NASA Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

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NASA STI Program ... in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, tech- to the advancement of aeronautics and space nical, or historical information from NASA science. The NASA Scientific and Technical programs, projects, and missions, often Information (STI) Program plays a key part in concerned with subjects having substantial helping NASA maintain this important role. public interest. The NASA STI Program provides access to the • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- NASA Aeronautics and Space Database, the language translations of foreign scientific largest collection of aeronautical and space and technical material pertinent to NASA’s science in the world. The STI Program is also mission. NASA’s institutional mechanism for dissemi- Specialized services that help round out the nating the results of its research and develop- STI Program’s diverse offerings include ment activities. These results are published by creating custom thesauri, building customized NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which databases, organizing and publishing research includes the following report types: results ... even providing videos. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of The NASA STI Program is managed by the completed research or major significant NASA STI Program Office (STIPO). STIPO phases of research that present the results of is the administrative office at Langley NASA programs and include extensive data or Research Center for the NASA STI Program. theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and For more information about the NASA STI information deemed of continuing reference Program, you can: value. NASA counterpart of peer-reviewed • Access the NASA STI Program Home formal professional papers, but has less Page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations. • E-mail your question via the Internet to help@sti.nasa.gov • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific and technical findings that are of preliminary • Fax your question to the NASA STI or specialized interest, e.g., quick release Help Desk at (301) 621-0134 reports, working papers, and bibliographies • Telephone the NASA STI Help Desk at that contain minimal annotation. Does not (301) 621-0390 contain extensive analysis. • Write to: • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and NASA STI Help Desk technical findings by NASA-sponsored con- NASA Center for AeroSpace Information tractors and grantees. 7121 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected papers from scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored or co-sponsored by NASA.

Introduction

Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) is an online information resource listing citations and abstracts of NASA and world wide aerospace-related STI. Updated biweekly, STAR highlights the most recent additions to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database. Through this resource, the NASA STI Program provides timely access to the most current aerospace-related Research & Development (R&D) results.

STAR subject coverage includes all aspects of aeronautics and space research and development, supporting basic and applied research, and application, as well as aerospace aspects of Earth resources, energy development, conservation, oceanography, environmental protection, urban transportation and other topics of high national priority. The listing is arranged first by 11 broad subject divisions, then within these divisions by 76 subject categories and includes two indexes: subject and author.

STAR includes citations to Research & Development (R&D) results reported in:

• NASA, NASA contractor, and NASA grantee reports • Reports issued by other U.S. Government agencies, domestic and foreign institution, universities, and private firms • Translations • NASA-owned patents and patent applications • Other U.S. Government agency and foreign patents and patent applications • Domestic and foreign dissertations and theses

The NASA STI Program The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program was established to support the objectives of NASA’s missions and research to advance aeronautics and space science. By sharing information, the NASA STI Program ensures that the U.S. maintains its preeminence in aerospace-related industries and education, minimizes duplication of research, and increases research productivity.

Through the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI), the NASA STI Program acquires, processes, archives, announces and disseminates both NASA’s internal STI and worldwide STI. The results of 20th and 21st century aeronautics and aerospace research and development, a worldwide investment totaling billions of dollars, have been captured, organized, and stored in the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database. New information is continually announced and made available as it is acquired, making this a dynamic and historical collection of value to business, industry, academia, federal institutions, and the general public.

The STI Program offers products and tools that allow efficient access to the wealth of information derived from global R&D efforts. In addition, customized services are available to help tailor this valuable resource to meet your specific needs.

For more information on the most up to date NASA STI, visit the STI Program’s website at http://www.sti.nasa.gov. NASA STI Availability Information

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) Through NASA CASI, the NASA STI Program offers many information products and services to the aerospace community and to the public, including access to a selection of full text of the NASA STI. Free registration with the program is available to NASA, U.S. Government agencies and contractors. To register, contact CASI at [email protected]. Others should visit the program at www.sti.nasa.gov. The ‘search selected databases’ button provides access to the NASA Technical Reports Server (TRS) – the publicly available contents of the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database.

Each citation in STAR indicates a ‘Source of Availability’. When CASI is indicated, the user can order this information directly from CASI using the STI Online Order Form or contact [email protected] or telephone the CASI Help Desk at 301-621-0390. Before ordering you may access price code tables for STI documents and videos. When information is not available from CASI, the source of the information is indicated when known.

NASA STI is also available to the public through Federal information organizations. NASA CASI disseminates publicly available NASA STI to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and to the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) through the Government Printing Office (GPO). In addition, NASA patents are available online from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) The National Technical Information Service serves the American public as a central resource for unlimited, unclassified U.S. Government scientific, technical, engineering, and business related information. For more than 50 years NTIS has provided businesses, universities, and the public timely access to well over 2 million publications covering over 350 subject areas. Visit NTIS at http://www.ntis.gov.

The Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) The U.S. Congress established the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) to ensure access by the American public to U.S. Government information. The program acquires and disseminates information products from all three branches of the U.S. Government to nearly 1,300 Federal depository libraries nationwide. The libraries maintain these information products as part of their existing collections and are responsible for assuring that the public has free access to the information. Locate the Federal Depository Libraries http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs.

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office provides online access to full text patents and patent applications. The database includes patents back to 1976 plus some pre-1975 patents. Visit the USPTO at http://www.uspto.gov/patft/. Table of Contents

Subject Divisions/Categories Document citations are grouped by division and then by category, according to the NASA Scope and Coverage Category Guide.

Aeronautics 02 Aerodynamics ...... 1 03 Air Transportation and Safety ...... 3 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation ...... 4 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance ...... 4 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power ...... 11 08 Aircraft Stability and Control ...... 12 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air) ...... 12

Astronautics 12 Astronautics (General) ...... 13 13 Astrodynamics ...... 14 14 Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Space) ...... 15 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations ...... 15 16 Space Transportation and Safety ...... 17 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking ...... 18 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance ...... 18 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics ...... 19 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power ...... 19

Chemistry and Materials 23 Chemistry and Materials (General) ...... 21 24 Composite Materials ...... 24 25 Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry ...... 28 26 Metals and Metallic Materials ...... 35 27 Nonmetallic Materials ...... 39 28 Propellants and Fuels ...... 43 29 Space Processing ...... 43

Engineering 31 Engineering (General) ...... 44 32 Communications and Radar ...... 46 33 Electronics and Electrical Engineering ...... 72 34 Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics ...... 108 35 Instrumentation and Photography ...... 117 36 Lasers and Masers ...... 127 37 Mechanical Engineering ...... 128 38 Quality Assurance and Reliability ...... 132 39 Structural Mechanics ...... 136

Geosciences 42 Geosciences (General) ...... 138 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing ...... 139 44 Energy Production and Conversion ...... 141 45 Environment Pollution ...... 144 46 Geophysics ...... 151 47 Meteorology and Climatology ...... 168

Life Sciences 51 Life Sciences (General) ...... 173 52 Aerospace Medicine ...... 216 53 Behavioral Sciences ...... 217 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support ...... 217

Mathematical and Computer Sciences 59 Mathematical and Computer Sciences (General) ...... 221 60 Computer Operations and Hardware ...... 223 61 Computer Programming and Software ...... 224 62 Computer Systems ...... 236 63 Cybernetics, Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Robotics ...... 239 64 Numerical Analysis ...... 244 65 Statistics and Probability ...... 258 66 Systems Analysis and Operations Research ...... 261 67 Theoretical Mathematics ...... 264

Physics 70 Physics (General) ...... 264 71 Acoustics ...... 283 72 Atomic and Molecular Physics ...... 287 73 Nuclear Physics ...... 288 74 Optics ...... 288 75 Plasma Physics ...... 290 76 Solid-State Physics ...... 291 77 Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields ...... 302

Social and Information Sciences 80 Social and Information Sciences (General) ...... 304 81 Administration and Management ...... 305 82 Documentation and Information Science ...... 309 83 Economics and Cost Analysis ...... 318 Space Sciences 88 Space Sciences (General) ...... 319 89 Astronomy ...... 319 90 Astrophysics ...... 322 91 Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration ...... 325 92 Solar Physics ...... 413

General 99 General ...... 414

Indexes Two indexes are available. You may use the ﬁnd command under the tools menu while viewing the PDF ﬁle for direct match searching on any text string. You may also select either of the two indexes provided for linking to the corresponding document citation from NASA Thesaurus terms and personal author names. Subject Term Index Personal Author Index SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

VOLUME 43, JUNE 3, 2005

02 AERODYNAMICS Includes aerodynamics of ﬂight vehicles, test bodies, airframe components and combinations, wings, and control surfaces. Also includes aerodynamics of rotors, stators, fans, and other elements of turbomachinery. For related information see also 34 Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics.

20050173293 Tsentralni Aerogidrodinamicheskii Inst., Zhukovsky, Russia Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements by Means of Separation Flow Controlling Guryleva, N. V.; Ivankin, M. A.; Kolesnikov, O. M.; Lavrukhin, G. N.; Merekin, D. V.; Oct. 2003; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432570; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Results of investigations of the mechanism of appearance and destruction of separation zones in supersonic gas flows are presented. Methods for controlling separation phenomena were developed to increase the operation efficiency of ducts combustors inlets and outlets of high-speed aircrafts. The main trends of investigations were: 1) Study of deceleration flows in ducts of various shapes with pseudoshock; 2) Development of non-traditional manners of spatial implementation of combustion in supersonic flows; 3) Computational analysis of optimum methods of energy supply in internal flows with separation zones; 4) Control of separation phenomena for increasing efficiency of power plant outlets. The following major results were obtained: For 1st trend: Features of the structure of the non-steady separation in the ducts with deceleration of the supersonic flow in the pseudoshock were determined. Methods for controlling the pseudoshock were developed. Conditions for forming separation zones under interference of various shear layers (vortex jet) generated ahead of the entrance and in ducts with the pseudoshock were studied. For 2nd trend: For the first time in the world practice the gasdynamic stabilizers of combustion were developed. Their principle of operation was based on artificial generation of free-hanging separation zones in the supersonic flow. Successful experimental try-out of some schemes of gasdynamic stabilizers was carried out at the TsAGI’s hypersonic test rig T-131 at M=2.5 - 2.6. They permitted to obtain self-ignition and stable combustion of hydrogen: DTIC Aircraft Engines; Augmentation

20050173296 Moscow State Univ., Russia Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel With the Stagnant Zone Shibkov, V. M.; Chernikov, V. A.; Ershov, A. P.; Karachev, A. A.; Konstantinovskij, R. S.; Voskanyan, A. V.; Zlobin, V. V.; Oct. 2003; 11 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432573; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In the report the pulsed-periodical discharges created on an external surface of a flat plate being flown around of supersonic airflow and under condition of a stagnant zone located on a wide wall of the aerodynamic channel of rectangular section were investigated. It was show that the surface pulsed-periodical discharge results to ignition beforehand mixed supersonic propane-air fuel in the aerodynamic channel. In experimental conditions the combustion front speed reaches value of v(sub c)=40-45 m/s that well coordinates to the data which was got at investigation of burning into the fire-resistant channel. The kinetical model is working out for finding-out of influence of different channels on ignition of combustible mixtures in supersonic flow. The preliminary calculations demonstrate that at low initial gas temperature the induction time of H2-O2 mixture decreases on some orders of magnitude at taking into account of dissociation active radicals and charged particles. DTIC Aerodynamics; Combustion; Supersonic Flow

1 20050173423 Army Aviation and Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, AL USA Oblique Wing Aerodynamics McDaniel, Melissa A.; Wilks, Brett L.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432841; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The aerodynamic performance of a wing at an oblique deployment orientation has been found through wind tunnel testing to affect both the lateral and longitudinal stability of a cruise missile. While conventional analysis tools are insufficient for calculating the aerodynamics of an oblique wing, a suitable method has been determined for use with the USAF Missile DATCOM code. Comparisons made between wind tunnel results and Missile DATCOM calculations show that Missile DATCOM can produce a reasonable approximation of the aerodynamics of a wing at oblique deployment angles. DTIC Aerodynamics; Oblique Wings

20050173428 Army Research Lab., Hampton, VA USA Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Experimental Investigation of a Model-Scale Tiltrotor Singleton, Jeffrey D.; Shen, Jinwei; Piatak, David J.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432851; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of this investigation is to develop a multibody analytical simulation model to predict the dynamic response, aeroelastic stability, and blade loading of a soft-inplane tiltrotor wind-tunnel model and correlate that with experimental data. A Joint Vertical Aircraft Task Force is currently developing requirements to meet Army and Navy needs for a heavy lift transport rotorcraft that is expected to include, at a minimum, a 20-ton payload lift capability. Development of soft-inplane tiltrotor technology is beneficial for providing viable lightweight hub design options for this future application. Experimental testing, either in flight testing or with a wind tunnel test article, is becoming prohibitively expensive. Advanced simulation and modeling of these complex tiltrotor hub configurations using multibody dynamics codes may prove to be an alternative to such expensive experimental verifications in the future. The use of multibody dynamics codes to predict and reduce the risk of encountering aeromechanical instabilities and adverse loading situations for a soft-inplane tiltrotor hub design is detailed in this investigation. Comprehensive rotorcraft-based multibody analyses enable simulation and modeling of the rotor system to a high level of detail such that complex mechanics and nonlinear e ects associated with control system geometry and joint free-play may be considered. The influence of these and other nonlinear e ects on the aeromechanical behavior of the tiltrotor model is examined. A parametric study of the design parameters which influence the aeromechanics of the soft-inplane rotor system is also included in this investigation. DTIC Dynamic Response; Helicopters; Scale Models; Simulation; Tilt Rotor Aircraft

20050173484 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR Numerical Research of Capabilities of Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Element of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Protection Vasilyev, V. K.; Korabelnikov, A. V.; Fedotov, A. V.; Oct. 2003; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432960; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Thermal protection of heat-stressed surfaces of a hypersonic flight vehicle (HFV) flying in dense layers of atmosphere with hypersonic velocities (M greater than or equal 7) is now one of the most actual problems 1,2. In HFV developed under the ‘Ajax’ concept it is supposed that in the most heat- stressed parts of a skin and engine the chemical catalytic reactors will be placed in which the high endothermic processes of decomposition of initial hydrocarbon fuel with the help of steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane and its liquid homologues have to be implemented 3. Such organization of the process of thermochemical conversion of hydrocarbons onboard a flight vehicle (FV) will enable 4: - to increase a portion of useful usage of a FV power resource at the expense of a chemical recuperation of heat losses connected as with aerodynamic heating of a skin under the hypersonic flight conditions and power plant operation; - to increase cooling capability of fuel by means of physical-chemical transformations (heating vaporization endothermic reactions) of initial components; - to provide an active thermal protection (ATP) of heat-stressed parts of construction using not only heat removal by means of convection and radiation but also its absorption in a catalytic reaction run directly on the protected surface; - to influence positively on the conditions of a FV airflow-around at the expense of a skin construction cooling; - to obtain in reaction a synthesis gas (mixture of H2 and CO) which will be directed to the combustion chamber for improvement of a fuel combustion characteristics. Thermochemical reactors (TCR) of various kinds used as elements of a HFV thermal protection as usual should decide two problems: DTIC Hypersonic Vehicles; Thermal Protection; Thermochemistry; Thermodynamics

2 03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; airport ground operations; ﬂight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents. Systems and hardware speciﬁc to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air). Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.

20050173263 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, CA USA Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Research Technologies Pacis, E. B.; Everett, H. R.; Farrington, N.; Kogut, G.; Sights, B.; Kramer, T.; Thompson, M.; Bruemmer, D.; Few, D.; Jan. 2005; 12 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432516; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Technology Transfer project employs a spiral development process to enhance the functionality and autonomy of mobile systems in the Joint Robotics Program (JRP) Robotic Systems Pool (RSP). The approach is to harvest prior and on-going developments that address the technology needs identiﬁed by emergent in-theatre requirements and users of the RSP. The component technologies are evaluated on a transition platform to identify the best features of the different approaches which are then integrated and optimized to work in harmony in a complete solution. The result is an enabling mechanism that continuously capitalizes on state-of-the-art results from the research environment to create a standardized solution that can be easily transitioned to ongoing development programs. This paper focuses on particular research areas, speciﬁcally collision avoidance, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), and target-following and describes the results of their combined integration and optimization over the past 12 months. DTIC Unmanned Ground Vehicles

20050173347 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Information Theoretic Comparison of MIMO Wireless Communication Receivers in the Presence of Interference Bliss, Daniel W.; Forsythe, Keith W.; Dec. 2004; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432690; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Multiple-input multiple-output (MI MO) wireless communication provides a number of advantages over traditional single-input single-output (SISO) approaches including increased data rates for a given total transmit power and improved robustness to interference. Many of these advantages depend strongly upon the details of the receiver implementation. For practical communication systems a competition between communication performance and computational complexity exists. To reduce computation complexity suboptimal receivers are commonly employed. In this paper the details of a variety of receivers are incorporated into the effects of the channel so that information-theoretic performance bounds can be exploited to evaluate receiver approaches. The performance of these receivers is investigated for a range of environments. Two classes of environments are considered: ﬁrst channel complexity characterized by the shape of the narrowband channel-matrix singular-value distribution and second external interference Receiver approaches include minimum-mean-squared error minimum interference and multichannel multiuser detection (MCMUD) given various assumed limitations on channel and interference estimation Receiver performance implications are also demonstrated using experimental data. DTIC Information Theory; MIMO (Control Systems); Receivers; Wireless Communication

20050173377 Telcordia Technologies, Inc., Red Bank, NJ USA Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO Systems Liberti, Joseph; Martin, Carol C.; Mar. 2004; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432744; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems can serve as the building blocks for spectrally efficient mobile multi-user tactical wireless systems; however, care must be taken to translate high per-link spectral efficiency into high network throughput. Mobile tactical networks generally have several features that complicate achievement of high multi-user MIMO spectral efficiency, including non-centralized, infrastructure-free operation and operation when all nodes are mobile, as well as requirements to minimize probability of interception and susceptibility to jamming. The paper presents results from both simulations and an extensive over-the-air measurement campaign, which illustrate the key features needed for spectrally efficient multi-user MIMO systems. High MIMO network throughput can be achieved by combining efficient MAC (taking into account MIMO signal processing resources) and transmitter stream control, as well as high performance MIMO signal

3 processing and waveforms that minimize per-link signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) requirements leading to effective spectral reuse. Iterative detection schemes provide such high spectral efficiency at low SINRs, achieving performance that approaches the Shannon bound, and provide scalable complexity. These methods are also well suited to operation in multi-user environments, supporting both interference- mitigation and joint detection approaches. The paper provides analysis and experimental results for waveforms and receiver signal processing for Space-Time Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation using multicarrier waveforms. Results and parameter trades are presented for variations of this approach using List Sphere Detection and Soft-Symbol Cancellation as well as structures based on convolutional codes and turbo codes. DTIC MIMO (Control Systems); Pulse Rate; Scalers

04 AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION Includes all modes of communication with and between aircraft; air navigation systems (satellite and ground based); and air traffic control. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation, 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking, and 32 Communications and Radar.

20050173231 University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL USA Naval Automation and Information Management Technology Pratt, Jerry; Neuhaus, Peter; Bradshaw, Jeffrey; Suri, Niranjan; Allen, James; Galescu, Lucian; Jan. 2003; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-03-1-0780 Report No.(s): AD-A432433; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Military uses of unmanned systems are growing. The use of unmanned systems, particularly UAVs, in the campaign in Afghanistan and in Iraqi Freedom operations demonstrated beyond any doubt the effectiveness and viability of unmanned systems in !SR as well as weapons delivery missions. As a result, in future military scenarios, large numbers of unmanned ground, air, underwater, and surface vehicles will work together, coordinated by an ever smaller number of human operators. In order to be operationally efficient, effective and useful, these robots must have competent physical and sensing abilities, must be able to perform complex tasks semi-autonomously, must be able to coordinate with each other, and must ultimately be observable and controllable in a useful and intuitive fashion by human operators. Under the Naval Automation and Information Management Technology Program (NAlMT), The Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) of the University of West Florida has conducted advanced research on unmanned systems in the areas of (1) unmanned underwater vehicle mobility, (2) human-agent teamwork and agile computing and (3) mixed initiative human control. Progress made in FYO3 in each of these three areas is described below. DTIC Information Management; Management Systems; Military Technology; Remotely Piloted Vehicles

05 AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE Includes all stages of design of aircraft and aircraft structures and systems. Also includes aircraft testing, performance, and evaluation, and aircraft and ﬂight simulation technology. For related information see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance; and 39 Structural Mechanics. For land transportation vehicles see 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.

20050169564 North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Barnwell, William Garrard; UAV Flight Control Using Distributed Actuation and Sensing; 2003; 120 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG1-01069; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy An array of effectors and sensors has been designed, tested and implemented on a Blended Wing Body Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The UAV is modified to serve as a flying, controls research, testbed. This effector/sensor array provides for the dynamic vehicle testing of controller designs and the study of decentralized control techniques. Each wing of the UAV is equipped with 12 distributed effectors that comprise a segmented array of independently actuated, contoured control surfaces. A single pressure sensor is installed near the base of each effector to provide a measure of deflections of the effectors. The UAV wings were tested in the North Carolina State University Subsonic Wind Tunnel and the pressure distribution that result from the deflections of the effectors are characterized. The results of the experiments are used to develop a simple, but

4 accurate, prediction method, such that for any arrangement of the effector array the corresponding pressure distribution can be determined. Numerical analysis using the panel code CMARC veriﬁes this prediction method. Author Subsonic Wind Tunnels; Blended-Wing-Body Conﬁgurations; Pilotless Aircraft; Numerical Analysis; Control Systems Design

20050170033 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, McDonnell-Douglas Helicopter Co., USA, Lucas Western, Inc., USA, Illinois Univ., Chicago, IL, USA Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Power Transmission Progresses [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The use of face gears in an advanced rotorcraft transmission design was first proposed by the McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company during their contracted effort with the U.S. Army under the Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission (ART) program. Face gears would be used to turn the corner between the horizontal gas turbine engine and the vertical output rotor shaft--a function currently done by spiral bevel gears. This novel gearing arrangement would substantially lower the drive system weight partly because a face gear mesh would be used to split the input power between two output gears. However, the use of face gears and their ability to operate successfully at the speeds and loads required for an aerospace environment was unknown. Therefore a proof-of-concept phase with an existing test stand at the NASA Lewis Research Center was pursued. Hardware was designed that could be tested in Lewis’ Spiral Bevel Gear Test Rig. The initial testing indicated that the face gear mesh was a feasible design that could be used at high speeds and load. Surface pitting fatigue was the typical failure mode, and that could lead to tooth fracture. An interim project was conducted to see if slight modifications to the gear tooth geometry or an alternative heat treating process could overcome the surface fatigue problems. From the initial and interim tests, it was apparent that for the surface fatigue problems to be overcome the manufacturing process used for this component would have to be developed to the level used for spiral bevel gears. The current state of the art for face gear manufacturing required using less than optimal gear materials and manufacturing techniques because the surface of the tooth form does not receive final finishing after heat treatment as it does for spiral bevel gears. This resulted in less than desirable surface hardness and manufacturing tolerances. An Advanced Research and Projects Agency (ARPA) Technology Reinvestment Project has been funded to investigate the effects of manufacturing process improvements on the operating characteristics of face gears. The program is being conducted with McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Co., Lucas Western Inc., the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a NASA/U.S. Army team. The goal of the project is develop the grinding process, experimentally verify the improvement in face gear fatigue life, and conduct a full-scale helicopter transmission test. The theory and methodology to grind face gears has been completed, and manufacture of the test hardware is ongoing. Experimental verification on test hardware is scheduled to begin in fiscal 1996. Author Gear Teeth; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Technology Utilization; Transmissions (Machine Elements); Aerospace Systems; Power Transmission

20050170431 General Electric Co., USA First Test of Fan Active Noise Control (ANC) Completed [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy With the advent of ultrahigh-bypass engines, the space available for passive acoustic treatment is becoming more limited, whereas noise regulations are becoming more stringent. Active noise control (ANC) holds promise as a solution to this problem. It uses secondary (added) noise sources to reduce or eliminate the offending noise radiation. The first active noise control test on the low-speed fan test bed was a General Electric Company system designed to control either the exhaust or inlet fan tone. This system consists of a ‘ring source,’ an induct array of error microphones, and a control computer. Fan tone noise propagates in a duct in the form of spinning waves. These waves are detected by the microphone array, and the computer identifies their spinning structure. The computer then controls the ‘ring source’ to generate waves that have the same spinning structure and amplitude, but 180 out of phase with the fan noise. This computer generated tone cancels the fan tone before it radiates from the duct and is heard in the far field. The ‘ring source’ used in these tests is a cylindrical array of 16 flat-plate acoustic radiators that are driven by thin piezoceramic sheets bonded to their back surfaces. The resulting source can produce spinning waves up to mode 7 at levels high enough to cancel the fan tone. The control software is flexible enough to work on spinning mode orders from -6 to 6. In this test, the fan was configured to produce a tone of order 6. The complete modal (spinning and radial) structure of the tones was measured with two builtin sets of rotating microphone rakes. These rakes provide a measurement of the system performance independent from the control system error microphones. In addition, the far-field noise was measured with a semicircular array of 28 microphones. This test represents the first in a series of tests that

5 demonstrate different active noise control concepts, each on a progressively more complicated modal structure. The tests are in preparation for a demonstration on a ﬂight-type engine. Author Active Control; Aerodynamic Noise; Fan Blades; Aeroacoustics; Turbofan Engines

20050170640 NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA, USA Doing Systems Engineering Without Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Bohn-Meyer, Marta; Kilp, Stephen; Chun, Peggy; Mizukami, Masashi; [2004]; 16 pp.; In English; IEEE Aerospace Conference, 5-12 Mar. 2005, Big Sky, MT, USA; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): IEEEAC Paper 1194; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy When asked about his processes in designing a new airplane, Burt Rutan responded: ...there is always a performance requirement. So I start with the basic physics of an airplane that can get those requirements, and that pretty much sizes an airplane... Then I look at the functionality... And then I try a lot of different conﬁgurations to meet that, and then justify one at a time, throwing them out... Typically I’ll have several different conﬁgurations... But I like to experiment, certainly. I like to see if there are other ways to provide the utility. This kind of thinking engineering as a total systems engineering approach is what is being instilled in all engineers at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. Author Systems Engineering; NASA Programs; Research and Development; Flight Tests

20050171017 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Department of the Army, USA High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings for Gas Turbine Engines Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Magnetic bearings are the subject of a new NASA Lewis Research Center and U.S. Army thrust with significant industry participation, and coordination with other Government agencies. The NASA/Army emphasis is on high-temperature applications for future gas turbine engines. Magnetic bearings could increase the reliability and reduce the weight of these engines by eliminating the lubrication system. They could also increase the DN (diameter of the bearing times rpm) limit on engine speed and allow active vibration cancellation systems to be used--resulting in a more efficient, ‘more electric’ engine. Finally, the Integrated High-Performance Turbine Engine Technology (IHPTET) Program, a joint Department of Defense/ industry program, identified a need for a hightemperature (as high as 1200 F) magnetic bearing that could be demonstrated in a phase III engine. This magnetic bearing is similar to an electric motor. It has a laminated rotor and stator made of cobalt steel. Wound around the stator are a series of electrical wire coils that form a series of electric magnets around the circumference. The magnets exert a force on the rotor. A probe senses the position of the rotor, and a feedback controller keeps it in the center of the cavity. The engine rotor, bearings, and case form a flexible structure that contains a large number of modes. The bearing feedback controller, which could cause some of these modes to become unstable, could be adapted to varying flight conditions to minimize seal clearances and monitor the health of the system. Cobalt steel has a curie point greater than 1700 F, and copper wire has a melting point beyond that. Therefore, practical limitations associated with the maximum magnetic field strength in the cobalt steel and the stress in the rotating components limit the temperature to about 1200 F. The objective of this effort is to determine the limits in temperature and speed of a magnetic bearing operating in an engine. Our approach is to use our in-house experience in magnets, mechanical components, high-temperature materials, and surface lubrication to build and test a magnetic bearing in both a rig and an engine. Testing will be done at Lewis or through cooperative programs in industrial facilities. Derived from text Gas Turbine Engines; Magnetic Bearings; High Temperature; Engine Design

20050172103 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., USA MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia Relief and Displacement-Dependent Loads Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only Solving for the displacements of free-free coupled systems acted upon by static loads is a common task in the aerospace industry. Often, these problems are solved by static analysis with inertia relief. This technique allows for a free-free static analysis by balancing the applied loads with the inertia loads generated by the applied loads. For some engineering applications, the displacements of the free-free coupled system induce additional static loads. Hence, the applied loads are equal to the original loads plus the displacement-dependent loads. A launch vehicle being acted upon by an aerodynamic

6 loading can have such applied loads. The ﬁnal displacements of such systems are commonly determined with iterative solution techniques. Unfortunately, these techniques can be time consuming and labor intensive. Because the coupled system equations for free-free systems with displacement-dependent loads can be written in closed form, it is advantageous to solve for the displacements in this manner. Implementing closed-form equations in static analysis with inertia relief is analogous to implementing transfer functions in dynamic analysis. An MSC/NASTRAN (MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation/NASA Structural Analysis) DMAP (Direct Matrix Abstraction Program) Alter was used to include displacement-dependent loads in static analysis with inertia relief. It efficiently solved a common aerospace problem that typically has been solved with an iterative technique. Author Displacement; Inertia; Nastran; Static Loads; NASA Programs

20050172129 NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA, USA Deflection-Based Structural Loads Estimation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing F/A-18 Aircraft Lizotte, Andrew M.; Lokos, William A.; May 2005; 27 pp.; In English; 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 18-21 Apr. 2005, Austin, TX, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): WU 723-56-00-SE-PR Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-212871; H-2598; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Traditional techniques in structural load measurement entail the correlation of a known load with strain-gage output from the individual components of a structure or machine. The use of strain gages has proved successful and is considered the standard approach for load measurement. However, remotely measuring aerodynamic loads using deflection measurement systems to determine aeroelastic deformation as a substitute to strain gages may yield lower testing costs while improving aircraft performance through reduced instrumentation weight. This technique was examined using a reliable strain and structural deformation measurement system. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of a deflection-based load estimation, using the active aeroelastic wing F/A-18 aircraft. Calibration data from ground tests performed on the aircraft were used to derive left wing-root and wing-fold bending-moment and torque load equations based on strain gages, however, for this study, point deflections were used to derive deflection-based load equations. Comparisons between the strain-gage and deflection-based methods are presented. Flight data from the phase-1 active aeroelastic wing flight program were used to validate the deflection-based load estimation method. Flight validation revealed a strong bending-moment correlation and slightly weaker torque correlation. Development of current techniques, and future studies are discussed. Author Aeroelasticity; Deflection; Wings; F-18 Aircraft; Aerodynamic Loads

20050173136 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Summary of Reports Issued and Participation on Management Advisory Teams and Special Audit/Evaluation Efforts Mar. 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432222; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This document is a summary of reports issued and participation on Management Advisory Teams and Special Audit/Evaluation efforts. DTIC Acquisition; Finance; Management Planning

20050173137 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Stability in South Asia? Dewan, Jay P.; Mar. 2005; 89 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432223; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) India has made a concerted effort to upgrade its ISR, precision strike, and missile defense capabilities as it competes with China and Pakistan for regional power. The Phalcon Airborne Warning and Control System, Su-30MKI ﬁghter-bomber aircraft, and S-300PMU surface-to-air missile system are some examples of the new capabilities India is acquiring. I argue that if India continues its military modernization, Pakistan will become more insecure. The increase in the conventional military capabilities gap will likely upset the existing balance of power in South Asia, leading to a regional arms race, lowering the nuclear threshold, and increasing instability in the region. The strategic stability/ tactical instability paradox that exists between two nuclear countries may lead them to engage in ‘small’ wars. India’s increasing military capabilities may encourage

7 it to conduct a preventive strike against Pakistan. In such a climate, a regional arms race eventually may lead Pakistan to establish a ‘hair-trigger’ nuclear posture. India’s effort to achieve a signiﬁcantly superior conventional military force over Pakistan paradoxically may reduce Indian security by causing greater instability, and possibly lead to nuclear war. Regional stability is enhanced to the extent that there is a rough conventional military balance between India and Pakistan. DTIC Asia; Bomber Aircraft; Fighter Aircraft; Military Technology; Missile Defense; Stability; Warfare

20050173269 Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA USA The Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Mawn, Andrew; Tokumaru, Phillip; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432526; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper provides an overview of the development of the Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Air Vehicle (SUAV) by the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center and AeroVironment, Inc. The concept for this SUAV system was initially explored during the Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) and brought to fruition during the Pathfinder ACTD. The spiral development process, the associated operational requirements and guiding principles used to quantify vehicle performance, physical characteristics, and methods of operation, are taken from the conceptual design stage to the current production aircraft. The Pathfinder Raven aircraft has undergone numerous design refinements and improvements in its evolution from concept to production. The current production Pathfinder Raven SUAV meets or exceeds the initial design objectives that could be boiled down to ‘do what a Pointer UAV does at half the size, cost, and weight.’ The production Pathfinder Raven SUAV is currently being used by U.S. Army and USA Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) forces in combat operations worldwide in the global war on terrorism. DTIC Drone Vehicles; Pilotless Aircraft

20050173289 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Arlington, VA USA Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Vitali, Juan; Beckham, Haskell; Mar. 2004; 48 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-4347 Report No.(s): AD-A432566; GTRI/EOEML-A7277-01; AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2005-4545; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of the overall effort is to develop a fire resisting closed cell foam with intumescent capabilities in order to effectively increase fire insulation and enhance safe egress time from aircraft shelters in cases of fire. The present report addresses the technical review of the state-of-the-art in intumescence matrix components. DTIC Fire Prevention; Fires; Foams; Shelters

20050173304 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Acquisition: Acquisition of the EA-6B Improved Capability III Program Aug. 2004; 55 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432585; IG/DOD-D-2004-113; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Who Should Read This Report and Why? Civil service and military managers involved in the management, support, and oversight of the EA-6B Improved Capability (ICAP) III Program should read this report because it discusses acquisition issues that must be addressed before the EA-6B ICAP III Program progresses further through the acquisition process. The Services use the airborne electronic attack capability to suppress and degrade an opposing force’s air defense and communication systems with airborne electronic jamming before offensive airborne strikes. The Navy’s EA-6B Prowler (EA-6B) is the only DoD platform that provides the Services with an airborne electronic attack capability and must be able to suppress and degrade current and future threats through 2015. The EA-6B ICAP III Program will provide the EA-6B aircraft with upgraded selective-reactive jamming and threat emitter geo-location capabilities. In June 2003, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development, and Acquisition) approved the program for low-rate initial production. The Program Manager for the EA-6B (the Program Manager) subsequently awarded the prime contractor, Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems, Bethpage, New York, a firm-fixedprice modification to the development contract for low-rate initial production of 10 ICAP III system kits for $102 million. The Navy plans to acquire 35 ICAP III system kits for installation on 35 EA-6B aircraft. As of June 2004, the ICAP III Program costs consisted of an estimated $335 million in research, development, test and evaluation funds, $458

8 million in procurement funds, and $109 million in operations and support funds for a total program cost of $902 million. DTIC Costs; Electronic Aircraft; Jamming; Telecommunication

20050173318 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Enhancement of the Daytime Goes-Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Using MODIS Alexander, Jeremy B.; Mar. 2005; 106 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432621; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In this thesis, a fuzzy logic algorithm is developed for the detection of potential aircraft icing conditions using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The fuzzy MODIS algorithm is developed in a manner similar to the cloud mask currently used to process MODIS imagery. The MODIS icing potential detection algorithm uses thresholds for 8 channels in a series of 12 tests to determine the probability of icing conditions being present within a cloud. The MODIS algorithm results were compared to results of the GOES icing potential detection algorithm run on MODIS imagery for 4 cases. When compared to positive and icing pilot reports for the cases, the MODIS algorithm identiﬁed regions where icing was encountered more effectively than the GOES algorithm. Furthermore, the use of fuzzy thresholds on MODIS rather than the hard thresholds of the GOES algorithm allowed for less restrictive coverage of potential icing conditions, making the MODIS algorithm more reasonable in assessing all cloud regions for icing potential. The results found here are preliminary, as further statistical analysis with a larger validation dataset would be more effective. Algorithm details are provided in the appendix for reference. DTIC Aircraft Icing; Algorithms; Augmentation; Daytime; Fuzzy Systems; Ice Formation; Imaging Spectrometers; MODIS (Radiometry); Spectroradiometers

20050173327 Stavatti Military Aerospace, Saint Paul, MN USA Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Technology Beskar, Christopher R.; Nov. 2004; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432633; SD-272278-WP; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) STAVATTI Military Aerospace has undertaken the development of a proprietary mechanism by which to reduce the RCS of aerospace and surface vehicles. Identified as ‘Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Technology’ by STAVATTI, this mechanism is appropriate for aircraft/vehicles requiring all-aspect RCS reduction, as well as those destined for export to a wide variety of allied air forces/militaries as it enables a ‘stealth aircraft/vehicle’ to be reconfigured to a non-stealth configuration through the removal of critical Line Removable Units (LRUs) responsible for the generation and management of the cold plasma responsible for electromagnetic attenuation. DTIC Cavities; Cold Plasmas; Fighter Aircraft; Radar Cross Sections; Stealth Technology

20050173379 Army Research Lab., Hampton, VA USA Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications for UAVs Wilbur, Matthew L.; Wilkie, W. K.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432752; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The current state-of-the-art in active-twist rotor control is discussed using representative examples from analytical and experimental studies, and the application to rotary-wing UAVs is considered. Topics include vibration and noise reduction, rotor performance improvement, active blade tracking, stability augmentation, and rotor blade de-icing. A review of the current status of piezoelectric ﬁber composite actuator technology, the class of piezoelectric actuators implemented in active-twist rotor systems, is included. DTIC Active Control; Noise Reduction; Rotary Wings; Rotors; Stability; Vibration

20050173409 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Determining the Fine Structure of the Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers Horner, Michael S.; Mar. 2005; 93 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432817; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of this thesis is to obtain a better understanding of cloud-top entrainment through an in-depth analysis of

9 entrainment-zone structure. In situ aircraft measurements taken during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) were used for this purpose. Using data collected from multiple cloud-top penetrations, the presence of an interfacial layer in-between the top of the cloud mixed-layer and the base of the free atmosphere is identified and consequently defined as the entrainment zone. The depth of the entrainment zone is on the order of tens of meters, where turbulence and sometimes cloud droplets are detectable. Inhomogeneous mixing was found to occur within the entrainment zone. Parcels of inversion-layer air and boundary-layer air are identified within the entrainment zone. Analyses suggest that turbulence intensity and cloud amount in the entrainment zone vary depending on the distribution of entrainment mixing fraction. Furthermore, continuous mixing in the entrainment zone appears to dissipate the upper-cloud layer. However, continuous dissipation of the upper-cloud layer has not been observed. Further study is needed to determine the interaction between boundary-layer dynamics. DTIC Atmospheres; Boundary Layers; Cloud Cover; Cloud Physics; Electronic Aircraft; Entrainment; Fine Structure; Marine Meteorology

20050173437 Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames, IA USA VR Aided Control of Unmanned Vehicles Walter, Bryan E.; Knutzon, Jared S.; Sannier, Adrian V.; Oliver, James H.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432877; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A new design for an immersive ground control station is presented that allows operators to monitor and control one or more semiautonomous unmanned vehicles. This new ground station utilizes a virtual reality visualization of the operational space and the graphical representation of multiple real time information streams to create a comprehensive immersive environment designed to signiﬁcantly enhance an operator’s situational awareness and effectiveness. The environment simultaneously informs the operator about the position and condition of the vehicles under his or her control while providing an organizing context for the available information relevant to the engagement. This design is applicable to a range of vehicles including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). DTIC Command and Control; Virtual Reality

20050173460 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Platform Reiff, C.; Pham, T.; Scanlon, M.; Noble, J.; Van Landuyt, A.; Petek, J.; Ratches, J.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432916; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) are leading the research and development in autonomous sensing and sensor networks for the Networked Sensors for the Future Force (NSfFF) and Future Combat System (FCS). With the emphasis being shifted to lighter and more mobile forces, ARL and NVESD have been collaborating and exploring various mobile platforms such as robotic vehicles and aerial platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and balloons. Our most immediate collaboration focuses on the use of acoustic sensors on small balloons and/or aerostats at several elevations and on the ground with the primary goals of: (i) investigate the acoustic sensing and detection ranges; (ii) acoustically cue IR imagers and/or video cameras; and (iii) explore the networking of elevated sensors and ground sensors for NSfFF. In this paper, we only focus on the ﬁrst goal, the acoustic detection portion of the collaborative effort. DTIC Balloon-Borne Instruments; Balloons; Drone Vehicles; Flying Platforms; Sound Detecting and Ranging

20050173464 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Environments Luotsinen, Linus J.; Gonzalez, Avelino J.; Boeloeni, Ladislau; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432922; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are frequently used for the exploration of a hostile environment. UAVs can be lost or signiﬁcantly damaged during the exploration process. Although employing multiple UAVs can increase the chance of success,

10 their efficiency depends on the collaboration strategies used. We present a cooperative exploration strategy for UAVs controlled by autonomous agents. The agents are sharing information, coordinate their short-term goals and path choices, while each agent uses state of the art algorithms for its individual path planning and obstacle avoidance. The overall goals are to minimize the exploration time, avoid damage by sharing information about threats, and be robust to the failures of individual UAVs. Extensive simulation results prove the validity of the approach and provide ways to determine the optimal number of UAVs for different exploration tasks. DTIC Algorithms; Autonomous Navigation; Combat; Data Systems; Drone Vehicles; Pilotless Aircraft; Surveillance

20050173475 Army Aeromedical Research Lab., Fort Rucker, AL USA Flexible Display Technologies...Do They Have a Role in the Cockpit? Rash, Clarence E.; Harris, Eric S.; McGilberry, William H.; Mar. 2005; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432947; USAARL-2005-07; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The 21st century promises a new ‘holy grail’ of display technologies. With the long-promised arrival of the plasma display allowing ‘hang-on-the-wall?’ television, the display community has moved on to the promise of fully conformable displays, known as flexible displays. This touted new class of displays is not actually unique in itself but is actually an assortment of novel subclasses of existing display technologies. These technologies include liquid crystal, light emitting diode (LED) and electrophoresis. Flexible displays based on these technologies are advertised as thinner (almost paper thin), lighter weight, stronger (extremely rugged and durable), cheaper, super efficient and conformable, as compared to current rigid, mounted displays. Currently, organic LED (OLED) and electrophoretic displays are examples of flexible displays that have entered the commercial market. The aviation community may find these displays highly desirable for cockpit applications. However, care must taken to ensure that good human factors engineering principles are adhered to in such applications. DTIC Cockpits; Display Devices

20050173535 BMH Associates, Inc., Norfolk, VA USA Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimulation Analysis Jan. 2005; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-04-M-0074 Report No.(s): AD-A433025; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Information included in this report is outlined as follows: 1) VAST/LVC integration Concept; 2) VAST/LVC Integration Architecture; 3) Demonstration Concept; 4) Schedule and Cost; and 5) Engineering Management Topics. DTIC Avionics; Flying Platforms; Seas; Stimulation; Training Devices; Virtual Reality; Weapon Systems

07 AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER Includes primary propulsion systems and related systems and components, e.g., gas turbine engines, compressors, and fuel systems; and onboard auxiliary power plants for aircraft. For related information see also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; 28 Propellants and Fuels; and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.

20050169930 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Studied [2005]; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy In a continuing research program, jets from nozzles of different geometries are being investigated with the aim of increasing mixing and spreading in those flows. Flow fields from nozzles with elliptic, rectangular, and other more complex cross-sectional shapes are being studied in comparison to circular nozzles over a wide Mach number range. As noted by previous researchers, noncircular jets usually spread faster than circular jets. Another technique being investigated to increase jet spreading even further for a given nozzle is the use of ‘tabs’ to generate vortices. A typical tab is a triangular-shaped protrusion placed at the nozzle exit, with the base of the triangle touching the nozzle wall and the apex leaning downstream at 45 to the stream direction. This geometry was determined by a parametric study to produce the optimum effect for a given area blockage. The tabs can increase jet spreading significantly. The underlying mechanism traces to a pair of counter-rotating

11 streamwise vortices originating from each tab. These vortex pairs persist in the ﬂow; and with the appropriate number and strength, they can increase spreading. Author Nozzle Geometry; Nozzle Design; Supersonic Nozzles; Rectangles; Nozzle Flow; Jet Flow

08 AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL Includes ﬂight dynamics, aircraft handling qualities, piloting, ﬂight controls, and autopilots. For related information see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance and 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation.

