Data Or Dogma? Promoting Open Inquiry in the Debate Over the Magnitude of Human Impact on Earth’S Climate

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Data Or Dogma? Promoting Open Inquiry in the Debate Over the Magnitude of Human Impact on Earth’S Climate S. HRG. 114–373 DATA OR DOGMA? PROMOTING OPEN INQUIRY IN THE DEBATE OVER THE MAGNITUDE OF HUMAN IMPACT ON EARTH’S CLIMATE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION DECEMBER 8, 2015 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–644 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:09 Oct 04, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\21644.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JOHN THUNE, South Dakota, Chairman ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi BILL NELSON, Florida, Ranking ROY BLUNT, Missouri MARIA CANTWELL, Washington MARCO RUBIO, Florida CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota TED CRUZ, Texas RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut DEB FISCHER, Nebraska BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii JERRY MORAN, Kansas EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska CORY BOOKER, New Jersey RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin TOM UDALL, New Mexico DEAN HELLER, Nevada JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia CORY GARDNER, Colorado GARY PETERS, Michigan STEVE DAINES, Montana DAVID SCHWIETERT, Staff Director NICK ROSSI, Deputy Staff Director REBECCA SEIDEL, General Counsel JASON VAN BEEK, Deputy General Counsel KIM LIPSKY, Democratic Staff Director CHRIS DAY, Democratic Deputy Staff Director CLINT ODOM, Democratic General Counsel and Policy Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS TED CRUZ, Texas, Chairman GARY PETERS, Michigan, Ranking MARCO RUBIO, Florida EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts JERRY MORAN, Kansas CORY BOOKER, New Jersey DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska TOM UDALL, New Mexico CORY GARDNER, Colorado BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii STEVE DAINES, Montana (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:09 Oct 04, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\21644.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on December 8, 2015 ........................................................................ 1 Statement of Senator Cruz ..................................................................................... 1 E-mail dated November 23, 2015 between Hon. Ted Cruz and John Coequyt .......................................................................................................... 15 Statement of Senator Peters ................................................................................... 2 Letter dated December 7, 2015 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Gary Peters from Gerald R. Fink, Chair, AAAS Board of Directors, Herman and Margaret Sokol Professor, Whitehead Institute/Massachusetts Institute of Technology ................................................................................................. 4 Article dated December 9, 2006 from the AAAS Board ................................ 5 Letter dated December 7, 2015 to Hon. Ted Cruz from Dr. Keith L. Seitter, Executive Director, American Meteoreological Society ................ 7 Letter dated December 7, 2015 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Gary Peters from Robert Gropp, Ph.D., Interim Co-Executive Director, American Institute of Biological Sciences .................................................................... 9 Statement of Senator Nelson .................................................................................. 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 12 Letter dated December 2, 2015 from Hon. John Thune to Dr. John R. Christy, Professor and Director, Earth System Science Center, NSSTC, University of Alabama in Huntsville .......................................................... 17 Letter dated December 2, 2015 from Hon. John Thune to Dr. Judith Curry, School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology ..................................................................................................... 18 Letter dated December 2, 2015 from Hon. John Thune to Dr. William Happer, Department of Physics, Princeton University .............................. 19 Letter dated December 2, 2015 from Hon. John Thune to Mr. Mark Steyn .............................................................................................................. 20 Letter dated December 2, 2015 from Hon. John Thune to Dr. David W. Titley, RADM (ret.), Professor of Practice in Meteorology, Penn State Department of Meteorology ................................................................ 21 Statement of Senator Daines .................................................................................. 94 Statement of Senator Schatz .................................................................................. 96 Statement of Senator Udall .................................................................................... 99 Statement of Senator Markey ................................................................................. 101 WITNESSES John R. Christy, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Science and Director of the Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama ............ 22 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 23 Judith A. Curry, Ph.D., Chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology .......................................................... 38 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 40 William Happer, Ph.D., Cyrus Fogg Bracket Professor of Physics, Princeton University ............................................................................................................. 55 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 57 Mark Steyn, International Bestselling Author ..................................................... 70 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 71 David W Titley, Rear Admiral USN (Ret.), Ph.D., Professor of Practice and Director, Center for Solutions to Weather and Climate Risk, Pennsylvania State University ................................................................................................... 