DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,715,853 B1 Vajo Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,715,853 B1 Vajo Et Al US008715853B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,715,853 B1 Vajo et al. (45) Date of Patent: May 6, 2014 (54) ALUMINUM BATTERIES COMPRISING 200 Fs: R ck 1858 R et al. 429.218.1 METAL-OXIDE, METAL-FLUORIDE, ck all . METAL-SULFIDE, OR SULFUR CATHODES 2011/O143202 A1 6/2011 Farmer et al. .............. 429.218.1 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (75) Inventors: John J. Vajo, West Hills, CA (US); Donahue et al., “Secondary aluminum-iron (III) chloride batteries Adam F. Gross, Santa Monica, CA with a low temperature molten salt electrolyte.” J. Applied Electro (US); Ping Liu, Irvine, CA (US); chemistry 22 (1992), 230-234, Chapman & Hall. Jocelyn Hicks-Garner, Venice, CA Li and Bjerrum, "Aluminum as anode for energy storage and conver (US); Elena Sherman, Culver City, CA sion: a review.” Journal of Power Sources 110 (2002), 1-10, Elsevier (US); Sky Van Atta, Culver City, CA Science B.V. (US) Santiso et al., “Adsorption and catalysis: the effect of confinement on chemical reactions' Applied Surface Science 252 (2005) 766-777. Liu et al., “Controlling the decomposition pathway of LiBH4 via (73) Assignee: HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA confinement in highly ordered nanoporous carbon' J. Physical (US) Chemistry C 114 (2010) 14030-14041. Bruce et al., “Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries' (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (2008) 2930-2946. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Arico et al., “Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conver sion and storage devices' Nature Materials 4 (2005) 366-377. U.S.C. 154(b) by 438 days. Ji et al., “A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-Sulphur cathode for lithium–sulphur batteries' Nature Materials 8 (2009) 500-506. (21) Appl. No.: 12/868,479 * cited by examiner (22) Filed: Aug. 25, 2010 Primary Examiner — Jane Rhee (51) Int. Cl. (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — O'Connor & Company HOLM 4/02 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (57) ABSTRACT USPC ........... 429/209; 429/200; 429/219; 429/220; Variations of the invention provide an improved aluminum 429/221; 429/223 battery consisting of an aluminum anode, a non-aqueous (58) Field of Classification Search electrolyte, and a cathode comprising a metal oxide, a metal CPC ................................ H01 M 4/00; H01M 4/463 fluoride, a metal sulfide, or sulfur. The cathode can be fully USPC . 429/200, 209, 221, 220, 223, 219 reduced upon battery discharge via a multiple-electron reduc See application file for complete search history. tion reaction. In some embodiments, the cathode materials are contained within the pore Volume of a porous conductive (56) References Cited carbon scaffold. Batteries provided by the invention have U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS high active material specific energy densities and good cycling stabilities at a variety of operating temperatures. 4,882.244. A * 1 1/1989 Donahue et al. .............. 429,339 6,316,142 B1 1 1/2001 Delnicket al. 45 Claims, 2 Drawing Sheets CoF in carbon aerogel Commercial CoF 2O 30 40 50 60 Two Theta (degrees) U.S. Patent May 6, 2014 Sheet 1 of 2 US 8,715,853 B1 s O O O) (v. C O O O c O O : (Sun Wue Cue) WISueu U.S. Patent May 6, 2014 Sheet 2 of 2 US 8,715,853 B1 8 8 8 US 8,715,853 B1 1. 2 ALUMINUM BATTERIES COMPRISING In some variations, the invention provides an aluminum METAL-OXIDE, METAL-FLUORIDE, battery comprising an aluminum-containing anode, a non METAL-SULFIDE, OR SULFUR CATHODES aqueous electrolyte, and a cathode, wherein the cathode com prises one or more cathode active materials selected from the FIELD OF THE INVENTION group consisting of metal (M) oxides and metal (M) fluorides; and wherein the battery has a discharge state wherein the ratio The present invention generally relates to improved alumi of the number of Al atoms to the number of metal (M) atoms num batteries and novel cathodes for aluminum batteries. in the cathode is about 0.4 or greater. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In various embodiments, the ratio of the number of Al 10 atoms to the number of metal (M) atoms in the cathode is Aluminum (Al) is an attractive anode material for energy about 0.6,0.8, 1.0, 1.2, or greater. storage and conversion. Its relatively low atomic weight of The cathode active material may be one or more metal 26.98 along with its trivalence give an electrochemical oxides selected from the group consisting of CuO, POs, equivalent of 2.98 Ah/g, compared with 3.86 Ah/g for lithium, SnO, PbO, Fe0, FeO, CoO, CoO, NiO, and AgO. Or, 2.20 Ah/g for magnesium, and 0.82 Ah/g for zinc. From a 15 the cathode active material may be one or more metal fluo Volume standpoint, aluminum should yield a capacity per unit rides selected from the group consisting of CoF CoF FeF. volume of 8.04 Ah/cm, compared with 2.06 Ah/cm for FeF, CuF, MoFs, and SnF. lithium, 5.85 Ah/cm