20050173306 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Airborne GPS Jammer Suppression Blejer, Dennis; Ngai, Eugene C.; Phuong, Tri T.; Mar. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432593; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) MIT Lincoln Laboratory has designed, built, tested, and analyzed a small polarimetric adaptive array for airborne GPS jammer suppression. The array has 7 channels and is configured as a square array. The array consists of a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) reference element and 3 dual-linearly polarized elements. The rationale for the design was to create a 7-channel array with 1 RHCP reference element that had acceptable levels of mutual coupling and fit within a 7 inch by 7 inch footprint. The approach taken was to convert 3 of the 4 elements of a 4-element RHCP array to 3 dual-linearly polarized elements. This modification actually simplifies the construction of the array by eliminating 3 hybrid couplers. This modification results in up to 6 degrees of freedom for the polarimetric array. The concept of using dual-polarized elements in an adaptive array was considered by R.T. Compton, Jr. and presented in his text, Adaptive Antennas. He showed that using dual-polarized elements allows a polarization null to be directed towards an interfering source while receiving a desired signal that is co-linear with the interferer and the receiver, provided the desired signal and the interfering signal have somewhat different polarizations. He also showed that using an array with different element patterns can have better performance than an array of isotropic elements under certain conditions. This paper will concentrate on the measured performance of the small polarimetric adaptive array. The complex element patterns of the array were measured on a small ground plane in an MIT Lincoln Laboratory indoor chamber, and a few azimuthal patterns were measured with the array on a Falcon 20 aircraft in the Patuxent River Chamber. DTIC Adaptation; Antenna Arrays; Global Positioning System; Jammers; Polarimetry

09 RESEARCH AND SUPPORT FACILITIES (AIR) Includes airports, runways, hangars, and aircraft repair and overhaul facilities; wind tunnels, water tunnels, and shock tubes; ﬂight simulators; and aircraft engine test stands. Also includes airport ground equipment and systems. For airport ground operations see 03 Air Transportation and Safety. For astronautical facilities see 14 Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Space).

20050171029 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Laser Sheet Flow Visualization Developed for Lewis’ Icing Research Tunnel Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A new flow-visualization technique has been developed for use in the NASA Lewis Research Center’s Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). This technique uses a sheet of light shining across the wind tunnel to illuminate a mist of water droplets in the air and display any organized flow patterns. Since the IRT already has the special water spray system required for aircraft icing experiments, no special visualization seeding material is required. The system has been used to visualize the changes in tip and leading edge vortices caused by ice accretion. Because the IRT’s icing spray is used as part of the visualization technique, changes in the flow patterns about a wing can be observed and measured during the ice accretion process. Author Flow Visualization; Laser Applications; Flow Measurement; Aircraft Icing

12 12 ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to space ﬂight and manned and unmanned space vehicles, platforms or objects launched into, or assembled in, outer space; and related components and equipment. Also includes manufacturing and maintenance of such vehicles or platforms. For speciﬁc topics in astronautics see categories 13 through 20. For extraterrestrial exploration see 91 Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration.

20050173384 RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA USA USA Air and Space Power in the 21st Century: Strategic Appraisal Khalilzad, Zalmay; Shapiro, Jeremy; Jan. 2002; 495 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49642-01-C-0003 Report No.(s): AD-A432766; RAND/MR-1314; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Aerospace power has become the archetypal expression of the U.S. ability to project force in the modern world. Throughout the world, U.S. aerospace power and thus, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) plays a critical, and often primary, role in securing U.S. interests, in promoting American values, and in protecting human rights. While the USAF has had signiﬁcant success in employing aerospace power in the recent past, emerging trends in international relations, in technology, and in our own domestic society will create a wide variety of new challenges and new opportunities for U.S. aerospace power. Meeting these challenges and exploiting these opportunities will require careful planning, wise investments, and thoughtful training, as well as difficult cultural adaptations within the USAF. This book identiﬁes many of these challenges and opportunities in a wide variety of issue areas and assesses the degree to which the USAF is prepared to meet them. While the work was carried out under the auspices of the Strategy and Doctrine program of RAND’s Project AIR FORCE, which is sponsored by the U.S. Air Force, this volume draws on the expertise of researchers from across RAND in a variety of related disciplines. The primary audience of this work consists of Air Force leaders and planners, but it should be of interest to others concerned about national security issues. DTIC Aerospace Systems; Education; Military Operations; United States

20050173391 National War Coll., Washington, DC USA Mahan’s Elements of Sea Power Applied to the Development of Space Power France, Martin E.; Jan. 2000; 15 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432784; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) As of today, no definitive work on space power theory, comparable to the writings of Clausewitz, Mahan, Mitchell (and others in their respective fields), is recognized by military theorists. Though most preliminary space power writing in the USA has centered on space as a logical extension of air power theory (if for no other apparent reason than the organizational location of most space forces within the U.S. Air Force), such treatment is akin to early Army characterizations of aircraft as a tool of the artillery or signal corps, restricted to supporting ground operations. While space is certainly a unique operational setting that has yet to be fully exploited, it shares many characteristics with the sea as an arena for commerce, transport, observation and conflict. In fact, because of the distances involved, the importance of constantly safeguarding the free flow of global commerce (e.g. information) in both peace and war, and the more or less permanent basing of key civil and military assets in orbit, space power, missions and responsibilities have many analogs to the sea. Therefore, one would do well to consider first the earlier work of sea power theorists, specifically A.T. Mahan, when attempting to develop a theory of space power and to develop strategies for space control. DTIC Seas; Space Missions

20050173472 Science Applications International Corp., San Diego, CA USA Spacecraft Potential Control Davis, Victoria A.; Gardner, Barbara M.; Jungeward, G. A.; Mandell, Myron J.; Jul. 2004; 70 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-98-C-0074; Proj-2822 Report No.(s): AD-A432938; SAIC-04/2040; AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1152; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of this contract is to develop improved numeric algorithms for the computation of spacecraft charging on Earth-orbiting spacecraft. This work is part of the Nascap-2k program, which is a joint program with the Space Environment

13 Effects (SEE) Program at NASA/MSFC. The end result of the program is a user friendly computer code that computes spacecraft charging in dense and tenuous plasma environments. The primary focus of the SEE Program’s contribution was funding development of the graphical user interface and user documentation, as well as a related program to measure relevant material properties. DTIC Algorithms; Computerized Simulation; Earth Orbits; Spacecraft Charging; Spacecraft Control

20050173489 Bari Univ., Italy A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Thruster Capitelli, Mario; Colonna, G.; Dec. 2004; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432967; EOARD-SPC-03-3072; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This reports results from a contract tasking University of BARI as follows: The kinetics of nozzle expansion flow is a topic of large interest- due to its linking with technological applications. Usually one can treat the problem by using two approaches. The first one is to use complicated 2D fluid dynamics codes with poor kinetics, second one is to use ID nozzle codes emphasizing the role of chemical kinetics in affecting the whole fluid-chemical problem. The second approach has been used by our group to characterize simple gases such as H2, N2, 02 and their mixtures. The peculiarity of our approach is to describe each vibrational level of the molecule as a new species thus avoiding the concept of vibrational temperature. This approach could be in principle extended to polyatomic molecules even though in this case the state tot state kinetics becomes a very difficult problem. These concepts will be developed in the present proposal which deals with the characterization of the kinetics of NH3 through nozzles of different geometries. Our proposal consists of different steps including: 1) development of a realistic kinetics for ammonia decomposition, 2) development of a realistic macroscopic model for vibrational deactivation of polyatomic molecules, 3) evaluation of the dependence of rates on vibrational temperature 4) insertion of points 1-3 in the nozzle equations and 5) examination of results for different nozzle geometries. DTIC Ammonia; Propulsion System Configurations; Propulsion System Performance; Solar Energy

13 ASTRODYNAMICS Includes powered and free ﬂight trajectories; orbital and launching dynamics.

20050173192 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Retrieval From Polar Orbiting Satellites Wunder, Daniel P.; Mar. 2005; 97 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432338; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The retrieval of an aerosol scattering phase function using a multi-satellite technique is proposed. A total of 33 phase functions were derived from 18 smoke cases and 15 dust cases. Each case was interrogated using four to nine satellite passes over the aerosol in a two to four hour time frame. The radiance values for the Red and Near-Infrared (NIR) channels were combined with backscattering angles to determine the shape of the scattering phase function. The radiance values were input into the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) aerosol model to determine optical depths and sample phase functions. A comparison was made between the actual phase functions retrieved and the NPS model phase functions. It was found that the phase functions for the smoke cases more closely matched the model phase functions than in the dust cases. Some conclusions could be drawn about the actual aerosol size and density distribution based on how well it matched the model phase function. Further analysis is necessary to deﬁne the exact size and number of the aerosol particles. Fully understanding the aerosol composition is crucial in determining its effects on military sensors and impacts to operations. DTIC Aerosols; Artiﬁcial Satellites; Near Infrared Radiation; Polar Orbits; Scattering; Scattering Functions; Trajectories

14 14 GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE) Includes launch complexes, research and production facilities; ground support equipment, e.g., mobile transporters; and test chambers and simulators. Also includes extraterrestrial bases and supporting equipment. For related information see also 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air).

20050171025 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA INTEX Ka-Band Experiment Ground Terminal Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The INTEX (interference experiment) Ka-Band Experiment Ground Terminal was developed by NASA Lewis Research Center’s Advanced Space Communications Laboratory to enable space communications experiments that use the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). INTEX is used for a wide range of ACTS technology validation and investigation experiments as well as application demonstrations. It also supports experiments for other organizations within and outside of NASA. Author ACTS; Extremely High Frequencies; Space Communication; Ground Stations

20050171036 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Mach 6 Integrated Systems Tests of Lewis’ Hypersonic Tunnel Facility Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A series of 15 integrated systems tests were conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center’s Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (HTF) with test conditions simulating ﬂight up to Mach 6. Facility stagnation conditions up to 3050 R and 1050 psia were obtained with typical test times of 20 to 45 sec. Author Hypersonic Wind Tunnels; Systems Integration; Wind Tunnel Tests

20050171038 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Lewis Mars Pathfinder Microrover Experiments Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The NASA Lewis Research Center has a prime role in the Mars Pathfinder mission, the first in the series of Discovery-class missions, sponsored by NASA Headquarter’s Office of Space Science. Mars Pathfinder is an engineering proof-of-concept mission intended to demonstrate the successful deployment of scientific instruments, including a small rover, on a planetary body and to gain engineering design information for follow-on systems. The mission was launched in December 1996 and will land on Mars on July 4, 1997. Author Mars Pathfinder; Mars Roving Vehicles; Onboard Equipment; Experimentation

15 LAUNCH VEHICLES AND LAUNCH OPERATIONS Includes all classes of launch vehicles, launch/space vehicle systems, and boosters; and launch operations. For related information see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance; and 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power.

20050173154 Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, CA USA Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries in Geosynchronous Satellite Operation Zimmerman, A. H.; Ang, V. J.; Mar. 2005; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA8802-04-C-0001 Report No.(s): AD-A432256; TR-2005(8555)-2; SMC-TR-05-13; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A model for predicting nickel-hydrogen battery lifetime in LEO applications has been extended to the conditions encountered in GEO orbiting satellites. The model has been found to accurately reproduce the lifetimes observed from available accelerated GEO tests, and is also consistent with the existing orbital performance data. The model has been used to predict how properly designed and operated nickel-hydrogen battery lifetimes should depend on the operating environments

15 and charge control methods typically used in GEO operation. Lifetime is found to be strongly dependent on DOD (particularly at high operating DOD levels), amount of overcharge, trickle-charge rate, and operating temperature. In addition, the model ﬁnds a strong coupling between these wear-controlling parameters. The model suggests that with an optimized charge control system and optimized operating conditions, properly designed nickel-hydrogen batteries are capable of reliably providing over 30 years of GEO operation at a DOD of 70-75%. The results also indicate that careful optimization of charge control, operating temperature, and the maximum required DOD are needed to guarantee reliable operation beyond 10 years. DTIC Artiﬁcial Satellites; Electric Batteries; Models; Nickel Hydrogen Batteries

20050173262 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for an Asteroid Sample Return Mission Rust, Jack W.; Mar. 2005; 75 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432514; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis explores how an Asteroid Sample Return Mission might make use of solar electric propulsion to send a spacecraft on a journey to the asteroid 1989ML and back. It examines different trajectories that can be used to get an asteroid sample return or similar spacecraft to an interplanetary destination and back in the most fuel-efficient manner. While current plans call for keeping such a spacecraft on the asteroid performing science experiments for approximately 90 days, it is prudent to inquire how lengthening or shortening this time period may affect mission fuel requirements. Using optimal control methods, various mission scenarios have been modeled and simulated. The results suggest that the amount of time that the spacecraft may spend on the asteroid surface can be approximated as a linear function of the available fuel mass. Furthermore, It can be shown that as maximum available thrust is decreased, the radial component of the optimal thrust vector becomes more pronounced. DTIC Asteroid Missions; Electric Propulsion; Fuel Consumption; Low Thrust; Sample Return Missions; Trajectories

20050173372 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness Vibration Suppression and Isolation Winthrop, Michael F.; Dec. 2004; 211 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432732; AFIT/DS/ENY/05-02; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) With the advent of smart materials, the concept of semi-active control or dynamic control of stiffness and/or damping for vibration control of structures has become practical and has seen limited use. Semi-active control has advantages over active and passive control methods, since it provides almost as much capability as active control while requiring much less power. Its main disadvantage is its inherent nonlinearity, greatly complicating engineering design. The purpose of this research is to extend semi-active control vibration isolation tools and methods considering space launch and on-orbit systems. DTIC Damping; Nonlinearity; Spacecraft Components; Stiffness; Vibration Isolators

20050173426 Rice Univ., Houston, TX USA Robust Constrained Optimization Approach to Control Design for International Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Balancing Control System Postma, Barry D.; Apr. 2005; 134 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432849; CI04-1040; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis discusses application of a robust constrained optimization approach to control design to develop an Auto Balancing Controller (ABC) for a centrifuge rotor to be implemented on the International Space Station. The design goal is to minimize a performance objective of the system, while guaranteeing stability and proper performance for a range of uncertain plants. The performance objective is to minimize the translational response of the centrifuge rotor due to a ﬁxed worst-case rotor imbalance. The robustness constraints are posed with respect to parametric uncertainty in the plant. The proposed approach to control design allows for both of these objectives to be handled within the framework of constrained optimization. The resulting controller achieves acceptable performance and robustness characteristics. DTIC Approach Control; Balancing; Centrifuges; International Space Station; Optimization; Rotary Wings

16 20050173461 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA Impact of a Military Reusable Launch Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Focused Logistics Williams, Nanette M.; Jun. 2000; 58 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432917; AFIT/GMO/ENS/00E-13; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study analyzes the role of a next-generation reusable launch vehicle (RLV) as a potential defense mobility platform for the future. RLV prototypes offer rapid transportation anywhere on the globe within one hour, with a significant cost reduction from today’s $10,000 per pound to $1,000 per pound of cargo through space. Unfortunately, extremely complex and time-consuming infrastructure and ground handling requirements hinder the usefulness of the RLV in a military environment. Joint Vision 2020 (JV2020) outlines operational concepts that mold warfighting capabilities to achieve full spectrum dominance in the future. Two of the operational concepts, dominant maneuver and focused logistics, shape mobility requirements and are used to evaluate the need for a military RLV. This project seeks to answer the question: ‘Could the next-generation RLV be a viable tool to support JV2020’s operational concepts of dominant maneuver and focused logistics?’ Based on this analysis, current RLV prototypes do not meet the majority of criteria established by JV2020’s dominant maneuver and focused logistics. However, if a military RLV were designed and produced specifically for defense transportation, it could potentially overcome the reliability and flexibility obstacles and become a key enabler toward full spectrum dominance. DTIC Launch Vehicles; Logistics; Military Technology; Reusable Launch Vehicles; Transportation

20050173466 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Human-Robot Interaction and Control Jentsch, Florian; Evans, Arthur W., III; Feldman, Moshe; Hoeft, Raegan M.; Rehfeld, Sherri A.; Curtis, Michael; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-C-0065; N61339-04-C-0034 Report No.(s): AD-A432924; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) of the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is involved in a 5-year program to understand the implications of introducing new technology and procedures to enhance human robotic interactions (HRI) for the Objective Force Warrior (OFW) and Future Combat Systems (FCS). An important component of the HRI research is the study of the collaborative requirements for human robotic teams. The Team Performance Laboratory (TPL) at the University of Central Florida (UCF) has been contracted to conduct research whose purpose is to understand and enhance the interaction of multiple soldiers with multiple robotic systems that vary in size from small unmanned ground systems (SUGVs), to medium sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) , to six-ton armored robot vehicles (ARVs). DTIC Military Vehicles; Robot Control; Robotics

16 SPACE TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY Includes passenger and cargo space transportation, e.g., shuttle operations; and space rescue techniques. For related information see also 03 Air Transportation and Safety; 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations; and 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance. For space suits see 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.

20050169563 NASA Stennis Space Center, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Readiness Review) Failla, David P.; April 20, 2005; 4 pp.; In English; SMARR, 20 Apr. 2005, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA Report No.(s): SPPT-8600-0001; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy This document from the Stennis Space Center Office of Safety and Mission Assurance rates flight preparation elements for Space Shuttle mission STS-114. All elements are rated with the status ‘Standard Open Work or Completed’, and marked in green on the document, which contains a Certificate of Flight Readiness for STS-114. Author Aerospace Safety; Flight Safety; Safety Factors; Space Shuttles; Space Transportation System Flights; Preflight Analysis

17 17 SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING Includes space systems telemetry; space communications networks; astronavigation and guidance; and spacecraft radio blackout. For related information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation; and 32 Communications and Radar.

20050171032 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Low-Complexity, Digital Encoder/Modulator Developed for High-Data-Rate Satellite B-ISDN Applications Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The Space Electronics Division at the NASA Lewis Research Center is developing advanced electronic technologies for the space communications and remote sensing systems of tomorrow. As part of the continuing effort to advance the state-of-the-art in satellite communications and remote sensing systems, Lewis developed a low-cost, modular, programmable, and reconﬁgurable all-digital encoder-modulator (DEM) for medium- to high-data-rate radiofrequency communication links. The DEM is particularly well suited to high-data-rate downlinks to ground terminals or direct data downlinks from near-Earth science platforms. It can support data rates up to 250 megabits per second (Mbps) and several modulation schemes, including the traditional binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modes, as well as higher order schemes such as 8 phase-shift keying (8PSK) and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM). The DEM architecture also can precompensate for channel disturbances and alleviate amplitude degradations caused by nonlinear transponder characteristics. Author Spacecraft Electronic Equipment; Coders; Satellite Communication

18 SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE Includes satellites; space platforms; space stations; spacecraft systems and components such as thermal and environmental controls; and spacecraft control and stability characteristics. For life support systems see 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support. For related information see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; 39 Structural Mechanics; and 16 Space Transportation and Safety.

20050169874 NASA, Washington, DC, USA Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the Space Station Evolution Symposium, Volume 2, Part 2, Space Station Freedom Advanced Development Program May 1990; 344 pp.; In English; First Annual Space Station Evolution Symposium: Beyond the Baseline, 6-8 Feb. 1990, League City, TX, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): UPN 488-00-00 Report No.(s): NASA-CP-10044-Vol-2-PT-2; S-606-Vol-2-Pt-2; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A15, Hardcopy This report contains the individual presentations delivered at the Space Station Evolution Symposium in League City, Texas on February 6, 7, 8, 1990. Personnel responsible for Advanced Systems Studies and Advanced Development within the Space Station Freedom program reported on the results of their work to date. Systems Studies presentations focused on identifying the baseline design provisions (hooks and scars) necessary to enable evolution of the facility to support changing space policy and anticipated user needs. Also emphasized were evolution configuration and operations concepts including on-orbit processing of space transfer vehicles. Advanced Development task managers discussed transitioning advanced technologies to the baseline program, including those near-term technologies which will enhance the safety and productivity of the crew and the reliability of station systems. Special emphasis was placed on applying advanced automation technology to ground and flight systems. This publication consists of two volumes. Volume 1 contains the results of the advanced system studies with the emphasis on reference evolution configurations, system design requirements and accommodations, and long-range technology projections. Volume 2 reports on advanced development tasks within the Transition Definition Program. Products of these tasks include: engineering fidelity demonstrations and evaluations on Station development testbeds and Shuttle-based flight experiments; detailed requirements and performance specifications which address advanced technology implementation issues; and mature applications and the tools required for the development, implementation, and support of advanced technology within the Space Station Freedom Program. Author (revised) Space Station Freedom; Aerospace Systems; Spacecraft Design; Systems Engineering; Automation

18 20050173425 Army Aviation and Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, AL USA Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A Lethal Combination Haynes, Greg; Hyman, Elizabeth; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432847; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) will provide enabling lethality for the Army’s Future Combat System (FCS). The NLOS-LS, one of 19 FCS Core Systems, will consist of a family of missiles and a highly deployable, platform-independent Container Launch Unit (C/LU) with self-contained tactical ﬁre control electronics and software for remote and unmanned operations. DTIC Launching; Line of Sight; Missiles

19 SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION AND ASTRIONICS Includes the design, manufacture, or use of devices for the purpose of measuring, detecting, controlling, computing, recording, or processing data related to the operation of space vehicles or platforms. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation; for spaceborne instruments not integral to the vehicle itself see 35 Instrumentation and Photography; for spaceborne telescopes and other astronomical instruments see 89 Astronomy.

20050169831 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Implications on Planetary Exploration Ip, Felipe; Dohm, J. M.; Baker, V. R.; Castano, B.; Chien, S.; Cichy, B.; Davies, A. G.; Doggett, T.; Greeley, R.; Sherwood, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document NASA’s New Millennium Program (NMP) Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) [1-3] has been successfully demonstrated in Earth-orbit. NASA has identified the development of an autonomously operating spacecraft as a necessity for an expanded program of missions exploring the Solar System. The versatile ASE spacecraft command and control, image formation, and science processing software was uploaded to the Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) spacecraft in early 2004 and has been undergoing onboard testing since May 2004 for the near real-time detection of surface modification related to transient geological and hydrological processes such as volcanism [4], ice formation and retreat [5], and flooding [6]. Space autonomy technology developed as part of ASE creates the new capability to autonomously detect, assess, react to, and monitor dynamic events such as flooding. Part of the challenge has been the difficulty to observe flooding in real time at sufficient temporal resolutions; more importantly, it is the large spatial extent of most drainage networks coupled with the size of the data sets necessary to be downlinked from satellites that make it difficult to monitor flooding from space. Below is a description of the algorithms (referred to as ASE Flood water Classifiers) used in tandem with the Hyperion spectrometer instrument on EO-1 to identify flooding and some of the test results. Derived from text Space Exploration; Spacecraft Control; Aerospace Engineering; Floods; Image Processing; Real Time Operation

20 SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER Includes main propulsion systems and components, e.g., rocket engines; and spacecraft auxiliary power sources. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power, 28 Propellants and Fuels, 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations, and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.

20050169740 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Advanced Power Regulator Developed for Spacecraft [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The majority of new satellites generate electrical power using photovoltaic solar arrays and store energy in batteries for use during eclipse periods. Careful regulation of battery charging during insolation can greatly increase the expected lifetime of the satellite. The battery charge regulator is usually custom designed for each satellite and its speciﬁc mission. Economic competition in the small satellite market requires battery charge regulators that are lightweight, efficient, inexpensive, and modular enough to be used in a wide variety of satellites. A new battery charge regulator topology has been developed at the

19 NASA Lewis Research Center to address these needs. The new regulator topology uses industry-standard dc-dc converters and a unique interconnection to provide size, weight, efficiency, fault tolerance, and modularity benefits over existing systems. A transformer-isolated buck converter is connected such that the high input line is connected in series with the output. This ‘bypass connection’ biases the converter’s output onto the solar array voltage. Because of this biasing, the converter only processes the fraction of power necessary to charge the battery above the solar array voltage. Likewise, the same converter hookup can be used to regulate the battery output to the spacecraft power bus with similar fractional power processing. The advantages of this scheme are: 1) Because only a fraction of the power is processed through the dc-dc converter, the single- stage conversion efficiency is 94 to 98 percent; 2) Costly, high-efficiency dc-dc converters are not necessary for high end-to-end system efficiency; 3) The system is highly fault tolerant because the bypass connection will still deliver power if the dc-dc converter fails; and 4) The converters can easily be connected in parallel, allowing higher power systems to be built from a common building block. This new technology will be spaceflight tested in the Photovoltaic Regulator Kit Experiment (PRKE) on TRW’s Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) satellite scheduled for launch in 1996. This experiment uses commercial dc-dc converters (28 to 15 Vdc) and additional control circuitry to regulate current to a battery load. The 60-W, 87- percent efficiency converters can control 180 W of power at an efficiency of 94 percent in the new configuration. The power density of the Photovoltaic Regulator Kit Experiment is about 200 W/kg. Author Power Effõciency; Regulators; Small Satellite Technology; Electric Power

20050170454 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA High-Aspect-Ratio Cooling Channel Concept Tested in Lewis’ Rocket Engine Test Facility 1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Rocket combustion chamber walls are exposed to the high-temperature environment caused by the combustion of propellants. Even with the walls actively cooled by the fuel, the hot gases can deteriorate the walls severely and limit any possibility for reusing the combustion chamber. For many years, the NASA Lewis Research Center has performed subscale investigations of potential improved cooling concepts to extend the life and reliability of the combustion chamber. Results from previous subscale tests have shown that, by increasing the coolant channel height-to-width aspect ratio, the rocket combustion chamber hot gas side wall temperature can be reduced by as much as 28 percent, without an increase in the coolant pressure drop. Recently, a series of experiments were completed in Lewis’ Rocket Engine Test Facility (RETF) to validate the beneﬁts of high aspect ratio cooling channels with a high-pressure, contoured rocket combustion chamber. Author Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines; Engine Tests; Engine Parts; Engine Coolants

20050172127 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Advanced Power Regulator Developed for Spacecraft Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The majority of new satellites generate electrical power using photovoltaic solar arrays and store energy in batteries for use during eclipse periods. Careful regulation of battery charging during insolation can greatly increase the expected lifetime of the satellite. The battery charge regulator is usually custom designed for each satellite and its speciﬁc mission. Economic competition in the small satellite market requires battery charge regulators that are lightweight, efficient, inexpensive, and modular enough to be used in a wide variety of satellites. A new battery charge regulator topology has been developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center to address these needs. The new regulator topology uses industry-standard dc-dc converters and a unique interconnection to provide size, weight, efficiency, fault tolerance, and modularity beneﬁts over existing systems. A transformer-isolated buck converter is connected such that the high input line is connected in series with the output. This ‘bypass connection’ biases the converter’s output onto the solar array voltage. Because of this biasing, the converter only processes the fraction of power necessary to charge the battery above the solar array voltage. Likewise, the same converter hookup can be used to regulate the battery output to the spacecraft power bus with similar fractional power processing. Author Voltage Regulators; Electric Batteries; Battery Chargers; Spacecraft Power Supplies; Photovoltaic Cells

20050173427 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Development of Advanced Rocket Engine Technology for Precision Guided Missiles Nusca, Michael J.; Michaels, R. S.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432850; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

20 The Army is developing hypergolic, liquid and gelled bipropellants for a small, selectable-thrust, liquid rocket engine (LRE) that can power tactical missiles for both current and future combat systems. The use of gel propellants brings the advantages of selectable thrust and the promise of small engine size but also introduces new challenges in combustion control. One of these challenges is the efficient mixing of gelled oxidizer and fuel to obtain maximum performance from the LRE combustor without increasing the size of the engine. The Army’s impinging stream vortex engine, ISVE, offers an efficient alternative to increasing the combustion chamber volume of a LRE and has already generated excellent performance test data. Since the ISVE is a new concept, analytical models that relate engine performance to engine design parameters are just beginning to emerge. In order to fully exploit the performance that have been realized for the ISVE, it is desirable to understand the underlying ﬂow physics of the engine. This paper describes the Army s effort to use multidimensional, multiphase computational ﬂuid dynamics, combined with high-performance computers to generate simulations of the ISVE that reveal combustion patterns as well as predict chamber pressure and thrust levels for the engine. The goal is to utilize this computational tool to optimize the ISVE performance for a host of strategic Army missions. DTIC Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines; Missiles; Rocket Engines

23 CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to the composition, properties, structure, and use of chemical compounds and materials as they relate to aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft. For speciﬁc topics in chemistry and materials see categories 25 through 29. For astrochemistry see category 90 Astrophysics.

20050169742 Missouri Univ., Rolla, MO, USA Low Temperature Cathode Supported Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001-September 30, 2001 Anderson, H. U.; Huebner, W.; 2001; 156 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834069; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This project has three main goals: Thin Films Studies, Preparation of Graded Porous Substrates and Basic Electrical Characterization and testing of Planar Single Cells. In this portion of study we have focused on producing YSZ films on porous LSM substrates. When using the polymer precursor there are a number of obstacles to overcome in order to form dense electrolyte layers on porous substrates (cathode or anode). Probably the most difficult problems are: (1) Extreme penetration of the polymer into the substrate must be prevented. (2) Shrinkage cracking must be avoided. (3) Film thickness in the 1 to 5(micro)m range must be achieved. We have demonstrated that cracking due to shrinkage involved during the elimination of solvents and organic matter and densification of the remaining oxide is not a problem as long as the resulting oxide film is \h (approx) 0.15 (micro)m in thickness. We have also shown that we can make thicker films by making multiple depositions if the substrate is smooth (roughness (le) 0.1 (micro)m) and contains no surface pores \g 0.2 (micro)m. NTIS Yttrium Oxides; Zirconium Oxides; Cathodes; Annealing

20050169792 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials and Structures Using Plasma Processes Anders, A.; Monteiro, O. R.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834933; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A variety of coatings is commercially produced on a very large scale, including transparent conducting oxides and multi-layer silver-based low-emissivity and solar control coatings. A very brief review of materials and manufacturing process is presented and illustrated by ultrathin silver films and chevron copper films. Understanding the close relation between manufacturing processes and bulk and surface properties of materials is crucial for film growth and self-assembly processes. NTIS Metal Films; Plasmas (Physics); Surface Properties; Thin Films; Glazes

20050169847 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Leipzig Univ., German Democratic Republic, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, Argonne National Lab., IL Distribution and Chemical State of Cu-rich Clusters in Silicon Buonassisi, T.; Istratov, A. A.; Weber, E. R.; Marcus, M. A.; Heuer, M.; Aug. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009893; NREL/CP-520-36748; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

21 The chemical state and distribution of Cu-rich clusters were determined in four different silicon-based materials with varying contamination pathways and degrees of oxygen concentration, including as-grown multicrystalline silicon. In all four samples, Cu3Si was the only chemical state observed. Cu3Si clusters were observed at structural defects within all four materials; XBIC measurements revealed that the presence of Cu3Si corresponds to increased recombination activity. Oxidized Cu compounds are not likely to form in silicon. The +1 eV edge shift in the -XAS absorption spectrum of Cu3Si relative to Cu metal is believed to be an indication of a degree of covalent bonding between Cu atoms and their silicon neighbors. NTIS Copper; Metal Clusters; Oxygen; Silicon

20050169853 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO Commercial Status of the PV Industry in 2004-Identifying Important and Unimportant Factors von Roedern, B.; Aug. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009891; NREL/CP-520-36681; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This paper reviews the current status of the commercial PV Industry. It assesses the current status of commercially available modules, most of which use silicon wafers or ribbons. My analysis will show that the choice of Si wafers or substrates, once deemed to be the most important aspect, ended up making only negligible differences for commercial products, as long as cells are prepared by diffusion and screen printing. I will also address the prospects and requirements for both next generation thin-ﬁlm modules and super-high (\g20%) efficient commercial crystalline Si cells. It is shown that traditional recombination loss analyses provide a poor tool for understanding limitations of cell and module performance, because those analytical schemes ignore dominating interactions between different loss mechanisms (e.g., of surface and bulk recombination). NTIS Commerce; Polymers

20050169869 Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Rijswijk, Netherlands, Netherlands School for Advanced Studies in Construction, Delft, Netherlands HERON, Volume 48, No. 4, 2003 Sluys, L. J.; 2003; 72 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-102997; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy Contents include the following: Three-dimensional microstructure simulation model of cement based materials; Ultrasonic underside inspection for fatigue cracks in the deck plate of a steel orthotropic bridge deck; and Measuring spatial correlation of soil properties. NTIS Three Dimensional Models; Microstructure; Metal Fatigue

20050169882 Missouri Univ., Rolla, MO, USA Low Temperature Cathode Supported Electrolytes Anderson, H. U.; 2004; 48 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834065; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This project has three main goals: Thin Films Studies, Preparation of Graded Porous Substrates and Basic Electrical Characterization and Testing of Planar Single Cells. During this time period substantial progress has been made in developing low temperature deposition techniques to produce dense, nanocrystalline yttrium-stabilized zirconia films on both dense oxide and polymer substrates. Progress has been made in the preparation and characterization of thin electrolytes and porous LSM substrates. Both of these tasks are essentially on or ahead of schedule. In our proposal, we suggested that the ZrO(sub 2)/Sc system needed to be considered as a candidate as a thin electrolyte. This was because microcrystalline ZrO(sub 2)/Sc has a significantly higher ionic conductivity than YSZ, particularly at the lower temperatures. As a result, some 0.5 micron thick film of ZrO(sub 2)/16% Sc on an alumina substrate (grain size 20nm) was prepared and the electrical conductivity measured as a function of temperature and oxygen activity. NTIS Cathodes; Electrolytes; Thin Films

22 20050170626 Karpov (V. Y.) Physical Chemistry Inst., Moscow, USSR Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: Does the Chemistry of Extracted Diamonds Depend on the Properties of Pristine Soot? Koscheev, A. P.; Zaripov, N. V.; Ott, U.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR-03-05-64678; RFBR-02-05-04001; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Main efforts in the study of presolar diamond nanograins have been directed towards the isotopic analysis of trace elements (primarily, noble gases) [1] trapped inside the grains and the results allow to draw conclusions regarding stellar nucleosynthesis [1,2]. The surface chemistry of interstellar diamonds has been studied to much lesser extent, in spite of the fact that, due to the small size of diamond grains (2-4 nm) and their large surface to volume ratio, the surface species can represent a substantial part of grain material. Information about surface chemistry of diamond grains is important for the following reasons. First, the possibility exists that at least some extraterrestrial surface features of nanodiamonds may have survived [3]. If so, diamond grains with different history may reveal different surface chemistry. Second, surface species on diamond nanograins may be responsible for some of the IR absorption features observed in spectra of the interstellar medium [4,5] and it is necessary to know the relation between surface chemistry and optical properties of nanodiamonds. Derived from text Carbon; Soot; Diamonds; Trace Elements; Rare Gases; Interstellar Chemistry; Chemical Reactions; Interstellar Matter

20050170928 Research Inst. of National Defence, Linkoeping, Sweden Defence Applications of Nanocomposite Materials Savage, S. J.; Dec. 2004; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103080; FOI-R-1456-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report brieﬂy describes and discusses relevant properties of polymer-based nanocomposite materials, and gives examples of the actual and potential use of nanocomposite materials in defense applications. NTIS Composite Materials; Nanocomposites

20050172062 Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA Development of New Cryocooler Regenerator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic Compounds Gschneidner, K. A.; Pecharsky, A. O.; Pecharsky, V. K.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-832896; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The volumetric heat capacities of a number of binary and ternary Er- and Tm-based intermetallic compounds, which exhibited substantial ductilities, were measured from (approx)3 to (approx)350 K. They have the RM stoichiometry (where R = Er or Tm, and M is a main group or transition metal) and crystallize in the CsCl-type structure. The heat capacities of the Tm-based compounds are in general larger than the corresponding Er-based materials. Many of them have heat capacities which are signiﬁcantly larger than those of the low temperature (\h15 K) prototype cryocooler regenerator materials HoCu(sub 2), Er(sub 3)Ni and ErNi. Utilization of the new materials as regenerators in the various cryocoolers should improve the performance of these refrigeration units for cooling below 15 K. NTIS Intermetallics; Transition Metals; Cryogenic Cooling

20050173362 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA A Multi-Agent System for Tracking the Intent of Surface Contacts in Ports and Waterways Tan, Kok S.; Mar. 2005; 90 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432715; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Maritime security is especially critical for countries like Singapore, an island nation situated on the world’s busiest shipping routes, whose economic prosperity is highly dependent on international trade from her busy port, petrochemical complexes and other high value units located along her coastline. This thesis borrows the ideas and techniques suggested for identifying air threats in the Air Defense Laboratory (ADL) and employ them to identify asymmetric maritime threats in port and waterways. Each surface track is monitored by a compound multi-agent system that comprise of the several intent models, each containing a nested multi-agent system. The attributes that deﬁne intent models of friendly, neutral, unknown and potentially hostile surface contacts are obtained from movement and communication protocols deﬁned by the Vessel Traffic

23 Information System (VTIS), maritime navigation rules and cues for surface warfare threat assessment. The underlying cognitive mechanism of the models is conceptual blending. The study includes a simulation of a mock VTS for the port of Singapore and surrounding waterways to test the ability of the models to compress data and information regarding multiple simulated surface contacts into integration networks and then determine the surface contacts’ intent through the expansion of the integration networks. DTIC International Trade; Threat Evaluation; Waterways

20050173399 Geo-Centers, Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Feasibility of Formulating DECON GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, GD, and HD Reactivity Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; Kiple, Joseph B.; Taylor, Jeffrey S.; Yang, Yu-Chu; Jan. 2005; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAM01-98-C-0008 Report No.(s): AD-A432798; ECBC-TR-381; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) DECON GREEN is a reactive, universal decontaminant for VX, HD, and G agents composed of bicarbonate (baking soda), hydrogen peroxide, and alcohol. The use of two currently ﬁelded aircraft deicing ﬂuids, containing ethylene glycol and/or propylene glycol and water, as substitutes for the alcohol constituent was assessed by examining the VX, GD, and HD) reactivity in formulations using these materials. DTIC Decontamination; Deicing; Ethylene Compounds; Formulations; Glycols; Propylene; Reactivity

20050173453 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Failures of DFT Byrd, Edward F.; Chabalowski, Cary F.; Scuseria, Gustavo E.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432907; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Using the PW91 and PBE density functional theories (DFT), we have studied four energetic molecular crystals: nitromethane, HMX, RDX, and CL20 with a wide range of basis sets. Our goal is to assess the accuracy of DFT when applied to organic molecular crystals (such as energetic materials) as scientists are beginning to include this methodology in energetic materials research without knowledge of the limitations of the method. Intramolecular distances, simple angles, and band gaps are converged at plane wave cutoff energies of 430 to 495 eV. Cell parameters were determined over a range of values from 280 eV to 700 or 800 eV, depending upon the system. Lattice vectors, however, display large errors in the range of 0.2 to 1.0, and a very slow convergence on basis set size. We hypothesize the error in the lattice vectors is due to a lack of van der Waals forces in current DFT functionals. This deﬁciency will have unforeseen consequences on all crystal calculations for organic molecules, and therefore caution should be employed whenever interpreting results obtained from the current DFT functionals available in solid state codes. To properly describe the electronic structure of these types of crystals, these results suggest the need for new methods involving DFT to be developed which include accurate dispersion forces. DTIC Failure; Hmx; Nitramine Propellants; Nitromethane; RDX; Solid Phases

24 COMPOSITE MATERIALS Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of laminates and other composite materials.

20050169727 Manchester Metropolitan Univ., UK Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Coated D-Fibre Bhatti, A.; Al-Raweshidy, H. S.; Murtaza, G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 674-677; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Over the years, optical fibre sensors have been developed for many application areas. One potentially interesting application for this type of sensor is in the detection of radio frequency electric fields. By constructing such a sensor from totally dielectric materials, it may be used as an antenna for receiving radio frequency transmissions without distorting or disturbing the field lines since there are no metallic components to reflect or transmit radio frequency energy. This type of antenna has the potential of wide bandwidth and high sensitivity. In addition, it offers other advantages over conventional

24 antennae such as intrinsic safety in hazardous environments as well as geometrical flexibility which enables its use in smart structure systems. It has been shown that the optical phase shift of light propagating in a singlemode optical fibre coated with a piezoelectric plastic jacket can be modulated by an applied voltage. Piezoelectric polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) have been shown to respond to frequencies approaching 20GHz. Such an electric field sensing device consists of a singlemode (silica) optical fibre coated with a transversely poled jacket that is placed between parallel plate electrodes. Application of a voltage to create an electric field between the metal electrodes induces strains in the piezoelectric jacket due to the converse piezoelectric effect. The strains in the jacket are directly transmitted to the glass fibre. The strain-induced changes in refractive index and length of the fibre produce a phase shift of the lightwave propagating in the fibre core which provides a measure of the applied electrical field. An alternative to the conventional pVDF coated circular fibre as the sensing element is a PVDF coated D-fibre. Optical D-fibres have a D-shaped cross-section. Main advantage of D-fibre, as shown, is the closeness of the guiding region to the flat surface of the fibre, thus making it particularly attractive for sensing applications. Most of the work with conventional circular singlemode optical fibre electric field sensors employing piezoelectric polymer coatings has remained focused on theoretical and experimental characterisation of these devices which can be expensive and time consuming. However, an assessment of the response of the device can be made by using commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) software, with the obvious time and expense benefits. Utilising the finite element method also allows initial test simulations to be performed to study the device structure in order to achieve an optimized design prior to fabrication. Whilst mathematical modelling has proved a valuable tool for studying the response of electric field sensors based on conventional circularly symmetric optical fibres, the complex geometrical structure of the D-fibre does not allow the development of a straight-forward analytical model. FEA provides a suitable alternative in characterizing the response of the D-fibre sensor. This work describes, for the first time, the novel approach of using FEA to simulate the response of a optical D-fibre antenna. A wide frequency response from 100Hz to 50MHz of the phase shift induced in a D-shaped optical fibre jacketed with a transversely polarized piezoelectric material is presented. Author Fabrication; Finite Element Method; Mathematical Models; Optical Fibers; Piezoelectricity; Vinyl Polymers; Coatings

20050169926 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Applications [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy PMR-15, a high-temperature polyimide developed in the mid-1970’s at the NASA Lewis Research Center, offers the combination of ease of processing, low cost, and good stability and performance at temperatures up to 288 C (500 F). This material is widely regarded as one of the leading high-temperature matrix resins for polymer-matrix-composite aircraft engine components. PMR-15 is widely used in both military and civilian aircraft engines. The current worldwide market for PMR-15 is on the order of 50,000 lb, with a total sales of around $5 to $10 million. However, PMR-15 is made from methylene dianiline (MDA), a known animal mutagen and a suspected human mutagen. Recent concerns about the safety of workers involved in the manufacture and repair of PMR-15 components have led to the implementation of costly protective measures to limit worker exposure and ensure workplace safety. In some cases, because of safety and economic concerns, airlines have eliminated PMR-15 components from engines in their ﬂeets. Current efforts at Lewis are focused on developing suitable replacements for PMR-15 that do not contain mutagenic constituents and have processability, stability, and mechanical properties comparable to that of PMR-15. A recent development from these efforts is a new class of thermosetting polyimides based on 2,2’-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ). Autoclave processing developed for PMR-15 composites was used to prepare low-void-content T650-35 carbon-ﬁber-reinforced laminates from DMBZ-15 polyimides. The glass transition temperatures of these laminates were about 50 C higher than those of the T650- 35/PMR-15 composites (400 versus 348 C). In addition, DMBZ-15 polyimide composites aged for 1000 hr in air at 288 C (500 F) had weight losses close to those of comparable PMR-15 laminates (0.9 versus 0.7 percent). The elevated (288 C) and room temperature mechanical properties of T650-35-reinforced DMBZ-15 polyimide and PMR-15 laminates were comparable. Standard Ames tests are being conducted on this diamine to assess its mutagenicity. Author Diamines; Polyimides; Mechanical Properties; Benzene; Dimethyl Compounds; Refractory Materials; Composite Materials

20050170432 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Potential-Based Uniﬁed Viscoplastic Model for Titanium-Based Matrices [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A number of titanium matrix composite (TMC) systems are currently being investigated for high-temperature air frame and propulsion system applications. As a result, numerous computational methodologies for predicting both deformation and

25 life for this class of materials are under development. An integral part of these methodologies is an accurate and computationally efficient constitutive model for the metallic matrix constituent. Furthermore, because these systems are designed to operate at elevated temperatures, the required constitutive models must account for both time-dependent and time-independent deformations. To accomplish this, the NASA Lewis Research Center is employing a recently developed, complete, potential-based framework. This framework, which utilizes internal state variables, was put forth for the derivation of reversible and irreversible constitutive equations. The framework, and consequently the resulting constitutive model, is termed complete because the existence of the total (integrated) form of the Gibbs complementary free energy and complementary dissipation potentials are assumed a priori. The speciﬁc forms selected here for both the Gibbs and complementary dissipation potentials result in a fully associative, multiaxial, nonisothermal, uniﬁed viscoplastic model with nonlinear kinematic hardening. This model constitutes one of many models in the Generalized Viscoplasticity with Potential Structure (GVIPS) class of inelastic constitutive equations. Derived from text Airframes; Mathematical Models; Metal Matrix Composites; Titanium; Viscoplasticity; Nonisothermal Processes; Matrices (Mathematics)

20050170913 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping Final Report: Nanocomposite Materials Savage, S. J.; Dec. 2004; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103078; FOI-R-1524-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report summarizes the activities and results of the project: nanocomposite materials during the period 2000- 2004. The report describes the various activities and reports produced in the project. The project has introduced nanocomposite materials and their potential for defence applications, of which there are many, particularly in applications demanding multifunctionality such as UAV’s. Research activities have included synthesis and characterization of fenite nanoparticles, their surface functionalization, dispersion in an epoxy matrix, and characterization of the microwave and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites produced. The latter charaterization will be completed and reported during the ﬁrst two quarters of2005, within a cooperating project: tunable signature materials. The project has contributed greatly to improving the awareness of nanocomposites and their properties and applications within Swedish defense organizations, especially FMV and FOL It can be concluded that polymer matrix nanocomposites can be produced, and that they are likely to be used in defense materiel over a period stretching from the next few years to several decades in the future. NTIS Nanoparticles; Nanocomposites; Organizations

20050171027 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Iron-Containing Carbon Materials Fabricated Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Development of high-strength, lightweight materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding at low frequencies may be possible if the carbon fibers used in these composites can be made to have ferromagnetic properties. One way to obtain such fibers is by inserting small ferromagnetic particles into the fiber structure. Author Fiber Composites; Carbon Fibers; Metal Particles; Iron

20050171033 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, General Electric Aircraft Engines, USA, Fiber Innovations, Inc., USA Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding Process Developed for High-Temperature Polyimide Matrix Composites Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only The use of high-temperature polymer matrix composites (PMC’s) in aircraft engine applications can signiﬁcantly reduce engine weight and improve performance and fuel efficiency. High-temperature PMC’s, such as those based on the PMR-15 polyimide matrix resin developed by the NASA Lewis Research Center, have been used extensively in military applications where performance improvements have justiﬁed their use regardless of the cost involved in producing the component. However, in commercial engines cost is a primary driver, and PMC components must be produced at costs comparable to those of the metal components that they will replace. Author Resin Transfer Molding; Polymer Matrix Composites; Polyimide Resins; Molding Materials

26 20050172095 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) Developed Research and Technology 1995; March 1997; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The ability to accurately predict the thermomechanical deformation response of advanced composite materials continues to play an important role in the development of these strategic materials. Analytical models that predict the effective behavior of composites are used not only by engineers in performing structural analysis of large-scale composite components but also by material scientists in developing new material systems. For an analytical model to fulfill these two distinct functions, it must be based on a micromechanics approach that uses physically based deformation and life constitutive models, and it must allow one to generate the average (macro) response of a composite material given the properties of the individual constituents and their geometric arrangement. Only then can such a model be used by a material scientist to investigate the effect of different deformation mechanisms on the overall response of the composite and, thereby, identify the appropriate constituents for a given application. However, if a micromechanical model is to be used in a large-scale structural analysis it must be (1) computationally efficient, (2) able to generate accurate displacement and stress fields at both the macro and micro level, and (3) compatible with the finite element method. In addition, new advancements in processing and fabrication techniques now make it possible to engineer the architectures of these advanced composite systems. Full utilization of these emerging manufacturing capabilities require the development of a computationally efficient micromechanics analysis tool that can accurately predict the effect of microstructural details on the internal and macroscopic behavior of composites. Computational efficiency is required because (1) a large number of parameters must be varied in the course of engineering (or designing) composite materials and (2) the optimization of a material’s microstructure requires that the micromechanics model be integrated with optimization algorithms. From this perspective, analytical approaches that produce closed-form expressions which describe the effect of a material’s internal architecture on the overall material behavior are preferable to numerical methods such as the finite element or finite difference schemes. Derived from text Deformation; Mathematical Models; Micromechanics; Computer Programs; Fabrication

20050173266 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Development of an Advanced Composite Material Model Suitable for Blast and Ballistic Impact Simulations Yen, C. F.; Cheeseman, B. A.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432520; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A robust composite progressive failure model has been successfully developed to account for the strain-rate and pressure dependent behavior of composite materials subjected to high velocity ballistic impact. This composite failure model has been used to quantify the ballistic impact behavior of various composite panels with reasonable accuracy. Application of the current composite model for designing lightweight composite armor with various three dimensional ﬁber architectures is under progress. DTIC Armor; Composite Materials; Impact; Impact Tests; Simulation; Terminal Ballistics

20050173267 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Modeling and Simulation Environment for Composite Materials Manufacturing and Testing Shires, Dale R.; Henz, Brian J.; Mohan, Ram V.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432521; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Army systems and components are being designed and constructed to fulﬁll mission requirements for the Future Force and for Future Combat Systems (FCS). In many cases, these systems will utilize complex composite structures as core components. This paper discusses a modeling and simulation environment focused on composites acquisition from part design to testing. Also discussed is the computational environment that has been designed to quickly ﬁeld these and related simulation codes. DTIC Composite Materials; Composite Structures; Manufacturing; Simulation; Weapon Systems

27 20050173439 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX USA High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetrators Hartwig, K. T.; Karaman, I.; May 2005; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-01-0481 Report No.(s): AD-A432881; ARO-TAMU64590-FPR04; ARO-42476.9-MS; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The aims of the project were to acquire metallic based amorphous metal alloy powder, consolidate the powder into bulk structural amorphous metal (SAM), blend the amorphous powder with crystalline Ta or W powders and consolidate the blends into bulk amorphous metal matrix particulate composite. Under proper consolidation conditions the SAM and SAM matrix composites were expected to exhibit shear localization under high strain rate conditions, the preferred failure mechanism in kinetic energy penetrator material. The results for amorphous Vitreloy 106a powder show that essentially full density can be achieved after one ECAE pass at temperatures of Tg and higher. Signiﬁcant particle-to-particle bonding is evident from optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness indentations, mechanical testing and SEM analysis. Retention of amorphous character in the consolidate is demonstrated by XRD, DSC and shear banding. Effective consolidation is a result of the combined action of compaction and simple shear caused by the ECAE process. The results demonstrate that ECAE is a viable processing method for producing bulk amorphous metal (BAM) and BAM matrix crystalline metal particulate composites. 14. DTIC Amorphous Materials; Kinetic Energy; Metal Matrix Composites; Metals; Projectiles

25 INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Includes the analysis, synthesis, and use of inorganic and organic compounds; combustion theory; electrochemistry; and photochemistry. For related information see category 34 Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics. For astrochemistry see category 90 Astrophysics.