78 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 80 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:09 Oct 04, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\21644.TXT JACKIE IV Page APPENDIX Response to written questions submitted to Admiral David Titley by: Hon. Richard Blumenthal ................................................................................ 181 Hon. Edward Markey ....................................................................................... 185 Hon. Gary Peters .............................................................................................. 188 VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:09 Oct 04, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\21644.TXT JACKIE DATA OR DOGMA? PROMOTING OPEN INQUIRY IN THE DEBATE OVER THE MAGNITUDE OF HUMAN IMPACT ON EARTH’S CLIMATE TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2015 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:10 p.m., in room SR–253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Ted Cruz, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators Cruz [presiding], Gardner, Daines, Nelson, Schatz, Markey, Booker, Udall, and Peters. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TED CRUZ, U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS Senator CRUZ. This hearing will come to order. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to what I hope will be an im- portant and informative hearing. This is a hearing on the science behind claims of global warming. Now this is the Science Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee, and we are hearing from distinguished scientists, shar- ing their views, their interpretation, their analysis of the data and the evidence. Now I am the son of two mathematicians, two computer pro- grammers and scientists. And I believe that public policy should follow the actual science and the actual data and evidence and not political and partisan claims that run contrary to the science and data and evidence. On November 28, 2013, an intrepid band of explorers set off from New Zealand on a research expedition to the Antarctic. Among their goals was investigating the impact of global warming on the Antarctic continent and islands. On Christmas Eve, they became stuck in ice, ice that the climate industrial complex had assured us were vanishing. This expedition was there to document how the ice was vanishing in the Antarctic, but the ship became stuck. It had run into an inconvenient truth, as Al Gore might put it. Three icebreakers tried and failed to reach the trapped ship be- cause the ice was too thick. After a week of rescue attempts, the passengers were airlifted from the vessel. (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:09 Oct 04, 2016 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\GPO\DOCS\21644.TXT JACKIE 2 Here are the inconvenient facts about the polar ice caps. The Arctic is not ice-free.
Recommended publications
  • The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic - the New York Times
    12/11/2017 The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic - The New York Times https://nyti.ms/Ouq7Yv Opinion | OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic By RICHARD A. MULLER JULY 28, 2012 Berkeley, Calif. CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate studies that, in my mind, threw doubt on the very existence of global warming. Last year, following an intensive research effort involving a dozen scientists, I concluded that global warming was real and that the prior estimates of the rate of warming were correct. I’m now going a step further: Humans are almost entirely the cause. My total turnaround, in such a short time, is the result of careful and objective analysis by the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, which I founded with my daughter Elizabeth. Our results show that the average temperature of the earth’s land has risen by two and a half degrees Fahrenheit over the past 250 years, including an increase of one and a half degrees over the most recent 50 years. Moreover, it appears likely that essentially all of this increase results from the human emission of greenhouse gases. These findings are stronger than those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations group that defines the scientific and diplomatic consensus on global warming. In its 2007 report, the I.P.C.C. concluded only that most of the warming of the prior 50 years could be attributed to humans. It was possible, according to the I.P.C.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tropical Skies: Falsifying Climate Alarm (Pdf)
    THE TROPICAL SKIES Falsifying climate alarm John Christy The Global Warming Policy Foundation GWPF Note 17 THE TROPICAL SKIES Falsifying climate alarm John Christy © Copyright 2019 The Global Warming Policy Foundation Contents About the author vi 1 Measuring the greenhouse effect 1 2 The importance of the troposphere 2 3 Another metric 4 4 Hiding the problem 7 About the author Dr John R. Christy is the director of the Earth System Science Center, Distinguished Profes- sor of Atmospheric Science and Alabama State Climatologist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, where he has been employed for over 30 years. His responsibilities include managing a science centre with over 80 employees, working on several research projects ranging from developing and launching space-based instruments to studying impacts of significant weather events in developing countries, to high-resolution studies of air pollu- tion (air-chemistry and meteorology). His own research concerns developing, constructing and refining global and regional climate data records that can be used to test claims ofcli- mate variability and change and to understand the climate’s sensitivity to various forcing factors. This work has resulted in almost 100 peer-reviewed publications. This paper is based a talk given by Dr Christy at the Palace of Westminster on 8 May 2019. vi 1 Measuring the greenhouse effect When I grew up, science was defined as a method of discovering information. You would make a claim or a hypothesis, and then you would test that claim against independent data. If it failed, you rejected your claim and you started over again.