for zinc, and 3.83 Ah/cm for magne In some embodiments, the non-aqueous electrolyte is a sium. Aluminum-based batteries, in principle, have better mixture of aluminum chloride and an organic salt selected chemical stability in many electrolytes than do lithium-based from the group consisting of n-butyl pyridinium chloride, batteries. Additionally, aluminum is an abundant and rela 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, 1,2-dimethyl-3-pro tively inexpensive metal. pylimidazolium chloride, 1,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolium The state of the art includes many Albattery chemistries chloride, and any combinations thereof. based on aqueous electrolytes (see, for example, Li and Bjer Other variations of the invention provide an aluminum rum, "Aluminum as anode for energy storage and conversion: 25 battery comprising an aluminum-containing anode, a non a review.” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 110, pp. 1-10, aqueous electrolyte, and a cathode, the cathode comprising 2002). However, for all aqueous electrolyte-based Albatter ies, corrosion of the Al anode is a persistent problem. Corro (a) one or more cathode active materials selected from the sion of the anode reduces an Albattery’s energy content and group consisting of a metal (M) oxide, a metal (M) fluoride, a limits storage life. In addition, the corrosion products lead to metal (M) sulfide, and sulfur (represented here as M); and (b) passivating films that inhibit the battery reactions, thereby 30 a conductive material with pores having at least one dimen reducing the battery's power capabilities. sion below about one micrometer, wherein the cathode active Due to the problems associated with aqueous electrolytes, material is contained within the pores, wherein the battery has it is beneficial to employ non-aqueous molten salt electrolytes a discharge state wherein the ratio of the number of Al atoms in Al batteries. Compared with aqueous electrolytes, the to the number of M atoms in the cathode is about 0.4 or advantages of molten salts are mainly three-fold: high elec 35 greater. trical conductivity, fast electrode kinetics and hence less The ratio of the number of Al atoms to the number of M polarization, and high decomposition potential. Aluminum atoms in the cathode may be about 0.6,0.8, 1.0.1.2, or greater. can be electrodeposited from non-aqueous media and there In some embodiments, the conductive material includes a fore molten salt electrolytes are suitable for developing porous conductive scaffold, such as a porous conductive car rechargeable aluminum batteries. 40 bon scaffold. The state of the art includes Al batteries based on non In these variations, the cathode active material may be one aqueous molten salt electrolytes that operate near room tem or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of perature (see, for example, Donahue et al., “Secondary alu CuO, POs, SnO, PbO2, FeC), FeO, CoO, Co-O, NiO, and minum-iron (III) chloride batteries with a low temperature AgO. Or, the cathode active material may be one or more molten salt electrolyte. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 45 metal fluorides selected from the group consisting of CoF vol. 22, pp. 230-234, 1992). The cathodes of these batteries contain transition-metal chlorides, such as FeCls, which react CoF FeF, FeF, CuF, MoFs, and SnF. The cathode active according to one-electron reduction reactions (e.g., material may be sulfur or a metal sulfide, such as FeS or FeCl+e=FeCl+Cl). As a result of the atomic weight of NiS. chlorine and the stoichiometry of the one-electron reduction Preferred aluminum batteries have an active material spe reaction, the theoretical active material specific energy den 50 cific energy density in excess of 400 Wh/kg, such as 800 sity of these batteries is less than 350 Wh/kg. This theoretical Wh/kg or higher. energy content is too low for many applications. The present invention additionally relates to novel cath In view of the current state of the art for Albatteries, there odes. In some variations, a cathode for an aluminum battery are several needs. First, Albatteries should effectively operate comprises one or more cathode active materials selected from at or near room temperature. Second, to reduce or avoid 55 the group consisting of metal oxides and metal fluorides, corrosion, Al batteries containing non-aqueous electrolytes wherein the cathode has a cathode discharge state wherein the are preferred. Third, improved Albatteries preferably include ratio of the total number of discharged electrons to the num a cathode that can be fully reduced upon battery discharge. ber of cathode metal atoms is greater than 1.0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study Into the Localized Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy Magnox Al-80