20050169838 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA ORD Computational Toxicology Program FY04 Activity Report Oct. 2004; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105894; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Fiscal Year 2004 (FY04) was a year of transition for the Office of Research and Development (ORD) Computational Toxicology (CompTox) Program. In previous years, a small number of proof-of-concept studies based on endocrine-disrupting modes of action were initiated; and general framework for a larger program was established. The framework laid out three general objectives for the program: (1) improving the linkages in the source-outcome paradigm; (2) providing tools for screening and prioritization of chemicals under regulatory review; and (3) enhancing quantitative risk assessment. The CompTox Program is now moving from primarily from a planning phase to an implementation phase. In FY04 the endocrine disruptor proof-of-concept projects advanced through completion of the development of an estrogen reporter cell line to complement the androgen receptor cell line developed previously, reﬁnement of QSAR models for receptor binding, and development of an in vitro cell based assay for steroidogenesis. Three cell-based assays are scheduled for scale-up production against a larger set of chemicals in FY05. Ten existing intramural research projects received funding to apply genomic, metabonomic, or computational tools in an effort to quickly expand the program beyond the endocrine-disruptor domain. NTIS Toxicology; Research and Development

20050169864 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Final Report Summary of LDRD 02-LW-022 ‘Quantum Vibrations in Molecules: A New Frontier in Computational Chemistry’ Glaesemann, K. R.; Jan. 26, 2004; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009770; UCRL-TR-201998; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge With the trend towards needing information about chemistry at conditions significantly different from 298K and 1 atm., methods need to be developed to generate and interpret this data. This demand for information about chemistry at extreme conditions comes from many fields. The study of atmospheric chemistry requires knowledge of unusual species that are formed when molecules are exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Studying of energetic materials requires knowledge of the thermochemical and structural properties of a myriad of chemical species under a wide range of temperatures. Basic scientific

28 understanding of the very nature of a chemical bond requires detailed information. Studying these problems computationally requires multiple capabilities. The methodology used must provide both high accuracy and computational efficiency. Studying extreme chemistry also suffers from all the challenges of studying chemistry under non-extreme conditions. Therefore, either a new method must be developed or an old method must be applied in an innovative way. The method we have chosen to use is path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) for the nuclear degrees of freedom and ab initio electronic structure methods for the electronic degrees of freedom. PIMC and ab initio electronic structure are methods of treating the quantum nature of particles. These methods have been chosen, because an accurate treatment requires treating both the electrons and the nuclei as quantum particles. NTIS Computational Chemistry; Thermochemical Properties; Quantum Chemistry

20050169880 Central Police Univ., Taoyuan, Taiwan, Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA, Alabama Univ., Birmingham, AL, USA Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Norephedrines Wang, S. M.; Lewis, R. J.; Canfield, D.; Lia, T. L.; Liu, R. H.; April 2005; 14 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): FAA-AM-B-04-TOX-204 Report No.(s): DOT/FAA/AM-05/8; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Concerned with variations in abuse potential and control status among various isomers of ephedrines and norephedrines, this study was conducted to develop an effective method for the simultaneous analysis of eight ephedrine-related compounds along with structurally similar cathinones. Among various approaches studied, a 60m HP-5MS (0.25 mm ID, 0.25 pm film thickness) was successfully used to characterize the following compounds that were derivatized with (-)-a-methoxy-a- trifloromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA): (+)-cathinone, (-) -cathinone, (+)-norephedrine, (-)- norephedrine, (+)- norpseudoephedrine, (+)-ephedrine, (-)-ephedrine, (-)-pseudoephedrine, (+)- pseudoephedrine. (-)-Cathine standard was not available but should also be resolvable under this analytical procedure. This method was successhlly applied to the analysis of selected cold remedies for characterizing the enantiomeric compositions of the compounds present in these samples. Author Enantiomers; Drugs; Chemical Analysis; Amines

20050172063 Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC, USA Bioelectricalchemical Process Develoment Ekechukum, A. A.; Turick, C. E.; Jul. 15, 2004; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-829691; WSRC-RP-2004-00535; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Work performed under the Independent Research and Development project ‘Bioelectrochemical Process Development’ using Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 henceforth MR-1, a model dissimilitory metal reducing (DMRB) bacteria successfully demonstrates the following: MR-1 transfers electrons by hydrogen oxidation to solid phase electrodes; MR-1 can act as an electron transfer agent when attached to a solid metal electrode surface - a modiﬁed electrode has been developed and tested; MR-1 transfers electrons from solution to a solid electrode. DMRB grow by transferring electrons to insoluble metals. When bacteria oxidize organic compounds or hydrogen this results in electron ﬂow from the bacterial cell for the purpose of cellular energy production. Extracellular electron transfer to solid terminal electron acceptors permits coupling this oxidation process to electrodes. NTIS Electrochemistry; Biochemistry

20050172064 Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC, USA Concentrate Interaction Testing Rosencrance, S. W.; Edwards, T. B.; Healy, D. P.; Coleman, E. J.; Jun. 2002; 56 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-829690; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Testing was performed to deﬁne technical issues that may impact long-term viability of the segregation strategy for processing and storing evaporator concentrates. The primary concern is increased potential for nuclear criticality from uranium accumulation. This statistically designed testing examines the fate of uranium when Al and Si rich concentrates are either purposefully or inadvertently combined. NTIS Radiochemistry; Uranium

29 20050172073 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR Spectromicroscopy Holman, H. Y. N.; Martin, M. C.; Mckinney, W. R.; 2004; 38 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834624; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy is a newly emerging bioanalytical and imaging tool. This unique technique provides mid-infrared (IR) spectra, hence chemical information, with high signal-to-noise at spatial resolutions as ﬁne as 3 to 10 microns. Thus it enables researchers to locate, identify, and track speciﬁc chemical events within an individual living mammalian cell. Mid-IR photons are too low in energy (0.05 - 0.5 eV) to either break bonds or to cause ionization. In this review, we show that the synchrotron IR beam has no detectable effects on the short- and long-term viability, reproductive integrity, cell-cycle progression, and mitochondrial metabolism in living human cells, and produces only minimal sample heating (lesser than 0.5 degrees C). We will then present several examples demonstrating the application potentials of SR-FTIR spectromicroscopy in biomedical research. These will include monitoring living cells progressing through the cell cycle, including death, and cells reacting to dilute concentrations of toxins. NTIS Synchrotron Radiation; Infrared Spectroscopy; Cells (Biology)

20050172074 Kansas Univ., Lawrence, KS, USA Managing Tight Binding Receptors for New Separations Technologies Busch, D. H.; Givens, R. S.; 2004; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834610; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In our ﬁrst explorations we chose to use a tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, tetra(2-carbamoylethyl)-1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecane (4cyclam), to provide strong metal ion binding, with four appended arms that terminate in amide functions to provide hydrogen bonding with corresponding groups in the polymer. Nickel(II) ion was chosen for these studies because of the kinetic inertness of the square planar complexes it forms with tetraazamacrocycles. Because covalent interactions tend to involve slow kinetics we use those that are non-covalent for the affinity between the MIP and the imprinting metal complex. The immediate issue is ‘can non-covalent interactions be strong enough to produce the proposed new methodology’. The literature indicates that imprinting using, for example, hydrogen bonding supports only 10 to 15%, certainly less than 20%, re-binding capacity. An equally compelling issue is the relationship of the combined advantages of selective complex formation and selective binding of the complex to the polymer. NTIS Hydrogen Bonds; Covalence; Amides

20050173149 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Using the Lineate Imaging Near-Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Khoo, Sing S.; Mar. 2005; 71 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432240; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Lineate Image Near Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) is a spectral imager developed to operate in the 0.3-0.4 micron spectral region. The 2-D imager operates with a scan mirror, forming image scenes over time intervals of 10-20 minutes. Sensor calibration was conducted in the laboratory, and the system response to Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) gas was determined. The absorption proﬁle for SO2 was measured, and curves of growth were constructed as a function of gas concentration. Test measurements were performed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), from the roof of Spanagel Hall. Field observations were conducted at a coal-burning factory site at Concord, CA with the purpose of quantifying the presence of SO2. The Concord ﬁeld measurement showed traces of SO2, with further analysis still required. DTIC Dioxides; Images; Imaging Spectrometers; Near Ultraviolet Radiation; Remote Sensing; Sulfur Dioxides; Sulfur Oxides; Ultraviolet Spectrometers

20050173166 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Decontamination Solution (Decon Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Haley, Mark V.; Kurnas, Carl W.; Checkai, Ronald T.; Turley, Steven D.; Osborn, Michelle A.; Burton, Dennis T.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432275; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The U.S. Army has developed a hydrogen peroxide-based decontaminating solution, Decon Green (DG). The components

30 of the decon solution are less hazardous to the end-user and the environment than standard decon solutions that are in the current inventory. Toxicity studies were conducted as direct amendments of DG into water, and into soil. Aquatic organisms were exposed directly to water amended with DG. Soils amended with DG were subjected to an Adapted Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (ATCLP) in order to produce exposure solutions. In addition, we performed corresponding toxicity investigations using DG solution tat was allowed to age. Overall, Vibrio ﬁscheri was less sensitive to DG than D. magna and C. dubia by approximately one order of magnitude. Provisional data indicate that 5-min EC50 for Vibrio ﬁscheri was 200 ppm (vol/vol), and the 48-hr EC50 for D. magna and C. dubia were 26 and 25 ppm (vol/vol), respectively; IC50 for C. dubia exposed to DG directly amended into water was 28 ppm (vol/vol), while IC50 for C. dubia exposed to extracts of soils amended with GD was 2400 ppm (mass/mass; in soil). Based on acute aquatic toxicity, DG was substantially less toxic to these organisms than traditional decontamination solutions. DTIC Decontamination; Hydrogen Peroxide; Soils; Toxicity; Water

20050173171 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Species in Emissions from Munitions Deactivation Furnace Boddu, Veera M.; Hay, K. J.; Cottone, Larry; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432281; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Information on the chemical species, and phase and particle size distribution of lead and cadmium species is required for developing strategies for pollution prevention, environmental compliance, and mitigation strategies for controlling hazardous air pollutant emissions from Army munitions deactivation furnaces. Emissions samples were collected from the furnace exhaust system on a small arms deactivation furnace at Tooele Army Depot, Tooele, Utah. The samples collected were analyzed using standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methods and other laboratory chemical and physical methods to obtain particulate size distribution and to identify lead and cadmium species. Results show that lead is a major component of the particulate matter while antimony is a distant seconds. Lead oxides and carbonates are the dominant species. Cadmium is not a major component in the emissions for the two munitions deactivated. The results showed that nearly 45-58% of the particulate emissions are of particulate matter PM2.5. DTIC Air Pollution; Cadmium; Deactivation; Emission; Furnaces; Lead Oxides

20050173241 Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD USA A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Biological Early Warning Systems VAN DER Schalie, Willian H.; Trader, David E.; Widder, Mark W.; Shedd, Tommy R.; Brennan, Linda M.; Mar. 2005; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432455; TR-0501; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Aquatic biomonitors can provide continuous, real-time monitoring for toxicity in source water supplies, but they cannot be used to directly monitor chlorinated drinking waters because of aquatic organism sensitivity to residual chlorine. The threshold for a toxicity alarm by a biomonitor using bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was between 0.015 and 0.066 mg/L total residual chlorine (TRC). A portable dechlorinator that injected 6 mg/L sodium bisulﬁte into water containing 1.5 to 2.0 mg/L TRC was effective in removing TRC-related toxicity during a nine month evaluation at a water treatment plant. Three biomonitor alarms that occurred were not caused by dechlorinator malfunctions. In one-hour laboratory exposures to sodium bisulﬁte alone, the biomonitor did not respond until concentrations exceeded 48 mg/L. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a biomonitor in conjunction with a portable dechlorinator for continuous monitoring of chlorinated drinking waters. Future studies should evaluate dechlorinator suitability in waters with total organic carbon levels exceeding 2 mg/L or that have been disinfected with chloramines. DTIC Chlorine; Early Warning Systems; Potable Water

20050173258 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Buchanan, James H.; Buettner, Leonard C.; Tevault, David E.; Feb. 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432504; ECBC-TR-430; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The vapor pressure of the vesicant agent bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulﬁde(HD), has been measured between -25 and +20 deg

31 C using vapor saturation methodology. This work reports the vapor pressure of solid hd for the ﬁrst time. DTIC Heat of Fusion; Vapor Pressure

20050173294 Tsentralni Aerogidrodinamicheskii Inst., Zhukovsky, Russia Facilities for Scramjet Improvement Krasilnikov, A. V.; Kozlovsky, V. A.; Lapygin, V.I.; Michailov, A. V.; Oct. 2003; 7 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432571; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The description of TSNIIMASH facilities for improvement of scramjet inlets and combustion chambers is presented. For research of inlets it is offered to use a large-scale hypersonic wind tunnel U - 306-3 working at Mach numbers 2 3 4, 6, 8, 10 with a nozzle-exit diameter of 1,2 m. The description of this facility activity scheme and its basic distinctive parameters are given. It is marked, that the facility Y - 306-3 can be used to test large-scale models and model ﬂying velocities and dynamic head for different altitudes. For analysis of hydrogen - air or hydrocarbon - air mixtures supersonic combustion in scramjet combustion chambers is offered to use a special test-bed on the basis of facilityU-12modernization. The test-bed includes the pressure vessel of a variable volume, succeeded hypersonic nozzles on Mach numbers 4, 6, 8, 10, combustion chamber, exit nozzle and exhaust system. The maximal pressure in the pressure vessel can reach 50 MPa. The combustion chamber has the cylindrical shape with an interior diameter of 0.5 m and length of 9 m. It allows to test real injection systems during tests. The system of an exhaust includes a gas holder with diameter of 3.2 m and volume of 180 squared m. She also is equipped with potent vacuum pumps, which one can create rarefaction^1Paforrather short time. The problems of scramjet creation are analyzed, which one can be resolved on the facilities. DTIC Combustion Chambers; Ramjet Engines; Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Engines

20050173295 Innovative Scientiﬁc Solutions, Inc., Dayton, OH USA Ionization Rates and Charge Production in Hydrocarbon Fuels Jiao, C. Q.; DeJoseph Jr, C. A.; Garscadden, A.; Oct. 2003; 9 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432572; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In fuel air mixtures the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is dominated by the effects of the nitrogen momentum transfer and inelastic collisions. However the ionization potential of the hydrocarbons, n-octane and n-decane, are about 11.7 eV and 10.2 eV respectively whereas the nitrogen ionization potential is 15.5eV. Therefore the total ionization rate at higher fuel ratios can be dominated by ionization of the fuel. On the other hand in vitiated air, nitric oxide is produced and it has an even lower ionization potential. If NO (ionization potential 9.25 eV) is present in small quantities, it will also be an important source of ionization even though the EEDF is still controlled by nitrogen. The charge transfer rates also lead to ionization of the lowest ionization potential species. Charged-particle collisions contribute to the ignition process by producing radicals, cracking the fuel molecules, and increasing the gas temperature through heat released from exothermic reactions. This paper presents our studies using Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) on the fuel compounds, n-octane and decane and nitromethane. We have measured their electron impact ionization and gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Calibration using argon allowed absolute ionization cross-sections and charge exchange rates of cracked ions with the parent molecules to be obtained. Ion-molecule reactions proceed much more rapidly than neutral radical-molecule reactions and therefore will be important at sufficient ionization fraction in the breakdown and expansion phases of the spark ignition process. The power into the plasma is given by the product of the voltage (time) and current (time) and it is important to measure accurately the phase between these two parameters in order to quantify the energy input. DTIC Fourier Transformation; Hydrocarbon Fuels; Hydrocarbons; Ionization; Ionization Potentials; Momentum Transfer; Nitric Oxide

20050173401 Engineering Research and Consulting, Inc., Edwards AFB, CA USA Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Halogens and Pseudohalogens Wilson, William W.; Christie, Karl O.; Boatz, Jerry A.; Haiges, Ralf; Jan. 2005; 28 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-2303 Report No.(s): AD-A432801; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

32 Brieﬁng charts of presentation on the reaction chemistry of HN3 with HF, halogens and pseudohalogens. DTIC Azides (Inorganic); Azides (Organic); Chemical Reactions; Halogens

20050173415 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Energetic Material Simulations: Advancing the Future Force Mattson, William D.; Rice, Betsy M.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432830; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We describe a new extensible software system to perform molecular simulations of energetic materials. A new approach for extensible software development based on an XML description of a program structure and a set of components stored in shared object libraries is described first. A specific example of molecular dynamics simulations for energetic materials is given next and this is finally expanded with the capability to perform molecular packing calculations to show the extensibility and applicability of the system. DTIC Computer Programs; Document Markup Languages; Languages; Molecular Dynamics; Simulation

20050173416 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Boddu, Veera M.; Toghiani, Rebecca K.; Damavarapu, Reddy; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432831; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) CL20, a high-energy explosive compound, is a polyazapolycyclic caged polynitramine (2,4,6,8,10,12- Hexanitro- 2,4,5,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane). The combustion and detonation characteristics of CL20 can be improved if it is formed into nanoparticles of uniform size. A new, promising process for particulation of materials utilizes environmentally benign compressed gases as either solvents or anti-solvents. Predictive models are required to describe the solubility and phase behavior of supercritical solutions of CL20 and supercritical carbon dioxide and for process simulation and development. Here, the solubility of CL20 in supercritical carbon dioxide was evaluated using the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state. Critical properties, vapor pressure, and other required thermodynamic properties were estimated using a variety of available estimation techniques. A Fortran program to predict the solubility of CL20 was developed during the course of this project. The program was validated using available literature data for the solubility of naphthalene and of biphenyl in supercritical carbon dioxide. The applicability of the estimation techniques employed for the critical properties for CL20 was established using these same techniques to estimate the critical properties of comparable compounds, including RDX and HMX. Solubility data for RDX in supercritical carbon dioxide reported in the literature were also used to establish the validity of the estimation approach. Solubility was predicted over the temperature range of 305.15 to 368.15 K and over the pressure range of 74 to 150 atm. In general, as the temperature increases, the solubility decreases, while as the pressure increases, the solubility increases. DTIC Carbon Dioxide; Explosives; Hmx; RDX; Solubility

20050173432 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Cardiac Toxicity Zoltani, C. K.; Platoff, G. E.; Baskin, S. I.; Mar. 2005; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432856; ARL-TR-3443; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A series of computer studies showing the effect of cyanide (CN) on the electrophysiology of cardiac tissue is presented. A mathematical model of the electrophysiology of cardiac tissue, with initial and boundary conditions based on experimental data from studies using CN as metabolic blockers from the literature, was used to simulate changes in the electrical activity of the heart. Emphasis was on the modulation of ion concentrations in the cells, changes in current magnitudes, and the activation of currents that are dormant under normal circumstances. These calculations showed for the first time: (1) disturbance of the energy homeostasis and ion concentrations in cardiac tissue due to CN results in the reversal of the direction from the normal and change in magnitudes of cellular membrane currents. These, in turn, change the morphology of the action potential and the electrocardiogram (ECG). This is the initial step leading to ventricular fibrillation, the usual endpoint in the effect of CN on the heart. (2) CN causes cell swelling and hemorrhaging in cardiac tissue. Cell swelling activates chloride membrane currents affecting homeostasis of the tissue. These effects were shown to be important for the electrical state of the CN-affected tissue and were included for the first time in a model of CN-affected cardiac tissue. (3) The calculations reproduced aspects of the changes in an ECG of a subject under the effect of a lethal dose of CN. (4) The obtained results

33 suggest and deﬁne the characteristics required of a pharmacological intervention needed to overcome or reverse CN poisoning, of vital importance for development of therapeutics for force protection. Primarily, such intervention needs to reduce the calcium overload of the cardiac cell, restore the depolarizing sodium current, and alleviate the accumulation of potassium ions exterior to the cell. DTIC Computerized Simulation; Cyanides; Electrophysiology; Heart; Simulation; Toxicity

20050173451 Toronto Univ., Downsview, Ontario Canada Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computations for Energetic Material Combustion in Closed Vessels Wong, F. C.; Gottlieb, J. J.; Lussier, L.-S.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432904; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A major computational code called CERV was developed to determine complex equilibrium compositions of a non-ideal mixture of numerous imperfect gases and compressible liquid and solid species with phase transitions for closed-vessel applications. This code minimizes Gibbs energy using reaction variables, in contrast to other major codes like BRL-Blake, BRCBagheera and NASA-CEA that use composition variables such as mole numbers. The CERV code has signiﬁcant advantages in handling compressible condensed species with phase transitions and computing non-ideal mixture compositions accurately and efficiently. Computations are done robustly, without convergence failures from matrix inversions or iterative procedures, for problems with reaction products consisting of hundreds of gaseous, liquid and solid species. DTIC Chemical Equilibrium; Combustion; Computer Programs; Phase Transformations; Pressure Vessels

20050173455 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Combustion Diagnostics for New, Rocket-Missile and Gun Propellants Sausa, R. C.; Anderson, W. R.; Miller, M.; Fontijn, A.; Neidert, J.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432911; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Advanced, burn-rate, propellant modeling is critical for developing new rocket-missile and gun propellants for Future Combat Systems and for providing a fundamental screening tool that can result in substantial cost savings compared to missile and gun ﬁrings. In this summary, we report the detailed chemical kinetics and burn rate prediction of hexahydro-1,3,5- hexanitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and selected high-energetic binders and nitrate esters. DTIC Burning Rate; Combustion; Diagnosis; Gun Propellants; Missiles; Models; Rocket Propellants

20050173456 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear and Erosion Conroy, P. J.; Leveritt, C. S.; Hirvonen, J. K.; Demaree, J. D.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432912; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) ARL has recently made discoveries in the area of interior ballistic propellant combustion product interactions with a gun tube bore. These discoveries were based on two hypotheses. The first was that the products could and are dynamically nitriding the bore of the gun, thus creating a nitride coating which inhibits the dissociation of CO and subsequently reducing the amount of carbon uptake. The second was that the combustion products richer in nitrogen have a lower temperature upon expansion in our experimental fixture as well as in a gun barrel. This is due to Joule and or Joule-Thomson cooling effects. Both of these hypotheses were proven and validated through numerical and experimental methods. Higher nitrogen containing combustion products have definitively been shown to have relatively lower erosivity with respect to those having lower nitrogen content. These results have revolutionized the gun propellant development community in that for the first time there is guidance for erosivity control through propellant chemical constituent formulation. DTIC Combustion; Erosion; Guns (Ordnance); Nitrogen; Propellants; Wear

20050173457 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Anderson, William R.; Miller, Martin S.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432913; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

34 A model, including detailed gas phase chemistry previously applied to nitrate ester and nitramine solid propellants and their major ingredients, has been successfully applied to the pure energetic ingredient nitroguanidine and to M30, a triple base propellant which contains nitroguanidine. This is the ﬁrst modeling of either based on a detailed gas phase mechanism. Computed burning rates are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Predicted ﬂame structures indicate the unusual result that no dark zone forms even at low pressure (0.5 MPa), are in agreement with experiment; detailed chemical analysis conclusively indicates the lack of a dark zone is due to rapid gas phase reactions of NH and NH2 species with NO. Our expansion of the universe of ingredients successfully modeled with our approach bodes well for its use in formulation science and its transfer, as reduced versions, into interior ballistics weapons development codes. DTIC Burning Rate; Combustion; Models; Nitroguanidine; Propellants; Vapor Phases

20050173474 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels in Rats Matson, Kathy L.; Crouse, Charles L.; Miller, Dennis; Evans, Ronald A.; McGuire, Jeffrey M.; Jarvis, Jill; Benton, Bernard J.; Sommerville, Douglas R.; Scotto, Jacqueline; Burnett, David C.; Mar. 2005; 65 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-206023 Report No.(s): AD-A432945; ECBC-TR-428; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The effective concentrations (EC(sub 50)’s,) for miosis in male and female rats exposed to VX vapor for 10, 60, and 240 min were estimated using whole body vapor exposures conducted in a 750 L dynamic airflow inhalation chamber. Miosis was defined as at least a 50% reduction in pupil diameter relative to baseline measurements. Contrary to Haber’s Rule, median effective dosages (ECT(sub 50)’s) increased with increasing exposure durations (i.e., the CT for 50% of the exposed population to show miosis was not constant over time). Ordinal regression was used to develop an empirical toxic load model for predicting VX vapor induced miosis by defining the relationship between C and T with a VX specific, toxic load exponent (n) in the equation: C(exp n)xT=k. Female rats were more sensitive than male rats to the miotic effects of VX vapor. Statistically significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was detected at the higher concentrations of each exposure time. A VX-G analog assay successfully used rat blood plasma as a biomarker for VX exposure. A general relationship between increasing dose (CT) and increasing amounts of VX-G in the plasma was found. DTIC Acetyl Compounds; Cholinesterase; Exposure; Pupil Size; Rats; Toxicity; Vapors

26 METALS AND METALLIC MATERIALS Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of metals and metallic materials; and metallurgy.

20050169743 ALSTOM Power, Inc.,, Windsor, CT, USA, Babcock and Wilcox Co., Alliance, OH, USA, Babcock Power, Inc., Worcester, MA, USA, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA, USA Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Viswanathan, R.; Coleman, K.; Jul. 15, 2002; 38 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833939; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The principal objective of this project is to develop materials technology for use in ultrasupercritical (USC) plant boilers capable of operating with 760 C (1400 F), 35 MPa (5000 psi) steam. In the 21st century, the world faces the critical challenge of providing abundant, cheap electricity to meet the needs of a growing global population while at the same time preserving environmental values. Most studies of this issue conclude that a robust portfolio of generation technologies and fuels should be developed to assure that the USA will have adequate electricity supplies in a variety of possible future scenarios. The use of coal for electricity generation poses a unique set of challenges. On the one hand, coal is plentiful and available at low cost in much of the world, notably in the U.S., China, and India. Countries with large coal reserves will want to develop them to foster economic growth and energy security. On the other hand, traditional methods of coal combustion emit pollutants and CO(sub 2) at high levels relative to other generation options. Maintaining coal as a generation option in the 21st century will require methods for addressing these environmental issues. This project has established a government/industry consortium to undertake a five-year effort to evaluate and develop of advanced materials that allow the use of advanced steam cycles in coal-based power plants. These advanced cycles, with steam temperatures up to 760 C, will increase the efficiency of coal-fired boilers from an average of 35% efficiency (current domestic fleet) to 47% (HHV). This efficiency increase will enable coal-fired power plants to generate electricity at competitive rates (irrespective of fuel costs) while reducing CO(sub 2) and

35 other fuel-related emissions by as much as 29%. Success in achieving these objectives will support a number of broader goals. First, from a national prospective, the program will identify advanced materials that will make it possible to maintain a cost-competitive, environmentally acceptable coal-based electric generation option. High sulfur coals will specifically benefit in this respect by having these advanced materials evaluated in high-sulfur coal firing conditions and from the significant reductions in waste generation inherent in the increased operational efficiency. Second, from a national prospective, the results of this program will enable domestic boiler manufacturers to successfully compete in world markets for building high-efficiency coal-fired power plants. NTIS Boilers; Power Plants; Materials Tests

20050169744 ALSTOM Power, Inc.,, Windsor, CT, USA, Babcock and Wilcox Co., Alliance, OH, USA, Babcock Power, Inc., Worcester, MA, USA, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA, USA Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Viswanathan, R.; Coleman, K.; Oct. 15, 2002; 42 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833938; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The principal objective of this project is to develop materials technology for use in ultrasupercritical (USC) plant boilers capable of operating with 760 C (1400 F), 35 MPa (5000 psi) steam. In the 21st century, the world faces the critical challenge of providing abundant, cheap electricity to meet the needs of a growing global population while at the same time preserving environmental values. Most studies of this issue conclude that a robust portfolio of generation technologies and fuels should be developed to assure that the USA will have adequate electricity supplies in a variety of possible future scenarios. The use of coal for electricity generation poses a unique set of challenges. On the one hand, coal is plentiful and available at low cost in much of the world, notably in the U.S., China, and India. Countries with large coal reserves will want to develop them to foster economic growth and energy security. On the other hand, traditional methods of coal combustion emit pollutants and CO(sub 2) at high levels relative to other generation options. Maintaining coal as a generation option in the 21st century will require methods for addressing these environmental issues. This project has established a government/industry consortium to undertake a five-year effort to evaluate and develop of advanced materials that allow the use of advanced steam cycles in coal-based power plants. These advanced cycles, with steam temperatures up to 760 C, will increase the efficiency of coal-fired boilers from an average of 35% efficiency (current domestic fleet) to 47% (HHV). This efficiency increase will enable coal-fired power plants to generate electricity at competitive rates (irrespective of fuel costs) while reducing CO(sub 2) and other fuel-related emissions by as much as 29%. Success in achieving these objectives will support a number of broader goals. First, from a national prospective, the program will identify advanced materials that will make it possible to maintain a cost-competitive, environmentally acceptable coal-based electric generation option. High sulfur coals will specifically benefit in this respect by having these advanced materials evaluated in high-sulfur coal firing conditions and from the significant reductions in waste generation inherent in the increased operational efficiency. Second, from a national prospective, the results of this program will enable domestic boiler manufacturers to successfully compete in world markets for building high-efficiency coal-fired power plants. NTIS Boilers; Power Plants; Materials Tests

20050169745 ALSTOM Power, Inc.,, Windsor, CT, USA, Babcock and Wilcox Co., Alliance, OH, USA, Babcock Power, Inc., Worcester, MA, USA, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA, USA Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report April 1 - June 30, 2003 Viswanathan, R.; Coleman, K.; Swindeman, R. W.; Sarver, J.; Blough, J.; Aug. 04, 2003; 76 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833923; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The principal objective of this project is to develop materials technology for use in ultrasupercritical (USC) plant boilers capable of operating with 760 C (1400 F), 35 MPa (5000 psi) steam. This project has established a government/industry consortium to undertake a five-year effort to evaluate and develop of advanced materials that allow the use of advanced steam cycles in coal-based power plants. These advanced cycles, with steam temperatures up to 760 C, will increase the efficiency of coal-fired boilers from an average of 35% efficiency (current domestic fleet) to 47% (HHV). This efficiency increase will enable coal-fired power plants to generate electricity at competitive rates (irrespective of fuel costs) while reducing CO(sub 2) and other fuel-related emissions by as much as 29%. Success in achieving these objectives will support a number of broader goals. First, from a national prospective, the program will identify advanced materials that will make it possible to maintain a cost-competitive, environmentally acceptable coal-based electric generation option. High sulfur coals will specifically benefit in this respect by having these advanced materials evaluated in high-sulfur coal firing conditions and from the

36 signiﬁcant reductions in waste generation inherent in the increased operational efficiency. Second, from a national prospective, the results of this program will enable domestic boiler manufacturers to successfully compete in world markets for building high-efficiency coal-ﬁred power plants. NTIS Boilers; Power Plants; Materials Tests

20050169841 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Guide to Developing an Environmental Management System for Metal Finishing Facilities May 2004; 58 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105860; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy This publication is intended for small business owners or employees of metal ﬁnishing facilities who have decided to do an environmental management system (EMS) for their facility or company. It is made up of two parts: Part I: Steps of an Environmental Management System gives an overview of the 13 steps of an EMS and includes examples you can use to start creating your own EMS. Part II: Sample Manual and Blank Forms includes an EMS manual for a hypothetical metal ﬁnishing facility and blank forms you can use to begin the development of your own EMS Manual. NTIS Environment Management; Metal Finishing; Environmental Monitoring; Waste Management

20050169941 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Fatigue Behavior and Deformation Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy Investigated [2005]; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718 (IN 718) is used as a structural material for a variety of components in the space shuttle main engine (SSME) and accounts for more than half of the total weight of this engine. IN 718 is the bill-of-material for the pressure vessels of nickel-hydrogen batteries for the space station. In the case of the space shuttle main engine, structural components are typically subjected to startup and shutdown load transients and occasional overloads in addition to high-frequency vibratory loads from routine operation. The nickel-hydrogen battery cells are prooftested before service and are subjected to fluctuating pressure loads during operation. In both of these applications, the structural material is subjected to a monotonic load initially, which is subsequently followed by fatigue. To assess the life of these structural components, it is necessary to determine the influence of a prior monotonic load on the subsequent fatigue life of the superalloy. An insight into the underlying deformation and damage mechanisms is also required to properly account for the interaction between the prior monotonic load and the subsequent fatigue loading. An experimental investigation was conducted to establish the effect of prior monotonic straining on the subsequent fatigue behavior of wrought, double-aged, IN 718 at room temperature. First, monotonic strain tests and fully-reversed, strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted on uniform-gage-section IN 718 specimens. Next, fully reversed fatigue tests were conducted under strain control on specimens that were monotonically strained in tension. Results from this investigation indicated that prior monotonic straining reduced the fatigue resistance of the superalloy particularly at the lowest strain range. Some of the tested specimens were sectioned and examined by transmission electron microscopy to reveal typical microstructures as well as the active deformation and damage mechanisms under each of the loading conditions. In monotonically strained specimens, deformation during the subsequent fatigue loading was mainly confined to the deformation bands initiated during the prior monotonic straining. This can cause dislocations to move more readily along the previously activated deformation bands and to pile up near grain boundaries, eventually making the grain boundaries susceptible to fatigue crack initiation. The mechanisms inferred from the microstructural investigation were extremely valuable in interpreting the influence of prior monotonic straining on the subsequent fatigue life of Inconel 718 superalloy. Author Inconel (Trademark); Metal Fatigue; Wrought Alloys; Heat Resistant Alloys; Deformation

20050170465 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scaling: Damascene Copper versus Subtractive Aluminum Stamper, A. K.; McDevitt, T. L.; Luce, S. L.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 337-346; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Historically, the semiconductor industry has made chip speed the focus of its high performance CMOS logic development strategy. For the wires and insulators used in the back-end-of-the-line (BEOL), this has driven the industry to use damascene tungsten chemical-mechanical polish (CMP) local interconnects and vias; SiO2-based intermetal dielectric CMP planarization;

37 high-aspect ratio aluminum wiring; high density plasma, ozone/TEOS, or advanced spin-on glass SiO2 intermetal dielectrics; high density plasma reactive ion etching; and excimer-laser DUV lithography. To achieve 0.25-micron CMOS performance objectives, the aluminum wire and tungsten via aspect ratios have increased by about a factor of two as compared to 0.50-micron CMOS. This aggressive reverse scaling of BEOL dimensions increases the defect and yield issues associated with the industry standard subtractive-aluminum etch process. We believe that, if substractive-aluminum wiring is used, the additional scaling required to meet the performance targets of sub-0.25-micron CMOS logic will result in signiﬁcantly lower yields and increased manufacturing costs. Instead of attempting to drive subtractive-aluminum wiring beyond it’s reasonable limits, IBM has chosen to employ an additive-copper dual-damascene wiring process for its high performance sub-0.25- micron CMOS logic technologies. In this paper, we discuss defect density, resistance variability, and capacitance variability for 0.25-micron and 0.18-micron CMOS generation subtractive-aluminum and damascene copper wiring. Author Copper; Aluminum; Materials Selection; Semiconductor Devices

20050170937 Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC, USA, Forest Service, Washington, DC, USA Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegetation, and Biota Piper, D. Z.; Skorupa, J. P.; Presser, T. S.; Hardy, M. A.; Hamilton, S. J.; 2000; 82 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105902; USGS-OFR-00-050; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy Major-element oxides and trace elements in the Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine, Idaho were determined by a series of techniques. In this report, we examine the distribution of trace elements between the different solid components that largely make up the rocks. High concentrations of several trace elements throughout the deposit have raised concern about their introduction into the environment via weathering and the degree to which mining and the disposal of mined waste rock from this deposit might be accelerating that process. The question addressed here is how might the partitioning of trace elements between these solid host components inﬂuence the introduction of trace elements into ground water, surface water, and eventually biota, via weathering. NTIS Phosphates; Trace Elements; Oxides

20050172089 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded NiAl Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy There is considerable interest in developing new structural materials in which high use temperatures and strength, coupled with low density, are the minimum requirements. The goal for these new materials is to provide operation well beyond the working range of conventional superalloys. Of the many intermetallics under consideration, NiAl is one of the few systems that has emerged as a promising candidate for further development. This is because of a number of property advantages-- including low density, high melting temperature, high thermal conductivity, and excellent environmental resistance. However, binary NiAl lacks strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Also, its poor high-temperature strength results in worse-than-predicted low-cycle fatigue (LCF) lives at low strain ranges at 727 C (1341 F) because of accelerated creep damage mechanisms that result in signiﬁcant intergranular cracking. One approach for improving these properties involves microalloying NiAl with either Zr or N. As an integral part of this alloy-development program at the NASA Lewis Research Center, the low-cycle fatigue behavior of Zr- and N-doped nickel aluminides produced by extrusion of prealloyed powders was investigated and compared with similarly processed binary NiAl. Author Nickel Aluminides; Powder Metallurgy; Heat Resistant Alloys; Fatigue (Materials); Extruding

20050173163 Texas Univ., Austin, TX USA Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Subjected to Dynamic Transverse Loading Tarcza, K.; Bless, S. J.; Taleff, E.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD17-01-D-0001 Report No.(s): AD-A432272; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A new type of experiment has been developed to subject rods to dynamic transverse impact similar to that encountered in attack of modern armors. Two tungsten alloys with ﬁve different surface ﬁnishes were examined. It was found that there

38 were two failure modes: one involved transverse fracture that initiates from surface ﬂaws. The other was a consequence of gouge instability on the sliding surface. Polishing suppressed the ﬁrst mode and enhanced the second. DTIC Dynamic Loads; Failure; Surface Finishing; Tungsten Alloys

20050173393 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Fragment Impact Fermen-Coker, Muege; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432790; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Current distributions of continuum mechanics codes used by the Army do not have the capability to model failure associated with plastic shear localizations in ballistic applications, such as plugging failure of targets due to ballistic impact by blunt-nosed projectiles. This paper discusses the development and validation of a computational capability to accurately model highly localized deformations in complex projectile-target interactions germane to survivability and lethality technologies for the Army’s Future Combat Systems. Onset and propagation of adiabatic shear bands are investigated both experimentally and computationally by studying the ballistic impact of 20-mm steel fragments against Ti-6Al-4V plates. Numerical simulations are carried out using a three-dimensional localization model being developed for CTH, an Eulerian wave propagation code. A failure criterion that uses homogenous material response and scaling laws to estimate the plastic strain at which stress collapse due to adiabatic shear should occur, for rate dependent, work-hardening, thermally softening materials, has been implemented into CTH, and is used as a nucleation criterion. Numerical results provided good agreement with experimental observations. 1. DTIC Adiabatic Conditions; Aluminum Alloys; Fragments; Ordnance; Steels; Terminal Ballistics; Titanium Alloys; Vanadium Alloys

20050173410 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD USA Development of a Swashplateless Rotor Using Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys Couch, Ronald N.; Mar. 2005; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0790 Report No.(s): AD-A432819; ARO-42881-EG; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A quasi-static model for NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) is formulated in parallel to the Brinson and Tanaka thermal SMA constitutive models. Since the shape memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity exist in both NiTi and NiMnGa, constitutive models for SMAs can serve as a basis for MSMA behavioral modeling. The quasi-static model for NiMnGa was characterized by nine material parameters identified by conducting a series of uniaxial compression tests in a constant field environment. These model parameters include free strain, Young’s modulus, fundamental critical stresses, fundamental threshold fields, and stress-influence coefficients. These test data were used to assemble a critical stress profile that is useful for determining model parameters and for understanding the dependence of critical stresses on magnetic fields. Once implemented, the analytical model shows good correlation with test data for all modes of NiMnGa quasi-static behavior, capturing both the magnetic shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity. Furthermore, the model is also capable of predicting partial pseudoelasticity, minor hysteretic loops and stress-strain behaviors. To correct for the effects of magnetic saturation, a series of stress influence functions were developed from the critical stress profile. Although requiring further refinement, the model’s results are encouraging, indicating that the model is a useful analytical tool for predicting NiMnGa actuator behavior. DTIC Computer Storage Devices; Magnetic Storage; Rotors; Shape Memory Alloys

27 NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of plastics, elastomers, lubricants, polymers, textiles, adhesives, and ceramic materials. For composite materials see 24 Composite Materials.