    [Show full text]
  • MAP Act Coalition Letter Freedomworks
    April 13, 2021 Dear Members of Congress, We, the undersigned organizations representing millions of Americans nationwide highly concerned by our country’s unsustainable fiscal trajectory, write in support of the Maximizing America’s Prosperity (MAP) Act, to be introduced by Rep. Kevin Brady (R-Texas) and Sen. Mike Braun (R-Ind.). As we stare down a mounting national debt of over $28 trillion, the MAP Act presents a long-term solution to our ever-worsening spending patterns by implementing a Swiss-style debt brake that would prevent large budget deficits and increased national debt. Since the introduction of the MAP Act in the 116th Congress, our national debt has increased by more than 25 percent, totaling six trillion dollars higher than the $22 trillion we faced less than two years ago in July of 2019. Similarly, nearly 25 percent of all U.S. debt accumulated since the inception of our country has come since the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Now more than ever, it is critical that legislators take a serious look at the fiscal situation we find ourselves in, with a budget deficit for Fiscal Year 2020 of $3.132 trillion and a projected share of the national debt held by the public of 102.3 percent of GDP. While markets continue to finance our debt in the current moment, the simple and unavoidable fact remains that our country is not immune from the basic economics of massive debt, that history tells us leads to inevitable crisis. Increased levels of debt even before a resulting crisis slows economic activity -- a phenomenon referred to as “debt drag” -- which especially as we seek recovery from COVID-19 lockdowns, our nation cannot afford.
    [Show full text]
  • GOVERNING Magazine April 2018
    THE STATES AND LOCALITIES April 2018 MouseThe 800lb. Trying to govern in Anaheim, the ultimate one-company town GOV04_Cover.indd 18 3/12/18 11:50 AM __________Designer __________Creative Dir. 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA 95630 916-932-1300 __________Editorial __________Prepress www.erepublic.com CMY grey T1 T2 T3 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 Page # __________Other ____________OK to go BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN PROTECTING THE PUBLIC SECTOR FROM RANSOMWARE State and local government agencies are being held hostage by À´¿¼¶¼ÂÈÆ´·É¸Åƴż¸Æ´Á·ÆÂìʴŸ·¸Æ¼ºÁ¸·ÇÂÆǸ´¿·´Ç´ How prepared is your organization to deal with a ransomware attack? Take 3 minutes to learn more: att.com/govsecurity ACCESS GRANTED AT&T FIREWALLS Fully managed security services to help prevent unauthorized ACCESS DENIED access to your network AT&T THREAT MANAGER At-a-glance, situational threat awareness for multiple sites and “state of the org” view AT&T CYBERSECURITY VULNERABILITY CONSULTING ASSESSMENT Lifecycle approach to vulnerability, threat management and path to compliance AT&T SECURE EMAIL GATEWAY ¸ÆǼÁ¶¿´ÆƸÀ´¼¿è¿Ç¸Å¼Áº and threat detection All AT&T Cybersecurity solutions are powered by AT&T Threat Intellect. © 2017 AT&T Intellectual Property. All rights reserved. AT&T and the AT&T logo are trademarks of AT&T Intellectual Property. __________Designer __________Creative Dir. 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA 95630 916-932-1300 __________Editorial __________Prepress www.erepublic.com CMY grey T1 T2 T3 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 Page # __________Other ____________OK to go BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Skepticism and Denial
    Climate Change Skepticism and Denial Oliver Mehling Seminar “How Do I Lie With Statistics” University of Heidelberg, Winter term 2019–20 Talk: November 28, 2019. Report submitted: January 9, 2020. 1 Introduction The science behind understanding climate change dates back to the 19th century, when Eunice Foote as well as John Tyndall conducted fundamental experiments on the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (Jackson 2019), and Svante Arrhenius famously linked CO2 to warming of the Earth’s surface (Arrhenius 1896). Nowadays, there is a broad scientific consensus about the underlying physical science of global warming, and that anthropogenic (human-induced) emissions of CO2, methane (CH4) and other greenhouse gases are the main drivers of the current warming. There have been many attempts to quantify this consensus, and a survey of these studies by Cook et al. (2016) showed that among publishing climate scientists, between 90% and 100% agree “that humans are causing recent global warming”. About every seven years, the current state of the science is summarized in an “Assessment Re- port”, a large review study in the framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which also states the likelihood of scientific findings (Mastrandrea et al. 2011). In its most recent Fifth Assessment Report, the IPCC calls it “unequivocal” that anthropogenic green- house gas emissions have “substantially enhanced the greenhouse effect” (IPCC 2013, p. 661). Yet, over the past four decades, climate change skeptics and deniers have successfully managed to seed doubt about these findings, and have greatly distorted public opinion on global warming.