    A Study into the Localized Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy Magnox Al-80 Ronald N. Clark‡*, James Humpage**, Robert Burrows*, Hugh Godfrey***, Mustufa Sagir****, Geraint Williams** ‡Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. *National Nuclear Laboratory, Unit 102B, Sperry Way, National Nuclear Laboratory, Stonehouse, GL10 3UT, UK **Swansea University, Materials Research Centre, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, Wales, UK ***National Nuclear Laboratory, Workington Laboratory, Havelock Road, Derwent Howe, Workington, Cumbria, CA14 3YQ, UK ****Sellafield Limited, Hinton House, Birchwood Park Avenue, Risley, Warrington, Cheshire, WA3 6 GR, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Magnesium (Mg) non-oxidizing alloy, known as Magnox, was historically used as a fuel cladding material for the first-generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas-cooled nuclear reactors in the UK. Waste Magnox is currently stored in cooling ponds, pending final disposal. The corrosion resistance of Mg and its alloys is relatively poor, compared to modern cladding materials such as zirconium (Zr) alloys, so it is important to have a knowledge of the chloride concentration/pH dependence on breakdown and localized corrosion characteristics prior to waste retrievals taking place. Our results show that Magnox exhibits passivity in high pH solutions, with charge transfer resistance and passive film thicknesses showing an increase with immersion time. When chloride is added to the system the higher pH maintains Magnox passivity, as shown through a combination of potentiodynamic and time-lapse/post corrosion imaging experiments. Potentiodynamic polarization of Magnox reveals a -229 mV-decade linear dependence of breakdown potential with chloride ion concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Connor Final Highlighted
    Preliminary Development of a PPAM Actuated Pediatric Prosthetic Ankle Connor McNamara-Spackman A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Bioengineering) at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. February 2021 Abstract The purpose of this research was to develop a preliminary design of a powered pediatric prosthetic ankle. Previous research identified the health risk of improper gait cycle and the lack of powered prosthetic ankle options for children. Costs for powered prosthetic ankles are too high (upwards of $5000 NZD), the sizes are too large and the weight is too significant for a child to benefit from. Current technologies for ankle joint actuation and materials for the prosthetic structure were evaluated and a conclusion of utilizing PPAMs was chosen due to their ability to generate the required 300 N of contraction force. CAD was used to model the structure of a prosthetic ankle and evaluate the FOS of the different material combinations while under static loading and fatigue simulations. HDPE and UHMWPE failed to withstand the simulations, while the aluminium alloy and stainless steel showed minimal faults from the simulations. MatLab was used to simulate the desired PPAM dimensions of 100 mm to determine the contraction force and contraction percentage that can be generated by the PPAM. The smallest PPAM found in research was 110 mm and showed promising results from their mathematical modeling. The overall height of the prosthetic was no greater than 110 mm and the membrane length of the PPAM was no greater than 100 mm, while successfully producing more than 300 N during contraction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of Hems Based on the Mechanically Activated Intermetallic Al12mg17 Powder
    molecules Article The Study of HEMs Based on the Mechanically Activated Intermetallic Al12Mg17 Powder Sergei Sokolov * , Alexander Vorozhtsov, Vladimir Arkhipov and Ilya Zhukov Laboratory of Metallurgy Nanotechnologies, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (V.A.); [email protected] (I.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-923-406-77-01 Academic Editor: Svatopluk Zeman Received: 30 May 2020; Accepted: 19 July 2020; Published: 5 August 2020 Abstract: In this work, Al–Mg intermetallic powders were characterized and obtained by melting, casting into a steel chill and subsequent mechanical activation in a planetary mill. The method for producing Al12Mg17 intermetallic powder is presented. The dispersity, morphology, chemical composition, and phase composition of the obtained powder materials were investigated. Certain thermodynamic properties of high-energy materials containing the Al-Mg powder after mechanical activation of various durations were investigated. The addition of the Al-Mg powders to the high-energy composition (synthetic rubber SKDM-80 + ammonium perchlorate AP + boron B) can significantly increase the burning rate by approximately 47% and the combustion heat by approximately 23% compared with the high-energy compositions without the Al-Mg powder. The addition of the Al12Mg17 powder obtained after 6 h of mechanical activation provides an increase in the burning rate by 8% (2.5 0.1 mm/s for the mechanically activated Al Mg powder and ± 12 17 2.3 0.1 mm/s for the commercially available powder) and an increase in the combustion heat by 3% ± (7.4 0.2 MJ/kg for the mechanically activated Al-Mg powder and 7.1 0.2 MJ/kg for the commercially ± ± available powder).