20050169808 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked Plagioclase Endmembers Johnson, J. R.; Staid, M. I.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

39 Thermal infrared laboratory spectra of experimentally shocked bytownite feldspars were combined with standard mineral libraries to deconvolve the spectra of experimentally shocked basaltic rocks to determine the accuracy with which pressures can be estimated in shocked basalts. High shock pressures cause disorder in the mineral lattice of plagioclase feldspars (whereas pyroxene and olivine spectra are more resilient). This affects thermal infrared absorption bands owing to an increase in diaplectic glass content, particularly at shock pressures above approx. 20-25 GPa. Our results indicate that average shock pressures derived from spectral deconvolutions are relatively good, with 10-15 GPa deviations at intermediate pressures and by approx. 5 GPa at other pressures. Samples. Emission spectra of experimentally shocked anorthosite (bytownite, An79) were described. Emission spectra of experimentally shocked basalt (Grand Falls, AZ) are shown. Grand Falls basalts are ﬁne-grained with approx. 25% pyroxene, approx. 20% olivine, and approx. 40-50% feldspar. Author Infrared Radiation; Thermal Absorption; Rocks; Infrared Spectra; High Pressure; Basalt

20050169851 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Pin Wire Coating Trip Report Spellman, G. P.; Mar. 03, 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009819; UCRL-TR-203055; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A meeting to discuss the current pin wire coating problems was held at the Reynolds plant in Los Angeles on 2MAR04. The attendance list for Reynolds personnel is attached. there was an initial presentation which gave a brief history and the current status of pin wire coating at Reynolds. There was a presentation by Lori Primus on the requirements and issues for the coating. There was a presentation by Jim Smith of LANL on the chemistry and to some extent process development done to date. There was a long session covering what steps should be taken in the short term and, to a lesser extent, the long term. The coating currently being used is a blend of two polymers, polyethersulfone and polyparabanic acid (PPA) and some TiO2 ﬁller. This system was accepted and put into production when the pin wire coating was outsourced to another company in 1974. When that company no longer was interested, the wire coating was brought in-house to Reynolds. At that time polyparabanic acid was actually a commercial product available from Exxon under the trade name Tradlon. However, it appears that the material used at Reynolds was synthesized locally. Also, it appears that a single large batch was synthesized in that time period and used up to 1997 when the supply ran out. The reason for the inclusion of TiO2 is not known although it does act as a rheological thickener. However, a more controlled thickening can be obtained with materials such as fumed silica. This material would have less likelihood of causing point imperfections in the coatings. Also, the mixing technique being used for all stages of the process is a relatively low shear ball mill process and the author recommends a high shear process such as a three roll paint mill, at least for the ﬁnal mixing. Since solvent is added to the powder at Reynolds, it may be that they need to have the paint mill there. NTIS Coating; Silicon Dioxide; Wire

20050169881 Missouri Univ., Rolla, MO, USA Low Temperature Cathode Supported Electrolytes Anderson, H. U.; Huebnerr, W.; Kosacki, I.; 2004; 112 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834066; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This project has three main goals: Thin Films Studies, Preparation of Graded Porous Substrates and Basic Electrical Characterization and testing of Planar Single Cells. Substantial progress has been made on both characterizing thin films as well as developing methods to produce films on nanoporous substrates. The results of electrical conductivity measurements on ZrO(sub 2):16%Sc nanocrystalline thin films under controlled oxygen partial pressure and temperature are presented. NTIS Thin Films; Cathodes; Solid Electrolytes

20050170529 Morita Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub-Micron Contact Hole Miyamoto, Mitsuo; Gotoh, Hideto; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 327-331; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Wet chemical cleaning inside the deep sub-micron contact hole after reactive ion etching (RIE) and resist removal by O2 plasma ashing was investigated systematically. By optimizing composition of a cleaning solution, it was found that buffered hydroﬂuoric acid (BHF) which consists of both the low HF concentration (about 0.1wt%) and the high NH4F concentration

40 (about 40wt%) and also contains both surfactant (40-80ppm) and hydrogen peroxide (approx. 5wt%) was the most effective for the cleaning. It was found that this cleaning solution can simultaneously remove the side wall protecting deposition films which adhere on the side wall inside contact hole, and the damaged layer which is formed on the Si substrate surface during RIE, and the native oxide film which grows on the Si surface at the contact hole bottom during the resist mask removal after RIE. Moreover, it was found that during the cleaning, the enlargement amount of 0.4 micron contact hole can be kept within 200 angstroms, and the microroughness generation at the Si surface of the contact hole bottom can be prevented. It was confirmed that this cleaning solution is very effective for the decrease of contact resistance and the increase of yield in the process of manufacturing semiconductor devices. Author Chemical Cleaning; Etching; Hydrofluoric Acid; Hydrogen Peroxide

20050172061 Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA, USA, Argonne National Lab., IL, California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceramics Fryxell, G. E.; Kemner, K.; Raymond, K. N.; Zemanian, T. S.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833243; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The objective of this program is to design, synthesize, and evaluate high-efficiency, high-capacity sorbent materials capable of selectively sequestering actinides from complex aqueous mixtures. One of the central goals of this project is to understand the fundamental interfacial science required to develop novel mesoporous materials coated with organized monolayers of rationally designed ligands, custom-tailored for binding specific actinide cations. This capability addresses waste management by separation of actinides, a central concern of high-level waste (HLW) management at several DOE sites. PNNL has developed self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS) as a superior method of mercury and heavy metal sequestration. SAMMS has proven to be orders of magnitude faster and more effective than existing mercury-scavenging methods. This project builds on the SAMMS concept and extends the interfacial chemistry of monolayer-coated mesoporous materials to study the requirements of selective binding of actinides. The need exists in the management of DOE’s HLW to be able to selectively and completely remove the actinides so that HLW volume can be minimized and the nonradioactive components can be segregated and disposed of as low-level waste (LLW). In addition, the short-term risk assessment for tank closure requires a complete and accurate accounting of actinide speciation. These needs dictate the development of selective and efficient separation of actinides from complex waste streams so as to minimize HLW volume, reduce waste management costs, and enhance long-term stability of the HLW form. NTIS Waste Management; Ceramics; Actinide Series

20050173207 Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS USA Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Pavements Shoenberger, James E.; Hodo, Wayne D.; Weiss, Charles A., Jr.; Malone, Philip G.; Poole, Toy S.; Mar. 2005; 81 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432378; ERDC/GSL-TR-05-7; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy Materials for expedient roadway pavement repairs must provide a trafficable repair in a minimal amount of time. Therefore, any repair material must be able to cure quickly and be easy to use. There are a large number of proprietary cementitious rapid repair materials for both asphalt and concrete pavements. Three types of cementitious materials were used to make acceptable expedient repairs to an asphalt roadway. Trafficking showed that these materials were not ﬂexible enough to provide durable repairs to ﬂexible pavements in hot weather. There are a number of proprietary asphalt based repair materials. These materials can generally be trafficked immediately after placement with some displacement, depending upon the loads. These products will gain more stability with time and with cooler temperatures. Repair materials using cut-back asphalts generally provide the best combination of workability and long-term storage under adverse conditions, particularly freezing temperatures. This study evaluated the asphalt repair materials for workability, strength using Marshall stability and triaxial testing, and durability in regards to cohesion and adhesion properties. The majority of repair materials use an open-graded mixture and the Marshall stability test is not appropriate for this type of gradation. The proprietary cold mixtures were all easier to apply and work with than the conventional cold mix. The products that advertised placement into wet holes all preformed well and provided equal performance in both wet and dry holes for the traffic and evaluation period used. DTIC Asphalt; Maintenance; Pavements

41 20050173430 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Tension Raftenberg, Martin N.; Scheidler, Mike; Moynihan, Thomas J.; Smith, Charles A.; Mar. 2005; 32 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432854; ARL-TR-3437; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We analyzed data from quasistatic, uniaxial tension tests on single-ply specimens of plain-woven, 600-denier KM2. Failure strains were found to range from 0.120 to 0.144 for warp-loaded and from 0.143 to 0.160 for fill-loaded tests. Failure stresses (strengths) ranged from 0.424 to 0.543 GPa for warp-loaded and from 0.593 to 0.642 GPa for fill-loaded tests. A least-squares fit, in the form of a rational function, was obtained to the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain data for a representative warp-direction and a representative fill-direction test. In addition, averaged least-square fits to all the warp data and to data from four out of five fill tests were obtained, also in the form of a rational function. These fits are intended to inform constitutive modeling in numerical simulations. DTIC Fabrics; Kevlar (Trademark); Mechanical Properties

20050173458 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as GAU-8/A and LW30 Howard, Stephen L.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432914; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This investigation studied the dynamic rupture pressures of the lacquer seal on the flash tube found in GAU-8/A and LW30 medium-caliber ammunition. The maximum pressure inside the flash tube was found to be near 42 MPa. At this pressure, significant gas generation would be achieved before the flash tube vented into the main propellant bed. Hot gas/particle flow at these pressures is expected to play a significant role in ignition of the main propellant charge and rapid functioning of the round. DTIC Ammunition; Flash Lamps; Lacquers; Pressure

20050173479 Triton Systems, Inc., Chelmsford, MA USA Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Mitigation Gavrin, A. J.; Gonyer, R. G.; Blizard, K. G.; Santos, L.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432953; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Skin infections, body odor, and wound infections during battlefield activities are of great concern for individual soldiers. Triton Systems, Inc. under a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract with Natick Solder Center developed a textile finishing process to produce advanced bio-textiles that will incorporate both broad-spectrum ‘leaching’ and ‘bound’ anti-microbial agents as skin/wound infection barriers for the Future Force Warrior. The approach uses both silver containing fibers and fibers coated with organic antimicrobial compounds such as polyhexamethylene biguanide and quaternary ammonium silane in a synergistic manner to product anti-microbial bio-textiles from woven, braided, stitched, or knit configurations. Triton’s biocidal textile is aimed at producing fabric utilizing the nylon and cotton fibers currently used for military uniforms and equipage. The effort yield high kill rate durable organic antimicrobial agent to soldiers’ apparel, such as Battle Dress Uniforms (BDU’s), t-shirts, and socks. DTIC Antibiotics; Antiinfectives and Antibacterials; Bacteria; Microorganisms; Textiles

20050173480 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Integrating Structure With Power in Battery Materials Snyder, James F.; Carter, Robert H.; Wetzel, Eric D.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432955; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We have developed a multifunctional material concept that combines structural performance with power generation. Such devices would replace inert structural components in the U.S. Army systems, such as a ground vehicle body or a soldier’s helmet, and simultaneously provide supplementary power for light load applications. The emphasis of our research is two-fold. We are developing structural polymer electrolytes that exhibit desirable ion conductivity, and we are researching augmentation

42 of overall mechanical properties in polymer based power generating devices. DTIC Electric Batteries; Electric Generators; Electric Power Plants; Electrolytes; Polymers

20050173523 Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS USA Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Loads Johnson, C. F.; Slawson, T. R.; Cummins, T. K.; Davis, J. L.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433009; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Concrete masonry units (CMU), commonly referred to as concrete blocks, are the most common construction material utilized throughout the USA and the world for exterior walls of conventional structures. While masonry provides adequate strength for conventional design loads, it does not meet the minimum design standards mandated for blast protection of new and renovated government facilities. One of the most dangerous aspects of blast response is debris hazard, defined as high-velocity fragments originating from walls, windows, light fixtures, equipment, and furniture. Retrofits for conventional structures have evolved over the years from blast hardening through the addition of mass using concrete or steel, to the application of lighter, more resilient and ductile materials. Research at ERDC has focused on the use of elastomeric materials to mitigate debris hazards resulting from blast events. A series of sub-scale and full-scale experiments was conducted by ERDC to investigate the potential benefit of elastomeric retrofit systems when applied to hollow, unreinforced, CMU walls subjected to an explosive event. This study discusses both the 1/4-scale static and dynamic experiments and the full-scale dynamic CMU wall experiments conducted over the past few years. The CMU wall response to static loading was characterized by resistance functions, and normalized pressure and impulse diagrams were used to characterize the dynamic loading. DTIC Blast Loads; Concretes; Elastomers; Masonry; Retrofitting; Shelters; Walls

28 PROPELLANTS AND FUELS Includes rocket propellants, igniters, and oxidizers; their storage and handling procedures; and aircraft fuels. For nuclear fuels see 73 Nuclear Physics. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.

20050171031 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Lessons Learned with Metallized Gelled Propellants Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy During testing of metallized gelled propellants in a rocket engine, many changes had to be made to the normal test program for traditional liquid propellants. The lessons learned during the testing and the solutions for many of the new operational conditions posed with gelled fuels will help future programs run more smoothly. The major factors that inﬂuenced the success of the testing were propellant settling, piston-cylinder tank operation, control of self pressurization, capture of metal oxide particles, and a gelled-fuel protective layer. In these ongoing rocket combustion experiments at the NASA Lewis Research Center, metallized, gelled liquid propellants are used in a small modular engine that produces 30 to 40 lb of thrust. Traditional liquid RP-1 and gelled RP-1 with 0-, 5-, and 55-wt% loadings of aluminum are used with gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer. The ﬁgure compares the thrust chamber efficiencies of different engines. Author Metal Propellants; Gelled Propellants

29 SPACE PROCESSING Includes space-based development of materials, compounds, and processes for research or commercial application. Also includes the development of materials and compounds in simulated reduced-gravity environments. For legal aspects of space commercialization see 84 Law, Political Science and Space Policy.

20050170457 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Experimental Results From the Thermal Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experiment Jacqmin, David; 1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy

43 The Thermal Energy Storage (TES) experiments are designed to provide data to help researchers understand the long-duration microgravity behavior of thermal energy storage fluoride salts that undergo repeated melting and freezing. Such data, which have never been obtained before, have direct application to space-based solar dynamic power systems. These power systems will store solar energy in a thermal energy salt, such as lithium fluoride (LiF) or a eutectic of lithium fluoride/calcium difluoride (LiF-CaF2) (which melts at a lower temperature). The energy will be stored as the latent heat of fusion when the salt is melted by absorbing solar thermal energy. The stored energy will then be extracted during the shade portion of the orbit, enabling the solar dynamic power system to provide constant electrical power over the entire orbit. Analytical computer codes have been developed to predict the performance of a spacebased solar dynamic power system. However, the analytical predictions must be verified experimentally before the analytical results can be used for future space power design applications. Four TES flight experiments will be used to obtain the needed experimental data. This article focuses on the flight results from the first experiment, TES-1, in comparison to the predicted results from the Thermal Energy Storage Simulation (TESSIM) analytical computer code. Derived from text Heat Storage; Microgravity; Thermal Energy; Solar Dynamic Power Systems; Spaceborne Experiments

20050172091 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA, NYMA, Inc., USA, Aerospace Design and Fabrication, Inc., USA Microgravity Smoldering Combustion Takes Flight Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The Microgravity Smoldering Combustion (MSC) experiment lifted off aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in September 1995 on the STS-69 mission. This experiment is part of series of studies focused on the smolder characteristics of porous, combustible materials in a microgravity environment. Smoldering is a nonflaming form of combustion that takes place in the interior of combustible materials. Common examples of smoldering are nonflaming embers, charcoal briquettes, and cigarettes. The objective of the study is to provide a better understanding of the controlling mechanisms of smoldering, both in microgravity and Earth gravity. As with other forms of combustion, gravity affects the availability of air and the transport of heat, and therefore, the rate of combustion. Results of the microgravity experiments will be compared with identical experiments carried out in Earth’s gravity. They also will be used to verify present theories of smoldering combustion and will provide new insights into the process of smoldering combustion, enhancing our fundamental understanding of this frequently encountered combustion process and guiding improvement in fire safety practices. Derived from text Combustion; Microgravity; Smoldering; Spaceborne Experiments

31 ENGINEERING (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to engineering and applied physics, and particular areas of vacuum technology, industrial engineering, cryogenics, and ﬁre prevention. For speciﬁc topics in engineering see categories 32 through 39.

20050169590 Perugia Univ., Perugia, Italy Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- FDTD Method Helbing, S.; Cryan, M.; Alimenti, F.; Mezzanolla, P.; Roselli, L.; Sorrentino, R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 104-107; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): EC-ERBFMRX-CT-9600050; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Today the millimetre and sub-millimetre wave frequency ranges are growing in interest. In these frequency ranges two major problems arise: most guiding structures except waveguides become quite inefficient and with conventional techniques it is difficult and expensive to handle high powers. The idea of quasi-optical devices is to avoid transmission lines by using free space transmission, moreover, the amount of power to be handled by one device can be reduced by spreading tile power over an array of many identical low power devices. For the work presented here the extension of tile Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method known as Lumped Element (LE)-FDTD is used. LE-FDTD allows the incorporation of lumped element models inclt2ding passive, active and non-linear devices directly into the FDTD grid. Furthermore the implemented code allows plane wave excitation using the total-field/scattered-field transform and radiation pattern determination of the scattered field. These powerful features make the LE-FDTD method ideal for the analysis and design of quasi-optical structures. The paper begins with a passive validation of the method using a single dipole without a ground-plane, which is

44 fed by a double strip line. Input impedance, return loss and radiation patl,erns are shown. The following sections present the analysis of a dual frequency crossed dipole structure under plane wave excitation including lumped nonlinear devices. This crossed dipole structure was previously reported by D. Steup et al. The main idea of this approach is to achieve orthogonal polarized radiation at the two frequencies and the possibility to tune the antenna at the different frequencies almost independently. Author Frequency Multipliers; Optical Equipment; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Dipole Antennas

20050169637 Deltec New Zealand Ltd., New Zealand Adjustable Multiﬁlar Helical Antenna with Reduced Frequency Scanning duToit, C. F.; Chadwick, P. E.; Butland, R. J.; Vaughan, R. G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 18-21; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources An adjustable ‘scanning mode’ multiﬁlar helical antenna with reduced frequency scanning is described. The antenna was designed for the Australian Mobile Satellite System. operating at about 1.6GHz. The design described here features a centre-fed arrangement, which is shown to substantially reduce frequency scanning in this type of antenna. A novel mechanical adjustment technique is also described, which allows the main beam of the antenna to be tilted. Author Adjusting; Helical Antennas

20050169685 WaveBand Corp., Torrance, CA, USA An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW Antenna Comprised of a Periodically-Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric Rod Villegas, F. J.; Rahmat-Samii, Y.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 234-237; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The radiation characteristics of a periodically-loaded PEC circular cylinder fed by a proximity-coupled dielectric rod waveguide are investigated herein The configuration is illustrated and currently being employed as the core radiating mechanism in a host of millimeter-wave (MMW) antenna systems for imaging and communications applications. Several rows of one-dimensional gratings are placed along the cylinder axis, each with a slightly differing period, thus allowing for quasi-continuous scanning of the main beam in the E-plane of the antenna. For typical applications, precise control over the scanning behavior and overall radiation characteristics (e.g. beamwidth) is crucial, and as such an analysis tool capable of predicting the performance of the antenna would prove highly beneficial. To this end, we have developed an accurate, analytical formulation for the total radiated fields of the structure based on an eigenmode expansion. Using u cylindrical modal spectrum representation in which a fictitious axial leaky-wave current is impressed on the cylinder surface allows us to model the surface periodicity without the need for a time-consuming full-wave analysis. Several salient features of the antenna’s radiative properties concerning the various geometrical parameters involved will be presented in what follows. Author Millimeter Waves; Radiation Dosage; Imaging Techniques; Circular Cylinders; Dielectric Waveguides

20050173191 Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC USA Characterizing Extreme Environments for Army Testing Harmon, Russell S.; King, W. C.; Palka, Eugene J.; Gilewitch, Daniel A.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432337; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Army Regulation (AR) 70-38 publishes standards for temperature and humidity in different environments, but there are other important environmental features such as general climate, terrain character, and biological diversity, that are also important for successful army materiel testing and training. An initial tropical test site study was necessitated by the closure at the end of 1999 of all U.S. Army tropical testing and training facilities, which had been located in the Republic of Panama. In the process of searching for a replacement for the lost tropical testing facilities, the Army and its natural environment testing activity, Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), developed a better scientiﬁc understanding of how geographic analysis could enhance the Army’s ability to test and train in a natural environmental setting. A list of 14 criteria was developed that characterizes any site as to its ability to support all testing missions. This list was initially employed to screen Hawaii and Puerto Rico for areas that could support components of the tropical testing mission. A similar approach was taken in analyzing current Army

45 desert testing and training environments in a study that undertook detailed site characterizations of Yuma Proving Ground and the National Training Center (NTC) at Ft. Irwin. DTIC Environmental Tests; Test Facilities; Tropical Regions

20050173400 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Number 148 Overbay, Larry, Jr.; Archiable, Robert; McClung, Christina; Jan. 2005; 65 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432800; ATC-8903; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This scoring record documents the efforts of G-TEK PTY, Limited, to detect and discriminate inert unexploded ordnance (UXO) utilizing the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field. The scoring record was coordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Scoring Committee. Organizations on the committee include the US. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security Technology Certiﬁcation Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis, the U.S. Army Environmental Center, and the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC). DTIC Ammunition; Ordnance; Scoring; Standardization; Test Facilities

20050173403 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Number 249 Overbay, Larry, Jr.; Archiab, Robert; McClung, Christina; Feb. 2005; 74 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432805; ATC-8899; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This scoring record documents the efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC) to detect and discriminate inert unexploded ordnance (UXO) utilizing the YPG Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field area. The scoring record was coordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Scoring Committee. Organizations on the committee include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security Technology Certiﬁcation Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis, the U.S. Army Environmental Center, and the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center. DTIC Ammunition; Ordnance; Scoring; Standardization; Test Facilities

32 COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR Includes radar; radio, wire, and optical communications; land and global communications; communications theory. For related information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation; and 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking; for search and rescue, see 03 Air Transportation and Safety; and 16 Space Transportation and Safety.

20050169566 Deltec New Zealand Ltd., New Zealand Variable radiation pattern of helix antennas DuToit, C. F.; Chadwick, P. E.; Butland, R. J.; Vaughan, R. G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 18-21; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Two-wire or four-wire helical antennas,which are rod.shaped and space-saving and hence simple in structure, have recently been attracting attention as antennas to be used for mobile satellite communication base stations[1],[2]. The previous paper [1] reported that changing the phase shift and the number of turns of wire in the central portion enables vertical pattern fan beams to be formed which give desired gains. The present paper reports the results of consideration on the basic characteristics of two types of directivity, one which forms an enclosing shape shown in Fig.1(a) and the other which forms a shoulder riding shape shown in Fig.1(b). Characteristics exhibited when a load was mounted on the portion where the antenna elements were placed were examined. Derived from text Antenna Components; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Phase Shift; Satellite Communication; Wire

46 20050169567 Utah State Univ., Logan, UT, USA Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories at USU Furse, Cynthia; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 66-69; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources New laboratories for microstrip circuit and antenna design have recently been developed at Utah State University. These laboratories are used to provide hands-on design, fabrication, and testing experience in two senior/graduate level design courses -- ECE 6130 Microwave Engineering and ECE 6170 Antenna Design. HP/EESOF Libra software and other available software is used heavily throughout these courses. New facilities for fabrication and testing have been developed, including a low-cost holder for connection of microstrip circuits to the network analyzer, use of an LPKF circuit-board mill to mill circuits, and simple methods to prototype designs using copper tape. Tutorials to quickly teach the students to use the HP/EESOF Libra software and HP measuring equipment are available on the web. The laboratory exercises, design of the low-cost holder, tutorials, and examples of completed student design projects are available on the web. Author Antenna Design; Circuit Boards; Microstrip Antennas; Research Facilities

20050169568 DaimlerChrysler Aerospace A.G., Ulm, Germany A Radiating Element for an Active Airborne Antenna Arnold, Eugen; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 134-137; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Within the AMSAR project an X-band waveguide radiating element was developed. The radiating element was completely dimensioned by computer simulation. Subsequently, 135 radiating elements were manufactured for a test array. The radiating element was to have 2 polarizations with more than 20 % frequency bandwidth, low loss (less than 0.5 dB), wide scan range (0 less than or = upsilon less than or = 60 deg), low weight and small length (less than 20mm). Author Radiation Shielding; Polarization (Waves); Waveguide Antennas

20050169569 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Satellite Huggins, R. W.; Heisen, P. T.; Miller, G. E.; McMeen, D. J.; Perko, K. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 150-153; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Active phased array antennas with electronically scanned beams offer advantages over high gain parabolic dish antennas currently used on spacecraft. Benefits include the elimination of deployable structures, no moving parts, and no torque disturbances that moving antennas impart to the spacecraft. The latter results in the conservation of spacecraft power, and the ability to take precision optical data while transmitting data. Such an antenna has been built under a contract from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for the New Millennium Program EO- 1 satellite where it will act as the primary highspeed scientific data communication link. The antenna operates at X-band, has an integral controller and power conditioner, communicates with the spacecraft over a 1773 optical data bus, and is space qualified for low earth orbit (705 Km altitude). The nominal mission length is one year, and the operational requirement is for one 10 minute transmission a day over Spitsbergen, Norway. Details of the antenna and its performance will be described in the following paper. Author Phased Arrays; Satellite Antennas; Transmission; Data Transmission; Antenna Arrays

20050169572 National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized Slotted Loop Antenna Qing, Xian-Ming; Chia, Y. W. M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 248-251; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A novel single feed circular polarized(CP) slotted loop at L-band for low cost application is reported. This antenna uses a microstrip transmission line to feed a square loop slot on the opposite side of the substrate, two slotted stubs are placed across the diagonal line of the square loop. Wide bandwidth of 11% for less than 3dB axial ratio (AR) and 10dB return loss have been achieved. Author Loop Antennas; Microstrip Transmission Lines; Dipole Antennas; Antenna Feeds

47 20050169576 Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT, USA Measurement and Modeling of Temporal and Spatial Indoor Multipath Characteristics Jensen, Michael A.; Spencer, Quentin H.; Swindlehurst, A. Lee; Jeffs, Brian D.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 388-391; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Wideband digital wireless communications are becoming increasingly practical in indoor environments. For example, the availability of new frequency spectra in the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz ranges has fostered the development of systems for local area networks. One of the limitations associated with such networks stems from the challenging indoor propagation environment, which leads to multipath signals with signiﬁcant temporal and angular spreading. This multipath results in intersymbol interference (ISI) that can seriously reduce the achievable transmission data rate. Derived from text Wideband Communication; Pulse Communication; Multipath Transmission; Intersymbolic Interference; Data Reduction; Electromagnetic Measurement

20050169581 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity-Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and Measurements Georgakopoulos, Stavros V.; Polycarpou, Anastasis C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 582-585; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Cavity-backed slot antennas have been widely used in different types of applications within the microwave band, including radars, satellite communications, mobile telephony, broadcast TV, and aircraft/spacecraft communications. They are relatively easy to manufacture, lightweight and often small in size. Their low profile is an important characteristic, especially for aircraft, missile and spacecraft applications, because they can be flush-mounted on the surface of airborne vehicles without affecting the vehicle’s aerodynamic profile. In this paper, the coupling of cavity-backed slot antennas is analyzed by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the finite element method (FEM). Also, parametric studies are performed to examine the dependence of coupling on the frequency of operation and the separation between the apertures. The numerical results are validated by comparison with measurements. Author Slot Antennas; Antenna Couplers; Cavities

20050169583 Tsinghua Univ., Bejing, China A Novel Planar Omnidirectional Antenna Fan, Ming-Yan; Zhang, Xue-Xia; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 678-681; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The planar printed antenna is an attractive type of antenna to their low cost, conformability, and ease of manufacture. Recently the dipole antenna printed on a dielectric substrate has been developed to suit the needs of various communications. Single dipole has the omnidirectional pattern in the H plane. Sometimes in the application of mobile communication, indoor radio and wireless communication system, the omnidirectional characteristic both in E and H plane are needed. In this paper, a new structure of planar dipole antenna and the feeding form are presented. Compared with the conventional planar antennas, the antenna we proposed shows quite good omnidirectivity in three dimension manner and at the same time it inherits nearly all the excellent performances of normal planar antennas mentioned above. Derived from text Omnidirectional Antennas; Wireless Communication; Antenna Design; Planar Structures; Dielectrics

20050169584 Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research Organization, Epping, Australia Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn for Global-Earth Coverage Granet, C.; Bird, T. S.; James, G. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 712-715; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A new corrugated horn is described for providing full-earth coverage from a geostationary satellite. The horn has low-sidelobes, low cross-polarization and is very compact. We outline the design of this horn and describe its performance giving theoretical and measured results for return loss and radiation patterns. Author Sidelobes; Horn Antennas; Corrugated Plates; Earth Surface

48 20050169586 Chiba Univ., Chiba, Japan Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Bandwidth Product Ida, Ichirou; Ito, Koichi; Sato, Jin-; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 26-29; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The efficiency - fractional bandwidth (EB) product is used to evaluate the performance of small dielectric antennas (DLAs). When applied to electrically small antennas, the EB product is equivalent to the PF proposed by Wheeler and easy to conﬁrm by calculation and experiment. Several shapes of DLAs with almost the same volume are compared with a bare dipole using the EB product. As a result, it was found that rectangular dielectric coating of lower permittivity (E(sub r), less than about four) gives enhancement of the EB product over the bare dipole. Author Bandwidth; Dielectrics; Dipole Antennas; Augmentation; Coating

20050169592 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Arrays Hirokawa, Jiro; Ando, Makoto; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 146-149; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A parallel plate slot array is an attractive candidate of high-efficiency and mass-producible planar antennas for millimeter-wave applications. The transmission loss in a parallel plate waveguide is generally small m comparison with other feed lines like a microstrip line. A parallel plate waveguide is a kind of closed waveguides without a radiation loss so that it can take a much larger height to reduce a conductor loss than open waveguides. The radiating part is a slot array that can be easily etched on the upper plate. There are various ways to excite a plane TEM wave in parallel plates. Feed circuits using a born and/or a reflector are simple but need a relatively large area. We introduced a novel single-layer structure of a post-wall waveguide is shown. The post-wall waveguide is an array of metalized via-holes with a narrow spacing in a grounded dielectric substrate. Parallel plate slot arrays fed by the post-wall waveguide can be easily made at low cost by conventional PCB (printed circuit board) fabrication techniques such as via-holing, metal-plating and etching. We confirmed that the excitation of a plane TEM wave in the parallel plates of a 40GHz-model antenna by measuring uniform diving of coupling windows of the post-wall waveguide. In this paper, we realize at first uniform field distribution over almost of the aperture in a 76GHz-model antenna. The result indicates that this antenna itself has a potential to achieve high gain of about 30dB with high efficiency of about 55%. Author Models; Waveguides; Parallel Plates; Slots; Antenna Arrays

20050169595 Waterloo Univ., Ontario, Canada Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without HTSC Feed Line Tang, H. Z.; Safavi-Naeini, S.; Chow, Y. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 210-213; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper a HTSC microstrip corner-cut patch ﬁlter is investigated when the microstrip feed line is constructed from HTSC and non-HTSC materials.The nonlinear effects of HTSC material on harmonic generation, insertion loss and reﬂection coefficient are presented for different input power levels. Author Nonlinearity; Microstrip Antennas; Corners; Cutting; Electromagnetic Wave Filters

20050169597 Tamagawa Univ., Tokyo, Japan Optimum Design by Waveguide Model and Mode-Matching Technique of Microstrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Broadcast Planar Antenna Shirasaki, Hirokimi; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 238-241; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The linear and raised cosine tapered microstrip lines were analyzed by a waveguide model. The taper part was approximating like stairs and scattering coefficients of each step were combined by using a mode-matching method and a generalizing scattering method. Here, the optimum shapes in which the reflected wave decreases at a specific frequency for a satellite broadcast reception are obtained on Klopfenstein and Hecken tapers. The reflection coefficients were given based on approximations. The Klopfenstein taper shapes have steps, and change from a lambda/4 transformer with lengthening the

49 taper length, when the wide passband is required. The Hecken taper shapes without having the step change from a exponential taper with lengthening the taper length. Author (revised) Microstrip Transmission Lines; Design Optimization; Waveguides; Antenna Design; Shape Optimization

20050169598 Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada A Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna Using a Single Feed Ravipati, C. B.; Shafai, L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 244-247; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The aim of this paper is to improve the axial ratio and impedance bandwidth characteristics of single feed circularly polarized microstrip antennas without using hybrid couplers or phase shifters. The proposed antenna has the advantages of a compact structure and good bandwidth performance. Author Microstrip Antennas; Bandwidth

20050169599 Spike Technologies, Nashua, NH, USA Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide-Band Microstrip Elements and Arrays Sipus, Zvonimir; Bonefacic, Davor; Herscovici, Naftali; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 280-283; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources For more than 25 years the circularly polarized single-fed microstrip patch are considered to be extremely narrow-band. The performances reported are almost exclusively related to single-patches printed on a dielectric substrate, which partially explains the frequency characteristics. The antenna proposed is a variation of the ‘almost square’ patch and exhibits an axial radio of less than 2.5 dB over a more than 10% bandwidth. The antenna was designed for PCN and PCS applications. Author Circular Polarization; Microstrip Antennas; Broadband; Antenna Components; Patch Antennas

20050169606 Technische Hogeschool, Eindhoven, Netherlands Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - CPA Relation vandeKamp, Max M. J. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 400-403; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Theoretically as well as empirically, it has been shown that there is a certain correlation between depolarisation and attenuation due to rain. This relation provides a practical prediction tool for depolarisation. Using, for example, an equiprobability relation, depolarisation statistics may be derived from attenuation statistics. Furthermore, combined statistics of depolarisation and attenuation can be used to assess the margins of both parameters required for a certain system outage probability. Several theoretical and semi-empirical models for the relation between cross polarisation discrimination (’XPD’) and copolar attenuation (’CPA’) have been published, as well as many measurement results of this relation. In this paper, a large group of measurement results is used to assess all different dependencies of this relation empirically. Derived from text Depolarization; Rain; Mathematical Models; Attenuation; Cross Polarization

20050169607 Hokkaido Inst. of Tech., Sapporo, Japan Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Characteristics by Using New Measuring System Hatsuda, T.; Mitsuhashi, R.; Aoki,Y.; Echigo, H.; Takahata, F.; Maekawa,Y.; Fujisaki, K.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 408-411; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): MOE-06650427; MOE-09650420; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper deals with the short and long distance (10-1400km) site-diversity (SD) characteristics by using newly developed measuring system. In proposed measuring method, six earth-stations transmit QPSK signals and one measuring earth-station receive signals and process for site-diversity characteristics. As a result, easy operation and maintenance, low cost measuring system construction and high accuracy data can be obtained. By comparing those measured results with the site-diversity joint probability approximation equation in CCIR Rep. 564-4, relatively good agreement can be conformed. Author Satellite Communication; Attenuation

50 20050169609 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Design Approach based on Genetic Algorithms Mosallaei, H.; Rahmat-Samii, Y.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 434-437; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper focuses on the optimum synthesis of Luneburg lens antennas using a novel application of the genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer. Since it is desired to simultaneously control both the achievable gain as well as to reduce grating lobe levels, an adaptive cost function is used in the process of the GA optimization. To determine the scattered field of the lens antenna an analytic technique is used based on the dyadic Green’s function of the multi-layered spherical shell. It will he shown that the radiation performance of the uniform Luneburg lens is significantly improved by designing a non-uniform lens with low number of shells. The antenna gain is increased and the grating lobes are suppressed considerably. Many useful engineering design guidelines have been established for the optimum design of the lens. Derived from text Genetic Algorithms; Lens Antennas; Nonuniformity; Radar Corner Reflectors

20050169612 Air Force Research Lab., Kirkland AFB, NM, USA Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axisymmetric Radiating Structures Greenwood, Andrew D.; Jin, Jian-Ming; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 476-479; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Axisymmetric radiating structures with a non-axisymmetric source are an important class of antennas. Often, these radiating structures are electrically large, necessitating efficient and accurate computational techniques. A common method is the method of moments (MoM) using integral equation formulations. These MoM techniques have limited material handling capabilities since they are not efficient when inhomogeneous materials are present. The finite element method (FEM) is characterized by flexible material handling capabilities and is often preferred for problems involving complex structures and inhomogeneous materials. When using the FEM for open region radiation problems, the mesh must be truncated mesh with an appropriate absorbing boundary condition. Further, the FEM formulation must be accurate and free of spurious solutions. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is a mesh truncation which presents several computational advantages. For example, PML is available in cylindrical coordinates, resulting in a computationally efficient domain for almost any geometry. Further, PML can be used without altering the sparsity of the FEM matrix. Finally, when using PML, reflection errors can be systematically controlled. For a more accurate mesh truncation, one needs only to increase the thickness of the PML region. A mixed edge-node formulation allows for an accurate representation of the fields in the FEM domain. This formulation uses edge-based vector basis functions for the field component transverse to phi and nodal-based scalar basis functions for the phi component. This mixed representation automatically satisfies the boundary conditions at material discontinuities and sharp conductor edges and hence is free of spurious modes. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Symmetry; Horn Antennas; Antenna Radiation Patterns

20050169616 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA Challenges in PCS Antenna Design Mittra, Raj; Dey, Supriyo; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 544-547; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this introductory paper for the session we review some of the challenges facing the designers of PCS antennas and provide some examples that have been proposed to meet these challenges. Author Antenna Design; Power Converters; Low Cost

20050169618 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany Spiral Antenna with Frequency-Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Communication Systems Gschwendtner, E.; Parleas, J.; Wiesbeck, W.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 560-563; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Spiral antennas are antennas with inherent frequency-independent characteristics. Applications have been in ground-based and air-borne direction ﬁnding and in electronic support measures (ESM) systems. In recent years they increasingly gain interest in the ﬁeld of communications. The increasing number of radio services such as communication services, satellite navigation services and analog and digital broadcasting services causes a need for a higher number of antennas over wider

51 frequency ranges. Especially for mobile systems in cars, planes or even ships this increasing number of antennas is not desired. Therefore spiral antennas are promising candidates for use in mobile systems with broadband coverage of multiple services. The remaining drawback for the integration of spiral antennas in mobile communication systems is the directive radiation pattern with the main beam orthogonal to the spiral plane. In mobile communication systems the antenna must have an omnidirectional coverage for terrestrial services. Measures to transform the radiation pattern of the spiral with a ground-plane or similar means into an omnidirectional pattern usually result in a degradation in bandwidth, because the frequency- independent characteristics of the structure are removed. Derived from text Spiral Antennas; Frequency Ranges; Frequency Distribution; Bandwidth; Feed Systems

20050169621 Hosei Univ., Tokyo, Japan FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Antennas with an Antireflective Layer Yamauchi, Junji; Ando, Takashi; Nakano, Hisamatsu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 602-605; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Dielectric rod antennas have been known many years as an endfire radiator. Experimental studies have been conducted at microwave frequencies and, more recently, at millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the extensive use of these antennas, no exact design procedure exists for them. In this paper, we analyze dielectric rod antennas fed by a metallic rectangular waveguide using the FD-TD method. Special attention is paid to reduction in the reflected wave from the free end. For this, an antireflective (AR) layer, which is well-known in photonics applications [4], is introduced. The radiation pattern and the gain are evaluated and discussed. Author Antireflection Coatings; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Dielectrics; Antenna Design; Rods

20050169622 Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Finland FDTD Simulations in Antenna Impedance Calculation Voipio, Veli; Vainikainen, Pertti; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 614-617; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The feasibility of FDTD simulations for the investigation of characteristics of dual-resonant stacked patch antennas at 2 GHz was studied. The complex impedance characteristics were obtained with reasonably good agreement with the measurements. The agreement of radiation pattern results was also good. Author Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Simulation; Impedance; Patch Antennas

20050169629 RYMSA, Madrid, Spain SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Low Earth Orbit Satellites delRio, J. E. Fernandez; Nubla, A.; Bustamante, L.; vantKlooster, K.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 688-691; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Satellites in an orbit at a low or medium altitude require wide-angle shaped-beam antennas to realize a datalink in an optimum fashion. RYMSA (Spain) owns the patent on a small, lightweight antenna with such characteristics, which has been developed, in part, with ESA funding. The antenna is based on a balanced combination of two elements, namely a horn and a bi-conical horn An antenna has been optimized for use on-board the METOP satellites. Author Antenna Design; Low Altitude; Low Earth Orbits; Horn Antennas

20050169635 Antenna Giken Co. Ltd., Omiya, Japan Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix Antenna Kawakami, Haruo; Iitsuka, Yasushi; Ojiro, Yasushi; Kogiso,Satoshi; Sato, Gentei; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 14-17; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Two-wire or four-wire helical antennas, which are rod-shaped and space-saving and hence simple in structure, have recently been attracting attention as antennas to be used for mobile satellite communication base stations[1],[2]. The previous paper [1] reported that changing the phase shift and the number of turns of wire in the central portion enables vertical pattern fan beams to be formed which give desired gains. The present paper reports the results of consideration on the basic characteristics of two types of directivity, one which forms an enclosing shape shown in Fig.1(a)and the other which forms

52 a shoulder riding shape shown in Fig.1(b). Characteristics exhibited when a load was mounted on the portion where the antenna elements were placed were examined. Derived from text Antenna Radiation Patterns; Helical Antennas; Satellite Communication; Phase Shift; Antenna Components

20050169636 Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Helsinki, Finland Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs with Different Permittivities Lehmus, Outi; Ollikainen, Jani; Vainikainen, Pertti; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 22-25; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Development of small antennas for mobile phone handsets has been extensive during the last few years due to miniaturization of the handsets, employment of multi-system phones, and the requirements to reduce the RF power absorbed to the user. Traditionally monopole and helix antennas have been used in the handsets [1] and lately planar antennas like patches or PIFAs have gained increasing interest [2]. The basic problem in the development of handset antennas is to obtain fairly large impedance bandwidth (8 - 15 %) combined with small size and possibly also with directivity. In some proposals this has been solved trivially at the expense of radiation efficiency by adding resistive loading to the antenna. The decrease of efficiency mainly due to conduction losses is also a general problem in the miniaturization of RF resonators used in ﬁlters and small antennas. Furthermore, it is known that waveguide resonators like dielectric resonators have typically relatively low conduction losses. Thus the half-volume dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) presented in [3] is an interesting candidate for a small antenna of mobile handsets. In this paper the properties of half-volume DRAs are studied as a function of permittivity (E(sub r)’ = 2...70). In addition to the normal characterization of impedance and radiation properties special emphasis is put also on the behavior of radiation efficiency of the antenna. Derived from text Directivity; Dielectrics; Radio Frequencies; Monopole Antennas; Impedance

20050169640 Yung-Ta Coll. of Technology and Commerce, Pingtung, Taiwan Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Huang, Chih-Yu; Yang, Cheng-Fu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 34-37; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources For circularly polarized (CP) DR antenna design, the DR with special configurations such as the nearly-cubic DR or the rectangular DR with a specific length-to-width ratio or the cross-shaped DR are required for the CP operation. These requirements for special DR configurations make the CP operation of DR antennas more difficult. This is because it is relatively uneasy to form a DR with special configurations and almost impossible to make slight geometrical modifications of the constructed DR, due to its hardness in nature, to compensate the manufacturing tolerances or the fabrication errors. In this paper we demonstrate that, two near-degenerate resonant modes is mainly controlled by adjusting the two arm-lengths of the coupling cross-aperture. To verify the proposed CP design method, the case of design a circular disk DR antenna is described and details of the experimental results of the resulting CP radiation are presented. Author Apertures; Dipole Antennas; Resonators; Circular Polarization; Antenna Design

