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Abstract the Role of Mechanical and Chemical ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN RHODALGAL SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN ACIDIFICATION (BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO) Rhodoliths are free-living coralline algae that produce carbonate sediments in shallow water marine systems worldwide. Rhodalgal sediments, which result from rhodolith breakage and chemical weathering, mix together with living rhodoliths and form shallow water habitats known as rhodolith beds, support a diverse assemblage of organisms. Rhodoliths and sediment cores collected from the El Requesón rhodolith bed in Bahía Concepción, México were used to study the basic mechanical and chemical processes involved in rhodalgal sediment production and basic framework of a rhodolith bed. Results showed four major groups of rhodalgal sediments produced from rhodolith breakdown: "cores," "branches," "crumbs," and “dust” that ranges in size from pebbles, sands, to silts. Dissolution of rhodoliths was evident at seawater below pH 7.5 and at 30% dissolution, core breakdown was accelerated and smaller branches were produced. The general vertical trend of coarse-fine-coarse sedimentary texture indicates the temporal dynamics of a rhodolith bed, suggesting movement in south-north-south direction or expansion-shrinkage-expansion of the active part of the bed from past to present. The effect of 30% dissolution seen in the experiment suggests that dissolution occurring in future high CO2 ocean conditions would cause structural changes to shift towards more compacted framework with smaller interstitial spaces, hence changing the habitat quality of the bed. Elsie Dekawati Tanadjaja December 2010 THE ROLE OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN RHODALGAL SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN ACIDIFICATION (BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO) by Elsie Dekawati Tanadjaja A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marine Science in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno December 2010 APPROVED For the Department of Biology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Elsie Dekawati Tanadjaja Thesis Author Ivano Aiello (Chair) Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Kenneth Coale Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Diana Steller Moss Landing Marine Laboratories For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. :rohtua siseht fo erutangiS fo siseht :rohtua ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion and success of this thesis have depended upon continuous support, generous help, and encouragement of my advisors, mentors, colleagues, friends, and family. My sincere appreciation goes out to my advisors Dr. Ivano Aiello, Dr. Kenneth Coale, and Dr. Diana Steller for their enthusiasm, encouragement, and belief that I could overcome any challenge. Dr. Aiello’s broad knowledge and interest has encouraged me to explore new areas of multi-disciplinary research. Dr. Coale’s patience and unique perspectives about the natural world has inspired and magnify my commitment to science. Dr. Steller’s dedication to the rhodolith world, Baja, and her many field experiences were a source of inspiration and have been instrumental in completing my project. A deep thanks to my dedicated team of interns: Alex Olson, Amber Stroeder, Rachel Pitts, and Ekow Edzie for their hard work, refreshing curiosity, dedication, and the motivation for me to be a good mentor. A sincere thanks to folks in Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute for their valuable help, support, and mentorship. In particular, I thank Dr. Jim Barry for letting me use his lab facility to run my dissolution experiment, Gernot Friederich for his continuous support and generous advice and laughter, Chris Lovera for his time and effort with helping me develop and troubleshoot the dissolution experiment, Marguerite Blum for her expertise with the DIC machine, and Kurt Buck for his resourcefulness and friendship. A warm thanks to Dr. Shannon Bros for her wisdoms, guidance with statistics, and optimistic outlook of complicated situations. A sincere thanks to Dr. Simona Bartl for providing me with opportunities to teach and share my vi excitement about the marine world and for her generous advice. Deep appreciation to Dr. Jim Harvey, Aurora Alifano, Selena McMillan, Megan Wehrenberg, Paul Chua, Colleen Young, Jasmine Ruvalcaba, Rosemary Romero, Thew Suskiewicz, Brian Hoover, Gabriel Rodriguez, Paul Tompkins, Hilary Hayford, Marina Salonga, Didi Tanadjaja, Joelle Sweeney, and Dan Strain for helping me with field work and processing large amounts of sediment samples and data. Special thanks to Derek Larson for his expertise with computer programming and statistics coupled with laughter and silliness. A sincere thanks to rhodolith lovers, Dr. Michael Foster and Dr. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez, for their insights into rhodoliths. A wholehearted thanks to my friends who were the caretakers of my sanity and a much needed source of inspiration. A mighty thanks to my best friend and personal editor Cassandra Brooks for her deep engagement in my life. A heartfelt thanks to Marina Salonga for being my best friend my first exploration into the marine world. A deep thanks to Eleonora Morelli for her deep friendship and continued love and support from near and far. Thanks to Audrey Ching for reliable cheerleading and comic relief. Thanks to Erin Loury for dependable motivational speeches. Thanks to Tracy Lerman and Leon Vehaba for providing a comfortable space to come home to and healthy food that nurtured my soul. Thanks to the twins, Ashley Greenley and Kristen Green, for bringing delightful ridiculousness to my life. Thanks also to Hilary Hayford, Hideyo Hattori, Chris Scianni, Charlie and Ann Endris, Lily Dayton, Joelle Sweeney, Phil Hoos, and Vijitha Ariyaratne for their endless friendship. Special thanks to folks at MLML including members of Geological Oceanography, the excellent faculty, the library staff, the IT staff, the vii administrative staff, and the Shop guys. Thanks also to the administrative staff in CSU Fresno who are so competent in what they do. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to my family in Indonesia and California. This thesis is a gift to my mama and papa who have been my number one fans. It is such a blessing to always have their wholehearted support and patience with anything I decide to pursue and explore in life. I deeply thank my brother, Didi Tanadjaja, who has been my role-model since I was in the womb. I thank my immediate family for giving me a sense of adventure, practical life skills, generous laughter, and a hard work ethic. I thank cousins Swie Lee and Olivia for inspiring me to continue discovering the wonders of this world and appreciate every unique opportunity in life. I thank the rest of my extended family for their love, support, and stable harbor. This study was supported by numerous grants and awards including the Graduate Student Research and Creative Activities Merit Award, the Earl and Ethel Myers Oceanography Trust, the NOAA Environmental Entrepreneurship Program, and the Tanadjaja Scholarship. PREFACE This thesis presents research on the mechanical and chemical processes involved in the sediment production of coralline algae rhodoliths, the framework of a rhodolith bed, and the implications of ocean acidification on this carbonate system. Chapter one presents the results of a mechanical breakdown experiment, the development of a sedimentologic classification system for rhodalgal sediments, and the carbonate framework of the El Requeson rhodolith bed. Chapter two presents the results of chemical dissolution and chemical dissolution- mechanical breakdown experiments, and discusses the implications of ocean acidification on the breaking processes and the framework of the bed. Chapter three summarizes the overall conclusions and achievements of this study. Chapter one and two are in journal submission format. Chapter one is intended for Marine Geology, while the journal for chapter two is still undecided. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE .........................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1: THE MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN OF RHODOLITHS AND CARBONATE FRAMEWORK OF EL REQUESÓN BED IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO .............................................................. 1 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Methods......................................................................................................... 6 Results........................................................................................................
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