    [Show full text]
  • WATTS 04-2013 P1 PARC Management Team / Bestuurspan Aug
    04-2013 WATTS Year 83 + 4m Monthly newsletter of the Pretoria Amateur Radio Club Maandelikse nuusbrief van die Pretoria Amateur Radio Klub. PARC, PO Box 73696, Lynnwood Ridge 0040, RSA web http://www.parc.org.za mail: [email protected] Bulletins: 145,725 MHz 08:45 Sundays/Sondae Relays: 1.840, 3.700, 7.066, 10.135, 14.235, 51.400, 438.825, 1297 MHz ZR6FD logo Activated frequencies are announced prior to bulletins Papier / Paper Drukwerk ZS6RH Swapshop: 2m and 7.066 MHz Live on-air after bulletins ZS6RH Bulletin repeats Mondays | herhalings : Maandae 2m 19:45 Another glimpse of the extensive facility operated by Iain-ZS5IE (more photos on QRZ.com) In this issue In hierdie uitgawe Next club events Fleamarkets at PMC Member news and activities Lede-nuus en Aktiwiteite Wed 1 May (public holiday) Sat 10 Aug Sat 7 Dec Technical Rig reviews Tegnies Club social at U.P. G7FEK limited space antenna Thursday 4 Apr 7pm Aluminium alloys Club committee meeting ● Page eight -- Bladsy agt Thursday 18 Apr 7pm WATTS 04-2013 p1 PARC Management team / Bestuurspan Aug. 2012 – Aug. 2013 Committee members Chairman, Contests Pierre Holtzhausen ZS6PJH [email protected] 012-655-0726 082-575-5799 Vice Chairman, SARL liason Fritz Sutherland ZS6SF [email protected] 012-811-3875 083-304-0028 Secretary, Clubs, Strategy Jean de Villiers ZS6ARA [email protected] 012-663-6554 083-627-2506 Treasurer, SARS Andre van Tonder ZS6BRC [email protected] 361-3292 082-467-0287 Rallies, Social Johan de Bruyn ZS6JHB [email protected] 012-803-7385 079-333-4107 Webmaster Graham Reid ZR6GJR [email protected] 083-701-0511 RAE, Bulletin co-ordinator Vincent Harrison ZS6BTY [email protected] 012-998-8165 083-754-0115 Repeaters, Technical Craig Symington ZS6RH [email protected] 081-334-6817 Technical, Kits.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribological Behaviours Influenced by Surface Coatings and Morphology
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 7-11-2015 Tribological Behaviours Influenced yb Surface Coatings and Morphology Guang Wang University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Wang, Guang, "Tribological Behaviours Influenced yb Surface Coatings and Morphology" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5305. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5305 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Tribological Behaviours Influenced by Surface Coatings and Morphology By Guang Wang A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Mechanical, Automotive & Materials Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2015 ©2015 Guang Wang Tribological Behaviours Influenced by Surface Coatings and Morphology By Guang Wang APPROVED BY: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Maec.19 70 (University of London) London
    COMPLEX & INCREMENTAL STRESS CREEP OF A HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM ALLOY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (ALLOY: HIDUMINIUM RR58 SPECIFICATION DTD 731) by SURINDAR BAHADUR MATHUR Thesis presented in the Department of Mechanical Engineering for the Award of the Doctor of Philosphy in Mechanical Engineering of the University of London. Mechanical Engineering Department Imperial College of Science and Technology mAec.19 70 (University of London) London. ABSTRACT A theory for creep rates under complex and incremental stresses is deduced from experimental data concerning complex creep at elevated temperatures for the test material HIDUMINIUM RR 58 - Specification DID 731. The most important results are for tubular specimens tested at 150°C and 250°C under incremental loads. The analysis of results relates to steady state creep only. Modified relationships in stress equivalence and strain equivalence are proposed to account for thermal softening, polygonization, recrystallization and the resulting exaggerated flow in the direction of the applied shear. (The original equations are based on the hypothesis of Von Mises). A further relationship is suggested between the immediate total energy of distortion and the subsequent creep work rate. Results of the static tests and the results of the tests for creep behaviour under complex loading are presented and compared with the results of static torsion and simple incremental torsion creep tests on the basis of the proposed equations. An appendix describes the complex creep testing machine, furnace, extensometers
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts from the Scientific and Technical Press Titles And