20050169642 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Modeling The Backscattering Response of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequencies El-Rouby, Alaa; Ulaby, F. T.; Nashashibi, Adib; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 48-51; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The need for the design and construction of compact and affordable sensor capable of detecting and tracking man-made vehicles in the presence of clutter has attained signiﬁcant prominence over the past decade. Recent developments in the millimeter-wave (MMW) technology have made MMW radars a viable approach for these applications. Hence, an accurate characterization of the MMW polarimetric radar backscattering of clutter is an essential component in designing the optimal sensor and developing detection algorithms, For a number of proposed applications, such as vehicle collision avoidance, the MMW radar will be operated at near grazing incidence. To date, few data sets, if any, that characterize MMW radar response of clutter at near grazing incidence are available in the open literature. In this paper, we will examine only the MMW polarimetric response of tree trunks at near grazing incidence. A tree trunk possesses a strong MMW backscatter response, in part, due to its substantial vertical extent above ground. Although, several scattering mechanisms contribute to the the backscatter resp.onse of a tree trunk above ground, only the direct backscatter component of the trunk is considered. In the

53 following sections, a Geometric-Optics model for predicting the MMW backscatter response of tree trunks and rough dielectric cylinders is proposed ﬁrst, then compared to the measurements performed at 95 GHz. Author Mathematical Models; Backscattering; Millimeter Waves; Frequencies

20050169646 Marietta Scientific, Inc., Marietta, GA, USA Electromagnetic Visualization for Antennas and Scattering Shaeffer, John; Cooper, Brett; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 74-77; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Numerical electromagnetic modeling involves three distinct phases: The preparation of the geometric input data; Running the numerical model; and Evaluation or viewing / visualization of the model output. This paper presents visualization examples for frequency domain codes. Visualization quantities for antenna and scattering examples include geometry, currents, near fields, radiation images, and far field patterns that can be animated in time and space. As computational capabilities grow, we are generating larger and larger output data sets that require our evaluation, review and understanding. It is no longer sufficient to just view the final RCS or antenna patterns for comparison to measured data. EM modeling can provide rich insights into the physical processes by which these devices operate. Our understanding can be greatly enhanced if we would visualize the information available to us from our computational models. This type of data in principle could be measured, but this is seldom done. EM prediction codes, however, inherently have this information contained within the solution. Visualization tools can take advantage of this information to provide greater user insights. Visualization of the output of computational EM models is increasingly required to: Validate the solution and input geometry; Increase our understanding of the EM behavior of the device or article under test (computation); and Provide physical insights required for design iterations. Derived from text Electromagnetic Radiation; Visual Control; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Scattering; Mathematical Models

20050169649 City Univ. of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Resonator Antennas Lee, M. T.; Luk, K. M.; Leung, K. W.; Yung, E. K. N.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 92-95; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Since the work reported by Long et al., dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) have been a widely studied topic owing to its attractive features of low loss, low cost and compact size. Several feeding techniques have been proposed in the literature. One approach is the aperture coupling technique, which, however, may introduce a relatively high-backlobe radiation. Another approach is that the DRA is fed directly on top of a microstrip feedline. But the existence of an air-gap between the DRA and dielectric substrate introduces difficulty in implementation. Also as shown here, the impedance matching may be difficult with this method for low-permittivity DRAs. Author Resonators; Dielectrics; Antennas; Backlobes; Feed Systems

20050169652 Motorola, Inc., Libertyville, IL, USA Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone Antenna Zhou, Guang-Ping; Yildirim, Bahadir; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 112-115; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The rapid developments in the wireless communications industry demand novel antenna designs that can be used in more than one frequency band. Typically, a dual-band antenna is required to operate at both 800 MHz AMPS and 1900 MHz PCS in the U.S., or 900 MHz GSM and 1800 MHz GSM bands in Europe. A tri-band antenna is required to operate at GSM900, GSM1800 (DCS) and GSM1900 (PCS) bands. In this paper, a multi-band antenna having a single feed is presented. The multi-band antenna is a ﬁxed type that contains a uniform helix wire for the low band and a short whip for the high band. The resonance frequencies of the antenna can easily be adjusted by changing the length of the coil and the whip such that they coincide with the cellular bands in frequency and bandwidth. The multi-band ﬁxed antenna has also been analyzed using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method [1]. Derived from text Antenna Design; Time Domain Analysis; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Finite Difference Theory; Resonant Frequencies

54 20050169653 Paderborn Univ., Germany Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip Antennas with Improved Beam Forming and Gain Capabilities Schwenzfeier, Eva; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 120-123; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Proximity-coupled antennas like microstrip antennas in general exhibit only a small bandwidth. Different attempts have been made to increase the bandwidth of microstrip antennas, including the use of thicker substrates, of parasitic elements and of impedance-matching networks. Although the bandwidth may be increased for the reception of one polarisation, the results achieved in prior art are not sufficient for DTH (Direct-To-Home) satellite reception. A dual polarised antenna is required from 10.70GHz to 12.75 GHz (relative bandwidth 17.5%). Extensive research in our department led to a special kind of broadband proximity-coupled and dual polarised antenna. This two-layers configuration is characterized by a simple structure. Based on this antenna, two novel microstrip antennas were developed which additionally guarantee beam forming and increase gain. These improved antennas are suitable in antenna arrays to reduce the number of elements and to simplify the feeding network. Another more often used DTH reception unit is a combination of a parabolic reflector, a feedhorn and a LNB (Low Noise Block Converter). As illustrated in, it is preferable to avoid the transition loss from hollow waveguide, i.e. the feedhorn, to planar waveguide technology, i.e. the LNB, by replacing the feedhorn with a single microstrip antenna. An improvement of beam forming hence is very important for the illumination of the reflector. Therefore, the two novel antenna elements are the main issue of this contribution. Author Broadband; Polarized Electromagnetic Radiation; Microstrip Antennas; Beamforming

20050169659 Chan Technologies, Inc., Kirkland, Quebec, Canada A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array for LEO Satellite Communications Chan, K. K.; Marcoux, F.; Forest, M.; Martins-Camelo, L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 154-157; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The development of a low proﬁled, circularly polarized waveguide array for LEO satellite communications is presented. Due to the large quantities of spacecraft forming the LEO constellation, the design of such an array requires a low cost approach. The array operates from 12.95 to 14.50 GHz and is designed to have an active match of better than 25 dB across the band. The array is fed by a compact reactive waveguide beamforming network, which dictates the need for well-matched radiating elements. To provide beam zooming capability, the element excitations are controlled to generate different orbit location dependent beams. Circular polarization is achieved by means of a meander-linpolarizer. Design and test of this antenna are discussed in the following sections. Author Waveguides; Circular Polarization; Arrays; Low Earth Orbits; Satellite Communication

20050169666 Queensland Univ., Saint Lucia, Australia Development and Performance of an L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Satellite Communications Karmakar,N. C.; Bialkowski, M. E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 158-161; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recent years have witnessed an introduction of a large number of mobile satellite (MSS) communications systems. These include a global GEO MSS system,inmarsat, and domestic GEO MSS systems such as North-American AMSC, Japan’s N-Star and the Australian Mobilesat. At present, two types of antennas can be used to access GEO MSS services. They include: (1) fixed position antennas, which are used with portable transceivers, and (2) fully mobile antennas such as those installed on a land vehicle.The fixed position antennas arerelativelyeasytodesign,astheyhave to meet a moderate (approximately7%) operational bandwidth and a medium (about 10dBi) gain. There are a number of complete portable systems in the commercial market that include both a transceiver and an antenna. One inconvenience of portable systems is that they require the user be stationary with respect to the ground. This inconvenience can be overcome with a mobile antenna system. The design of such a system is more challenging as new features associated with mobility have to be incorporated. This paper presents the development and performance of a circular phased array antenna for land-vehicle mobile satellite communications. This antenna is specifically aimed for use with the Australian MSS, Mobilesat. However, it can easily be modified for use with the other L-band GEO MSS systems. Author Antenna Design; Performance Prediction; Mobile Communication Systems; Satellite Communication

55 20050169668 Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Applications: Inﬂuence of Plastic Embedding Vasilyeva, Elena; Taﬂove, Allen; Navsariwala, Umesh; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 108-111; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources With an increasing demand for cellular phones operating at two frequency bands, several new antenna designs have been proposed. Recently, a dual-band (GSM and DCS) antenna design using three elements with one feed point was proposed. For the elements not clad by plastic, the radiation patterns were shown to be basically omnidirectional (though maximum radiation directions were not in the horizontal plane), and the antenna was tunable by adjusting the length of the wire elements. In this paper, we report FDTD modeling results for a practical situation wherein the wire elements are formed in a plastic rod. Our modeling study indicates a large shift of the antenna’s radiation pattern in the elevation plane. This shift likely negates the usefulness of the design. Author Antenna Design; Cladding; Plastics; Electrical Insulation

20050169669 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar System Operating at L-Band Kelly, Kenneth C.; Huang, John; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 162-165; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A highly successful Earth orbiting synthetic antenna aperture radar (SAR) system, known as the SIR-C mission, was carried into orbit in 1994 on a U.S. Shuttle (Space Transportation System) mission. The radar system was mounted in the cargo bay with no need to fold, or in any other way reduce the size of the antennas for launch. Weight and size were not limited for the L-Band, C-Band, and X-Band radar systems of the SIR-C radar imaging mission; the set of antennas weighed 10,500 kg, the L-Band antenna having the major share of the weight. This paper treats designing an L-Band antenna functionally similar to that used for SIR-C, but at a fraction of the cost and at a weight in the order of 250 kg. Further, the antenna must be folded to ﬁt into the small payload shroud of low cost booster rocket systems. Over 31 square meters of antenna area is required. This low weight, foldable, electronic scanning antenna is for the proposed LightSAR radar system which is to be placed in Earth orbit on a small, dedicated space craft at the lowest possible cost for an efficient L-Band radar imaging system. This LightSAR spacecraft radar is to be continuously available for at least ﬁve operational years, and have the ability to map or repeat-map any area on earth within a few days of any request. A microstrip patch array, with microstrip transmission lines heavily employed in the aperture and in the corporate feed network, was chosen as the low cost approach for this active dual-polarization, 80 MHz (6.4%) bandwidth antenna design. Author Polarization (Waves); Microstrip Antennas; Antenna Design; Imaging Techniques

20050169675 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip Antenna Faiz, M. M.; Wahid, P. F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 272-275; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The design of a high efficiency circularly polarized neatly square patch antenna at the L-band is presented. One way to improve the efficiency of the inherently low efficiency microstrip antennas is to use substrates with a low permittivity. A low permittivity substrate with epsilon = 1.1028 was obtained by using a combination of Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 and Rohacell hard foam. The effect ofa 5 mils thick Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 superstrate on the efficiency was also studied. Results of the antenna efficiency and bandwidth for both the low dielectric substrate and superstrate are presented. The results were obtained using the IE3D software package and compared with measured results. Efficiencies of the order of 85% for a single patch element were obtained. Author Ultrahigh Frequencies; Microstrip Antennas; Patch Antennas; Substrates; Permittivity

20050169676 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray Antenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Zawadzki, Mark; Huang, John; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 276-279; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Inflatable technology has been identified as a potential solution to the problem of achieving small mass, high packaging

56 efficiency, and reliable deployment for future NASA spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antennas. Presently, there exists a requirement for a dual-polarized L-band SAR antenna with an aperture size of 10m x 3m, a center frequency of 1.25GHz, a bandwidth of 80MHz, electronic beam scanning, and a mass of less than 100kg. The work presented below is part of the ongoing effort to develop such an inﬂatable antenna array. Author Microstrip Antennas; Antenna Arrays; Inﬂatable Space Structures; Large Space Structures; Space Based Radar

20050169677 Nippon Electric Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase Shifter Nakada, Kuniyoshi; Murumoto, Tsunehisa; Iwata, Ryuichi; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 218-221; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Strip line phase shiﬂers are key devices widely used in phased array antenna application. To avoid the grating-lobes through a wide range of scanning angle, the element spacing in the array should be less than about lambda/2. In order to arrange all of the phase shifters in the phased array antenna on a single plane, each phase shifter should be as compact as possible. The digital phase shifter, composed of cascaded several bit elements (180 deg, 90 deg, 45 deg, 22.5 deg, ...), is widely used for phased array application. For the elements smaller than 90 deg bit, the loaded-line phase shifters are generally used because of low insertion loss and simplicity. However, using the loaded-line phase shifter, 180 deg phase shift cannot be obtained in principle. Thus, for the element of 180 deg bit, the switched-line phase shifter is widely used, though it has disadvantage of its large size and large phase shift deviation within a bandwidth. In this paper, we propose 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase Shifter, which consists of 180 deg switched-line section and arbitrary angle (alpha deg) loaded-line section. This proposed phase shifter operates as a 2-bit phase shifter, and has both physical and electrical advantages, i.e., its compact size and small phase shift deviation. This paper presents basic conﬁguration of the proposed phase shifter, and also presents an example of characteristics in the case of alpha deg = 45 deg calculated by Method of Moment. Author Phased Arrays; Antenna Arrays; Phase Shift Circuits

20050169682 Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL, USA Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Substrates Radhakrishnan, Kaladhar; Chew, Weng Cho; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 230-233; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0025; N00014-95-1-0872; NSF ECS-93-02145; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recent developments in microwave integrated circuits have led to complex waveguiding structures with multiple conductors on inhomogeneous substrate which may or may not be anisotropic Several techniques are available for the analysis of microstrip lines. A generalized technique to study microstrip lines should be able to account for anisotropy in the substrate. Anisotropy may occur naturally in the substrate or may be artificially induced to improve system performance In this paper, we use the finite difference formulation to model the microstrip line. The wave equation involving the transverse field components is discretized resulting in a sparse eigenvalue problem A spatial interpolation scheme is used to evaluate the contribution from the off-diagonal terms in the permittivity and permeability tensors. It is shown that the two-term interpolation scheme performs just as well as the more common four-term scheme. Direct spectral decomposition of the matrix is expensive for complicated waveguiding structures with large matrices. However, by exploiting the sparsity of the matrices, it is possible to solve for the eigenpairs much more efficiently. This is accomplished using the bi-Lanczos algorithm. Author Microstrip Transmission Lines; Anisotropy; Wave Equations; Homogenizing; Substrates

20050169686 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter in the Presence of a Stratified Ground Han, Dong-Ho; Polycarpou, Anastasis C.; Balanis, Constantine A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 496-499; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Analysis of antennas on a helicopter airframe including the surrounding environment, such as the ground, will provide much more reliable radiation characteristics for communication rink budget predictions. In order to account for all reflections and diffractions from the airframe, as well as those from a stratified ground, a full-wave analysis should be used. Since the exact Green’s function for a stratified ground is available, the radiation problem of a helicopter above the ground reduces to a problem of finding the total equivalent source in the presence of the ground. Furthermore, if the observation points are

57 confined only in the upper hemisphere, then the asymptotic solution for the radiated field due to the source can be obtained by using the Reflection Coefficient Method (RCM) or Norton’s approximation. In this paper, HF antennas, such as a 14-ft towel-bar and a 24-ft inverted-L on the AH-64 (Apache) full-scale helicopter, are analyzed in the presence of a stratified ground. In particular, the ground influence on the radiation pattern is investigated using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in conjunction with Norton’s approximation. Therefore, the radiated field contains not only the space wave but also the surface wave which is important for a short observation distance. The lossy ground is defined by its relative permittivity and electric conductivity. Derived from text High Frequencies; Antenna Design; Airframes; Stratification; AH-64 Helicopter

20050169688 Cheng-Shiu Univ., Taiwan Inset-Microstrip-Fed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas Chen, Wen-Shyang; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 260-263; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources An inset-microstripline-fed microstrip antenna, due to its advantage of one printed step without external matching network and coplanar design in single-layer substrate, has widely used in integration with other microwave elements and array design. Most of related designs only using an inset-microstripline feed for achieving linear polarization operation have been reported. Here, we will first demonstrate novel design of inset-microstripline-fed circularly-polarized microstrip antenna from corner-truncated patch with an inserted slit. A 50 Ohm matching microstripline is introduced and directly inset to the modified square microstrip antenna for circular polarization (CP) operation. And, by using much more slits inserted at the comer-truncated patch boundary, these inserted slits can result in meandering of the excited fundamental-mode patch surface current path, which effectively lowers the resonant frequency of the modified square patch, similar to the design using four inserted slits of different lengths at the boundary of a square patch. Results have been obtained that a compact CP operation for the modified design can be achieved by using an inset microstripline feed. Details of design of inset-microstripline-fed microstrip antennas are discussed in the Symposium. Author Microstrip Antennas; Planar Structures; Circular Polarization

20050169689 National Kaohsiung Inst. of Marine Technology, Koahsiung, Taiwan, Province of China Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Triangular Microstrip Antennas Lu, Jui-Han; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 264-267; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recently, many designs of single-feed circularly polarized microstrip antennas with square or circular patches have been reported. It is found that, for both regular-size and compact CP operations, the related designs of microstrip antennas are largely on square and circular patches. Relatively very few designs for achieving CP operation using triangular microstrip antennas are available in the open literature. This motivates the present study of novel designs of both regular-size and compact CP operations of triangular microstrip antennas. For the present, the typical designs of circularly polarized triangular microstrip antennas that have been reported are the designs using a nearly equilateral-triangular patch or an equilateral- triangular patch with a slit inserted at the patch edge. In this article, we ﬁrst demonstrate another promising regular-size CP design of triangular microstrip antennas with an embedded narrow horizontal slot. And, it is then shown that, by using a cross slot of unequal slot lengths in place of the embedded horizontal slot, the circularly polarized radiation of the slotted triangular microstrip antenna can occur at a lower operating frequency. Details of the proposed CP designs of slotted triangular microstrip antennas are described, and experimental results of the CP performance are presented and discussed. Author Circular Polarization; Triangulation; Microstrip Antennas

20050169690 Saitama Univ., Urawa, Japan Array Antenna Composed of Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antennas Haneishi, Misao; Wu, Bing; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 252-255; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recently, a dieleclric resonator antenna (DRA) including circularly polarized DRA (CP-DRA) has been studied by many researchers, since it can be used as an efficient radiator in the high frequency region. A new type of CP-DRA element fed by an asymmetric cross-slot is proposed here. This type of CP-DRA is probably one of the simplest device for producing circular

58 polarization at or near the millimeter-wave region. This paper presents the radiation properties of a new type of CP-DRA element together with the design technique of DRA array composed of a pair of CP-DRAs. In order to evaluate the performance, some DRA elements and its arrays were fabricated and tested at X-band. The 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth obtained from this new type of DRA array was about 20% at X-band, and it had an extremely broadband performance compared to that of an usual array antenna. Therefore, the DRA array proposed here is considered to be an effective model as a broadband circularly polarized array. Author Antenna Arrays; Resonators; Circular Polarization

20050169691 Centre National de la Recherche Scientiﬁque, Valbonne, France Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating Circular Polarization Dussopt, L.; Laheurte, J-M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 268-271; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Coupled-oscillator arrays have been widely used for linear polarization but have not been implemented in communication systems involving circular polarization. This paper presents an array of four coupled oscillators using linearly polarized elements to generate circular polarization (CP). An array to generate CP with linearly polarized elements has been extensively described. The array consists in four patch elements with 0 deg, 90 deg, 180 deg, 270 deg arrangement both for angular orientation and feed phase. This array has shown good CP quality for a wide axial ratio bandwidth. The coupling circuit is designed so that a 0 deg, 90 deg, 180 deg, 270 deg arrangement for the oscillator phases is obtained. Since stable steady-state operation can not be achieved for this phase arrangement with classical mutual coupling, the oscillators are phase-locked in a loop by unidirectional coupling provided by ampliﬁers. This new arrangement is theoretically investigated and validated by measurements of CP radiation patterns. Author Oscillators; Arrays; Circular Polarization; Antenna Components

20050169692 Cheng-Shiu Univ., Taiwan Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas Chen, Wen-Shyang; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 256-259; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources For satisfying requirement of compactness, the related designs with circularly polarized radiation have been reported. In these designs, a modification element for achieving a compact circular polarization (CP) operation is introduced by using a cross-slot cut in the circular microstrip patch center or two pairs of narrow slots inset at the boundary of the square microstrip patch. It can be noted that these CP designs are used by a cross slot or two pairs narrow slot of owing unequal length to split the antenna’s fundamental mode into two near-degenerate resonant modes with equal amplitude and 90 deg. phase difference. In practical application, this makes it possible to be less freedom degree of fabrication. It is inconvenient to carry out post-manufacturing free-tuning in such designs to compensate for the possible fabrication errors and substrate material tolerances. Here, we demonstrate two configuration to perform the small CP operation with much relaxed manufacturing tolerances. One is a peripheral-cuts circular microstrip antenna with a equal arm-length cross slot, and the other is a comer-truncated square microstrip antenna with four equal arm-length bent slots. With the peripheral cuts or truncated corners in the microstrip patch, it can be splitted antenna’s fundamental mode into two near degenerate orthogonal modes with quadrature phases. Also with a equal arm-length cross slot or four equal ann-length bent slots embedded in the microstrip patch, the proposed microstfip antenna is expected to lengthen their two near degenerate orthogonal modes as compared to the peripheral-cuts circular microstrip antenna or corner-truncated square microstrip antenna. Typical results of the proposed design for the small CP antennas will be discussed in the Symposium. Author Microstrip Antennas; Polarized Radiation; Design Analysis; Void Ratio

20050169701 Da-Yeh Univ., Taiwan Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip Lines with Indented Grounds Hsu, Chung-I G.; Kiang, Jean-Fu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 322-325; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Microstrip lines have been the most popular interconnects between microwave devices. Results and applications of various microstrip structures that are rectilinear in nature can be found in the literature, for example). Wedge-supported

59 microstrip structures are widely utilized in the conformal antenna system constructed in aircraft and missiles. The analysis in does not allow the presence of the superstrate. The structures considered in are restricted to the case where conducting strips are printed on the surface of the single-layered substrate. Broadside-coupled microstrip structures cannot be tackled in. Also, the outer shielding conductors are not considered in beth and. In this research, we will extend the mode-matching technique developed in to handle the structure that consists of a multilayered background medium, optional inner and/or outer shielding conductors, and indents or cavities on the shielding conductors. The indents are usually due to undesired surface imperfection in the fabrication process, whereas the cavities can be used to provide additional degrees of freedom in designing a transmission-lin.e system. Derived from text Microstrip Transmission Lines; Cylindrical Bodies; Microwave Equipment

20050169703 National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan, Province of China Antenna Gain and Scattering Measurement Using Reflective Three-Antenna Method Lu, Hsin-Chia; Chu, Tah-Hsiung; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 374-377; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Three-antenna method is a technique to measure the antenna gain without using a reference antenna. Since it operates in a transmission-type arrangement, a long return cable is required. Several methods were then developed to eliminate the return cable by using the radar cross section (RCS) measurement method. The advantages of this method are described. A measurement method based on RCS measurement concept and antenna scattering matrix is developed. It can not only measure the antenna gain, but also derive the structural scattering characteristics and antenna input impedance from the measurement. However, it requires a complicated polarimetric calibration procedure for the measurement system. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to combine the concepts of three-antenna method and RCS measurement method to measure the antenna gain and its structural scattering characteristics without involving the reference antenna or polarimetric calibration. In this method, the measurement arrangement including the transmitting and receiving antennas is considered as a two-port network with reference planes at the input port for each antenna as shown. By connecting three different known terminators at the receiving antenna port and measure the reflection coefficients at the transmitting antenna port, the scattering parameters of this two-port network can be derived. They are shown to be related to the product of two antennas’ gain. Therefore one can follow the three-antenna method to find the gain of each antenna. In addition, the structural scattering characteristics of each antenna can be solved. Derived from text Antenna Gain; Reflectance; S Matrix Theory; Antenna Design

20050169707 Alexandria Univ., Egypt Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Multipath Dispersive Media El-Khamy, Said E.; Shaaban, Shawki E.; Thabet, Essam A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 396-399; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Chirp signals are categorized as spread-spectrum signals and have good advantages in interference rejection. The use of matched chirp modulation (MCM) for efficient digital signaling in dispersive communication channels has also been considered by E1-Khamy et al. Chirp modulation has also been considered for multi-user applications. New forms of multi-user chirp modulation (M-CM) signals that are characterized by the same power as well as the same bandwidth have been introduced recently by the authors. In this paper, we investigate the combination of frequency-hopping (FH) spread-spectrum techniques with M-CM to produce a multiple-access technique that is characterized by good performance in dispersive and fading propagation media. The considered frequency-hopped chirp modulation (FH-CM) is investigated in details and its performance is shown to highly outperform that of M-CM. Derived from text Chirp Signals; Frequency Hopping; Modulation; Multipath Transmission; Mathematical Models

20050169710 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Optimal Design of the Generalized Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algorithm Lu, Yilong; Rahmat-Samii, Yahya; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 422-425; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents a novel approach for automatic design of optimal aperture ﬁeld distribution based on the versatile

60 three-parameter (3-P) model for elliptical (or circular) aperture antennas. This model is very useful for the design of aperture type antennas such as reflector antennas, lenses, and large planar arrays. In application, the challenge is how to find those parameters to give the optimal aperture distribution so as to achieve the desired radiation characteristics of aperture antennas. For example, one may desire high directivity, low sidelobe level (SLL), high beam efficiency, and low spillover for a shaped reflector antenna. In order to make the best use of the 3-P model for optimal design of aperture distribution, the Emperor-Selective based genetic algorithm (EMS-GA) is used to find the three parameters. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are scholastic optimization technique based on the concept of biological genetics and natural selection and they have a very wide application in optimization of engineering problems. However, the standard GAs, which based on randomized-mating and binary-crossover, suffer from one major drawback and they are usually unable to move the search to areas outside the space of the initial population. In our GA, the more effective Emperor-Selective (EMS) mating scheme and floating number interpolating and extrapolating linear crossover are used for fast solutions. Simulations show that only a few generations may be used to achieve satisfactory results. Author Apertures; Distribution Functions; Genetic Algorithms; Design Analysis

20050169711 Nebraska Univ., Lincoln, NE, USA Stationary Solutions for the Rough Surface Radar Backscatter Cross Sections Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Approach Bahar, Ezekiel; Crittenden, Paul; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 510-513; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Using a full wave approach, the rough surface radar backscatter cross sections are expressed as weighted sums of two cross sections. Tile radar cross sections associated with the larger scale surface are reduced by a factor equal to the square of tile characteristic function of the smaller scale surface (that rides upon the larger scale surface). The Bragg scatter contributions front the small scale surface are modulated by the slopo_ of the large scale surface. The back scatter cross sections are obtained by regarding the rough surface as an ensemble of patches of random rough surfaces with arbitrary orientations. It. is shown that the full wave solutions are stationary over a wide range of patch sizes. The patches are characterized by tile spectral wavenumber that separates the large scale surface from the small scale surface. The mean square heights and slopc_ of the large (and small) scale surfaces depend on the choice of patch sizes. Author Backscattering; Mean Square Values; Radar Cross Sections

20050169713 Georgian Technical Univ., Tbilisi, Georgia Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Radiation in an Absorptive Randomly Inhomogeneous Media Jandieri, G. V.; Pirtskhalaishvili, N. G.; Jandieri, V. G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 538-541; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources To the problem of pulse signal propagation in a chaotically inhomogeneous media is devoted a great number of papers. The behavior of the Running power spectrum (RPS) of pulsed radiation in a weakly dispersive chaotically nonstationary media was investigated at one-dimensional spatial-temporal permittivity ﬂuctuations using statistical moment method. The investigations of the features of the normalized RPS in absorptive random medium at both one-dimensional spatial-temporal dielectric permittivity and conductivity ﬂuctuations is of interest. Derived from text Pulsed Radiation; Pulse Duration; Electromagnetic Radiation

20050169718 NTT Mobile Communications Network, Inc., Japan Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station Antennas for PDC Systems in Japan Ebine, Yoshio; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 564-567; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Cellular mobile communication systems are being successfully developed all over the world. To accommodate the increase in the number of mobile phone subscribers, multiple systems accessing different frequency bands are being employed. In 1993, PDC (personal digital cellular) systems started operation in the frequency bends of 800MHz and 1500MHz, in Japan. The PDC systems of NTTDoCoMo in Japan also use dual frequency bands, accordingly, the base station antennas used in the PDC system must be dual frequency resonant to reduce the cost and space required for the antenna. This paper presents

61 commercial dual frequency resonant (DF) base station antenna (BSA) and an operation mechanism for a remote-controlled beam tilting system in the vertical plane. Derived from text Pulse Communication; Japan; Antenna Design; Mobile Communication Systems

20050169719 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corp., Japan Advanced Base Station Antennas for Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan Hori, Toshikazu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 572-575; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) is one of the micro-cellular systems now in service in Japan. This system mostly uses rod antennas at the base stations because of their easy installation and low cost; they are usually placed on top of public telephone boxes and utility poles, at the top of towers installed on telephone offices, and on the ceiling of underground shopping area or in buildings, and so on. Obviously antenna heights and installation conditions differ widely. Street microcells are formed in urban areas because most antennas arc surrounded by buildings. Some antennas may be sited on towers and not all sites have the same surroundings, so the base station antennas must offer a wide variety of radiation patterns. Based on a consideration of the propagation characteristics and the installation condition, we have developed several base station antennas. This paper introduces the design concepts and experimental results of these microcell base station antennas for PHS. The fabricated rod antennas are tested in a real propagation environment in an urban area. The trials conﬁrm the validity of our design method and the usefulness of the antennas. Derived from text Japan; Telephones; Antenna Design; Fabrication

20050169724 Yokohama National Univ., Japan Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin by Using Non-Uniform Mesh FDTD Jiang,Huiling; Arai, Hiroyuki; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 610-613; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The need for smaller antennas has become increasingly important in recent years because the effect of large scale integration of electronic components generally isolates the antenna as the most bulky, heavy and obtrusive part of the equipment. But it is an accepted fact that electrically smaller antennas have narrower bandwidths and poorer efficiencies than their larger counterparts. This would incur signiﬁcant power losses and reduce the general efficiency of the receiver as well as increasing equipment costs. Today more efficient matching techniques are available. For example, for a center fed patch antenna, post pins which were are usually used around the feed pin for matching purpose. This study was proceeded by experimentally way mainly till now. In design of small antennas, optimization of parameters by using numerical simulation is necessary. In early works, numerical simulation by using wire-mesh method and diakoptic theory has been used. Because it is very difficult to deal with the patch structure and wire element simultaneously, numerical analysis of matching technique by using same analysis method haven’t been reported yet. In this paper, we calculated the center fed patch antenna which has two post pins by using FDTD method. To improve the computation efficiency, the FDTD analysis by using non-uniform mesh is used during the simulation. By changing the structure of matching element, examination of matching technique of low proﬁle antenna is carried out in this paper. Author Patch Antennas; Finite Difference Theory; Large Scale Integration; Numerical Analysis

20050169725 MacQuarie Univ., Sydney, Australia FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singularity at the Edges Esselle, Karu P.; Foroughipour, Mahmoudreza; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 606-609; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A rectangular microstrip patch antenna, inclined to the FDTD grid by 45 deg, is accurately analysed using enhanced FDTD equations for diagonal metal edges. The enhanced equations, derived by considering the singular nature of electromagnetic ﬁelds at sharp metal edges, properly model the patch with less number of FDTD cells. The same inclined patch antenna is modelled using two existing techniques as well, namely staircase and split-cell models, for comparison with enhanced equations. The resonance frequencies and the frequency response of the patch are computed using these three techniques, and are compared with a very accurate reference, which is obtained by analyzing a similar patch but kept parallel to a much ﬁner grid. It is found that the enhanced equations give extremely accurate results consistently, without any

62 noticeable computing overhead. For example, the accuracy of the ﬁrst resonance frequency using the enhanced equations is 1.1%, and that using the staircase and split-cell models is 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. The enhanced equations are very stable, and are time-stepped at the maximum Courant limit in all simulations without any problems. Author Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Microstrip Antennas; Patch Antennas; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Electromagnetic Fields; Edges; Metal Surfaces

20050169726 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Effects of the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Section Computations Sertel, K.; Volakis, J. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 624-627; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Method of Moments (MoM) has been successfully applied to all types of electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems. As is well known, conventional MoM techniques lead to fully populated interaction matrices. This aspect limits the electrical size of the problem that can be solved on a given computer with limited memory. Recently introduced fast methods, such as the adaptive integral method (AIM) and fast multipole method (FMM), provide for reduced memory and CPU requirements. In this paper we consider the implementation of FMM to MoM matrices associated with 2nd order curvilinear elements. Particular emphasis is given on the convergence properties and accuracy of FMM acceleration schemes. It is demonstrated that preconditioning is often essential when dealing with FMM matrices generated from curvilinear element implementations. Also, choices of lower order multipole expansions can lead to much faster speeds but lower accuracy. Author Radar Cross Sections; Multipoles; Method of Moments

20050169732 Raytheon Systems Co., Sudbury, MA, USA A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Chang, Y.; Sarcione, M.; Beltran, F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 684-687; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A low profile antenna/pedestal system for the Milstar program was developed at Raytheon under an Air Force contract. The system was designed to have minimum intrusion inside the aircraft and no protrusion outside the aircraft so that the radome is flush to the fuselage. The main drivers of this antenna design include low cost, minimum height, and high efficiencies for both K-band (20.2 -21.2 GHz) and Q-band (43.5 - 45.5 GHz). The approach Raytheon chose was a 20 inch wide 9.5 inch high elliptical offset dual-shaped Gregorian reflector with a compact concentric feed as shown. The main challenge of such an elliptical aperture design is optimizing the antenna efficiency. Shaping approaches reported by P-S. Kildal offer an excellent solution to this problem. These approaches were used to synthesize the main reflector and subreflector and to analyze the antenna performance. After a thorough tradeoff study, a reflector configuration meeting the design driving factors as shown was chosen. This figure includes front and side views with ray tracing lines to indicate the energy spread. Despite blockage by the feed and the subreflector, this configuration offers the maximum effective antenna aperture under the height constrain. In synthesizing the reflector surfaces, a -15 dB taper was chosen at the subreflector edge to minimize the spillover loss. To maximize the illumination efficiency, a -3 dB edge taper on the antenna aperture was chosen. Since circular polarization is required for both K- and Q-bands, a compact concentric feed with symmetric feed patterns was selected. The Q-band feed in the center has a dielectric launching rod, and the feed horn is a multi-mode horn with a 1.05 inch diameter. A septum polarizer is used to generate circular polarization for Q-band and dielectric vanes are used in the K-band coaxial waveguide. Typical measured feed patterns are shown. Derived from text Antenna Design; Systems Engineering; Dielectrics

20050169734 Vertex Communications Corp., Kilgore, TX, USA A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for Cassegrain Applications Beadle, Mark; Casey, Sean; Schwerdtfeger, Roland; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 696-699; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Multi-frequency band, multi-function satellite communications antenna systems, and in some instances, limited ground facilities, have in recent times required complex single aperture feed system designs. The normal approach involves the inherent frequency selection characteristics of the periodic structure of the corrugated horn. Interesting design problems occur in the coupling junction at which frequency selection/separation takes place, to ensure complete lossless decoupling between

63 operational frequency bands. More importantly though, maintaining stringent low sidelobe envelope and polarization discrimination performance consistent with modern satellite communication requirements, have a dramatic effect on the nature of the design of the horn and the frequency selective coupling junctions. A number of computational design routines have been developed for these junction designs, and refined to offer compliant antenna performance. Typical examples of such designs are: 2/8 GHz, 4/7/12 GHz, 2/4 GHz, 11/14/18 GHz, 4/12 GHz, 12/20 GHz, all involving adjustable and/or switchable CP/LP polarization configurations in one form or another. The following briefly describes the more unusual aspects of the 1.75- 1.85 / 2.2-2.3 GHz and 7.25-7.75 / 7.9-8.4 GHz feed for a 9m Cassegrain having also to comply with a very low level passive intermodulation products (PIMPs) specification in X-band. Author Bands; Frequencies; Antenna Design; Design Analysis; Frequency Distribution

20050169735 Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, CA, USA An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna Applications Johns, Steven L.; Prata, Aluizio, Jr.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 704-707; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The idea of using nested coaxial waveguides and cavities for multiband and wideband-applications has been of interest for many years. The reason for the recurring interest stems from the fact that multiple frequency-scaled coaxial waveguides can be conveiently nested in the inner conductor of an original coaxial waveguide. With this scheme, several antennas (cups) can be concentrically located in the same area as the largest coaxial waveguide to accommodate a wide frequency band. However, due to frequency limitations, practical nesting of coaxial waveguide cups has generally been limited to multifrequency applications. For wideband operation, the ratio of the outer-to-inner coaxial waveguide conductor radii must be relatively small, resulting in high reflection coefficients and significant cross-polarized radiation (cx-pol). Also, mutual coupling between the dicent coaxial waveguide cups adversely affects performance. Several methods using irises and dielectrics have been employed to handle these limitations, but have seen limited success. A simple alternative method to reduce these difficulties involves extending the center conductor of the coaxial waveguide past the aperture. This extension of the center conductor reduces the reflection coefficient of the coaxial waveguides The mode over a large bandwidth, as well as the mutual coupling between the nested coaxial waveguide cups. Derived from text Reflector Antennas; Waveguide Antennas; Cross Polarization

20050169768 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC LOCAL TV Act: Administrative Funds May No Longer Be Necessary Apr. 2005; 24 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106266; GAO-05-438; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This is GAO’s third report addressing the LOCAL TV Act’s requirement that GAO perform an annual audit of the (1) administration of the provisions of the act and (2) financial position of each applicant who receives a loan guarantee under the act, including the nature, amount, and purpose of investments made by the applicant. Although the LOCAL Television Loan Guarantee Program (LOCAL TV Program) was implemented in fiscal year 2004, there were no loan guarantee applicants for GAO to audit. Therefore, this report primarily addresses whether program administration during fiscal year 2004 satisfied the provisions of the act. NTIS Television Systems; Project Management

20050169925 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Electronic Industries Association, USA Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems Laboratory Testing Nearly Complete [2005]; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Radio history continues to be made at the NASA Lewis Research Center with the completion of phase one of the digital audio radio (DAR) testing conducted by the Consumer Electronics Group of the Electronic Industries Association. This satellite, satellite/terrestrial, and terrestrial digital technology will open up new audio broadcasting opportunities both domestically and worldwide. It will signiﬁcantly improve the current quality of amplitude-modulated/frequency-modulated (AM/FM) radio with a new digitally modulated radio signal and will introduce true compact-disc-quality (CD-quality) sound for the ﬁrst time. Lewis is hosting the laboratory testing of seven proposed digital audio radio systems and modes. Two of the proposed systems operate in two modes each, making a total of nine systems being tested. The nine systems are divided into

64 the following types of transmission: in-band on-channel (IBOC), in-band adjacent-channel (IBAC), and new bands. The laboratory testing was conducted by the Consumer Electronics Group of the Electronic Industries Association. Subjective assessments of the audio recordings for each of the nine systems was conducted by the Communications Research Center in Ottawa, Canada, under contract to the Electronic Industries Association. The Communications Research Center has the only CCIR-qualiﬁed (Consultative Committee for International Radio) audio testing facility in North America. The main goals of the U.S. testing process are to (1) provide technical data to the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) so that it can establish a standard for digital audio receivers and transmitters and (2) provide the receiver and transmitter industries with the proper standards upon which to build their equipment. In addition, the data will be forwarded to the International Telecommunications Union to help in the establishment of international standards for digital audio receivers and transmitters, thus allowing U.S. manufacturers to compete in the world market. Derived from text Broadcasting; Digital Systems; Radio Communication; Telecommunication; Audio Signals

20050170568 Graduate Univ. for Advanced Studies, Japan VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Signals from the Spacecraft Kikuchi, Juyuhiko; Ping, Jinsong; Hong, Xiaoyu; Aili, Yusup; Liu, Qinghui; Mastumoto, Koji; Asari, Kazuyoshi; Tsuruta, Seiitsu; Kono, Yusuke; Hanada, Hideo, et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The lunar gravity field has been investigated by Doppler measurement for the last 40 years. However, the gravity field of the rim of the Moon was not clearly investigated like the nearside. Over the rim of the Moon, the gravity force from the Moon acts mainly in the direction perpendicular to line of sight (LOS). So we can t estimate the gravity field precisely only by Doppler measurements which is sensitive to the direction of LOS. In order to solve this problem, we apply very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) technique in VRAD (the differential VLBI radio sources) mission of Japanese lunar explorer SELENE (SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) in addition to a conventional 2-way and newly applied 4-way Doppler measurements. By measuring the difference of arriving time of the same wave front of a radio signal from the spacecraft (s/c) at two or more separated antennas, VLBI can precisely determine the position and the velocity of the s/c in the direction perpendicular to LOS. Derived from text Very Long Base Interferometry; Bandwidth; Moon; Gravitational Fields; Radio Sources (Astronomy)

20050170630 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Radar Experiment Kreslavsky, M. A.; Ford, P. G.; Pettengill, G. H.; Head, J. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Bistatic radar is a powerful tool for studying planetary surfaces. In this technique, the incident signal from a spacecraft-borne transmitter is directed to the specular point on a planet, and the signal scattered by the surface is received on the Earth. At microwave frequencies typical planetary surfaces scatter electromagnetic waves quasi-specularly, which means that the mirror-like reﬂection component dominates the scattered signal. In this case, the polarization state of the received echo depends only on the electromagnetic properties (dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability) of the surface material (according to Fresnel s equations), thus providing unambiguous constraints on these parameters. Derived from text Planetary Surfaces; Microwave Frequencies; Electromagnetic Radiation; Dielectric Permeability; Multistatic Radar

20050170641 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability (FORM) Program Progresses [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Advanced aircraft will employ fiber-optic interconnection components to transmit information from airframe and propulsion sensors to the flight control computers. Although these optical interconnects have been rigorously tested under laboratory conditions to determine their operating and environmental limits, there is concern as to their repairability and maintainability when placed in actual service. The Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability (FORM) flight test program will provide data to enable designers to improve these fiber-optic interconnection systems for the next generation of aircraft.

