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A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree by Ex

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A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree by Ex THE PERFECT TYPHOON: VIEWING TAIWAN'S TYPHOON MORAKOT THROUGH JOURNALISTIC LENSES A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Chiaoning Su July 2015 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Carolyn Kitch, Advisory Chair, Journalism Dr. Nancy Morris, Media Studies and Production Dr. Deborah Cai, Strategic Communication Dr. Katherine Fry, External Reader, Brooklyn College, CUNY © Copyright 2015 by Chiaoning Su All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Although scientific and technological progress continues to improve advanced warning technologies for meteorological and seismic events, natural disasters remain a threat globally. Asia is the continent most affected by natural disasters. Located in both the Circum-Pacific seismic belt and the western Pacific typhoon zone, Taiwan faces similar threats to its Asian neighbors. In 2009, the island nation experienced Typhoon Morakot and saw its massive rain-triggered landslides, burying more than 700 people in several rural villages and causing US$1.5 billion in economic losses. Furthermore, Typhoon Morakot was a political storm and a symbolic crisis because of the government's sluggish and inept response and the identity of the primary victims— Taiwanese Aborigines—who were forced to negotiate their racial identity and cultural heritage post-disaster. This dissertation examines the cultural and political role of disaster journalism. Employing a methodological triangulation of in-depth interviews with 23 veteran journalists who covered Typhoon Morakot and textual analysis of broadcast, newspaper, and online news coverage of Typhoon Morakot, this project investigates the process of disaster news-making, the visual construction of public emotions in broadcast news, the narrative attribution of political responsibility in newspapers, and the social justice potential of alternative media. News coverage of Typhoon Morakot thus provides both an outlet to witness the production and presentation of disaster news developed in a highly mature and competitive media environment and a glimpse into the international challenges and domestic predicaments faced by the newly democratized Taiwan. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sitting down to write these acknowledgements feels surreal because there was a point at which I did not think this dissertation would ever be finished. The fact that I can now close this chapter in my life is due in great part to my advisory committee. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Carolyn Kitch, for her unwavering support, guidance, and patience. Her wisdom shone through this typhoon to provide direction when I felt so battered and lost. I am grateful to Dr. Nancy Morris for believing in me from the very start, even when I couldn't believe in myself. Her passion for Chinese culture and language made me feel welcomed. Dr. Deborah Cai has always served as a great example of a strong female scholar juggling both academic and administrative duties. Finally, thank you to Dr. Katherine Fry for providing valuable comments and questions during the dissertation defense. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to work for Dr. Neil Theobald, his wife professor Sheona Mackenzie, and Dr. Hai-Lung Dai. The experiences they provided allowed me to see how the university operates and how Temple Owls are made. My lovely cohort who shared the laughter and tears along the way will remain lifelong friends. Thank you, Angela Carter, Alina Hogea, Byron Lee, and Michael Schuyler. Several M&C alumni provided the necessary know-how and friendship when I needed it the most. Thank you, Sueen Noh Kelsey, Jiwon Yoon, Lingling Pan, and Satarupa Dasgupta. I am also grateful for the support offered by Jade Kim, Hojeong Lee, Jaehyeon Jeong, and Weidan Cao. Finally, Paige Gibson appeared in the last mile of this journey but became my greatest motivator, proofreader, and sounding board in finishing this dissertation. iv I would like to thank my longtime friends Tzu-En Chang, Pin-Hsien Wu, and Yen-Yu Chen for encouraging me to pursue my American dream. Their encouragement gave me strength to continue on this path. Thanks to my Taiwanese friends in Philadelphia, Kai-Hao Wang, Han-Chih Wang, Jen-Kuan Chang, Florence S.C. Hsu, and Sophie Ling-Chia Wei for being my family away from home. I would be nothing without my family. Growing up, my father always told me that words and dreams matter. Everything I do, I do in the hopes of one day being more like him. My mother taught me that strength can come in gentle packages. I am forever grateful for the dedication she has shown our family. My older sister has long been a role model in my life. Because she shouldered the responsibility of continuing our family legacy, I have had the freedom to pursue my own path. My brother-in-law and my two nieces have brought great joy into our family. My younger sister is my best friend in the whole world. She has her own way to cheer me up and keep me moving forward. She is my true soul mate. This dissertation is for them. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi PROLOGUE .................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 Taiwan, the Republic of "Crisis" ................................................................................ 5 A Brief History of Taiwan ............................................................................................ 9 The Transformation of the Taiwanese Media Landscape ......................................... 11 Aborigines, Outsiders in Taiwan’s Imagined Community ....................................... 17 Overview of Dissertation Chapters ........................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THEORY AND METHODS ................................... 27 Conceptualizing Modern Disasters ........................................................................... 27 Disasters and the News Media ................................................................................... 36 Studying Journalism Through the Concept of Ritual ............................................... 38 Studying Disaster Journalism Through the Concept of Social Drama ..................... 42 Methods and Data Explained ..................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3: MAKING DISASTER NEWS: JOURNALISTS' REPORTING ASSIGNMENTS DURING TYPHOON MORAKOT ................................................ 48 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 49 Theoretical Construct ................................................................................................ 50 Journalism in Times of Disaster ............................................................................... 53 vi Method ......................................................................................................................... 54 Racing the Typhoon with the Boys ............................................................................ 57 The (False) Acceleration of Onsite Operational Autonomy ..................................... 58 The Socialization of Disaster News Language ......................................................... 63 The Gender Boundary in Disaster Reporting............................................................ 68 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 4: FEELING THE DISASTER: AN EXAMINATION OF EMOTIVE TELEVISION REPORTAGE FOLLOWING TYPHOON MORAKOT ................. 75 The Expression of Emotion in Disaster News........................................................... 76 The Integrative Function of Emotive Disaster News ................................................ 76 The Disruptive Function of Emotive Disaster News ................................................ 79 Method ......................................................................................................................... 81 Findings ........................................................................................................................ 83 Switching to "Disaster Marathon" Mode .................................................................. 83 Live Broadcasting the Horror ................................................................................... 86 Dramatizing "Floods of Tears" ................................................................................. 91 Manufactured Compassion and Hope ....................................................................... 97 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 100 CHAPTER 5: WHEN A NATURAL DISASTER TURNS INTO A POLITICAL STORM: HOW NEWSPAPERS FRAME POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITIES DURING AND AFTERMATH
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