    [Show full text]
  • Tol, Xeer, and Somalinimo: Recognizing Somali And
    Tol , Xeer , and Somalinimo : Recognizing Somali and Mushunguli Refugees as Agents in the Integration Process A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Vinodh Kutty IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY David M. Lipset July 2010 © Vinodh Kutty 2010 Acknowledgements A doctoral dissertation is never completed without the help of many individuals. And to all of them, I owe a deep debt of gratitude. Funding for this project was provided by two block grants from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota and by two Children and Families Fellowship grants from the Annie E. Casey Foundation. These grants allowed me to travel to the United Kingdom and Kenya to conduct research and observe the trajectory of the refugee resettlement process from refugee camp to processing for immigration and then to resettlement to host country. The members of my dissertation committee, David Lipset, my advisor, Timothy Dunnigan, Frank Miller, and Bruce Downing all provided invaluable support and assistance. Indeed, I sometimes felt that my advisor, David Lipset, would not have been able to write this dissertation without my assistance! Timothy Dunnigan challenged me to honor the Somali community I worked with and for that I am grateful because that made the dissertation so much better. Frank Miller asked very thoughtful questions and always encouraged me and Bruce Downing provided me with detailed feedback to ensure that my writing was clear, succinct and organized. I also have others to thank. To my colleagues at the Office of Multicultural Services at Hennepin County, I want to say “Thank You Very Much!” They all provided me with the inspiration to look at the refugee resettlement process more critically and dared me to suggest ways to improve it.
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Court of the United States
    No. 18-1451 ================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- --------------------------------- NATIONAL REVIEW, INC., Petitioner, v. MICHAEL E. MANN, Respondent. --------------------------------- --------------------------------- On Petition For A Writ Of Certiorari To The District Of Columbia Court Of Appeals --------------------------------- --------------------------------- MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE AND BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE SOUTHEASTERN LEGAL FOUNDATION IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER --------------------------------- --------------------------------- KIMBERLY S. HERMANN HARRY W. MACDOUGALD SOUTHEASTERN LEGAL Counsel of Record FOUNDATION CALDWELL, PROPST & 560 W. Crossville Rd., Ste. 104 DELOACH, LLP Roswell, GA 30075 Two Ravinia Dr., Ste. 1600 Atlanta, GA 30346 (404) 843-1956 hmacdougald@ cpdlawyers.com Counsel for Amicus Curiae June 2019 ================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM 1 MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 37.2, Southeast- ern Legal Foundation (SLF) respectfully moves for leave to file the accompanying amicus curiae brief in support of the Petition. Petitioner has consented to the filing of this amicus curiae brief. Respondent Michael Mann has withheld consent to the filing of this amicus curiae brief. Accordingly, this motion for leave to file is necessary. SLF is a nonprofit, public interest law firm and policy center founded in 1976 and organized under the laws of the State of Georgia. SLF is dedicated to bring- ing before the courts issues vital to the preservation of private property rights, individual liberties, limited government, and the free enterprise system. SLF regularly appears as amicus curiae before this and other federal courts to defend the U.S. Consti- tution and the individual right to the freedom of speech on political and public interest issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change: Examining the Processes Used to Create Science and Policy, Hearing
    CLIMATE CHANGE: EXAMINING THE PROCESSES USED TO CREATE SCIENCE AND POLICY HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2011 Serial No. 112–09 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 65–306PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. RALPH M. HALL, Texas, Chair F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland DAVID WU, Oregon FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma BRAD MILLER, North Carolina JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois W. TODD AKIN, Missouri GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico SANDY ADAMS, Florida PAUL D. TONKO, New York BENJAMIN QUAYLE, Arizona JERRY MCNERNEY, California CHARLES J. ‘‘CHUCK’’ FLEISCHMANN, JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland Tennessee TERRI A. SEWELL, Alabama E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia FREDERICA S. WILSON, Florida STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan MO BROOKS, Alabama ANDY HARRIS, Maryland RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana DAN BENISHEK, Michigan VACANCY (II) C O N T E N T S Thursday, March 31, 2011 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Sociology of First Amendment Silence Mae Kuykendall
    Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 42 Article 3 Number 4 Summer 2015 1-1-2015 Evaluating the Sociology of First Amendment Silence Mae Kuykendall Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Mae Kuykendall, Evaluating the Sociology of First Amendment Silence, 42 Hastings Const. L.Q. 695 (2015). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol42/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluating the Sociology of First Amendment Silence by MAE KUYKENDALL* Introduction Silence is that curious answer to the riddle, "What is golden and disappears when you speak its name?" In the context of First Amendment jurisprudence, Silence is just as puzzling as a riddle. Silence may be used as a verb, as in, to cause a speaker to cease speaking or as a noun, as in, the absence of speaking or sound. In either form, Silence has long been recognized as a rhetorical vehicle for expression. As it is wont to do, Silence often sits quietly in the interstices of First Amendment doctrine. But when she speaks, she roars. When Silence becomes speech, and that speech becomes law, Silence can get a thumping for its unseemly intrusion. The thumping of silence as legal doctrine, such as it has been, was a product of the Court's rescue of the Boy Scouts in Boy Scouts of America v.
