satu dengan yang lain. Kau ingat saluran air sawah The above quote is reminiscent of the proverb that says united yang dangkal dan ditumbuhi semak- we stand, divorced we collapse. With the unity, all things can semak sejak jaman Jepang dulu? Nah, be done well, but if the people are scattered, then forever they kalau ada persatuan, kita akan gali will not be able to drive out the mobs that are destroying the beramairamai, kemudian sawah kita village. In Sekali Peristiwa di Banten Selatan novel, unity of akan makmur lagi. (SPDBS: 70) the society was based on common fate, destiny and aspiration to free from any oppression. After the community was Tentu, Pak. Cobalah pikir. Pak, kami di successfully united, the first mutual cooperation carried out by sini hanya tahu tanah dan pacul. the community, such as to fight against the hordes. Through Mereka punya senjata dan LTLA, Tohari explained his world vision on similar event that is gerombolan. Kalau kita tidak mau the DI rebellion. Tohari brought Amid and four of his friends as bersatu, tidak mau gotong-royong, apa figures. Amid and his friends were students of a Kyai named yang kami bisa perbuat dengan Cuma Kyai Ngumar. They learned silat (traditional martial art) and tahu tanah tahu pcul ini!(SPDBS: 71) religion with him. In the novel, Amid and his friends were part of DI membersTohari was represented by Amid, the figures Obviously, unity becomes the foundation that underlies acclaimed his defense against the DI rebellion. The Moslem mutual cooperation. Mutual cooperation will be achieved if youths like Amid who also participated in the Dutch was there is social unity and solidarity that occurs in the actually also struggled to fight his own nation due to several community. A sense of belonging is also needed to hold disappointments to the government. government had taken mutual cooperation, this is because mutual cooperation is a decisions, which were considered inappropriate for them. The

Darul Islam movement was first established due to several society, especially in dealing with various problems, such as in triggers. The factors were chaotic political condition resulting solving the Darul Islam rebellion case in Indonesia at that time, an ideological polarization among the warrior figures and (b) There is no boundaries to unity in Indonesia, as various disappointment against result the Renville treaty. Hereinafter, ethnicities, religions, races, and even intergroups must live in they formed their own group and later joined the militant harmony because a prosperous life will only be achieved if combatants, which was later known as Darul Islam or the respecting each other . However, Tohari also has several Indonesian Islamic Army (DI / TII). The characters, Amid and views on the DI event, such as (a) Policies taken by the his friends felt awry after sacrificing a lot of struggle for his Government shall consider every aspect and avoid country. They decided to live in guerrilla forest in the forest disappointment from particular groups in the country, (b) God because they disagreed with the government and also felt is the Most Merciful where human as His creation shall not unacceptable, chased, wanted to be killed for his history as a have any violence. former DI member. It had been forgotten that they were also ACKNOWLEDGMENT people with major contribution in combating the Dutch We would express our gratitude to three promoter lecturers in colonialism. The Lingkar Tanah Lingkar Air novel also became this research, Prof. Dr. Teguh Supriyanto, M. Hum., Prof. Dr. an initiative Ahmad Tohari to eliminate polarization between Agus Nuryatin, M. Hum, and Prof. Dr. Ida Zulaeha, M. Hum., religion and state. 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