65 FORM is identifying critical problems in installing, maintaining, testing, and repairing ﬁber-optic interconnection systems in an operational avionics environment. This program is a cooperative Government/industry effort to evaluate optical component acceptability and installation techniques for aircraft. Author Fiber Optics; Optical Interconnects; Communication Equipment; Flight Tests; Aircraft Equipment; Aircraft Communication; Maintainability

20050170915 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden Communication and Team Performance in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing Apparatus Firefighters’ Communi- cation during Rescue Operations Lindgren, I.; Berggren, P.; Jander, H.; Hirsch, R.; Nov. 2004; 86 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103076; FOI-R-1507-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy The lack of guiding principles for the communication during breathing apparatus rescue operations is seen as a problem by many firefighters. There is a wish to obtain further heuristics for the communication, but there is no agreement concerning what successful communication is and how it should be achieved. This research aimed through field studies to see how the BA firefighters and the BA leader communicate with each other. It also aimed to investigate if some answers to what defines ‘good communication’ during BA rescue operations could be found. Through a qualitative analysis of the communication patterns of two pairs of BA firefighters the impact on the communication made by common ground establishment, team knowledge and similar phenomena, such as experience of working together, has been investigated. The results illustrate communicative problems which can occur during a rescue operation and shed light on the gravity of an agreement on what information should be mediated by the BA firefighters. It is also seen how experience of working together can be suggested to help the firefighters to communicate efficiently. NTIS Human Performance; Rescue Operations; Teams

20050170916 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring Team Situation Awareness, Mental Models, and Team Processes in Breathing Apparatus Rescues Fogel, A.; Berggren, P.; Jander, H.; Nov. 2004; 72 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103075; FOI-R-1508-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The current study aimed at investigating the concepts of team situation awareness, mental models, and team processes in relation to performance in the complex, dynamic environment of breathing apparatus rescues. Data was collected during exercises at Agesta training center through questionnaires and after action reviews. 28 firemen and 5 instructors participated in the exercises. Also, a stimulated recall interview was conducted with 2 of the firemen that had participated in one of the exercises. The different data collection methods all indicated that well- developed mental models or a high degree of pre-task knowledge affected performance in a positive way. Moreover, a multiple regression analysis showed that both pre-task knowledge and team processes significantly can predict performance. The results of the analysis of team situation awareness in relation to performance were fairly ambiguous. Therefore, further research is needed to establish the relation between these concepts in the domain at matter. NTIS Human Performance; Rescue Operations; Teams

20050170921 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Networks by Priority Queuing Tronarp, O.; Jan. 2004; 52 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-102878; FOI-R-1156-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The increasing usage of information technology in military affairs raises the need for robust high capacity radio networks that will be used to provide several different types of services, such as group calls and situation awareness services. As all services have speciﬁc demands on packet delays and packet losses in order to be fully functional, there is a need for a quality-of-service (QoS) mechanism in the network. In this report the authors examine the possibility of providing a QoS mechanism in ad hoc networks by using priority queues. The study includes two different queuing schemes, namely ﬁxed priority queuing and weighted fair queuing. The performance of the two queuing schemes is evaluated and compared with respect to their ability to provide differentiation in network delay, i.e. provide high-priority traffic with lower delays than

66 low-priority traffic. The study is mainly done by simulations, but for ﬁxed priority queuing the authors also derive an analytical approximation of the network delay. NTIS Communication Networks; Information Systems; Military Technology

20050170972 Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR, USA Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimentary Rocks Lee, J. B.; Sahai, S. K.; Paxton, S. T.; Hadaway, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used to view the subsurface of soil and rock layers. GPR uses electromagnetic waves, in the radio frequency range, to investigate shallow subsurfaces. The wave is produced by a transmit antenna, scattering on layers of varying impedance, then recorded by a receive antenna. Since metal objects can greatly inﬂuence the quality of the GPR data, Oklahoma State University’s GPR (the Pulse EKKO 100) is designed with a minimal amount of metal. The Pulse EKKO 100 comes with a PVC support system for the antennae instead of a metal support system. Another way to reduce noise in the data is to use ﬁber optic cable, instead of copper cable. The cable is required to send the transmit signal, send the receive signal, and to retrieve the data. Fiber optic cable greatly reduces noise, but is expensive and fragile. Some of the basic components of a Pulse EKKO 100 are shown. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Ground Penetrating Radar; Radar Equipment; Radar Geology; Planetary Geology

20050171019 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Implications of ACTS Technology on the Requirements of Rain Attenuation Modeling for Communication System Specification and Analysis at the Ka-Band and Beyond Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only With the advent of the use of the Ka-band for space communications, coupled with the introduction of digital modulation techniques as well as multiple-beam methodology for satellites, the NASA Lewis Research Center has deemed it necessary to reassess the plethora of rain attenuation prediction models in use (computer models that predict the attenuation of signals by rain). The Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS) project, undertaken by NASA in 1983, offered such challenges to rain attenuation prediction modeling. An examination of the work done in this area shows that, up to 1983, no such single modeling formalism existed that could fulfill the requirements of the ACTS specifications. Not even the work done by the NASA Propagation Experimenters Group had envisioned such requirements, so no dynamic Ka-band data existed from which one could draw conclusions. In response to this need, Lewis developed the ACTS Rain Attenuation Prediction Model. A detailed discussion of the derivation of the model’s basic relations can be found in reference 1. The model as well as its software implementation won the Space Act Award for 1992. In addition to the review of the model, a recommendation is given in reference 2 for a new evaluation of the performance of satellite communication systems, in particular, for those to be operating within the Ka-band and above. These systems will necessarily employ some type of dynamic rain-fade mitigation procedure. Author ACTS; Rain; Attenuation; Mathematical Models; Extremely High Frequencies; Satellite Communication

20050172130 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Highly Efficient Amplifier for Ka-Band Communications Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only An amplifier developed under a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract will have applications for both satellite and terrestrial communications. This power amplifier uses an innovative series bias arrangement of active devices to achieve over 40-percent efficiency at Ka-band frequencies with an output power of 0.66 W. The amplifier is fabricated on a 2.0- by 3.8-square millimeter chip through the use of Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology, and it uses state-of-the-art, Pseudomorphic High-Electron-Mobility Transistor (PHEMT) devices. Although the performance of the MMIC chip depends on these high-performance devices, the real innovations here are a unique series bias scheme, which results in a high-voltage chip supply, and careful design of the on-chip planar output stage combiner. This design concept has ramifications beyond the chip itself because it opens up the possibility of operation directly from a satellite power bus (usually 28 V) without a dc-dc converter. This will dramatically increase the overall system efficiency. Conventional microwave power

67 amplifier designs utilize many devices all connected in parallel from the bias supply. This results in a low-bias voltage, typically 5 V, and a high bias current. With this configuration, substantial I(sup 2) R losses (current squared times resistance) may arise in the system bias-distribution network. By placing the devices in a series bias configuration, the total current is reduced, leading to reduced distribution losses. Careful design of the on-chip planar output stage power combiner is also important in minimizing losses. Using these concepts, a two-stage amplifier was designed for operation at 33 GHz and fabricated in a standard MMIC foundry process with 0.20-m PHEMT devices. Using a 20-V bias supply, the amplifier achieved efficiencies of over 40 percent with an output power of 0.66 W and a 16-dB gain over a 2-GHz bandwidth centered at 33 GHz. With a 28-V bias, a power level of 1.1 W was achieved with a 12-dB gain and a 36-percent efficiency. This represents the best reported combination of power and efficiency at this frequency. In addition to delivering excellent power and gain, this Ka-band MMIC power amplifier has an efficiency that is 10 percent greater than existing designs. The unique design offers an excellent match for spacecraft applications since the amplifier supply voltage is closely matched to the typical value of spacecraft bus voltage. These amplifiers may be used alone in applications of 1 W or less, or several may be combined or used in an array to produce moderate power, Ka-band transmitters with minimal power combining and less thermal stress owing to the combination of excellent efficiency and power output. The higher voltage operation of this design may also save mass and power because the dc-dc power converter is replaced with a simpler voltage regulator. Author Amplifier Design; Extremely High Frequencies; Power Amplifiers; Satellite Communication; Fabrication

20050173173 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Collaborative Applications Used in a Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions Klopson, Jadon E.; Burdian, Stephen V.; Mar. 2005; 109 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432285; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis analyzes the potential impact of incorporating wireless technologies, specifically an 802.11 mesh layer architecture and 802.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, in order to effectively and more efficiently transmit data and create a symbiotic operational picture between Coast Guard Cutters, their boarding teams, Coast Guard Operation Centers, and various external agencies. Two distinct collaborative software programs, Groove Virtual Office and the Naval Postgraduate School’s Situational Awareness Agent, are utilized over the Tactical Mesh and OFDM network configurations to improve the Common Operating Picture of involved units within a marine environment to evaluate their potential impact for the Coast Guard. This is being done to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Coast Guard units while they carry out their Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions. Through multiple field experiments, including Tactical Network Topology and nuclear component sensing with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we utilize commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment and software to evaluate their impact on these missions. DTIC Coasts; Frequency Division Multiplexing; Interoperability; Law (Jurisprudence); Seas; Security; Wireless Communication

20050173186 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped Wireless Ground Sensor Network Tingle, Mark E.; Mar. 2005; 112 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432328; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis investigated the suitability of wireless, unattended ground sensor networks for military applications. The unattended aspect requires the network to self-organize and adapt to dynamic changes. A wireless, unattended ground sensor network was prototyped using commercial off-the-shelf technology and three to four networked nodes. Device and network performance were measured under indoor and outdoor scenarios. The measured communication range of a node varied between three and nineteen meters depending on the scenario. The sensors evaluated were an acoustic sensor, a magnetic sensor, and an acceleration sensor. The measured sensing range varied by the type of sensor. Node discovery durations observed were between forty seconds and over ﬁve minutes. Node density calculations indicated that the prototype was scalable to ﬁve hundred nodes. This thesis substantiated the feasibility of interconnecting, self-organizing sensor nodes in military applications. Tests and evaluations demonstrated that the network was capable of dynamic adaptation to failure and degradation. DTIC Communication Networks; Evaluation; Performance Tests; Telecommunication

68 20050173193 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Command and Control of Special Operations Forces Missions in the US northern Command Area of Responsibility McGregor, Ottis W., III; Mar. 2005; 111 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432342; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The need for a well thought out, planned, and rehearsed command and control organization to conduct special operations in the US Northern Command Area of Responsibility is vital to success in defending the Homeland. Currently, USNORTHCOM does not have an apportioned or assigned command and control structure for the conduct of special operations. This thesis analyzes three courses of action to fulﬁll this requirement: use the current USNORTHCOM battle staff command structure including the integration of the Standing Joint Force Headquarters-North; rely on the newly formed US Special Operations Command’s Joint Task Force Structures; and establish a Theater Special Operations Command North assigned to USNORTHCOM. Through the conduct of analysis and research this thesis recommends that The Joint Staff direct the reorganization required to establish a Theater Special Operations Command North to exercise command and control of special operations forces conducting operations in the USNORTHCOM AOR. DTIC Command and Control; Military Personnel

20050173196 Defense Science Board, Washington, DC USA Report of the Defense Science Board 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) integration Herman, Robert; Welch, Larry; Feb. 1997; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432361; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Deputy Secretary of Defense, in an effort to accelerate the development of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) integration and architecture efforts in the Department of Defense, directed that a DoD-wide Integration Task Force (ITF) be created. He designated Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I) to sponsor, organize and manage this effort. The Defense Science Board (DSB) was requested then to establish a Task Force on C4ISR Integration to assist this internal DoD process by providing: * Advice to the ITF chairman on all aspects of C4ISR integration. * Separate reports of its judgments on these matters to the Department The Terms of Reference for this Task Force are attached as Appendix A and the list of members as Appendix B. The DSB Task Force met four times with the leaders of the ITF. During each meeting, the ITF leaders described the process, organization and results of the ITF efforts to date. Based on these interactions, the DSB task Force formulated a set of inputs for consideration by the ITF. Two letter reports were submitted by the DSB Task Force during the course of its deliberations. DTIC Command and Control; Intelligence; Reconnaissance; Surveillance; Telecommunication

20050173212 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suitability of Different Families of Ad Hoc Protocols for the Tactical Network Topology Karapetsas, Konstantinos; Mar. 2005; 99 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432399; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Wireless mesh networking has emerged as the successor of the traditional ad hoc networks. New technological advances, the standardization of protocols and interfaces and the maturity of key components have made it possible for current mesh research groups to set goals that are really close to the world’s expectations. The objective of this research is to design and implement a simulation toolkit for wireless mesh clusters that can be used as an additional performance evaluation technique for the Tactical Network Topology program of Naval Postgraduate School. This toolkit is implemented in the OPNET simulation environment and it incorporates various nodes running different ad hoc routing protocols. Furthermore, the investigation of a suitable combination of protocols for the Tactical Network Topology is achieved by creating scenarios and running a number of simulations using the mesh toolkit. DTIC Environments; Kits; Protocol (Computers); Simulation; Topology

20050173224 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA An Analysis of Network and Sensor Performance Within IEEE 802.X Wireless MESH Networks in the Tactical Network Topology (TNT) Davis, Joseph A., Sr; Mar. 2005; 69 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432417; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

69 The objective of this research is to analyze the network performance and sensor functionality, efficacy and usability of IEEE 802.x wireless MESH networks within a DoD Tactical network environment. Multiple sensor configurations operating with wireless MESH network technologies will be researched and analyzed for performance in expeditionary environment situations. Specifically, this thesis will attempt establish the foundation for the development of wireless MESH ‘network health’ models by examining the performance of sensors operating within a MESH network and define which network performance metrics equate to good quality of service. This research will experiment with different application, sensor, and network configurations of currently available COTS components; such as, voice, video and data hardware. This thesis will lay the groundwork for wireless network MESH predictability, which will enable the optimal use of sensors within a tactical network environment. DTIC Communication Networks; Topology

20050173254 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separation’ to a relationship of Trust Towards Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Communication Miglietta, Guglielmo L.; Mar. 2005; 41 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432491; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The relations between the Italian public and the Army were difficult and characterized by mutual distrust until the end of the 1980s. In the 1990s, very few would have bet on the efficiency of the Italian Army in the new peace missions, but the decision to send troops outside the national borders has improved the image of the Institution. Today it is perceived useful, gaining the attention of the mass media. The Italian Army has succeeded in deleting the negative image when compared to other more organized and efficient armies. Today, in fact, it has the image of a modern armed force, professionally well prepared, efficient and reﬂective of the best values of the nation. The journey that led our Army to enjoy the widest appreciation for its work was favored by the non intrusive approach of our soldiers and by their capability of positive interaction with the local populations. In this sense, the empathetic characteristic of the Italian spirit emerged on all occasions. The Italian servicemen revealed very special talents and characteristics, including the capability of socializing, of entering into relations with others, of integrating within the operations without being ‘cumbersome’. On the contrary, they were a precious support in the little and great difficulties suffered by people emerging from conﬂict or humanitarian disaster. This new image is also the outcome of fundamental changes in the way the institution approaches public affairs. DTIC Human Beings; International Relations; Males; Military Operations

20050173255 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA Defeating Anti-Americanism McKenzie, Mark T.; Mar. 2005; 23 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432495; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The USA of America has enjoyed unrivaled success militarily and economically over the past two decades. This success comes at a cost for Americans as growing international criticisms of U.S. policy and anti-Americanism increases dramatically from other countries around the globe. In addition to this criticism during this time of unrivaled power, America has seen a drastic increase in attacks against its citizens in foreign countries, such as the Marine barracks bombing in Beirut, the Khobar tower attack, and the attack on the USS Cole. While terrorist attacks within the U.S. have been limited in nature comparatively, the attacks of September 11, 2001, have reawakened U.S. citizens to the inherent dangers of today s global environment, and the effects of anti-Americanism. Current U.S. policy is best stated by President Bush in the 2002 National Security Strategy: Freedom is the non-negotiable demand of human dignity, the birthright of every person-in every civilization. Does this policy of globalization increase or decrease anti- American sentiments at home and abroad? This research paper will study the history of anti- Americanism, its causes, and current policies, and offer recommendations to defeat anti-Americanism and limit its adverse effects. DTIC Policies; Security

20050173259 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA Strategic Communications for the War on Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern Anti-American Bias Gallagher, Paul; Mar. 2005; 24 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432507; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

70 Despite the growth of media outlets in the Middle East inarguably the understanding of US strategic vision and intent is commonly misunderstood and/or misconstrued. In fact an active mis-information campaign is commonly practiced by media throughout the region. The loss to the US in ‘soft power’ and inﬂuence has been incalculable and must be reversed. My intent in this document is to analyze the makeup of the average man on the Arab Street, utilize the information the analysis provides, and devise a strategy to combat the propaganda and mis-information he has been exposed to throughout his life. Based on those ﬁndings I will develop proposals that utilize all aspect of America’s national power to include initiatives in both the public and private sectors. DTIC Bias; Middle East; Terrorism; Warfare

20050173319 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Force Support for Sea Base Operations DeGrange, Walter C.; Mar. 2005; 70 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432623; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Navy has to choose the number of, and designs for, ships in the Combat Logistics Force (CLF), and then plan how to use them to provide logistical support to our Carrier Strike Groups, Expeditionary Strike Groups, and Seabasing platforms engaged in any variety of worldwide conflicts. CLF ships are very expensive to build and equip and our budget is limited we need to make sure the ships we buy and the way we integrate these with our CLF fleet can continue to provide the flexible support our Navy requires. We introduce a decision support tool using a global sea route and resupply base model, and a daily time resolution optimization of CLF ship activities to support any complete, worldwide scenario. Our result is an optimal, face-valid daily operational logistics plan a schedule of evolutions for each available CLF ship. We discover exactly how to use CLF ships to support a notional, but particularly relevant, preemptive combat scenario with follow-on humanitarian assistance missions. Finally, we study how changing CLF ship numbers and missions can enhance operational effectiveness. DTIC Armed Forces (United States); Combat; Decision Support Systems; Logistics Management; Seas; Support Systems; System Effectiveness

20050173337 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Performance Analysis of Management Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommunications Networks Ng, Hwee P.; Mar. 2005; 77 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432669; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The performance of network management tools for SONET/SDH networks subject to the load conditions is studied and discussed in this thesis. Speciﬁcally, a SONET network which consists of four CISCO ONS 15454s, managed by a CISCO transport Manager, is set up in the Advanced Network Laboratory of the Naval Postgraduate School. To simulate a realistic data transfer environment for the analysis, Smartbits Avalanche software is deployed to simulate multiple client-server scenarios in the SONET network. Traffic from the management channel is then captured using a packet sniffer. Queuing analysis on the captured data is performed with particular emphasis on properties of self-similarity. In particular, the Hurst parameter which determines the captured traffic’s degree of self-similarity is estimated using the Variance-Index plot technique. Link utilization is also derived from the computation of ﬁrst-order statistics of the captured traffic distribution. The study shows that less management data was exchanged when the SONET network was fully loaded. In addition, it is recommended that CTM 4.6 be used to manage not more than 1552 NEs for safe operation. The results presented in this thesis will aid network planners to optimize the management of their SONET/SDH networks. DTIC Communication Networks; Management Information Systems; Management Methods; Reliability Analysis; Telecommunication

20050173348 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Multicarrier Communication Receiver Hoyos, Sebastian; Sadler, Brian M.; Arce, Gonzalo R.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0011 Report No.(s): AD-A432691; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper presents suppression of intentional jamming in an ultra-wideband multicarrier communication receiver based on analog to digital conversion (ADC) in the frequency domain. The samples of the spectrum of the received signal are used

71 in the digital receiver to estimate the transmitted symbols through a matched ﬁlter operation in the discrete frequency domain. The proposed receiver is aimed at the reception of high information rates in a multicarrier signal with very large bandwidth. Thus, the receiver architecture provides a solution to some of the challenging problems found in the implementation of conventional wideband multicarrier receivers based on time-domain ADC, and it is directly applicable to multicarrier ultra-wideband communication receivers. Additional advantages of the proposed receiver include the possibility of optimally allocating the available number of bits for the A/D conversion across the frequency domain samples, narrowband interference suppression based on the MMSE solution that can be directly carried out in the frequency domain, and inherent robustness to frequency offset which makes it an attractive solution when compared with traditional multicarrier receivers. DTIC Analog to Digital Converters; Broadband; Frequencies; Jamming; Receivers; Wideband Communication

20050173355 Office of the Project Manager Night Vision/Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition, Fort Belvoir, VA USA Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Digital Communications for Current and Future Force Sensors Whitworth, Robin; Mayott, Gregory; Meehan, James R.; McKerley, Sally S.; Patty, Kira D.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432700; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) To fulﬁll evolving sensor system interface and communications requirements, a team of government organizations have collaborated to develop the Sensor Data Link (SDL); providing a ﬂexible framework of joint standard data representations, messages, and common processes for current and Future Force sensors. DTIC Communication Networks; Data Links; Multisensor Fusion; Protocol (Computers); Pulse Communication; Standardization

33 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Includes development, performance, and maintainability of electrical/electronic devices and components; related test equipment; and microelectronics and integrated circuitry. for related information see also 60 Computer Operations and Hardware; and 76 Solid-State Physics. For communications equipment and devices see 32 Communications and Radar.

20050169565 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1 [1999]; 721 pp.; In English; Held in Conjunction with USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting at the University of Central Florida, 11-16 July 1999, Orlando, FL, USA; See also 20050169566 - 20050169737 Report No.(s): IEEE-Catalog-99CH37010-Vol-1; LC-90-640397; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The following topics were discussed: Dielectric and Wire Antennas for Wireless Communications; Scattering from Natural Targets and Magnetized Plasma; EM Education; Broadband and Multifrequency Antennas; Phased Arrays; Advances in FDTD; Microstrip Circuits; Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antennas; Waveguide and Transmission Line Analysis; Applications of Wavelets; Optimization Methods in EM Design; and Development and Applications of FEM. Derived from text Antennas; Broadband; Wireless Communication; Patch Antennas; Transmission Lines; Wavelet Analysis; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Microstrip Antennas

20050169570 Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, FL, USA The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Lines Ungvichian, Vichate; Malisuwan, Settapong; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 202-205; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The study emphasizes on the effects of the frequency-dependent dielectric loss of substrate along the lines and with different Gaussian pulse waveforms. The Gaussian pulses are used in the simulations due to the broadband characteristic, which may have the frequency components in the GHz range. This pulse signal is fed to one of the microstrip lines at one end and with match termination on the other (called signal line) and the second line (sense line) is terminated at both ends

72 by the match loads. The simulations encompass several combinations of t (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ps), E(sub t)less than 20, and line-length between 10 to 100 mm. Derived from text Microstrip Transmission Lines; High Speed; Dielectric Loss; Crosstalk; Permittivity; Substrates

20050169571 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Hsu, Pang-Cheng; Nguyen, Cam; Kintis, Mark; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 214-217; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources We report the development of awideband uniplanar singly balanced diode mixer using coplanar waveguide and slot line. The ﬁrst-design mixer has a measured conversion loss from 6 to I0 dB for the RF signal from 7.1 to 10.13Hz and the LO signal of 3.5 dBm at 7 GHz. The LO-RF isolation is better than 20 dB, and the isolations from the IF to the LO and RF ports are more than 36 dB. This mixer circuit is simple and has a wide bandwidth and goodinterport isolations. Futhermore, its uniplanar nature allows solid-state devices to be mounted easily and no via-holes are needed for ground connections. These features are attractive for low-cost microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. Author Bandwidth; Fabrication; Diodes; Mixers

20050169573 Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil Characterization of an Optically-Controlled Double-Channel Lossy-Dielectric Waveguide LeonidasdaSilvaSouzaSobrinho, Carlos; Giarola, Attilio Jose; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 306-309; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A double-channel lossy-dielectric waveguide, having its propagation characteristics controlled by the action of light, is analyzed here. The light is incident on a semiconductor material that constitutes the inner channel of the waveguide structure, generating a plasma. The analysis of the problem is done by using the finite difference in the frequency domain (FDFD) method which was found to be efficient for this analysis. The results presented here were confirmed with those obtained using the finite element method. Author Finite Difference Theory; Finite Element Method; Frequency Domain Analysis; Semiconductors (Materials); Dielectric Waveguides

20050169574 Lafayette Coll., Easton, PA, USA Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform Linear Arrays Jouny, I.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 348-351; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Space time adaptive processing is implemented in this paper in beamspace using a wavelet based transformation. We show that given a ﬁxed number of beamspace elements, wavelet based STAP outperforms that of DFT based, or sinusoidal tapers based STAP. Wavelet based decomposition divides the uniformly sampled element-space array into nonuniform dyadically distributed orthogonal beam-space elements. Adaptive processing in the wavelet domain improves signal-to-interference plus noise ratio depending on the type of wavelet used. Derived from text Wavelet Analysis; Linear Arrays; Space-Time Adaptive Processing; Beam Interactions

20050169577 Dumlupinar Univ., Kutahya, Turkey UTD-Based Propagation Model for the Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Communications System Kara, Ali; Yazgan, Erdem; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 392-395; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This work presents a UTD-based path loss model for cellular mobile communications system in urban environment. The model considers multiple building diffraction occurring in cellular environments outside the high-rise urban core. Using UTD wedge diffraction model, the roofs of the successive building blocks are simulated by ﬁnitely conducting wedges so that material properties of the buildings are included. Author Mobile Communication Systems; Diffraction; Losses

73 20050169578 EMAG Technologies, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Electromagnetic Structures Jones, Dennis P.; Sabet, Kazem F.; Cheng, Jui-Ching; Katehi, Linda P. B.; Sarabandi, Kamal; Harvey, James F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 426-429; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents a novel optimization technique that combines classical and statistical methods in an innovative and efficient way. In speciﬁc, an evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA) has been developed that utilizes a local minimization scheme based on the method of conjugate directions. The proposed optimizer has been applied to the design of planar microwave circuits and printed antenna arrays. The advantages of the proposed technique are illustrated by ample numerical results. Author Genetic Algorithms; Physical Optics; Electromagnetism

20050169580 Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Lausanne, Switzerland PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of Miniaturisation Staub, Olivier; Zuercher, Jean-Francois; Skrivervik, Anja K.; Mosig, Juan R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 548-551; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources As mobile communication equipments become smaller and lighter, antennas must follow the trend. However, antenna size reduction is done at the expense of gain and bandwidth. This follows from the fact that an antenna is used to transform a free wave into a radiated wave. One understands easily that an antenna can perform this transformation only with a poor efficiency when its size is much smaller than the wavelength. If the loss of gain ca_ be, to some extent, compensated by ampliﬁcation, this is obviously not the case for the bandwidth. Derived from text Ampliﬁcation; Bandwidth; Antenna Design; Communication Equipment

20050169585 Deltec New Zealand Ltd., New Zealand Adjustable Multiﬁlar Helical Antenna with Reduced Frequency Scanning duToit, C. F.; Chadwick, P. E.; Butland, R. J.; Vaughan, R. G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 18-21; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources An adjustable ‘scanning mode’ multiﬁlar helical antenna with reduced frequency scanning is described. The antenna was designed for the Australian Mobile Satellite System. operating at about 1.6GHz. The design described here features a centre-fed arrangement, which is shown to substantially reduce frequency scanning in this type of antenna. A novel mechanical adjustment technique is also described, which allows the main beam of the antenna to be tilted. Author Adjusting; Frequency Scanning; Helical Antennas

20050169587 Georgian Technical Univ., Tbilisi, Georgia Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Plasma Jandieri, G. V.; Pirtskhlaishvili, N. G.; Gavrilenko, V. G.; Semerikov, A. A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 60-63; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Over the last years it was established that the absorption of electromagnetic waves in a turbulent plasma caused by particles collision leads as to the decrease of their amplitudes, as well as to the substantial distortion of an angular distribution of the scattered field. Particularly strongly it showed itself at waves propagation at great angle with respect to the external magnetic field. [1].The influence of the distance between located emitter and the boundary of a plane layer of the turbulent plasma, as well as the distance between an another boundary of plasma layer and the receiver on statistical characteristics of a multiple scattered radiation is analysed. Derived from text Electromagnetic Radiation; Magnetic Fields; Plasma Layers; Angular Distribution; Turbulence; Boundary Layers

20050169589 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Characterization and Design Methodology for the Dual Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna Greenberg, Marc C.; Virga, Kathleen; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 88-91; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

74 Tapered slot antennas are simple planar structures with broadband characteristics that are typically used in arrays for radar applications, mobile satellite communications, and phased arrays. Many groups have studied tapered slot antennas using approaches that are either dominantly theoretical in nature or approaches that are more experimental in nature. Most published work has been limited to the linearly tapered slot and Vivaldi antennas. Very little has been published on the dual exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA), originally referred to as a wide band bunny-ear element [1]. Presented here is a performance characterization for the DETSA. It has been found that careful design of the DETSA can give improved directivity and half power beamwidth (HPBW) performance over the Vivaldi. Also presented is a method for def’ming the DETSA dimensions in terms of ratios so design features of different DETSAs can be quantiﬁed and their performance compared. Derived from text Beams (Radiation); Slot Antennas; Planar Structures; Phased Arrays; Characterization; Broadband

20050169591 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA, USA Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual-Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Arrays Chio, Tanhuat; Schaubert, Daniel H.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 130-133; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) was introduced by Lewis et al [1] in 1974. Its potential of being wideband and widescan makes it a prime candidate for high performance phased arrays. Parameter studies performed on single-polarized TSA arrays [2], [3] indicate that such a high performance array may be possible. More recently,Wunsch [4] presented a full-wave Moment Method (MoM) analysis program that is capable of analyzing dual-polarized inﬁnite TSA arrays. The code has been extended here to include frequency interpolation [5] of the impedance matrix to reduce computation lime to an acceptable level so that a parameter study of dual-polarized TSA arrays can be performed. In this paper, the effects of the slotline cavity portion of the element is shown to have a signiﬁcant impact on the low frequency performance of a dual-polarized TSA array and to affect also the mid-band and high frequency performance. Derived from text Antenna Arrays; Method of Moments; Impedance; High Frequencies; Slot Antennas; Phased Arrays; Broadband

20050169593 Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Relative Accuracy of Several Low-Dispersion Finite-Difference Time-Domain Schemes Shlager, Kurt L.; Schneider, John B.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 168-171; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources For electrically large problems, the numerical dispersion inherent in the classical Yee ﬁnite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm can introduce signiﬁcant errors. Over the past ten years there have been several FDTD schemes published with the goal of reducing dispersion errors. In this paper, a comparison of the 2-D dispersion error of several of these low-dispersion schemes is made. The accuracy of each FDTD scheme is compared via direct evaluation of the dispersion relation governing the algorithm. (In addition, numerical experiments were performed to verify the derived dispersion relations.) The algorithms compared include Krumpholz and Katehi’s MRTD scheme, Hadi and Piket-May’s M24 scheme, Cole’s Non-Standard scheme, Forgy isotropic scheme, Nehrbass, Jetvic and Lee’s (NJL) reduced dispersion scheme, and Turkel’s Ty implicit scheme. The dispersion characteristics are typically derived by assuming a time harmonic plane-wave solution in an isotropic, homogeneous, linear, and lossless medium. The FDTD dispersion relation can be expressed in terms of the dispersion error per wavelength (lambda). This error is a function of the angle of propagation, the number of cells per wavelength, and the Courant number, which is given bys=cDelta t/delta. Because of space limitations, neither the FDTD algorithms nor their dispersion relations are presented here; instead, some ‘typical’ dispersion results are presented. All results are obtained assuming a uniform grid with spatial increments Delta z = Delta y = delta. Each scheme is evaluated at the Courant number which minimizes the dispersion for that algorithm at a resolution of 10 cells/lambda. Author Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Accuracy; Wave Dispersion; Wavelengths; Errors

20050169596 Nevada Univ., Reno, NV, USA Simpliﬁed Analysis of a Three Line Microstrip Coupler on Anisotropic Substrate Rawat, Banmati S.; Boiteau, V.; Chi, J.; LeBihan, Jean; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 222-225; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A three line microstrip coupler on anisotropic substrate has been analyzed by using empirical and semi-numerical relations for obtaining strip-, gap and fringe-capacitances of the system. From these capacitances the coupler mode

75 impedances, phase velocities and velocity equalization for various W/h and S/h values have been obtained. The results are within 5% of the ones obtained from vigorous numerical techniques. Author Microstrip Devices; Anisotropic Media; Substrates; Couplers

20050169600 Musashi Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by using Flanged Rectangular Waveguide Hirano, Makoto; Takahashi, Masaharu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 298-301; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Knowing the permittivity and permeability of materials is often needed when we design radar absorbers or radomes. Although resonator method and waveguide method are widely used for microwave measurement[1],they require to cut sample for fitting inner walls, take a lot of labor and it is difficult to have accurate measurements especially on higher frequencies because of occurrence of errors by the cause of gap between the wall and the sample. On the other hand, effective method of nondestructive measurement to determine the complex permittivity of dielectrics from the reflected wave by contacting the flanged rectangular waveguide to dielectric sheet have been investigated in recent years[2][3][4]. In these investigations, the exact solution of reflection coefficient has been obtained by means of the spectral domain analysis, and gives good agreement with experimental results[4]. Derived from text Permittivity; Permeability; Radomes; Radar Absorbers; Rectangular Waveguides; Reflectance; Reflected Waves; Waveguides; Dielectrics

20050169601 Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Waveguide Discontinuity Chen, R. S.; Yung, Edward K. N.; Xie, Z. M.; Han, Y. F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 310-313; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Dielectric-filled waveguides have important applications in many microwave devices, e.g., isolators and phase shiners. In these devices, there are always discontinuity for the constituent dielectrics in both shape and materials. Among them, the chiral medium is particularly receiving much interest because the chirality admittance provides one additional parameter that could make the practical designs more flexible. Traditionally, most of the investigations are based on the mode or field matching method with a particular class of geon_etries. Recently three-dimensional discontinuities in chiro-waveguides was first analysed in [1]. However, it has been recognized that for a method to be useful as a good design tool, it must be capable of efficiently handling three-dimensional discontinuities with general configurations. Among the available techniques, the finite-element method (FEM) has been considered to be simplest in formulation and most flexible in modelling arbitrary shaped, inhomogeneously dielectric-filled discontinuity. Derived from text Dielectric Waveguides; Electrical Impedance; Finite Element Method; Microwave Equipment; Chirality

20050169602 Ho Chi Minh City Univ., Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic Sector Do-Nhat, Tam; Alhargan, Fayez A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 318-321; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The theoretical methods of analysing the modes of waveguides of metallic wails were established and described in details in Marcuvitz’s handbook of waveguides [1]. However, the analysis of waveguides of sector with ﬁnite extended angle has not been received much attention. Alhargan and Judah [2] have recently analysed circular and annular sectors. Such shapes are required in the applications of power dividers and combiners. In this paper we shall investigate the modes of metallic waveguides of elliptic sector. Such analysis requires the formulation and computation of Mathieu wave functions ([3],[4]) of real order, that satisfy either the Dirichlet or the Neumann boundary conditions. Derived from text Waveguides; Modes; Wave Functions; Shapes

20050169608 Santander Univ., Cantabria, Santander, Spain A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Local Fading Statistics from Ray-Tracing Torres, R. P.; Loredo, S.; Domingo, M.; Valle, L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 412-415; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): CiCyT-TIC97-1129-C04-01; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

76 The application of the ray-tracing technique to site-speciﬁc radio propagation models has been widely used recently. This technique can provide relatively fast and accurate prediction of pico and microcell radio coverage and channel impulse response. However, some other parameters such as fast fading statistics can be of great interest when designing a mobile radio system. Here we present a new method, which uses a ray-tracing technique [1] to obtain the fast fading statistics starting from the Doppler power spectral density. The method appears to be more efficient and accurate that the methods used up till now. Author Fading; Ray Tracing; Radio Frequencies; Radio Transmission

20050169610 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, and Spherical Structures by Composite Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Mosallaei, H.; Rahmat-Samii, Y.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 438-441; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Radar cross section (RCS) reduction of a target using multilayered radar absorbing materials (RAM) has been an important consideration in radar systems. The properties of the RAM depend on the frequency and for wide-band absorption, a proper composite selection of these materials is necessary. This paper focuses on the design of a wide-band multilayered RAM coating for planar, cylindrical, and spherical conducting structures such that the RCS is reduced considerably. The method is based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique integrated with the modal solution of Maxwell’s equations in a multilayered geometry. It is shown that by a proper design of materials and their thickness, the RCS is reduced signiﬁcantly in a wide frequency bandwidth. Additionally, it is observed that the application of optimized coating for planar structure can reduce the RCS of a cylindrical or spherical structure efficiently. Derived from text Coatings; Composite Materials; Cylindrical Bodies; Genetic Algorithms; Planar Structures; Radar Cross Sections

20050169611 Ericsson Microwave Systems A.B., Moelndal, Sweden Simulated Annealing Optimization Applied to Antenna Arrays with Failed Elements Redvik, Jonatan; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 458-461; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Simulated annealing is applied to the synthesis of an array antenna when element failures occurs, by reoptimizing the remaining elements amplitude and phase distribution. The goal is to reduce peak side lobe level whim constraining the gain of the antenna. Author Simulated Annealing; Antenna Arrays; Sidelobes

20050169613 New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM, USA Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite-Element Scattering Calculations in Anisotropic Media on Parallel Computers Hennigan, Gary; Castillo, Steven; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 484-487; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Open-region scattering calculations for complex, electrically large scatterers remains a difficult modeling and simulation problem. The ﬁnite-element method (FEM) has been shown to be a viable approach to solving such problems. However, conventional methods on serial computers limit the size which can be tackled with the FEM. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of both a PML boundary condition along with a parallel solver for tackling large, complex problems containing scatterers which are inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Derived from text Anisotropic Media; Finite Element Method; Parallel Computers; Mathematical Models; Scattering; Electromagnetism

20050169614 Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Prediction of Radiated Perturbations from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Using a Hybrid FEM Procedure Nuno, L.; Balbastre, Juan V.; deosReyes, E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 500-503; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Electronic systems use electric currents in its normal work, but these currents will also be the orion of radiated perturbations that could affect the performance of neighbor systems. Thus, those circuits are enclosed in some kind of envelope or shield, in order to reduce the amplitude of the perturbations produced by them. Nevertheless, the external envelopes must sometimes be slotted, in order to connect the covered circuit to the exterior world (the expansion slots in PC’s are a very

77 common example). Unfortunately, these slots will radiate some electromagnetic perturbations, but an accurate design can keep them under critic values. As it will be shown below, traditional models based on aperture antennas can fail when some effects (like edge effects) are not negligible, so a numerical approach is needed. The problem of slotted screens has been studied in the past from the point of view of electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) using different numerical techniques. The authors presented a hybrid procedure based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Modal Analysis that was successfully applied to the study of EMS problems in slotted envelopes. In this work, that procedure has been adapted for solving the electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem. Derived from text Electric Current; Finite Element Method; Perturbation; Slots

20050169617 Spike Technologies, Nashua, NH, USA Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Communication Herscovici, Naftali; Dziadek, Ed; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 556-559; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The typical omnidirectional antenna used in the wireless communication industry is the grounded monopole. The grounded monopoles as well as other similar wire antennas are simple, and relatively inexpensive to manufacture. Their geometry though, is such that makes them protrusive and this is a real disadvantage in this industry, especially for indoor applications. Furthermore, the omnidirectional coverage might not be optimal for many situations, where asymmetrical patterns might be more appropriate. This paper proposes a number of non-protrusive antenna elements with an additional beneﬁt: beam shaping. Derived from text Antenna Components; Omnidirectional Antennas; Asymmetry; Monopoles

20050169619 Hosei Univ., Tokyo, Japan A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a Cavity Nakano, H.; Sugama, M.; Nakayama, K.; Yamauchi, J.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 586-589; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents a circular aperture antenna constructed using a triplate transmission line. The radiation characteristics are evaluated using the FDTD method [1]. It is found that a circular cavity backing the aperture increases the radiation efficiency. Derived from text Apertures; Dipole Antennas; Cavities; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Transmission Lines

20050169620 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA Modeling of Periodic Structures Using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Yu, Wenhua; Dey, Supriyo; Mittra, Raj; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 594-597; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Two-dimensional planar periodic structures find many applications in practice because of their spatial filtering characteristics. A periodic array of conducting patch or aperture elements is often referred to as a frequency selective surface (FSS), or a dichroic filter. Such arrays are frequently analyzed via the Method of Moments utilizing a periodic Green’s function [1,2]. This method, however, is typically restricted to handling thin screens embedded in homogeneous dielectric layers. For more complex elements, the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method [3] appears to be an effective tool because of its ability to handle arbitrarily-shaped and inhomogeneous structures. For a normally-incident plane wave, it is relatively simple to truncate the FDTD computational domain in the transverse planes by using simple periodic boundary conditions [4-8]. However, the phase-shift or delay type of boundary conditions, that are required for the oblique incidence case, are considerably more difficult to implement. We propose to obviate this difficulty by employing the FDTD in the context of a waveguide simulator approach. Derived from text Periodic Functions; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Planar Structures; Spatial Filtering; Green’s Functions; Dielectrics

78 20050169623 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Impedance Matrix Localization Michielssen, Eric; Shanker, Balasubramaniam; Han, Sang-Kyun; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 620-623; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0025; NSF ECS-95-02138; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The impedance matrix localization method (IML) developed by Canning [3] constitutes a different method for speeding up MOM matrix-vector multiplications. The IML is designed for objects that are smooth on the scale of the wavelength, and relies on a transformation that numerically sparsifies the MOM matrix. This is achieved by using basis functions that radiate strongly in preferred directions. In this paper, a hybrid IML-FMM technique is presented. The IML is used to sparsify the FMM far-field transformation matrices to further speed up the MOM matrix-vector multiplication. Although the proposed method does not decrease the rate of scaling of the computational cost, it does significantly reduce the actual cost associated with the solution of many practical 2D scattering problems. Furthermore, a windowed translation operator is also used, yielding an efficient O(N(sup 4/3)) FMM code for analyzing scattering from 2D perfect electrically conducting (PEC) surfaces. Derived from text Impedance; Transformations (Mathematics); Matrix Methods; Far Fields; Vectors (Mathematics); Scattering; Multipoles

20050169628 City Univ. of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Chair, Ricky; Luk, K. M.; Lee, K. F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 670-673; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Microstrip antennas have the attractive features of low proﬁle lightweight and can be made conformal to mounting structures. In the low microwave frequency range, however, their size may be too large for practical applications. Several techniques have been proposed to reduce the size of the conventional half-wave patch. One approach uses expensive and heavy high dielectric constant material [1]. Another approach uses either a shorting wall [2] or a shorting pin [3]. The shorting wall leads to the quarterwave patch while a shorting pin near the feed can reduce the size even further. However, in both cases, the cross polarization level are quite high. Recently, a small folded patch antenna has been proposed [4]. Although the cross-polarization is quite low, the bandwidth is only 2.03% and the height of the patch is too high. In this paper, a new small two-layer microstrip patch is proposed. Author Miniaturization; Cross Polarization; Microstrip Antennas; Patch Antennas; Permittivity; Bandwidth

20050169630 Vertex Communications Corp., Kilgore, TX, USA A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Patel, Sharad; Schwerdtfeger, Roland; Chugh, Raj; Webb, John; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 700-703; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Reflector antennas employing a single horn dual-band feed [1], such as S/X, or, C/Ku, normally do not use TE(sub 21)mode tracking. This paper describes the design and testing of a tri-band reflector antenna, which uses a single horn dual-band feed with two serially connected TE(sub 21) mode tracking couplers, and its feed subsystem. The reflector antenna is a 5.0 meter shaped cassegrain antenna operating in L, Ku and Ka bands. It is a receive only antenna with linear/circular switchable polarization and monopulse tracking in all three bands. Derived from text Linear Polarization; Reflector Antennas; Cassegrain Antennas; Circular Polarization; Directional Antennas; Horn Antennas

20050169631 Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research Organization, Epping, Australia Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Antennas for LEO Satellites Hay, S. G.; Bateman, D. G.; Bird, T. S.; Cooray, F. R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 708-711; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Preliminary design of simple antennas to give approximately uniform illumination of the earth from low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites in the 20/30 GHz band is outlined. Three designs are compared for a satellite with an altitude of 800-kin. As the satellite altitude decreases it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain the desired wide beamwidth using horn antennas and some improvement may be obtained using a small reﬂector. Author Satellite Antennas; Low Earth Orbits; Beams (Radiation); Microwave Antennas; Horn Antennas; Extremely High Frequencies

79 20050169632 Centurion International, Inc., NE, USA A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top-Loaded Retractable Antenna Simmons, K. D.; Winter, B.; Stoiljkovic, V.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 2-5; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents a new type of top-loaded retractable antenna for mobile phone applications. The antenna consists of a straight radiating element toploaded with a helical radiating element. The antennatop-loading reduces antenna physical length without decreasing its electrical length. In this way, although physically shorter, the antenna still produces low SAR values. A novel matching circuit with two contacts is placed within a mobile phone. One contact provides matching of the high input impedance of the antenna in extended position, while the lower input impedance of the antenna in retracted position is matched using the second contact. A detailed explanation of the matching circuit operation is given in the paper. The input impedance bandwidth (VSWR 2:1) of around 200 MHz, covering both AMPS and GSM frequency bands is achieved. A special attention is paid to reducing the antenna weight. A careful choice of materials used in the antenna fabrication and the development of appropriate production techniques enable a light antenna with the weight of about 1.5 g to be manufactured. Derived from text Retractable Equipment; Antenna Components; Bandwidth; Standing Wave Ratios; Weight Reduction

20050169633 National Defence Academy, Yokosuka, Japan A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for Handsets Furuuchi, Hiroki; Morishita, Hisabi; Ide, Harushige; Tanaka, Zengo; Fujimoto, Jyohei; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 6-9; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The essential concept in designing antenna system for the handset is that the antennas should (1) be small size and light weight, (2) be low proﬁle or built-in type, (3) have magnetic current as the radiation source in parallel to the ground plane on which the antenna element is placed, and (4) have balanced terminals and be fed by a balanced line. The two factors (3) and (4) are particularly considered here. The signiﬁcance of the use of magnetic current in parallel to the ground plane is the effective use of its image. So far the planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) has been used in many handsets, as it matches the needs (1), (2) and (3), mentioned above [1]. However, in practical use, some gain degradation has been observed when an operator holds the handset. This is caused by the variation in the current distributions on the ground plane, which is produced by the excitation of the PIFA element. By being excited by the PIFA, the ground plane actually acts as a part of the antennas and contributes to improvement of the antenna performance, particularly when the antenna element is very small. It should be noticed that the currents on the ground plane increase antennas system gain, but instead the gain decreases when the currents are varied by the body effect sometimes seriously. Derived from text Antenna Components; Current Distribution; Radiation Sources; Loop Antennas; Antenna Design

20050169634 Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan Radiation efficiency of small loop antennas for pager Sasaki, Makoto; Chen, Qiang; Sawaya, Kunio; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 10-13; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources It is well known that the radiation efficiency of small loop antenna used for pager is very low since the size of the antenna is much smaller than the wavelength. The low efficiency is considered to be caused by the conducting loss of the antenna conductor. However, any accurate analysis has not been performed to show the mechanism of the low efficiency of the small loop antenna for pager. In this report, numerical results of the moment method analysis of small loop antenna with a ground plane and a matching circuit involving condensers are presented and the dielectric loss of the condensers as well as the conducting loss of the antenna and the feeding circuit are shown. Experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the improvement of the efficiency. Derived from text Loop Antennas; Dielectric Loss; Method of Moments; Conductors

20050169638 University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Controllable Radiation Pattern Popov, Alexandre; Fujimoto, Kyobei; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 30-33; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