    December, ig4j Abstracts from the Scientific and Technical Press " (No. 117. October, 1943) AND Titles and References of Articles and Papers Selected from Publications (Reviewed by R.T.P.3) TOGETHER WITH List of Selected Translations (No. 63)' London : "THE ROYAL AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY" with which is incorporated "The Institution of Aeronautical Engineers" 4, Hamilton Place, W.I Telephone: Grosvenor 3515 (3 lines) ABSTRACTS FROM THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PRESS. Issued by the Directorate's of Scientific Research and Technical Development, Ministry of Air­ craft Production. (Prepared by R.T.P.3.) No. 117. OCTOBER, 1943. Notices and abstracts from the Scientific and Technical Press are prepared primarily for_ the information of Scientific and Technical Staffs. Particular attention is paid to the work carried out in foreign countries, on the assumption that the more accessible British work (for example that published by the Aeronautical Research Committee^ is already known to these Staffs. Requests from scientific and technical staffs for further information of transla­ tions should be addressed to R.T,P.3, Ministry of Aircraft Production, and not to the Royal Aeronautical Society. Only a limited number of the articles quoted from foreign journals are trans­ lated and usually only the original can be supplied on loan. If, however, translation is required, application should be made in writing to R.T.P.3, the requests being considered in accordance with existing facilities. ' NOTE.—As far as possible, the country of origin quoted in the items refers to the original source. The Effect of Nitrogen on the Properties of Certain Austenitic Valve Steels.
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Materials Between Aluminium Alloys and Copper - an Overview
    Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2013 Vol III, WCE 2013, July 3 - 5, 2013, London, U.K. Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Materials between Aluminium Alloys and Copper - An Overview Mukuna P. Mubiayi. Member, IAENG and Esther T. Akinlabi, Member, IAENG flow in the material, forming a solid state weld. Abstract—Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process used for welding similar and dissimilar materials. The process is widely used because it produces sound welds and does not have common problems such as solidification and liquefaction cracking associated with the fusion welding techniques. The FSW of Aluminium and its alloys has been commercialised; and recent interest is focused on joining dissimilar materials. However, in order to commercialise the process, research studies are required to characterise and establish process windows. In particular, FSW has inspired researchers to attempt joining dissimilar materials such as aluminium to copper which differ in properties and sound welds with none or limited intermetallic compounds has been produced. In this paper, we review the current research state of FSW between aluminium and copper with a focus on the resulting weld microstructure, mechanical testing and the tools employed to produce the welds and also an insight into future research in this field of study. Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the Friction Stir Welding process [2] Keywords: Aluminium, copper, dissimilar materials, intermetallic compounds, microstructure. It was realised in the development of the FSW process that the tool design is critical in producing sound welds [3]. A basic and conventional design for a FSW tool is shown in I.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallurgical Abstracts (General and Non-Ferrous)
    METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS (GENERAL AND NON-FERROUS) Volume 2 1935 Part 13 I —PROPERTIES OF METALS (Continued from pp. 553-568.) Refined Aluminium. Robert GaDeau (Metallurgist (Suppt. to Engineer), 1936, 11, 94-96).—Summary of a paper presenteD to the Congrès Inter­ nationale Des Mines, De la Métallurgie, et De la Géologie Appliquée, Paris. See Met. Abs., this vol., pp. 365 anD 497.—R. G. _ On the Softening and Recrystallization of Pure Aluminium. ------ (A lu­ minium, 1935, 17, 575-576).—A review of recent work of Calvet anD his collaborators ; see Met. Abs., this vol., pp. 453, 454. A. R. P. *Some Optical Observations on the Protective Films on Aluminium in Nitric, Chromic, and Sulphuric Acids. L. TronstaD anD T. HbverstaD (Trans. Faraday Soc., 1934, 30, 362-366).—The optical properties of natural films on aluminium were measureD in various solutions anD their change with time of immersion observeD. Little change occurs in such films in chromic aciD solutions with or without chloriDe ; the films are not protective in concentrateD sulphuric aciD, anD in concentrateD nitric aciD the protective films are alternately DissolveD anD re-formeD. The mean thickness of natural films on aluminium is 100 p. or more than 10 times as thick as those on iron.—A. R. P. *Light from [Burning] Aluminium and Aluminium-Magnésium [Alloy], J. A. M. van Liempt anD J. A. De VrienD (Bee. trav. chim., 1935, 54, 239-244). „ . —S. G. ’"Investigations Relating to Electrophotophoresis Exhibited by Antimony Gisela Isser anD AlfreD Lustig (Z . Physik, 1935, 94, 760-769).—UnchargeD submicroscopic particles subjecteD to an electric fielD in an intense beam of light are founD to move either in the Direction of, or against, the fielD.