    [Show full text]
  • Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability Challenges and Opportunities
    Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability Challenges and Opportunities CHRISTOPHE CASSOU, YOCHANAN KUSHNIR, ED HAWKINS, ANNA PIRANI, FRED KUCHARSKI, IN-SIK KANG, AND NICO CALTABIANO DECADAL PHENOMENA AND THEIR early 2000s also contributed to the recent hiatus (Hu- CHARACTERISTICS. The slowdown in the rate ber and Knutti 2014; Santer et al. 2017). Yet, because of global surface warming in the early 2000s, and of uncertainties in observational estimates in both especially its regional characteristics, highlights the radiative forcing and global temperature measures, it importance of decadal climate variability (DCV) as a is impossible to stringently attribute the early 2000s modulator of long-term warming trends due to ever- hiatus to a specific origin (Hedemann et al. 2017); increasing anthropogenic forcings (Medhaug et al. rather, it should be interpreted as a combination of 2017). This event, which was termed in the scientific several factors (Medhaug et al. 2017). and public domain as a “pause” or “hiatus” in global Whether in cases of external forcing due to natural warming (Lewandowsky et al. 2016), was argued by (solar and volcanic) or anthropogenic factors, or during scientists to be associated with long-recognized [see, internal climate system interactions, the oceans play e.g., IPCC (1996) for an early assessment] multiyear a central role in DCV because of their thermal and phenomena, and in particular the undulation of the dynamical inertia. Decadal variations of both regional ocean–atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific and global-mean surface temperature can be associated (Kosaka and Xie 2013; Meehl et al. 2016a). According with, and often attributed to, changes in ocean heat to several studies, changes in Earth energy balance at uptake and heat redistribution (Yan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Power
    #2 May 2011 Special Issue PersPectives Political analysis and commentary from the Middle East PeoPle’s Power the arab world in revolt Published by the Heinrich Böll stiftung 2011 This work is licensed under the conditions of a Creative Commons license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You can download an electronic version online. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: Attribution - you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work); Noncommercial - you may not use this work for commercial purposes; No Derivative Works - you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. editor-in-chief: Layla Al-Zubaidi editors: Doreen Khoury, Anbara Abu-Ayyash, Joachim Paul Layout: Catherine Coetzer, c2designs, Cédric Hofstetter translators: Mona Abu-Rayyan, Joumana Seikaly, Word Gym Ltd. cover photograph: Gwenael Piaser Printed by: www.coloursps.com Additional editing, print edition: Sonya Knox Opinions expressed in articles are those of their authors, and not HBS. heinrich böll Foundation – Middle east The Heinrich Böll Foundation, associated with the German Green Party, is a legally autonomous and intellectually open political foundation. Our foremost task is civic education in Germany and abroad with the aim of promoting informed democratic opinion, socio-political commitment and mutual understanding. In addition, the Heinrich Böll Foundation supports artistic, cultural and scholarly projects, as well as cooperation in the development field. The political values of ecology, democracy, gender democracy, solidarity and non-violence are our chief points of reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Heartland Climate Economists List SAMPLE
    U.S. Climate Economists Mailing List May 30, 2017 Name Contact Information Email Address Qualifications Anderson, Terry Property and Environment A founder of the Free Market Environmentalism, coauthor (with Leal) of the basic reference on the Research Center subject, head of PERC until just recently. See Anderson, T.L. and McChesney, F.S. 2003. Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law . Princeton, MA: Princeton University Press. Suite A B.S. University of Montana, Ph.D. in economics from the University of Washington. Bozeman, MT Phone Ausubel, Jesse The Rockefeller University Director of the Program for the Human Environment and Senior Research Associate at The Rockefeller r.edu University in New York City. From 1977-1988 Mr. Ausubel worked for the National Academies complex in Washington DC as a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, staff officer of the National Research New York, NY Council Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, and from 1983-1988 Director of Programs for the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). Mr. Ausubel was a main organizer of the first UN World http://www.rockefeller.edu/ Climate Conference (Geneva, 1979), which substantially elevated the global warming issue on scientific research/faculty/researchaffi and political agendas. During 1979-1981 he led the Climate Task of the Resources and Environment liates/JesseAusubel/#conten Program of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, near Vienna, Austria, an East-West t think-tank created by the U.S. and Soviet academies of sciences. Mr. Ausubel helped formulate the US and world climate research programs. Ausubel is one of the top two or three authorities on how the environment is getting cleaner and safer overtime.
    [Show full text]