80 An integrated multi-mode hemisphere DRA with controllable permittivity or permeability is proposed and its radiation patterns is analyzed variation in these parameters. The higher order mode excitation of DRA is considered, so that the control of directional patterns can flexibly be achieved. The analysis is conducted in the receiving mode when the DRA is placed on the infinite ground plane. The electromagnetic fields inside the hemisphere DRA excited by an incident plane wave are calculated using the rigorous solution of the corresponding boundary value problem. It is shown the possibility of controlling the DRA’s radiation pattern with variation of its permittivity/permeability. The results can be applied in design of antenna systems, which are capable of pattern control, pattern synthesis, beamforming and so forth. Author Antenna Design; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Beamforming; Electromagnetic Fields; Multimode Resonators; Permittivity; Dielectrics

20050169639 California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Wireless Applications Cheung, Chun-Tung; Liu, Cheh-Ming; Sung, Po-An; Rutledge, David B.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 38-41; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A new modiﬁed gamma-matched dielectric-loaded antenna suitable for terrestrial cellular applications is presented. A lumped-element equivalent circuit model is developed based on the electrical contribution of different elements of the antenna. Measured, simulated and equivalent circuit model predicted return loss are compared to test the validity of our equivalent circuit model. Author Dielectrics; Equivalent Circuits; Losses

20050169641 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Observations of MMW Backscatter from Snow Near Grazing Incidence DeRoo, Roger D.; Du, Yang; Ulaby, Fawwaz T.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 44-47; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In the Winter of 1998 and 1999 the University of Michigan made numerous polarimetric backscatter measurements of snow at 35 and 95 GHz at depression angles between 2deg and 14deg. This is the first known measurement of the backscatter from snow at these frequencies and angles that are accompanied by extensive ground truth, including snow depth, air temperature, snow wetness and snow wet density. Measurement techniques for both the radar data and ground truth are described. Comparisons between the observations and ground truth are presented and correlated with our expectations for backscatter from snow derived from previous measurements of snow at higher angles of depression. For example, dry snow at 95 GHz exhibits sufficient extinction that the material underlying the snow is not observed with as little as 4 cm of snow cover. Comparison of diurnal measurements of the backscatter to simultaneous measurements of snow wetness 2 cm down into the snow pack show very strong hysteresis, indicating the sensitivity of the W-band radar to moisture is confined to a region very close to the top of the snow pack. Author Backscattering; Snow Cover; Moisture Content; Ground Truth; Diurnal Variations; Confinement; Polarimetry

20050169644 Nizhni Novgorod Univ., Nizhni Novgorod, Russia Angular Characteristics of Electromagnetic Wave Multiple Scattered in the Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized Plasma Gavrilenko, V. G.; Aistov, A. V.; Jandieri, G. V.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 56-59; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Great attention in many practical applications is given to the analysis of statistical characteristics of small amplitude electromagnetic waves passing through the turbulent plasma as in natural as well as under laboratory conditions. Collisions between plasma particles leads to the strong absorption of electromagnetic waves in many cases [1]. Meantime it is revealed that strong absorption exert great inﬂuence on the statistical characteristics of the waves in a chaotically inhomogeneous media and in the fn’st place on the angular distribution of power of scattered waves. In recent publications there were found that in asymmetric problem the inﬂuence mentioned above becomes more essential [2,3]. Evolution of wave statistical characteristics in the magnetized-collisional turbulent plasma is investigated by means of calculation of wave intensity angular moments on

81 the basis of the radiation transfer equation in this paper. This approach allows us to describe great enough distortions of an angular spectrum caused both by multiple scattering and absorption. Derived from text Electromagnetic Radiation; Turbulence; Radiative Transfer; Scattering; Angular Distribution

20050169647 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany Toward the Synthesis of an Artiﬁcial Magnetic Medium vHagen, J.; Werner, T. P.; Mittra, T. R.; Werner, T. D. H.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 430-433; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The backscattering properties of a special closed loop folded dipole congigurationGAMMA called a hairpinGAMMA have been investigated in this paper. It was found that these hairpins possess the highly desirable backscattering property where the phase angle remains relatively small (i.e.GAMMA close to zero) over a wide frequency range. This behavior has been interpreted in the context of a mu-material which has an effective mu(sub r) greater than 1. Such artiﬁcial magnetic materials could be combined with dielectrics for potential use in creating low-backscatter coatings at radar frequencies. FinallyGAMMA it was also demonstrated in this paper how a GA can be used to determine the optimal hairpin inclusion geometry. Derived from text Backscattering; Dielectrics; Magnetic Materials; Genetic Algorithms

20050169650 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main Beam Mahmoud, M. S.; Lee, T. H.; Burnside, W. D.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 96-99; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Slotted/Bow-tie Hybrid antenna (SBH) has been developed and widely produced by the Ohio State University- ElectroScience Lab for many years. As an ultra wide-band horn, the SBH antenna maintains a very stable pattern with frequency. This makes the SBH very useful for different applications. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the geometrical parameters of the SBH antenna affect its beam shape. Thus advantages can be enjoyed by obtaining SBH patterns that are able to do more than what regular ones can do. Derived from text Horn Antennas; Broadband; Frequencies

20050169651 Perugia Univ., Perugia, Italy Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)-FDTD Method Cryan, M.; Helbing, S.; Alimenti, F.; Mezzanotte, P.; Roselli, L.; Sorrentino, R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 100-103; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): EC-ERBFMRX-CT9-600050; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The millimetre and sub-millimetre wave frequency ranges are becoming widely used in a number of communications, radar and remote sensing applications [1]. In these frequency ranges the use of guiding structures can be quite inefficient and single high power sources are difficult to produce. One possible solution to these problems is the use of quasi-optical circuits [1]. One of the problems of quasi-optical circuits is the difficulty of their design. This arises from the fact that they often have many active devices embedded in radiating structures and hence pose great problems for conventional circuit simulators. Quasi-optical circuits thus require a global simulation tool that can simulate all parts of the circuit, including active, passive and radiating elements. A promising method is the Lumped Element Finite Difference Time Domain [LF-FDTD)method [2], [3]. This approach allows for the incorporation of lumped element models including passive, active and non-linear devices directly into the traditional FDTD grid structure [4], [5]. The method is used in this paper to investigate the analysis and design of quasi-optical multipliers using diodes mounted in slot antennas. The conventional approach to slot multiplier design is to place the diode centrally in the slot, however, using LE-FDTD the diode can be offset in the slot to add an extra degree of freedom to the design process. It is felt that by placing the diode towards the end of the slot, in the low impedance region of the slot, improvements in performance may be possible. Derived from text Millimeter Waves; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Degrees of Freedom; Frequency Ranges; Multipliers; Remote Sensing; Impedance

82 20050169654 AMANT-Antennas, Reno, NV, USA A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip Antenna for Portable GPS/Cellular Phones Sanad, Mohamed; Hassan, Noha; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 116-119; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Conventional GPS receivers were usually fixed and only used in free space. Therefore, their antennas were required to be right-hand circularly polarized with a hemispherical coverage. The extension of the use of global positioning systems (GPS) with cellular phones, has introduced new antenna requirements, which are more challenging. Antennas for portable GPS/cellular phones are required to be small in size and light in weight. Furthermore, portable GPS/cellular phones are usually used in urban areas and probably inside buildings or vehicles. Thus, they suffer from multipath reflections, which result in rotation of polarization. Therefore, their antennas have to be sensitive to two perpendicular polarized waves rather than being vertically or right-hand circularly polarized. Moreover, portable GPS/cellular phones are randomly orientated by their operators. Hence, their radiation patterns should be quasi-isotropic. However, GPS/cellular phones always operate while they are hand-held beside the human head. Thus, their antennas are required to fulfill such requirements beside the human body as well as in free space. Furthermore, the effect of the human body on the antenna and also the effect of the antenna on the human body should be as small as possible. Derived from text Microstrip Antennas; Global Positioning System; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Multipath Transmission

20050169655 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity-Backed Slot Array Lu, M.; Michielssen, E.; Mayes, P.; Ingerson, P.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 124-127; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The log-periodic cavity-backed slot array (LPCBSA) is a wideband antenna that exhibits several attractive characteristics [1]: (i) its planar structure allows it to be flush mounted on a vehicle and (ii) it is relatively easy to feed the antenna through integration with a planar circuit. This paper proposes a dual mode LPCBSA (DM-LPCBSA) which constitutes a variation on the LPCBSA that enables monopulse direction finding while maintaining the above advantages of the LPCBSA. The basic idea underlying the DM-LPCBSA is similar to that for the dual mode log-periodic dipole array proposed in [2]: two LPCBSAs are combined together into a superstructure that can operate in sum and different modes. This DM-LPCBSA antenna is highly suitable for wide-band target identification purposes. Derived from text Planar Structures; Circuits; Direction Finding; Broadband; Slots

20050169656 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Kimura, Yuichi; Hirokawa, Jiro; Ando, Makoto; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 142-145; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources High-gain and mass-producible planar antennas are strongly demanded for millimeter-wave applications such as high-speed wireless LAN, automotive collision avoidance radar and subscriber radio link systems such as LMDS Single-layer slotted waveguide arrays [1] is a leading candidate for these purposes because the transmission loss of hollow waveguides is quite small even in millimeter-wave frequency in comparison with other planar lines like microstrip or triplate line. Figure 1 presents the structure of an alternating-phase single-layer slotted waveguide array, where all the radiating waveguides are excited in the same amplitude but with opposite phase between the adjacent waveguides by T-junctions. This antenna is suitable for mass-production because it consists of a slot-plate and a groove feed structure. Electrical contact between the slot-plate and the groove feed structure except the periphery of the antenna can be omitted. The authors have already confirmed this principle experimentally [2]. This paper estimates the change in a guided wavelength of the co- and alternating-phase single-layer waveguides due to a small gap between the slot-plate and the narrow walls on the groove feed structure, in order to show how tolerate the latter is against the gap. This paper also confirms a high-gain performance of 35.5dBi with 67% efficiency of the alternating-phase fed array at 25GHz band experimentally, with the new design of a tilted main beam in the backfire direction. The design is used by a slot analysis including the mutual coupling effects. Derived from text Millimeter Waves; Microstrip Transmission Lines; High Gain; Slots; Frequencies

83 20050169657 Allgon System A.B., Taby, Sweden Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylindrical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Patch Elements Lindmark, Bjoern; Slattman, Peter; Ahlfeldt, Anders; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 442-445; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The use of genetic algorithms (GA) in the optimization of antenna designs have received much attention in recent years. Frequently cited advantages of genetic algorithms compared to deterministic optimization methods include ease of implementation, low risk of converging to local minima, and the ability to search a large portion of the solution space simultaneously. Another fundamental advantage is the possibility to optimize non-differentiable functions on discrete solution spaces, such as a set of discrete material parameters. The majority of the antenna related work on GA has dealt with array pattern synthesis, thin wire antennas and FSS/absorber design. The application of GA to reflector design has received little or no attention. In this paper we investigate the application of GA to the design of a cylindrical reflector for an aperture coupled patch element. Our goal is a certain radiation pattern defined for both polarizations. The element and the reflector together form a sector antenna. The design of such antennas is of considerable interest since sector antennas with a half-power azimuth beamwidth in the range of 30 deg. -120 deg. constitute the majority of the base station antennas used in mobile communication systems today. Since base station antennas normally consist of linear arrays in order to focus the radiation to the horizontal plane, we will only regard the azimuth pattern in this paper. Recent years have seen a growing interest in polarization diversity and we will focus on the design of dual plus or minus 45 degrees polarized antennas. The key aspect of such antennas for good diversity performance has been shown to be equal response to vertical and horizontal field components, i.e. similar radiation patterns in the two polarizations. Derived from text Apertures; Cylindrical Bodies; Genetic Algorithms; Reflectors; Antenna Design

20050169658 Lockheed Martin Corp., Newtown, PA, USA Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Square Waveguide Phased Array Element Purdy, Daniel S.; Stutzman, Waren L.; Swinford, H. Wade; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 138-141; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents work on extending the bandwidth of a square waveguide by exploiting the symmetry properties of the modes. The approach is to place dielectric loading inside the square waveguide to separate the cutoff frequencies of the TE(sub l0) and TE(sub 20) modes. The TE(sub 11) and TM(sub 11) modes are suppressed using mode ﬁlters. This novel approach referred to as the crossed septum dielectric loaded waveguide (CSW) extends the usable bandwidth of a square waveguide from 1.414:1 to 2.2:1. The resulting structure is a candidate radiating element for a high power, dual polarized phased array that offers graceful degradation over this extended frequency range. Author Bandwidth; Frequency Ranges; Phased Arrays; Waveguides; Augmentation; Dielectrics

20050169660 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA RCS Interpolation in Frequency and Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extraction Wang, Yuanxun; Ling, Hao; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 450-453; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0025; N00014-98-1-0178; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recently, a number of iterative solvers based on fast algorithms have emerged in computational electromagnetics. These solvers have much higher computational efficiency than traditional approaches. However, for wide-band, wide-angle RCS calculations, the solver has to be executed repeatedly for each angle or frequency, which results in large computational expenses. A number of interpolation and extrapolation approaches have been developed to generate the RCS curve with as sparse a data sampling as possible. In this paper, we address the interpolation problem in frequency and angle using a model-based approach. Our approach is the adaptive feature extraction (AFE) algorithm. It has been used recently by us to eliminate the aliasing effect and construct ISAR image from unevenly undersampled measurement data. Unlike standard interpolation algorithms which suffers from the Nyquist sampling limitation, AFE can overcome the Nyquist sampling criterion by using uneven sampling. The essential idea of the adaptive algorithm is to search and extract out individual scattering features one at a time in an iterative fashion. When applied to the present problem, the interference between different scattering features can be avoided. After all the main features are extracted, the current and the RCS on a denser grid of sampling can be interpolated by summing the contributions from all the extracted scattering features. The AFE algorithm is

84 tested using numerical examples for both 1-D frequency interpolation and 2-D frequency-aspect interpolation. Derived from text Algorithms; Computational Electromagnetics; Frequencies; Interpolation; Pattern Recognition; Radar Cross Sections

20050169661 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA Frequency Extrapolation and Model-Based Parameterization of Antenna-Platform Radiation from CEM Data Su, Tao; Wang, Yuan-Xun; Ling, Hao; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 446-449; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-98-1-0178; F49620-96-1-0025; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The numerical characterization of antenna radiation in the presence of a large, complex platform is usually very time consuming. The problem is further compounded when the radiation pattern is desired over a broad frequency band. In this paper, we present a frequency extrapolation technique for the antenna radiation problem to obtain the radiated field over a wide band of frequencies from a limited set of frequency calculations. Our approach is similar to our previous work on radar signature extrapolation. Given a CAD model of the platform, the induced current on the surface is first computed using a computational electromagnetics (CEM) simulator at a set of low frequencies. A time-of-arrival model is then applied to each current element and the superresolution algorithm ESPRIT is used to calculate the model coefficients. The frequency response of the current is extrapolated based on this model and the radiated field is obtained over a wide band of frequencies. The CEM simulator used in our work is the multi-level fast multipole solver FISC. As a follow-up to the frequency extrapolation algorithm, we also set out to extract a sparse point-radiator model of the antenna radiation pattern in the presence of the platform. We assume the total radiation over some extended frequency and aspect window can be approximated by the radiation from a set of radiation centers. The location and amplitude of the radiation centers are determined by using a matching pursuit algorithm. To speed up the parameterization time, we estimate the location of the radiation centers by utilizing a Fourier-based ASAR (Antenna Synthetic Aperture Radar) algorithm we have developed previously. The resulting sparse point-radiation center model can be used for real-time reconstruction of complex radiation patterns. In addition, it can be used to pinpoint cause-and-effect in antenna-platform interaction. Derived from text Antenna Radiation Patterns; Computational Electromagnetics; Extrapolation; Frequency Response; Parameterization; Mathematical Models

20050169662 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Smyrna, GA, USA Determination of Surface Currents by Back Propagation of Field Measurements Harms, Paul H.; Maloney, James G.; Kesler, Morris P.; Kuster, Eric J.; Blalock, Stephen P.; Smith, Glenn S.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 454-457; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-97-1-0209; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Knowledge of surface currents is useful for evaluating antenna performance and tailoring scattering characteristics of objects. For surfaces where these currents cannot be easily calculated, it is useful to have a technique for surface current measurement that doesn’t require modification of the object. Last year, we described a measurement system for this purpose and simulated its performance using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In this system, the magnetic field is measured on a planar surface a distance s in front of the object supporting the currents. These measurements are back propagated using a plane wave spectrum approach to obtain an estimate of the current. Parametric studies were performed to determine the effects of spacing s, sampling density, scan area, probe size, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) on the performance of the system. Only preliminary measurements were available at that time. Since then, more extensive measurements have been performed using an improved probe design, namely, a shielded loop with two feed points. This paper presents the results of the new measurements as well as details of a novel, local backpropagation approach. Derived from text Backpropagation (Artificial Intelligence); Plane Waves; Antenna Design; Electric Current

20050169665 Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, TN, USA Modeling Staircased Wires using the FDTD Method Montoya, Thomas P.; Smith, Glenn S.; Maloney, James G.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 180-183; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAH04-93-G-0027; DAAH04-96-1-0161; DAAH04-94-G-0144; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The question as to how to use the FDTD method to model staircased cylindrical wires (or right angle bends) arose during

85 the development of a FDTD model for a Vee dipole antenna [1]. When the arms of the dipole were modeled using a staircase of electric ﬁeld components set to zero, the signal propagated along the arms at a velocity slower than the velocity of light. Further study determined that this staircase, meant to model a straight wire passing at an oblique angle through the FDTD grid, actually modeled a wire bent in a fashion similar to the staircase. Derived from text Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Wire; Electric Fields; Models; Dipole Antennas

20050169673 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Filters Nguyen, Cam; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 206-209; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources We present two novel spurline band-pass filters employing two and three parallel-coupled microstrip lines along with the approximate design equations. These filters exhibited insertion losses of less than 1 and 1.3 dB and return losses of more than 20 and 15 dB in the pass bands centered near 5 GHz. We obtained a good agreement between the measured and calculated performances. These filters behave similarly to the conventional open-circuited shunt-stub band-pass filters, but are smaller and have less radiation, dispersion, and sensitivity to the adjacent objects. Derived from text Bandpass Filters; Microstrip Transmission Lines; Radiation Effects; Insertion Loss; Circuits

20050169679 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Basis Functions in a Waveguide Cross Slot Hirano, Takuichi; Hirokawa, Jiro; Ando, Makoto; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 468-471; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A waveguide cross slot is an antenna to radiate a circularly polarized wave. We propose to use vector eigenmode functions for a waveguide with X-shaped cross section as unknown current basis functions in an analysis for the cross slot using the method of moments. We can understand the radiation mechanism of a circularly polarized wave in the cross slot from the mode excitation coefficients and accurately include the effect of the wall thickness, which cannot be neglected for millimeter-waves especially. In this paper, we calculate the vector eigenmode functions by using Edge-Based FEM. The amplitude and the orientation can be obtained without any numerical differentiations which are needed in the analysis with Node-Based FEM. We applied the vector eigenmode functions as the basis functions in the method of moments straightforwardly. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Method of Moments; Slots; Rectangular Waveguides; Cross Sections

20050169680 Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two-Dimensional Equations for Planar Circuits Tugulea, A.; Ciric, I. R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 226-229; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Analysis of attenuation and dispersion along transmission lines is important particularly at high frequencies. In the case of microstrip lines the wave attenuation is caused by the conductor loss, the substrate loss, and the radiation loss. The conductor loss is due to the finite conductivity of the strip material and is related to the skin depth of the conductor. As well, the current density near the edges of the microstrip is much higher and this also contributes to the wave attenuation. In the conductor loss calculations are based on the incremental inductance rule. The change in strip inductance due to the skin depth is used in this method for calculating the series resistance in the microstrip model, necessary for the evaluation of the attenuation constant. In this paper, we present a model for lossy microstrip lines based on the quasi-stationary field theory of the microwave planar structures. The first order two-dimensional equations derived from this theory can be written for time-harmonic fields in the form. Author (revised) Microstrip Transmission Lines; Lossy Media; Attenuation; Planar Structures; Circuits

20050169681 Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive Microwaves Circuits Rubio, J.; Garcia, J.; Zapata, J.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 480-483; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

86 When FEM is used for studying 3-D problems, a large number of unknowns are involved, requiting large amounts of CPU time and memory for solving the system of equations. The application of techniques based on the segmentation concept has the advantage of reducing a complex problem into several easier problems. The segmentation technique can be implemented connecting the multimode and multiport matrices of the regions in which the global problem is divided. Basically, the multimode matrix of a multiport circuit can be obtained as a Generalized Admittance Matrix (GAM) or its dual a Generalized Impedance Matrix (GIM), or as a Generalized Scattering Matrix (GSM). Several attempts have bedn made for computing these matrices. An integral expression that extends to the volume of the circuit is proposed for the calculation of each of the coefficients of the GAM is presented. A formulation that yields the GSM by means of a matrix inversion that depends on the number of the modes is given. In this paper, it is introduced a method of analysis of passive microwave circuits based on 3-D FEM and the segmentation technique. Each one of the regions in which a global problem is divided is studied by using a formulation that leads to a system of equations with a symmetric sparse matrix which is independent of the number of modes used. Because of this, it is possible to increase or decrease this number at a negligible computational cost and to obtain efficiently the GAM from the resolution of a lower triangnlar system, without the need to calculate the ﬁeld distribution in an intermediate step. The regions are minimized by using the segmentation teeimique and including sections ofwavegnide analytically, since their GAM or GSM are known. The connection of the regions is achieved by linking GAMs, or GSMs obtained from the GAMs. In order to increase the capability of segmentation, cylindrical ports couneeted by means of radial waveguides are included. The work has been also extended to inhomogeneous ports by using 2-D FEM to calculate numerical modes, but in this case, the efficiency decreases. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Microwave Circuits; Three Dimensional Models; Wave Equations

20050169687 Commerce Dept., Boulder, CO, USA Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Holloway, Christopher L.; Kuester, Edward F.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 506-509; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper, we present an expression for an effective boundary condition for a rough periodic surface with a thin cover layer. This boundary condition was derived from an asymptotic technique known as homogenization. It is shown that the coefficients in this effective boundary condition can be interpreted as electric and magnetic polarizability densities. We apply this boundary condition to calculate the reflection coefficient of H- and E-polarized plane waves incident on a rough perfectly conducting surface. The reflection coefficients obtained here are compared to results in the literature, which demonstrate the accuracy of the effective boundary condition. We also specialize our result to obtain an effective boundary condition for a flat perfectly conducting plane with a thin cover layer. Author Boundary Conditions; Surface Roughness; Electromagnetism

20050169693 North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA Electromagnetic Modeling of a Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transition Module for Application to Spatial Power Combining Systems Yakovlev, A. B.; Khalil, A. I.; Hicks, C. W.; Steer, M. B.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 286-289; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAG55-97-K-0132; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A method of moments integral equation formulation is proposed for the full-wave analysis of an arbitrarily shaped waveguide-based strip-to-slot transition module for application to spatial power combining systems. A Generalized Scattering Matrix (GSM) of the transition is obtained as an individual GSM in the cascading algorithm for a composite GSM of power combining systems. The proposed approach can be efficiently used in modeling electrically thin substrates rather than individual GSM cascading of individual electric and/or magnetic layers. Author Waveguides; Method of Moments; Integral Equations; S Matrix Theory; Slots

20050169694 North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA Mode Transformation and Mode Continuation Regimes on Guided-Wave Structures Yakovlev, Alexander B.; Hanson, George W.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 294-297; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

87 Modal interaction phenomena on guided-wave structures are investigated using the theory of critical and singular points. It is demonstrated that two distinct regimes of modal behavior exist in the vicinity of the mode coupling region, which arise due to the presence of frequency-plane branch points of the dispersion function. These branch point singularities are intimately associated with the Morse point, which is a regular point of the dispersion function. It is further noted that which of the two regimes governs modal behavior depends on the path of frequency variation, or on the presence of loss for time-haxmonic problems. Author Wave Interaction; Waveguides; Coupled Modes; Singularity (Mathematics); Critical Point

20050169695 Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Proﬁle Amari, Smain; Vahldieck, Ruediger; Bornemann, Jens; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 290-293; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Corrugated circular waveguides can be found in antenna feeds where a high degree of symmetry in the radiation pattern or a very low crosspolarization is required [1]. Dual-depth corrugated waveguides have also been used when the feed is operated at two separate frequency bands [2]. In order to reduces losses and breakdown in high power microwave applications, the corrugation proﬁle is continuous [3] rather than involving step discontinuities. A state-variable approach was used by Bromborsky and Ruth to determine the propagation constants of TM0(,) modes in a sinusoidally corrugated circular waveguide [3]. This approach, however, requires basis functions which are both continuous and differentiable at least once over the period of the structure. Its applicability to multiple abrupt discontinuities has not been demonstrated. On the other hand, the expansion in space harmonics as described in [1], is extremely complicated when the unit cell contains more than one depth [2]. In addition to leading to complex matrices, it requires solving a non-linear determinant equation for the propagation constants. The disadvantage of a determinant formulation of periodic structures are well described by Davies [4]. Derived from text Corrugated Waveguides; Propagation Modes; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Circular Waveguides

20050169696 Universidad de Navarra, Pamploma, Navarra, Spain Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Techniques Teniente, Jorge; Gonzalo, Ramon; Sorolla, Mario; delRio, Carlos; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 302-305; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A new and efficient design of a rectangular corrugated waveguide mode converter, from TE(sub l0) mode in a smooth rectangular monomode waveguide to HE(sub 11) mode in a corrugated rectangular waveguide, is proposed. The main idea is the applica6on of Gaussian design techniques, described in the given references, previously applied in circular waveguides. By using these techniques compact and very efficient components are obtained. The obtained far field pattern is rather good as illuminator of square or rectangular parabolic reflectors, with very low sidelobes and crosspolarisation levels, avoiding the use ofa rectangular to circular waveguide converter. Simulations by using the HP’s Finite Element code HFSS shown very promising results. Author Circular Waveguides; Corrugated Waveguides; Rectangular Waveguides; Parabolic Reflectors; Far Fields

20050169697 Yonsei Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Transmission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Thickness Hong, Ic-Pyo; Yoon, Nam-Il; Park, Han-Kyu; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 314-317; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper describes the quasi-static analysis of planar transmission lines with arbitrary electrode thickness. A slightly modiﬁed mode-matching method, simple and fast approach to the quasi-static analysis, has been used to analyze the planar transmission lines with arbitrary electrode thickness and is validated through comparison with those from available other’s results. The results show that the ﬁeld patterns of planar transmission lines with arbitrary electrode thickness can be exactly predicted and quasi-static parameters can be obtained as a function of the ratio of electrode thickness. Author Electrodes; Transmission Lines; Planar Structures; Thickness; Finite Element Method; Design Analysis; Integrated Circuits

88 20050169699 Observatoire de Paris, France A Gabor Frame Based Method of Moments for Printed Antennas Analysis Lugara, D.; Letrou, C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 332-335; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources An exact discretization procedure based on flame theory is presented and applied to integral equations resolution through a Method of Moments. The use of a Gaussian window function as basis element for the flame expansion allows for the representation of radiated fields as a superposition of shifted and rotated Gaussian beams. Numerical results are presented for a slot antenna at the interface between two dielectric half-spaces. Author Integral Equations; Slot Antennas; Dielectrics; Method of Moments

20050169709 Santander Univ., Cantabria, Santander, Spain An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for Enclosed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Algorithm Torres, R. P.; Valle, L.; Domingo, M.; Loredo, S.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 416-419; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): CICYT Proj. TIC97-1129-C04-01; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A new and efficient ray-tracing method based on the combination of the Image Theory and the Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) algorithm is presented. The efficiency of the method allows a full three-dimensional implementation of the Geometrical Optics and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (GO/UTD). The main feature of the method is the possibility of analyzing the radio channel in general enclosed spaces, including indoor, outdoor and mixed indoor/urban environments. This approach can be used for developing efficient engineering tools for the analysis of radio channel in wireless and mobile communications systems. Several results that show the accuracy and efficiency of the method are presented. Author Algorithms; Ray Tracing; Geometrical Optics; Mobile Communication Systems; Radio Frequencies; Diffraction

20050169712 City Univ. of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Parallel Implementation of the Sparse-Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Problems) on a Beowulf System Li, S. Q.; Chan, C. H.; Tsang, L.; Li, Q.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 522-525; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): RGCHK-9040372; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources With the advent of modern computers and development of efficient algorithms, Monte-Carlo simulations of two- dimensional random rough surfaces are now feasible. The most commonly used numerical method is the integral equation approach that results in an iterative solution to a matrix equation of a large order. Major efforts have been invested on speeding up the matrix-vector multiplication of the iterative solution. Over the years, we have systematically developed the sparse-matrix canonical grid method (SMCG) for analyzing 2D random rough surfaces. The same method has also been extended to treat densely packed microstrip interconnects. The key to the success of SMCG is that the majority portion of the matrix-vector multiplication can be computed efficiently using the fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT). This is achieved through a Taylor series expansion of the Green’s function. More recently, a physic-based two-grid method (PBTG) is developed to treat lossy dielectric rough surfaces with high permittivity. Approaching the random surface from the upper air region, a coarse sampling of 8 to 10 points per linear wavelength is sufficient. In contrast, a dense sampling of 16 to higher number of sample points is necessary when approaching the surface from the lower lossy medium with high permittivity. The advantage of PBTG is that it has the same accuracy as a single dense sampling and yet has the CPU time comparable to that of a single coarse sampling. The PBTG method in conjunction with the SMCG has been successfully implemented to study scattering by one-dimensional lossy dielectric rough surfaces with high permittivity. To extend the combined PBTG-SMCG method to two-dimensional surfaces, the number of unknowns increases rapidly, as there are six unknowns associated with each surface sampling points. We then turn our attention to implement the combined PBTG-SMCG on a cost-effective parallel-computing platform, namely, the Beowulf system. Derived from text Dielectrics; Parallel Processing (Computers); Surface Roughness; Two Dimensional Models; Computational Grids

89 20050169715 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Field Integral Equation Pertinent to Rough Surface Scattering El-Shenawee, M.; Jandhyala, V.; Michielssen, E.; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 534-537; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM) is an integral equation based technique aimed to accelerate the iterative solution of the method of moments (MOM) equations for large scale quasi-planar structures. The method constitutes a hybridization of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) [1] and the steepest descent path (SDP) method. The SDFMM has been successfully used to analyze scattering from three-dimensional quasi-planar structures [2]. Both the memory requirements and the computational cost of the SDFMM are of O(N) as opposed to O(N(sup 2)) for the conventional MOM technique using an iterative solver. Derived from text Steepest Descent Method; Method of Moments; Planar Structures; Iterative Solution; Integral Equations; Multipoles

20050169716 City Univ. of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Kong Chan, C. H.; Murch, R. D.; Luk, K. M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 552-555; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Since its introduction to Hang Kong in 1987, mobile communications has become an integral part of the daily life of the Hong Kong people. Today, there are over 2.6 million mobile phones roaming in the cosmopolitan city of 6.8 million inhabitants, one of the highest rates of penetration in the world. About a quarter of these mobile phones are PCS whose share of the market is rapidly increasing. To provide reliable services to choosey users in Hung Kong, most of the PCS vendors imported turn key systems. In the ﬁscal year of 1997, Hong Kong imported US$ 7.741 billion of telecommunications equipment while only exported a meager US$341 million. The topography in Hong Kong is very unfriendly to mobile communications due to tall buildings, narrow streets, the busy harbor, the mountainous terrain and the scattered islands. Modiﬁcations to the imported systems are sometimes unavoidable. Local mobile phone industry is more a service provider than a product manufacturer. Majority of the front line research on antennas for PCS and other wireless communications services is conducted in local universities. Both the Wireless Communications Research Center of the City University of Hong Kong and the Center for Wireless Information Technology of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology have strong research programs on antenna research for PCS and other wireless communications frequency bands. In this paper, we present some of our recent work on antennas size reduction and bandwidth broadening. Derived from text Research and Development; Bandwidth; Antennas; Mobile Communication Systems; Telecommunication; Information Systems

20050169720 Yokohama National Univ., Japan Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Compact Base Station Antennas for PDC System in Japan Aral, Hiroyuki; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 568-571; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents base station antennas for micro cellular system used for Japanese PDC system. The main base station antennas of Japanese PDC system are macro cellular and its covering area is 1.5 km to 3 km in radius. However, we have many places that are not covered by macro cellular base stations, such as highway tunnels, subway stations, and underground shopping malls. The services for these places are given by micro cellular or booster system. The coverage area is 200 m to 1 km. The base station antennas for this purpose should have special characteristics, for example, bi-directional radiation pattern, multi-frequency use, and polarization diversity. This paper presents examples of these base station antennas that are used in present system For example, bi-directional notch antenna for the tunnel booster system, dielectric ﬁlled disk loaded monopole antenna for subway stations are presented. Dielectric-ﬁlled antennas are also used for base station to provide services inside large buildings Derived from text Antenna Design; Monopole Antennas; Dielectrics; Antenna Radiation Patterns

90 20050169721 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Structures and Helicopter Airframes using FDTD Balllas, Gerasimos; Balanis, Constantine A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 598-601; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources One critical problem that an aircraft may encounter during a flight is lightning. The effects of lightning can be roughly distinguished as direct and indirect. The direct effects axe closely related to the points where the lightning arc enters and exits the aircraft. Examples of different effects include melting of the aircraft skin, puncture of nonconducting externally mounted parts and sparks in the fuel system. The indirect effects [1] have to do with the magnetic and electric fields coupled to the interior of the aircraft. These can cause temporary upset or even permanent damage to the electronic equipment of the aircraft. The mechanisms through which this coupling can happen are resistive voltage drop on the airframe structure and through apertures, such as windows. Even with no apertures, the lightning current flowing in the metal wall of the airframe produces a non zero magnetic field at the interior. This field together with the resistive voltage drop form the diffusion mechanism. In this paper the lightning current on a structure is modeled using FDTD. Then the diffusion mechanism described for simple cylindrical structures and simulation results are shown. Finally, results on a Blackhawk helicopter structure excited with a lightning pulse are presented. Derived from text Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Aircraft Structures; Lightning; Helicopters; Magnetic Fields; Airframes; Damage; Electric Potential; Simulation

20050169722 Yuan-Ze Univ., Taiwan, Province of China Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation through Concrete Walls Using Effective Material Property Technique and FDTD Method Lan, Wen-Chin; Chou, Hsi-Tseng; Chen, Hsing-Yi; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 578-581; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSC85-2213-E155-002; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Numerical modeling has recently attracted more attention on the studies of indoor wave propagation in the applications of wireless communication. The conventional approaches focus on statistical methods, ray tracing methods and geometrical optics (GO) methods. The statistical methods need a lot of measured data to predict the propagation characteristics inside buildings. Moreover, statistical models can not relate wave propagation characteristics to the exact locations of the transmitter and receiver. They can provide only a collection of possible channel profiles. The ray tracing and GO techniques may be two reasonable algorithms for the studies of wave propagation inside buildings but they are very difficult to give the detail descriptions of electromagnetic field distributions in specified areas. Furthermore, in many of the practical applications the computational time with the ray tracing or GO techniques grows exponentially with the increase in the complexity of the buildings. Using numerically exact analysis methods such as finite-difference in time-domain (FDTD) and method of moments (MoM), one can carry out direct solutions of Maxwell equations. In particular, the FDTD method is very suitable to deal with this type of problem because it simultaneously provides a complete solution for EM fields at all points in preselected regions. This is very important when signal coverage throughout a given area is to be determined. On the other hand, the disadvantage of the FDTD method is that its memory requirements and computational time increase with the increase in the frequency of operation and the size of the area of interest. Recenfly an effective material property technique was proposed to replace the periodic concrete walls analytically with effective dielectric walls. The application of this technique allows the cell size in the FDTD simulation, which was restricted to the geometrical complexity of the original periodic concrete walls, to increase tremendously, and therefore reduces the memory requirement and computational time. In this paper, the accuracy and efficiency of this effective material property technique are validated to test the wave attenuation in the frequency range of UHF. Two models for FDTD simulations are employed and compared. In the first model, the periodic concrete block wall consisting of air and cement is directly divided into many cells with equal size. In the second model, the periodic concrete wall is replaced with an equivalent solid wall, which occupies with the same volmne, using the effective material property technique. With the aid of effective material property technique, the cell number and computational time in the FDTD simulations are greatly reduced. The simulation results of EM fields and power density distributions for these two different models are presented. Measurements of power density distributions are also finished in an anechoic chamber, and will also be compared with those obtained from theoretical studies. Derived from text Concretes; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Mathematical Models; Wave Propagation; Mechanical Properties

91 20050169728 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above or Buried in Lossy Soil Geng, N.; Carin, L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 644-647; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The modeling of electromagnetic scattering has been of longstanding interest, with the method of moments (MoM) [1] representing a prominent example. While the MoM is powerful, it has limitations that restrict its utility. In particular, for N unknowns, the required memory (RAM) is of order O(N(sup 2)), while the computational complexity depends on whether a direct (LU-decomposition) or iterative (conjugate gradient CG) solver is applied, the former requiring O(N(sup 3)) operations and the latter O(N(sup 2)) operations per iteration. To counter these limitations, there has been significant interest in the fast multipole method (FMM) [2-5]. The simplest two-level implementation [2,3] has complexity O(N(sup 3/2)) in RAM and CPU, while a multi-level FMM [4,5] further reduces this to O(NlogN). While the FMM represents a promising tool, it has heretofore been applied primarily to free-space scattering [2-5], 2D analysis in layered media [6], or quasi-planar 3D problems in circuit and antenna design [7]. There are many important applications for which the free-space model or the quasi-planar approximation are not valid. For example, there has been significant interest in radar sensing of buried targets, such as mines or unexploded ordnance (UXO). Moreover, the soil must be included in the analysis of scattering from a target situated above and near the ground (e.g., vehicles). While mines are generally small, and therefore amenable to an MoM analysis, many targets of interest are not. It is therefore desirable to adapt the FMM to the problem of scattering from a target in the vicinity of a halfspace interface. Here we concentrate on an extension of the two-level FMM [2,3], while similar modifications are possible with the multi-level FMM [4,5]. Derived from text Soils; Multipoles; Electromagnetic Scattering; Antenna Design; Radar Targets; Method of Moments

20050169730 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, USA Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Shifter/Antenna Array Brown, A.; Kempel, L.; Trott, K.; How, H.; Volakis, J.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 662-665; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Ferrite substrates have several attractive features when used for microstrip patch antenna applications. They offer greater agility in controlling the radiation characteristics of the antenna. Their inherent anisotropy and non-reciprocal properties [1], permit variable frequency tuning [2], and antenna polarization diversity [3]. External biasing of the ferrite substrate also allows for beam steering [4] and pattern shape control [5], [6]. Ferrites may be most advantageous in the area of antenna arrays, specifically beam steering. Normally, beam steering is accomplished through mechanical means. In contrast, ferrites accomplish beam scanning by taking advantage of the ferrite substrate’s dependence on the applied bias field, Ho, and we will demonstrate this effect through measurements and calculations. By varying Ho, the radiation pattern of the array can be steered. In microstrip antenna array applications, a normally biased substrate significantly changes the phase of the microstrip feed lines. This change in the electrical lengths of the feed fines, is controlled by Ho, and enables scanning of the array beam. Ferrite arrays have been investigated and have been shown to demonstrate good beam steering capability as verified by experimental and calculated results [7], [8]. In this paper we considered a different method for array beam steering. Specifically, phase shifting was achieved by changing the bias field with a partially magnetized substrate underneath the feed lines. Derived from text Antenna Arrays; Phase Shift Circuits; Microstrip Antennas; Microstrip Transmission Lines; Beam Steering; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Planar Structures; Patch Antennas

20050169731 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Performance Characteristics of Probe-Fed Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Substrates Polycarpou, Anastasis C.; Balanis, Constanine A.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 666-669; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Scattering and radiation characteristics of ferrite-loaded, cavity-backed slots (CBS’s) have been successfully analyzed by the authors using a hybridization of the finite element method (FEM) and the spectral/spatial domain method of moments (MoM) [1]. The formulation has been recently extended to the analysis of infinite phased arrays by incorporating the Floquet’s theorem, which simplifies the problem to a single element in a unit cell of dimensions w(sub x) x w(sub y), as is shown in Fig. 1. In addition, using the Poisson sum formula [2] the admittance matrix of the exterior periodic region can be written as an infinite double summation of Floquet modes. For most cases considered in this paper, 80 modes are sufficient to achieve

92 convergence of the exterior problem. The interior of the cavity, which is loaded with magnetized ferrites, is treated using the FEM. The latter provides the versatility of analyzing other than planar type of metalizations on inﬁnite substrates, which was a popular topic of past research [3,4]. It is also instructive to mention that the use of a metallic cavity to enclose the radiating element helps eliminate surface waves which are known to create blind spots as the array is scanned in space. Derived from text Convergence; Scattering; Slots; Ferrites; Method of Moments; Phased Arrays

20050169733 Vertex Communications Corp., Kilgore, TX, USA A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Cassegrain Antenna System Beadle, Mark; Chugh, Raj; Green, David; Patel, Sharad; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 692-695; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources There is an increasing demand for multiple frequency band capability in satellite earth station antenna systems. This paper describes an 18.3m shaped cassegrain antenna with a single aperture, tri-band, six-port, receive-only, feed system. The feed block diagram is shown in Figure 1. The frequencies of operation are 3.4-4.2GHz, 7.25-7.75GHz, and 10.9-12.75GHz. The C- and X-band feed ports offer dual circular polarization, and the Ku-band ports offer dual linear polarization with an internal polarization vector angle adjustment mechanism. Frequency and polarization multiplexing is performed by a novel OMJ structure. Derived from text Antenna Design; Cassegrain Antennas; Satellite Antennas; Feed Systems; Circular Polarization; C Band

20050169736 Soong Sil Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide System for the Satellite Communication Earth Antenna Son, Taeho; Lee, Dong-Jin; Uslenghi, P. L. E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 716-719; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Expanded Gaussian-Laguerre modes provides more accurate and simple method to analyze the beam-waveguide (BWG) system. Using the propagated mode set and multiplication of the matrices for BWG’s each factors, output field patterns with cross-polarized fields can he derived A Q-band(33-50GHz) BWG system which has two flat mirrors and two elliptic mirrors for a satellite earth station antenna, in this paper, is designed. The characteristics of corrugated conical horn for feeding to BWG and the output beam patterns of the BWG system are simulated and compared with measured values. Author Cross Polarization; Extremely High Frequencies; Satellite Communication; Satellite Antennas; Radiation Distribution; Beam Waveguides; Beams (Radiation)

20050169741 Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA, Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Nanostructured High Performance Ultraviolet and Blue Light Emitting Diodes for Solid State Lighting. Report for October 1, 2003-September 30, 2004 Nurmikko, A. V.; Han, J.; Oct. 2004; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834117; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We report on research results in this project which synergize advanced material science approaches with fundamental optical physics concepts pertaining to light-matter interaction, with the goal of solving seminal problems for the development of very high performance light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the blue and near ultraviolet for Solid State Lighting applications. Accomplishments in the ﬁrst 12 month contract period include (1) new means of synthesizing zero- and one-dimensional GaN nanostructures, (2) establishment of the building blocks for making GaN-based microcavity devices, and (3) demonstration of top-down approach to nano-scale photonic devices for enhanced spontaneous emission and light extraction. These include a demonstration of eight-fold enhancement of the external emission efficiency in new InGaN QW photonic crystal structures. The body of results is presented in this report shows how a solid foundation has been laid, with several noticeable accomplishments, for innovative research, consistent with the stated milestones. NTIS Light Emitting Diodes; Crystal Structure

20050169932 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Environmental Inﬂuence of Gravity and Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated Wires Investigated [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy

93 Momentary short-circuit arcs between a defective polyimide-insulated wire and another conductor may thermally char (pyrolize) the insulating material. The charred polyimide, being conductive, can sustain the short-circuit arc, which may propagate along the wire through continuous pyrolization of the polyimide insulation (arc tracking). If the arcing wire is part of a multiple-wire bundle, the polyimide insulation of other wires within the bundle may become thermally charred and start arc tracking also (ﬂash over). Such arc tracking can lead to complete failure of an entire wire bundle, causing other critical spacecraft or aircraft failures. Unfortunately, all tested candidate wire insulations for aerospace vehicles were susceptible to arc tracking. Therefore, a test procedure was designed at the NASA Lewis Research Center to select the insulation type least susceptible to arc tracking. This test procedure addresses the following three areas of concern: (1) probability of initiation, (2) probability of reinitiation (restrike), and (3) extent of arc tracking damage (propagation rate). Item 2 (restrike probability) is an issue if power can be terminated from and reapplied to the arcing wire (by a switch, fuse, or resettable circuit breaker). The degree of damage from an arcing event (item 3) refers to how easily the arc chars nearby insulation and propagates along the wire pair. Ease of nearby insulation charring can be determined by measuring the rate of arc propagation. Insulation that chars easily will propagate the arc faster than insulation that does not char very easily. A popular polyimide insulated wire for aerospace vehicles, MIL-W-81381, was tested to determine a degree of damage from an arcing event (item 3) in the following three environments: (1) microgravity with air at 1-atm pressure, (2) 1g with air at 1 atm, and (3) 1g within a 10^-6 Torr vacuum. The microgravity 1-atm air was the harshest environment, with respect to the rate of damage of arc tracking, for the 20 AWG (American Wiring Gauge) MIL-W-81381 wire insulation type . The vacuum environment resulted in the least damage. Further testing is planned to determine if the environmental results are consistent between insulation types and to evaluate the other two parameters associated with arc tracking susceptibility. Author Gravitational Effects; Pressure; Electric Arcs; Electric Wire; Electrical Insulation