    [Show full text]
  • Microstructual Characteristics of Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Microstructual Characteristics Of Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites Dongho Shin University of Central Florida Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Shin, Dongho, "Microstructual Characteristics Of Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2244. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2244 MICROSTRUCTUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNESIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES by DONGHO SHIN B.S. Korea Military Academy, 2006 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2012 Major Professor: Yongho Sohn 1 © 2012 Dongho Shin ii ABSTRACT Magnesium (Mg) Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced by ceramic reinforcements are being developed for a variety of applications in automotive and aerospace because of their strength-to-weight ratio. Reinforcement being considered includes SiC, Al2O3, Carbon fiber and B4C in order to improve the mechanical properties of MMCs. Microstructural and interfacial characteristics of MMCs can play a critical role in controlling the MMCs’ mechanical properties. This study was carried out to understand the microstructural and interfacial development between Mg-9wt.Al-1wt.Zn (AZ91) alloy matrix and several reinforcements including SiC, Al2O3, Carbon fibers and B4C.
    [Show full text]
  • Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 763
    ASM Handbook, Volume 16: Machining Copyright © 1989 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 761-804 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0002184 www.asminternational.org MachJning of Aluminum and AlumJnum Alloys ALUMINUM ALLOYS can be ma- -r.. _ . lul Tools with small rake angles can normally chined rapidly and economically. Because be used with little danger of burring the part ," ,' ,,'7.,','_ ' , '~: £,~ " ~ ! f / "' " of their complex metallurgical structure, or of developing buildup on the cutting their machining characteristics are superior ,, A edges of tools. Alloys having silicon as the to those of pure aluminum. major alloying element require tools with The microconstituents present in alumi- larger rake angles, and they are more eco- num alloys have important effects on ma- nomically machined at lower speeds and chining characteristics. Nonabrasive con- feeds. stituents have a beneficial effect, and ,o IIR Wrought Alloys. Most wrought alumi- insoluble abrasive constituents exert a det- num alloys have excellent machining char- rimental effect on tool life and surface qual- acteristics; several are well suited to multi- ity. Constituents that are insoluble but soft B pie-operation machining. A thorough and nonabrasive are beneficial because they e,,{' , understanding of tool designs and machin- assist in chip breakage; such constituents s,~ ,.t ing practices is essential for full utilization are purposely added in formulating high- of the free-machining qualities of aluminum strength free-cutting alloys for processing in alloys. high-speed automatic bar and chucking ma- Strain-hardenable alloys (including chines. " ~ ~p /"~ commercially pure aluminum) contain no In general, the softer ailoys~and, to a alloying elements that would render them lesser extent, some of the harder al- c • o c hardenable by solution heat treatment and ,p loys--are likely to form a built-up edge on precipitation, but they can be strengthened the cutting lip of the tool.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminium Alloys Chemical Composition Pdf
    Aluminium alloys chemical composition pdf Continue Alloy in which aluminum is the predominant lye frame of aluminum welded aluminium alloy, manufactured in 1990. Aluminum alloys (or aluminium alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. Typical alloy elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two main classifications, namely casting alloys and forged alloys, both further subdivided into heat-treatable and heat-free categories. Approximately 85% of aluminium is used for forged products, e.g. laminated plates, foils and extrusions. Aluminum cast alloys produce cost-effective products due to their low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strength than forged alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si, where high silicon levels (4.0–13%) contributes to giving good casting features. Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where a low weight or corrosion resistance is required. [1] Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace production since the introduction of metal leather aircraft. Aluminum-magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than other alloys containing a very high percentage of magnesium. [2] Aluminum alloy surfaces will develop a white layer, protective of aluminum oxide, if not protected by proper anodization and/or dyeing procedures. In a wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminum alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with a more positive corrosion potential than aluminum, and an electrolyte is present that allows the exchange of ions.
    [Show full text]