Les Rongeurs De L'afrique Sahélo-Soudanienne

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Les Rongeurs De L'afrique Sahélo-Soudanienne Les rongeurs de l’Afrique sahélo-soudanienne La collection « Faune et flore tropicales », éditée depuis 1962 par l’IRD (ex-Orstom), est coéditée avec le Muséum national d’histoire naturelle depuis 2002. Les ouvrages publiés sont en français, en anglais ou bilingues et sont consacrés aux vertébrés, aux invertébrés et aux espèces végétales des régions intertropicales. L’objectif de la collection est de diffuser les connaissances les plus récentes sur la systématique des différents groupes, avec des contenus allant de la mise au point taxonomique jusqu’à des faunes et des flores complètes illustrées. Directeurs de collection : Didier PAUGY : [email protected] Bertrand RICHER DE FORGES : [email protected] Bart BUYCK : [email protected] Derniers volumes parus Poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de basses Guinée, ouest de l’Afrique centrale The Fresh and Brackish Wateer Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Guy G. Teugels, Carl D. Hopkins, 2007 Les serpents d'Afrique occidentale et centrale J.-Ph. Chippaux, 2006 Flore de la Polynésie française, vol. 1 et 2 J. Florence, 2004 Poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of West Africa Didier Paugy, Christian Lévêque, Guy G. Teugels, 2003 Les serpents marins de Nouvelle-Calédonie Sea snakes of New Caledonia Ivan Ineich, Pierre Laboute, 2002 Laurent Granjon Jean-Marc Duplantier Avec la collaboration d’Erwan Quesseveur pour la cartographie Les rongeurs de l’Afrique sahélo-soudanienne IRD Éditions INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Publications scientifiques du Muséum Collection Faune et Flore tropicales 43 Marseille, 2009 Préparation éditoriale Yolande Cavallazzi Maquette intérieure – mise en page Aline Lugand – Gris Souris Maquette de couverture Michelle Saint-Léger Coordination, fabrication Corinne Lavagne La loi du 1er juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article L. 122-5, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans le but d’exemple ou d’illustration, « toute repré sen ta tion ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l’article L. 122-4). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon passible des peines prévues au titre III de la loi précitée. © IRD, MNHN, 2009 ISBN IRD : 978-2-7099-1675-2 ISBN MNHN : 978-2-85653-646-9 LAURENT GRANJON, JEAN-MARC DUPLANTIER 4 ISSN : 1286-4994 SOMMAIRE Remerciements ............................................................................................................. 9 Glossaire ........................................................................................................................ 11 Principales abréviations et sigles utilisés ..................................................... 13 Généralités ................................................................................................................... 15 Présentation de l’ouvrage ............................................................................................... 16 Historique de la collecte des données par pays .......................................................... 18 La Mauritanie ....................................................................................................... 18 Le Sénégal ........................................................................................................... 18 Le Mali .................................................................................................................. 19 Le Burkina Faso ................................................................................................... 20 Le Niger ................................................................................................................ 20 Le Tchad ............................................................................................................... 20 La Base de données sur les rongeurs sahélo-soudaniens (BDRSS) ....................... 21 Biogéographie et écologie .................................................................................... 23 Présentation de la zone d’étude .................................................................................... 24 Amplitude de distribution des différentes espèces ..................................................... 25 Les espèces saharo-sahéliennes ................................................................................... 27 Les espèces sahéliennes ................................................................................................ 27 Les espèces soudaniennes ............................................................................................ 28 Les espèces à tendance guinéenne .............................................................................. 29 Esquisses et prévisions biogéographiques .................................................................. 29 Les rongeurs et la santé humaine et animale ............................................. 33 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 34 Trois questions préalables importantes ........................................................................ 34 Pourquoi les rongeurs sont-ils des réservoirs privilégiés de maladies humaines ? ........................................................................................................... 34 Pourquoi faut-il bien identifier les rongeurs impliqués ? ................................. 35 Quels sont les modes de transmission possibles du rongeur à l’homme ? 35 Les maladies transmises directement par morsure .................................................... 36 Les maladies transmises par les urines et les fèces .................................................. 36 La leptospirose .................................................................................................... 36 Les salmonelloses ............................................................................................... 37 Les arénavirus ...................................................................................................... 37 Les fièvres hémorragiques dues aux Hantavirus ............................................ 37 La schistosomose intestinale ............................................................................ 38 Les maladies transmises par un vecteur ...................................................................... 39 La peste ................................................................................................................ 39 Le typhus murin ................................................................................................... 40 La leishmaniose ................................................................................................... 40 La borréliose ........................................................................................................ 42 Les arboviroses ................................................................................................... 42 La fièvre de Congo-Crimée (CCHF) .................................................... 43 La fièvre de la vallée du Rift .................................................................. 43 LES RONGEURS DE L’AFRIQUE SAHÉLO-SOUDANIENNE LES RONGEURS DE L’AFRIQUE Perspectives ..................................................................................................................... 43 5 Les rongeurs ravageurs des cultures et des stocks ............................... 45 Les cycles d’abondance des rongeurs sahélo-soudaniens ........................................ 46 La reproduction .................................................................................................... 46 Le cycle annuel d’abondance ............................................................................ 47 Les pullulations .................................................................................................... 48 La prévision des pullulations .............................................................................. 49 Les dégâts dans les cultures ......................................................................................... 49 Les types de cultures attaquées par les rongeurs ......................................... 49 L’importance des dégâts dans les cultures ..................................................... 50 Les dégâts dans les stocks ............................................................................................ 51 Les principes de la lutte contre les rongeurs ............................................................... 52 Principes généraux .............................................................................................. 52 La lutte chimique ................................................................................................. 53 La protection des villages et des stocks ......................................................... 54 La protection des cultures ................................................................................. 54 Les rongeurs, source de nourriture ................................................................. 57 La chasse
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