20050170458 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, USA, Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International, Beijing, China 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop [1998]; ISSN 1078-8743; 495 pp.; In English; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop, 23-25 Sep. 1998, Boston, MA, USA; See also 20050170459 - 20050170541 Report No.(s): IEEE-Catalog-98CH36168; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Topics covered include: Automated Lot Tracking and Identiﬁcation System; A Cost Beneﬁt Analysis of Photolithography and Metrology Dedication in a Metrology Constrained Multi-Part Number Fabricator; Dynamic Capacity Modeling; Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Cost of LSI Manufacturing System; Fab Implementation of a System for Cleaning Wafers Which Survive Wafer-Breakage Events; A Framework for Real-time Process Control - Part 1: Data Sampling and Processing; Manufacturing and Reliability Improvements in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - MOMCAPs; Manufacturing for Design: Putting Process Control in the Language of the Designer; Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Carrier Lifetime Through the Implementation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Cleaning Process; Design for Mannfacturability: A Key to Semiconductor Manufacturing Excellence; Development of a Production Worthy Copper CMP Process; Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Summary of the Experience; A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Polish Cleaning Strategies; and Process Control and Monitoring with Laser Interferometry Based Endpoint Detection in Chemical Mechanical Planarization. Derived from text Semiconductors (Materials); Laser Interferometry; Manufacturing; Photolithography; Cost Effectiveness; Chemical Cleaning; Automatic Control; Wafers; Large Scale Integration

20050170466 Philips Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic Simulations Rulkens, H. J. A.; vanCampen, E. J. J.; vanHerk, J.; Rooda, J. E.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 439-444; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A dynamic simulation model is a powerful and fast tool to analyze existing production situations and to optimize the performance by evaluating alternative scheduling rules. This paper presents such an analysis and optimizatio for a furnace and pre-clean area of a wafer fab. The design of a dynamic model is described. Furthermore experiments are described that illustrate the inﬂuence of a minimum batch size scheduling rule. For a speciﬁc production situation, the maximum batch sizes per furnace process which optimize cycle time are determined. Author Furnaces; Simulation; Cleaning; Dynamic Models; Fabrication; Optimization; Batch Processing

94 20050170479 Gore (W. L.) and Associates, Inc., Elkton, MD, USA Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Water Bush, Timothy M.; Hardwick, Steven J.; Wikol, Michael J.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 226-229; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The need for signiﬁcant reductions in water consumption as 300 mm processes are commercialized is driving the development of revolutionary new wet cleaning processes. Most of these new processes incorporate ozonated de-ionized water as a key processing step. The use of membrane contactors to infuse ozone into water uniquely enables the production of bubble-free deionized water. Bubble-free ozonated ﬂuids are the critical enabling technology for the next generation of critical cleaning. Author Cleaning; Water; Ozone; Water Consumption; Deionization; Semiconductors (Materials); Wafers

20050170480 Micrus, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA Residual Gases Investigation For Eliminating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Process Zhang, N.; Magloczki, G.; Aumick, S.; Chiusano, G.; Beckett, S.; Nicholls, G.; Stearns, L.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 243-246; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Although Si3N4 ﬁlms in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication have almost 30 years history, process engineers still face the challenge of meeting ever-tighter process control requirements, essentially for particle contamination. This paper presents the beneﬁts of implementing an in-situ RGA technique, including reduction of NH4Cl or Si(x)N(y)Cl(z)= condensation and improvement of tool availability. Author Silicon Nitrides; Integrated Circuits; Contamination; Fabrication; Residual Gas

20050170481 Motorola, Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Measurements for Diffusion Process Monitoring and Troubleshooting Cosway, Richard G.; Catmull, Kelvin B.; Shray, Janie; Naujokaitis, Robert; Peters, Megan; Grant, Don; Horner, Grgory; Letherer, Brian; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 262-265; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The dynamic nature of modern semiconductor fabrication facilities requires metrology tools that can be used to diagnose infrequent problems. However, due to the high cost of clean room ﬂoor space, these tools should also provide routine monitoring capability and be able to diagnose numerous issues. For a diffusion area. the Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) measurement technique lends itself well to double duty as both an engineering and production tool. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Fabrication; Maintenance; Metrology

20050170482 VLSI Technology, Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA A Study In The Continuous Improvement Process: Implementation of an Optimized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Backside Etch Post SOG Etchback Au, W.; Parks, D.; Esquivel, P.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 294-297; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources As the device features become smaller and manufacturing processes get more complicated, exploring ways to reduce the number of process steps is getting more serious attention. This allows the manufacturing company to stay competitive with the semiconductor industry. This paper describes a continuous improvement process through the implementation of a scrubber post SOG etchback to remove TEOS backside etch. As the particle level of the backside of the wafer increase after SOG etchback, TEOS backside etch was done to clean the backside of the wafer to minimize focusing error in subsequent photolithography steps. The module involves resist coating the front side of the wafer, a buffer HF oxide etch followed by the resist ash and strip. Replacing the entire module with backside scrub offers signiﬁcant saving in chemical cost, reduction in process cycle time and increased capacity of the sink, coater and the asher. Detailed descriptions of the old and new process and a comparison of particle and yield data will be presented. Overall improvement in the manufacturing process will be demonstrated by measures of cycle time, chemical cost, personnel efficiency, reduction in equipment purchases, and fab capacity. Author (revised) Manufacturing; Semiconductors (Materials); Optimization; Scrubbers; Etching; Tetraethyl Orthosilicate

95 20050170483 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and W Interconnect Technology Whiteside, Cynthia; Rutten, Matt; Trombley, Henry; Landis, Howard; Boltz, Michelle; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 332-336; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Competitive technology ground rules for BEOL (Back end of Line) interconnects have been shrinking aggressively. Extending the life of existing tool sets and manufacturing processes for these new aggressive technologies is required to make these newer technologies cost competitive. This paper describes the early process transfer phase of a technology installation into a manufacturing. The effects of photolithography induced metal line end shortening foreshortening) can have a signiﬁcant impact on the etched Ti/AlCu/Ti/TiN metal lines. This defect observed after metal etch is directly attributed to foreshortening of the photoresist lines. When a tungsten contact (interconnect) is not fully covered by a resist line during the metal etch and subsequent chromic phosphoric clean operation, attack of the Ti/AlCu/Ti metallurgy occurred. The metal defect resulted in test yield loss due to open metal line and high via resistance which impacted wafer ﬁnal test yield. This defect was found to impact single metal to via interfaces within small via chain defect monitors which lead to serious reliability concerns due to the low level of detectability for this problem on products. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Photoresists; Titanium Alloys; Tungsten; Etching; Photolithography

20050170484 Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY, USA Copper Interconnect Technology New Paradigms for BEOL Manufacturing Rose, Kenneth; Mangaser, Ramon; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 343-353; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The advent of copper as a commercial interconnect process means radical changes in BEOL manufacturing. We examine the future of BEOL manufacturing guided by the 1997 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Changing to copper and future BEOL yield trends are emphasized. Author Copper; Materials Selection; Manufacturing; Semiconductor Devices

20050170485 Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA Development of a Production Worthy Copper CMP Process Wijekoon, Kapila; Mishra, Sourabh; Tsai, Stan; Puntambekar, Kumar; Chandrachood, Madhavi; Redeker, Fritz; Tolles, Robert; Sun, Bingxi; Chen, Liang; Pan, Tony, et al.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 354-363; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process for copper damascene has been developed and characterized on a second generation, multiple platen polishing tool. Several formulations of experimental copper slurries containing alumina abrasive particles were evaluated for their selectivity of copper to Ta, TaN and PETEOS film. The extent of copper dishing and oxide erosion of these slurries is investigated with various process parameters such as slurry flow rate, platen speed and wafer pressure. The amount of dishing and erosion is found to be largely dependent on process parameters as well as the slurry composition. It is shown that the extent of oxide erosion and copper dishing can be significantly reduced by using a two slurry copper polish process (one slurry to polish copper and another to polish barrier layers) in conjunction with an optical endpoint detection system. Author Polishing; Chemical Reactions; Copper; Slurries; Copper Oxides; Erosion; Abrasives

20050170486 Siemens A.G., Munich, Germany Better Dispatch Application- A Success Story Giegandt, Anke; Nicholson, Gary; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 396-399; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Using priority rules, a project was conducted to implement a dispatching system in a high-volume semiconductor frontend production. The speciﬁc goals of this project were to apply dispatch rules to reduce cycle time and balance the WIP in the line. This paper will present the project methodology, implemented dispatch policies and measurable results in different production areas. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Fabrication; Wafers

96 20050170487 VLSI Technology, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isolation Process for 0.18 micron and Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction and Electrical Performance Nouri, F.; Laparra, O.; Sur, H.; Tai, g. C.; Pramanik, D.; Manley, M.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 413-418; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources An integrated shallow trench isolation process utilizing HDP (High Density Plasma) oxide and a highly manufacturable comer oxidation is described. The choice of trench comer oxidation temperature is shown to be critical in reducing silicon stress, and hence junction leakage, to the levels required by multi-million gate designs. This STI process is shown to be extremely robust and manufacturable. Optimal design of the trench depth and well proﬁles is shown to provide well-edge isolation adequate for sub-0.18 micron technologies. Author Electrical Properties; Manufacturing; Optimization; Stress Distribution

20050170488 ST Microelectronics, France On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Processes Devoivre, T.; Papadas, C.; Swetton, M.; Sandler, N.; Vallier, L.; Bouras, I.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 434-438; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper, a feasibility study on the incorporation of Ta2O5 as a gate dielectric in sub-0.18micron CMOS processes is presented. The advantages of such a structure are investigated and appear consistent with low voltage / high performance applications. The main technological features associated to this incorporation are discussed (Ta2O5 densification and interfacial oxide, gate electrode and related features, etching, TiN behavior, etc.) and a full process flow with few modifications with respect to standard CMOS is presented. With this flow, real devices were processed and their electrical characteristics are shown. These results are close to current SiO2 MOS ones, and are therefore promising for sub-2.5nm equivalent SiO2 thickness gate dielectric. Author CMOS; Dielectrics; Tantalum Oxides; Gates (Circuits)

20050170489 Motorola, Inc., Austin, TX, USA Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Monitoring System Pierce, Neal G.; Yurtsever, Tanju; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 464-468; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presents the development and implementation of Motorola’ s Graphical Manufacturing Monitoring System (GraMMS) that provides real-time graphical monitoring of manufacturing data including work-in-process (WIP), equipment, throughput, and dispatch rankings. GraMMS consists of four main applications namely; Dynamic Dispatch, WIP Monitoring System (WMS), Equipment Management System (EMS), and Throughput Monitoring System (TMS). GraMMS [1] provides Motorola semiconductor wafer fabs with instant data-driven decision support and trend analysis as well as a short-interval scheduler via discrete-event simulation. The Dynamic Dispatch system is a combination of simulation and heuristics based on concepts from the Theory of Constraints. This competitive advantage increases output, decreases cycle time, and improves resource utilization. Author Real Time Operation; Management Systems; Manufacturing; Heuristic Methods; Semiconductors (Materials); Wafers; Graphs (Charts); Decision Theory

20050170517 Harris Semiconductor, Mountaintop, PA, USA Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Power Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Ridley, R. S., Sr.; Grebs, T.; Trost, J.; Webb, R.; Schuler, M.; Longenberger, R. F.; Fenstemacher, T.; Caravaggio, M.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 236-242; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources While the standard RCA wafer cleaning technique, ﬁrst proposed by Kern, is still predominantly used in semiconductor device manufacturing, several potential problems with this technique have been identiﬁed such as surface roughness, contamination, chemical and D1 water cost. Also, most of the work carried out in the area of wafer cleaning has been focused

97 on the low power 1C industry where the active area of the device lay in the top 1 or 2 microns of the wafer. However, in the discrete power device industry the use of lateral and vertical current flow, for high current density distribution, means that the entire substrate becomes part of the device active area. Therefore, metallic contamination even in the bulk of the silicon can severely degrade device performance. In this study a modified RCA wafer cleaning mixture with improved megasonic energy enhancement 3 and various rinsing techniques is investigated for use in high-volume power semiconductor device manufacturing. The effectiveness of the modified dilute SC-1/SC-2 procedure is demonstrated by various material, electrical and optical analysis techniques such as ELYMAT, TXRF, laser particle counter and Wright etching. The overall advanced aqueous wafer cleaning technique shows excellent contamination removal, cleaning efficiencies greater than or equal to 95% @ 0.15microns and a reduced cost of ownership. Author Cleaning; Semiconductor Devices; Wafers; Density Distribution; Current Density; Surface Roughness; Contamination

20050170518 Pall Corp., Port Washington, NY, USA Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of Photoresists in Reducing Contamination on the Wafer Surface Capitanio, Dennis; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 247-251; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The trends toward narrower linewidths in the manufacture of integrated circuits has put an ever increasing burden on contamination control in every aspect of semiconductor fabrication. Point-of-Use (POU) filtration of photoresists has been used to control particle contamination on the wafer surface during coating operations. The need for tighter filtration has led to the introduction of 0.05 micron as well as the traditional 0.10 micron membranes to control the contamination during the dispense of photoresists. With the introduction of tighter membranes for use in photoresist filtration, the enduser may have concerns that the photoresist may suffer some deleterious effects by undergoing filtration. Author Integrated Circuits; Semiconductors (Materials); Contamination; Filtration; Wafers; Fabrication

20050170520 Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD SEM Pan, Tony; Li, Ping; Chinn, Jeff; Shi, Xuelong; Dusa, Mircea; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 259-261; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Measurement of the sidewall angles of features (line, trench or contact hole) is important for focus exposure matrix (FEM) wafers and shallow trench isolation (STI) fillings. Cross section SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), tilted stage inspection SEM and AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) are common tools to get information of sidewall angles. However, sidewall angles are not routinely determined using in-line metrology tools like CD (Critical Dimension) SEM. In this study, we use CD SEM to measure feature edge widths (EW) in both FEM and STI wafers. The sidewall angle is estimated from known feature height (resist thickness or etched trench depth) with a linear slope assumption. A flared tip AFM (Veeco SXM) or a cross section SEM (X-SEM) is used as a reference to check CD SEM performance on sidewall angle measurements. We find that for sidewall angles less than 88deg, CD SEM measurements match reference tool measurements on sidewall angle well. The limitations of CD SEM on sidewall angle measurement are also discussed. Author Wafers; Exposure; Thickness; Metrology; Atomic Force Microscopy; Scanning Electron Microscopy

20050170528 Motorola, Inc., Austin, TX, USA Overview of Plasma Induced Damage After Dry Etch Processing Karzhavin, Yuri; Wu, Wei; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 320-326; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Plasma induced charging has been identified as a cause for uncontrolled pattern-dependent etch rate modification and physical damage of etching pattern. An undercutting (notching) of metal lines and underlayer-dependent oxide etch have been studied using a non-contact oxide charging monitor technique. It is shown that the dry etching process is strongly affected by plasma induced wafer charging and by underlying conducting films. The undercutting of metal lines occurs when the metal pattern is electrically connected to the substrate. Specially designed oxide monitor wafers with an underlayer of metal pattern were used for charging distribution studies. It was demonstrated that the connection of a metal underlayer to the silicon substrate causes strong accumulation of positive charges in the wafer center. Strong undercutting of metal lines occurred under

98 these conditions. The resulting pattern of plasma induced charge correlates to the undercutting pattern. Author Plasmas (Physics); Damage; Etching; Wafers; Electric Charge

20050170530 Integrated Process Equipment Corp., Phoenix, AZ, USA Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Summary of the Experience Gotkis, Y.; Schey, D.; Alamgir, S.; Yang, J.; Holland, K.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 364-371; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Cu process becomes increasingly attractive as a future choice of the IC technology using Cu both for plugs and wiring. Single and dual Cu damascene includes multiple use of CMP both for dielectric planarization and removal of the excessive ﬁeld material. Therefore CMP performance is of extremely high importance for Cu technology. Orbital polishing is known as an effective CMP technique [1]. The advantages of this technique are high material removal uniformity (@3 mm EE), planarization efficiency, high throughput, small foot-print, low cost of ownership. This paper summarizes our experience in Cu-CMP R&D with IPEC’s Avantgaard 676&776 orbital planarizers. Results on consumable screening, process stability and uniformity, analysis of planarization phenomena for heterogeneous surface and data on metal line thinning and dielectric erosion as well as discussion of some process integration issues are presented. Author Wiring; Copper; Dielectrics; Erosion; Transmission Lines; Polishing

20050170531 Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA Process Control and Monitoring with Laser Interferometry Based Endpoint Detection in Chemical Mechanical Planarization Chan, David A.; Swedek, Bogdan; Wiswesser, Andreas; Birang, Manush; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 377-384; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources First, a brief presentation of the principles behind laser interferometry based in-situ endpoint detection is made, including underlying theory of operations, system architecture and filtering methodology. This is followed by experimental data taken with various process wafers including tungsten, copper, blanket oxide, silicon-on-oxide, shallow trench isolation (STI), and interlayer dielectric (ILD). Pre- and post-processing thickness data, as well as, removal rates are compared with ex-situ measurements for accuracy and repeatability. Finally, specific examples are discussed to show the benefits of in-situ removal rate monitoring and endpoint detection in chemical mechanical planarization for improved line monitoring and process control. Author Detection; Laser Interferometry; Process Control (Industry); Dielectrics

20050170532 Industrial Technology Research Inst., Hsinchu, Taiwan, Province of China A Layer-based Layout Approach for Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities Chang, Chao-Fan; Chang, Shao-Kung; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 385-390; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Most of today’s semiconductor manufacturing fabrication facilities and those being designed for the future use a bay or process layout configuration. In this approach, the facilities are divided into a number of bays that contain processing equipment. This process layout creates a large amount of material flows between bays. While there may be other, perhaps more efficient layout arrangement strategies, the semiconductor industry is reluctant to adopt these strategies since the bay configuration offers many advantages in terms of maintenance and operation of the physical equipment. In the near future, however, the layout problem of a 300mm semiconductor wafer fab may pay more attention to the material handling topic than these advantages due to 300mm wafer’s size, weight, and cost issues. The effect on cycle time and WIP level of wafer will need to be considered especially in the layout problem of a 300ram wafer lab. Adopting the idea of GT layout, this paper proposes a layer-based approach for solving the fab facility layout problem. This approach groups the equipment of continuous process layer in the same area or cell. The continuous layer groups consist of processing layers that their process steps are in sequence. The configuration of cells is sequentially determined by the major process flows, and the arrangement of the machines within each cell is a flow-line layout such that the whole process steps of a layer can be done within a cell. An

99 evaluation for the layer-based layout on a sample manufacturing environment is demonstrated. Results show the efficiency and effectiveness of our layer-based layout approach. Author Fabrication; Layouts; Semiconductors (Materials); Process Control (Industry)

20050170533 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on Operator Schedule in Semiconductor Manufacturing Line Findley, Allen L.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 391-395; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Operator availability is crucial to throughput and cycle time in a semiconductor manufacturing environment. It is often difficult to determine the effect of a manufacturing practice that is well established. Where there is no automated delivery, work-in-process (WIP) transfer between processing equipment consumes operator time, and the effect is not well understood. This work quantiﬁes the time and distance that a set of production operators spent moving product or WIP. Those data were difficult to acquire, and were essential a establishing knowledge of present conditions so that improvement could be proposed. An example is provided of how difficult-to-obtain data can indeed be gathered. At times, off-the-shelf technology designed for another purpose can be useful in arriving at a solution. A bicycle cyclometer, capable of providing time, distance, and speed readings, was adapted to function on a ﬁve-inch caster. This caster was installed onto a common semiconductor wafer-box delivery cart. This paper describes the data-gathering experiment, in cooperation with production operators. Learning from this experiment, including installation of the cyclometer, actual data, and how it supported follow-on improvement is discussed. Author Manufacturing; Semiconductors (Materials); Microelectronics; Delivery

20050170534 Hewlett-Packard Co., Corvallis, OR, USA Development And Implementation Of An Automated Wafer Transport System Sikich, Joe; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 400-404; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The move to 300 mm wafers has prompted integrated circuit manufacturers to demand a reliable automated material handling system (AMHS) to transport material safely and efficiently. Hewlett Packard’s Inkjet Supplies Business Unit has worked with a supplier to develop a first of its kind system that uses overhead rails and vehicles with hoisting mechanisms to perform direct-to-tool delivery of 200 mm podded wafers. The system is intended to increase factory throughput by providing ‘just in time’ delivery of material and improve safety by minimizing the amount of manual handling. The system also provides the benefit of a near zero footprint, leaving valuable floor space for process tools. While the system was built specifically for 200 mm material, most of this effort is directly applicable to 300 mm systems as well. The results of recent tests on the new system are very promising. Tool-to-tool delivery time was approximately 38 seconds, and pod placement accuracy was satisfactory regardless of pod load or vertical hoisting distance. Long term reliability tests indicated a mean cycles between interrupts (MCBI) for each vehicle of approximately 3,286 cycles (with a cycles being defined as a pod move from one tool to another). (The supplier’s current design goal is to achieve 12,000 MCBI.) All but one of the incidents encountered during reliability testing were recovered in roughly one minute or less. A third party failure mode analysis identified a small number of potential safety hazards, which the supplier is currently addressing. Our study also identified a number of issues that need to be addressed prior to implementation in a production facility. These include the need for improved vehicle maintenance procedures and better methods of identifying, troubleshooting and resolving system errors. In addition, further modeling and scenario testing may need to be performed to better estimate system benefits and potential integration issues for specific applications. Author Wafers; Automatic Control; Materials Handling; Manufacturing; Systems Engineering

20050170536 Lam Research Corp., Fremont, CA, USA Performance and Productivity Improvements in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applications Srinivasan, M.; Caple, R.; Hills, G.; Mueller, G.; Nguyen, T.; Wagganer, E.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 419-422; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Dielectric ﬁlm etching represents one of the most challenging aspects of semiconductor processing. Currently a dielectric etch reactor must be capable of handling a range of dielectrics such as doped and undoped silica glass, silicon nitride, organic

100 anti-reﬂection layers and low k dielectric materials of a predominantly organic composition. Successful etch tools perform the ‘critical’ steps required for contact, self-aligned contact (SAC), via and dual damascene structures as well as the less critical steps such as spacer and passivation that are required by leading edge 0.25 micron generation devices as they enter volume production. Finally all the etches must be cost effective as measured with the standard metrics of Cost of Ownership (COO), and Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). In this paper we will describe how these metrics have been used to generate several product improvement programs for an advanced dielectric reactor, the 4520XLE from Lam Research. Both process and productivity improvements will be shown for sub-0.3tam feature size devices. These improvements show promise of extending the applicability of the 4520XLE reactor to below 0.2 micron feature sizes. Author Dielectrics; Etching; Productivity; Semiconductors (Materials); Electric Reactors

20050170537 Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control for a Low Vt Device Used in the Advanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed-Signal IC Chen, Alec; Flessner, Kyle; Sana, Peyman; Dixon, Robert; Malone, Farris; Ying, Peter; Hutter, Lou; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 423-426; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The effects of through gate oxide implant on gate oxide integrity and defect density have been investigated. It is observed that through gate implant can reduce the off-state leakage current 1 to 2 order, giving the same Vt value, and can maintain much fighter Vt spread control without sacrificing the GOI and yield performance. These attractive advantages make the through gate oxide implant process a promising candidate for high speed, low power applications. Author Boron; Low Voltage; Doping (Materials); Manufacturing; Signal Processing

20050170538 Clemson Univ., SC, USA Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Barriers and Potential Solutions Parihar, Vijay; Singh, R.; Pooke, K. F.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 427-433; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources From process integration point of view, the introduction of new materials (e.g. copper as conductor, as well as high and low K dielectrics) will be the most difficult challenge for semiconductor manufacturing in 21st century. In a paradigm shift, understanding the role of defects and how they affect yield will be as important. All the defects are not killer defects and having the ability to detect the important yield reducing defects in a particular step will be vital. In this paper, we have focused on the major issues related to defects and process integration (e.g. introduction of new materials, new processes, new tools etc.), new understanding of defects that can lead to the development of sub-100 nm silicon ICs. The defect reduction and yield improvement constraints will require process control techniques capable of handling large amount of defect dam. In deep sub-l00 nm realm, it will force us to look for process simpliﬁcation to reduce complex manufacturing operations. Author Silicon; Nanotechnology; Electronics; Manufacturing; Dielectrics

20050170539 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Automation Vehicle Capacity Alternatives Mackulak, Gerald T.; Lawrence, Frederick P.; Rayter, John; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 445-460; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The next generation of semiconductor manufacturing (300mm) will need to rely on automated material handling equipment for production lot delivery within as well as between bays. This reliance will be required for reliability, cleanliness, performance, cost, and ergonomic considerations. Traditional interbay movement systems have achieved exceptional performance by carrying primarily single product lots. Multicapacity vehicles offer production facilities more advanced capabilities. They have the ability to mix lots during delivery or pickup, operating much the same as a postman. This paper investigates the relationship between vehicle carrying capacity and process tool batch size by experimenting with a simulation model of the diffusion process. Results indicate that vehicle capacity is the most signiﬁcant factor impacting average delivery time. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Manufacturing; Handling Equipment; Cleanliness; Wafers; Simulation

101 20050170540 Lucent Technologies, Madrid, Spain Management of Multiple-Pass Constraints Bonal, J.; Sadai, A.; Ortega, C.; Aparicio, S.; Fernandez, M.; Oliva, R.; Rodriquez, L.; Rosendo, M.; Sanchez, A.; Paule, E.; Ojeda, D.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 451-454; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is becoming a new paradigm in the semiconductor industry. Most of the practical uses of TOC are for bottlenecks with only one visit in the fabrication process such us the typical job shops linear lines. Applying TOC to constraints with multiple steps has demonstrated to be too complex to handle a semiconductor shop-floor. This restriction to constraints with only one visit limits TOC potential in semiconductor environments. First, most of the facilities used in semiconductor manufacturing have several visits in the process flow and, it is not easy to find a suitable facility with only one step. Second, typically several product families are manufactured in the same fab and share a great number of facilities. Third, the product’s lifecycle is very short, making it very difficult to keep the bottleneck always in the same facility. Fourth, the real constraint in this industry is capital, therefore, if you are able to choose a facility as your bottleneck, it should be the facility that requires the most capital. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Fabrication; Manufacturing; Industries

20050170541 Motorola, Inc., Mesa, AZ, USA MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Flow Concept Wang, Ping; Spivey, Steve; Warda, Edward; Bowser, Mark; Cosentino, Bridgette; Zabasajja, Ed; Shah, Piyush; Imam, Salma; Keller, John; Fulton, Joe; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 455-463; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Financial prosperity in wafer fabrication suggests that we must consolidate assets of contiguous and mature technology wafer fabs. Many complex challenges arise in fab consolidations. With transparent results to customers being the main objective, one intricate issue is the transfer of a technology. During the 4th quarter of 1996, Motorola Bipolar-3 (BP3) experienced a significant increase in Request For Product, particularly, MOSAIC 1 technology. The demand exceeded BP3’s capacity. Since Motorola Bipolar-2 (BP2) ran similar processes and had excess capacity, it was decided to qualify the MOSAIC 1 technology in BP2. Since these two manufacturing areas do not have identical equipment and processes, it was extremely difficult to transfer and match processes and technology between these two fabs. This paper depicts a systematic approach in transferring MOSAIC 1 technology from BP3 to BW2. Novel techniques were applied that can be the framework for future transfers, which include: developing and employing the concept of virtual flow, and thorough docun_ntation of the transfer. In addition, this paper provides a unique solution to the problems incurred with a particular device. The outcome, ahead of schedule, was a successful qualification of the device. Derived from text Wafers; Fabrication; Mosaics; Bipolarity; Semiconductors (Materials)

20050170932 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Kentucky Univ., Lexington, KY, USA Detection of A-C Machine Winding Deterioration Using Electrically Excited Vibrations Trutt, F. C.; Sottile, J.; Kohler, J. L.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105979; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Presented in this paper is a theoretical review of the relationships that should exist between electrical winding parameters and the mechanical vibration of a-c machine elements under normal and faulted operating conditions. Also included is data from an experimental study that relates stator vibration and bearing vibration to selected winding faults in a synchronous maching. Consideration of these results indicates a signiﬁcant relationship between electrical deterioration and mechanical vibration and thus provides the motivation for additional study and a basis for future applications. NTIS Electric Motors; Vibration; Winding

20050170933 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Electrical Fault Detection on Downed DC Trolley Lines Peterson, J. S.; Cole, G. P.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105974; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy

102 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Center (PRC), has conducted research to improve electrical fault detection on coal mine direct current (dc) trolley systems. Present circuit breaker protection systems are current-magnitude based, and cannot discern between normal traffic and high resistance electrical faults. Tests were conducted at cooperating mines to assist in developing a neural-network-based detection algorithm for distinguishing between electrical faults and normal operation. NTIS Electrical Faults; Fault Detection

20050170939 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC USDA List of Acceptable Materials for Use on Telecommunications Systems of RUS Borrowers Jan. 2005; 124 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-104848; USDA-IP-244-2; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy This List of Acceptable Materials (Telecommunications) supersedes all preceding issues including supplements of RUS Informational Publication 344-2. It reﬂects all actions of the Technical Standards Committees ‘A’ and ‘B’ (Telecommunications) through February 24, 2005, and includes changes in listings due to additions, deletions, and corrections made through Meeting No. 774 of Technical Standards Committee ‘A’ (Telecommunications). The small letters used to designate many construction items listed herein correspond to the letters used on construction drawings to indicate individual items of material; however, many equipment items have been assigned letter combinations only as a means of identiﬁcation within the List of Acceptable Materials (Telecommunications). NTIS Correction; Construction; Telecommunication

20050172101 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY, USA, Boeing Co., USA, Lockheed Martin Corp., USA Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Phased Array Demonstrated With ACTS Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) arrays developed by the NASA Lewis Research Center and the Air Force Rome Laboratory were demonstrated in aeronautical terminals and in mobile or fixed Earth terminals linked with NASA’s Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). Four K/Ka-band experimental arrays were demonstrated between May 1994 and May 1995. Each array had GaAs MMIC devices at each radiating element for electronic beam steering and distributed power amplification. The 30-GHz transmit array used in uplinks to ACTS was developed by Lewis and Texas Instruments. The three 20-GHz receive arrays used in downlinks from ACTS were developed in cooperation with the Air Force Rome Laboratory, taking advantage of existing Air Force integrated-circuit, active-phased-array development contracts with the Boeing Company and Lockheed Martin Corporation. Four demonstrations, each related to an application of high interest to both commercial and Department of Defense organizations, were conducted. The location, type of link, and the data rate achieved for each of the applications is shown. In one demonstration-- an aeronautical terminal experiment called AERO-X--a duplex voice link between an aeronautical terminal on the Lewis Learjet and ACTS was achieved. Two others demonstrated duplex voice links (and in one case, interactive video links as well) between ACTS and an Army high-mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV, or ‘humvee’). In the fourth demonstration, the array was on a fixed mount and was electronically steered toward ACTS. Lewis served as project manager for all demonstrations and as overall system integrator. Lewis engineers developed the array system including a controller for open-loop tracking of ACTS during flight and HMMWV motion, as well as a laptop data display and recording system used in all demonstrations. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory supported the AERO-X program, providing elements of the ACTS Mobile Terminal. The successful performance of experimental, proof-of-concept MMIC K/Ka-band arrays developed with U.S. industry in field demonstrations with ACTS indicates that high density MMIC integration at 20 and 30 GHz is indeed feasible. The successful development and demonstration of the MMIC array systems was possible only because of significant intergovernmental and Government/ industry cooperation and the high level of teamwork within Lewis. The results provide a strong incentive for continuing the focused development of MMIC-array technology for satellite communications applications, with emphasis on packaging and cost issues, and for continuing the planning and conducting of other appropriate demonstrations or experiments of phased-array technology with ACTS. Given the present pressures on reducing funding for research and development in Government and industry, the extent to which this can be continued in a cooperative manner will determine whether MMIC array technology will make the transition from the proof-of-concept level to the operational system level. Derived from text Integrated Circuits; Microwave Circuits; Phased Arrays; ACTS

103 20050173146 Air Force Research Lab., Kirkland AFB, NM USA Reconfigurable Wires Lyke, James; Dec. 2004; 81 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-2311 Report No.(s): AD-A432235; AFRL-VS-PS-TR-2004-1206; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The ‘Reconfigurable Wires’ project explores the reliability of gold-gold surfaces used in some microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) implementations of relays and postulates alternate formulations. The research has the exciting potential to: (1) immediate improvement in reliability of MEMS relays: (2) development of new devices that operate in non-traditional current/voltage regimes; (3) improvement in the current handling, constriction resistance, and reliability of macro-relays. The three primary products of this research to date are: (1) a journal paper on MEMS nanoscale contact surface morphology, (2) an invention disclosure on arc suppression schemes in micro-relays, and (3) an unpublished finding on the properties of 2-D randomized arrangements of ‘sticks’ in 3-D. DTIC Microelectromechanical Systems; Wire

20050173160 Memtronics, Plano, TX USA Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Goldsmith, Charles L.; Jan. 2005; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33615-03-C-7003 Report No.(s): AD-A432262; AFRL-SN-WP-TM-2005-1086; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Wafer-level micro-encapsulation is an innovative, low-cost, wafer-level packaging method for encapsulating RF MEMS switches. This zero-level packaging technique has demonstrated \h 0.1 dB package insertion loss up through 110 GHz and accounts for only 28 % of the total packaged RF MEMS circuit cost. This article overviews the processes, measurements, and testing methods used for determining the integrity and performance of individual encapsulated RF MEMS packages. DTIC Capacitance; Microelectromechanical Systems; Radio Frequencies; Switches

20050173194 Antenna Research Associates, Inc., Beltsville, MD USA Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Antennas Djordjevic, Miroslav; Kilic, Ozlem; Zaghloul, Amir I.; Jan. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432356; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Broadband multiple beam electronically scanned antennas are a key component of the Future Combat Systems. where heavy armor is traded in by active protection systems, and various radar and communications capabilities are integrated into a single Multi-Function RF system. Due to their inherent broadband properties. Rotman lenses have received attention in applications. However, these lenses are electrically large structures. making it difficult to be simulated with reasonable accuracy so that a quick design and fabrication can be achieved. In this paper. we present a novel hybrid technique for the analysis of printed lenses that offers tremendous savings in the required computational resources, when compared to the existing general 3D and 2D electromagnetic simulation tools. DTIC Broadband; Lens Antennas; Multibeam Antennas

20050173201 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA The Design of a Frequency Domain Interference Excision Processor Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays Tyler, Stephen C.; Jan. 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-4519 Report No.(s): AD-A432369; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-24; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report describes in-house work performed by AFRL which had a two-fold objective: development of a software/hardware testbed and the design of a communications sub-system using this testbed. The report discusses the methodology involved in developing a testbed which utilized Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. Several methods of programming FPGAs is discussed (writing Hardware Description Language vs. using schematic-based tools). An interference mitigation ﬁlter was subsequently developed using the testbed. The ﬁlter utilizes the frequency domain in order

104 to identify and remove stationary and non-stationary narrowband interference from a direct sequence spread spectrum waveform. DTIC Field-Programmable Gate Arrays; Frequencies

20050173324 Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT USA An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink Transmit Beamforming Swindlehurst, A. L.; Peel, Chris; Spencer, Quentin; Dec. 2004; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432630; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Downlink beamforming refers to the problem of using an array of antennas at a particular node (e.g. a basestation) in a wireless network to communicate simultaneously with multiple co-channel users. The users in the network may have a single antenna and hence no ability for spatial discrimination or they may have multiple antennas and the ability to perform some type of interference suppression. The primary issue is how to balance the need for high received signal power for each user against the interference produced by the signal at other points in the network. In this presentation we describe several approaches to this problem: channel inversion regularized channel inversion channel block diagonalization coordinated transmit/receive beamforming and dirty-paper coding. While the basic idea behind these algorithms is the same namely the use of channel information at the transmitter to predict and then counteract the interference produced at each node in the network each of the algorithms is based on achieving a different performance objective. Typical performance criteria include zero-interference transmission minimum transmit power subject to a minimum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio at each receiver or maximum throughput subject to a given transmit power constraint We compare the various goals of the above algorithms and detail their respective advantages and disadvantages in terms of computational complexity required transmit power, network throughput, and assumed receiver capabilities. The results of several simulation studies are presented to quantify these comparisons. DTIC Algorithms; Beamforming; Downlinking

20050173346 California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA USA Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs as Electronically Tunable Catalysts Moskovits, M.; Zhang, Y. X.; Lilach, Y.; Kolmakov, A.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-01-1-0459; DMR-0080034 Report No.(s): AD-A432689; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Nanowires and nanotubes have shown remarkable electronic properties when configured either as simple current/voltage impedance elements or as field-effect transistors. Their very high surface-to-volume ratio makes them ideal sensors in situations where the gaseous species adsorbing on their surface donate or extract charge, in turn affecting the nanowire’s conductivity. By reversing the process, nanowires configured as FETs potentially allow the surface chemistry, and hence the catalytic properties of the nanowire, to be tuned using the gate voltage as a kind of chemical-potential-setting parameter. An exciting goal is to use functionalized single-nanowire FETs or devices based on nanowire arrays as systems on whose surface not only the rate and extent of a catalytic reaction but also its selectivity can be varied entirely by varying the voltages applied to the device’s terminals. DTIC Catalysts; Field Effect Transistors; Nanotechnology; Nanowires; Semiconductors (Materials); Transistors; Tuning

20050173395 Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR USA Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for High Power Density and Low Volume Balda, Juan C.; Barlow, Fred D.; Selvam, Panneer; Elshabini, Aicha; Mar. 2005; 42 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-01-1-0634 Report No.(s): AD-A432793; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This ﬁnal report summarizes the research work and conclusions related to ONR Award N00014-01-1-0634 under the DoD DESPCoR Program. The main objective of this grant was to investigate the feasibility of using spray cooling as the thermal management technology for power semiconductor devices used in power converter applications. this report covers the following: Basics of spray cooling, a novel power packaging methodology for power semiconductor devices that is compatible with spray cooling, the design of a power module serving as a technology demonstrator, and laboratory experimental results.

105 Initial results seems to be superior to other approaches like cold-plate cooling. DTIC Cooling; Propulsion; Semiconductor Devices; Sprayers; Temperature Control

20050173436 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA An Experimental Investigation of the Performance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Harding, Matthew T.; Mar. 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432868; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study concentrates on the empirical characterization of a staggered pin-fin array heat exchanger placed in a modular, rectangular wind tunnel. A full analysis of the heat transfer and pressure drop behavior was conducted on various pin-fin shapes, sizes, and configurations. The study was based on airflow over a wide range of Reynolds numbers in the laminar regime. The empirical data gathered can be used to corroborate and develop better numerical models to characterize the performance of such heat exchangers as well as scale down to the micro level for comparison with micro-heat exchangers. DTIC Fins; Heat Exchangers; Heat Transfer; Laminar Flow; Phased Arrays; Pins

20050173476 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor for Compound Detection Leistritz, D. C.; Natarajan, A.; Varghese, K.; Molnar, P.; Hickman, J. J.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432949; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The threat of environmental pollution, biological warfare agent dissemination, and new diseases has in recent decades increased research into high throughput cell-based biosensors (Bousse, 1996; Gross et al., 1997; Jung et al., 1998). The creation of this class of biosensors could speciﬁcally aid in the detection of hazardous bioagents and other toxins. Understanding the validity and sensitivity of these sensors should also help with determining the mechanisms of drug- and chemical- induced toxicity (Davila et al, 1998). The current systems have been validated using a wide-range of toxins including synthetic pesticides, common heavy metals, and widely studied drugs used in treating cardiac dysfunction. We have tested these various bioagents on two different systems - MEAs and FETs, and have found that they can be used for testing in a high throughput platform for toxicity evaluation. DTIC Bioinstrumentation; Field Effect Transistors

20050173481 Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN USA Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From Defects to Devices Witt, Gerald L.; Apr. 2005; 57 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-99-1-0289 Report No.(s): AD-A432956; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy Radiation effects have been a serious problem for electronics used in defense and space systems for decades and radiation-hardened devices, circuits, and systems have been developed to meet the needs of these systems. However, many of the fundamental physical mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced degradation were not elucidated, which limits the ability to extend the hardening methods to future generations of technology. This MURI program combined recently developed atomic-scale computational techniques and physical-analysis tools with an engineering approach to analyzing radiation effects in electronics. The computational work focused on using density functional theory to understand problems such as the enhanced low dose rate sensitivity of irradiated bipolar junction transistors and the fundamental mechanisms responsible for interface-trap formation. Several experimental techniques, including second harmonic generation and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, were adapted to analyzing radiation-induced defects. The radiation response of advanced technologies, including GaAs- and GaN-based transistors, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and ultrathin dielectrics, was evaluated experimentally. All of these technologies appear promising for use in future defense and space systems. DTIC Bipolar Transistors; Defects; Radiation Effects; Radiation Hardening; Semiconductors (Materials)

106 20050173490 Air Force Research Lab., Kirkland AFB, NM USA Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of Superlattices Ongstad, a.; Tilton, M.; Dente, G.; Apr. 2005; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-4866 Report No.(s): AD-A432968; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) For several years, we have been accurately calculating the electronic structure of superlattices using a solution technique based on the Empirical Pseudopotential Method (EOM). In our method for forming the superlattice pseudopotential, the critical assumption is that the heterointerface charges are redistributed, making each constituent layer in the superlattice as bulk-like as possible. Here, we demonstrate that our technique for forming the superlattice pseudopotential is fundamentally different from the atomistic pseudopotential approaches that use a superposition of atomic pseudopotentials to represent the superlattice. We then present several applications of our method to InAsGaSb Type-II superlattices and, where possible, we compare our results to those calculated with an effective mass method, as well as to atomistic EPM methods. In all of these comparisons, our method provides excellent agreement with the measured data. DTIC Pseudopotentials; Superlattices

20050173501 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA USA Accelerated Development of a High Field Single Electron Spin Microscope Holczer, Karoly; Apr. 2005; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0523 Report No.(s): AD-A432984; ARO-42654.1-MS; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This program has significantly accelerated the construction of a Single Electron Spin Microscope (SESM) - by this time practically completed - and the ideas proposed has been successfully realized. In this final report we emphasize those aspects of the SESM construction where funding provided under this pilot project made a substantial difference in the planning and design phase of the development even if additional funds were required for the eventual realization such as: (1) Development and design of stiff cantilever allowing for stable SPM operation and control at sub nanometer sample - tip separations. (2) Broadband detection of the cantilever motion is fed into a computer cluster for real time analyzes; complex distributed software has been developed for that. (3) Satisfactory millimeter wave excitations have been achieved with the developed mm wave power amplifiers and strip-line resonators. At the time of writing this report the SESM construction is practically accomplished. While performance refinements and enhancements are continuously added as a result of our ongoing efforts to find optimum-working configuration our current focus is to learn to use the instrument to explore the potentials built into it. DTIC Electron Microscopes; Electron Spin

20050173521 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA An Experimental Investigation of the Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Ferromagnetic Shields to Short-Duration Current Pulses Croisant, W. J.; McInerney, M. K.; Feickert, C. A.; Nielsen, P. H.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433007; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Intense electromagnetic (EM) fields can disrupt, disable, damage, or destroy sensitive electronic equipment that is needed to perform critical functions such as those related to command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR). EM shielding is used to protect equipment against such detrimental effects to promote the survivability of mission critical systems. Ferromagnetic materials can have a high magnetic permeability, which may be a significant advantage in shielding applications; however, the permeability varies with applied magnetic field intensity. An understanding of the performance of ferromagnetic shields under intense transient field conditions is needed to design a shield to attenuate fields to an acceptable level, to predict the performance of a given shield, or to determine the level of EM fields that would defeat a given shield and induce unacceptable EM field levels. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the nonlinear response of thin-walled ferromagnetic shields to short-duration surface current pulses. The results provide an improved understanding of the performance of ferromagnetic shields under intense transient EM field conditions. DTIC Electromagnetic Shielding; Ferromagnetic Materials; Nonlinearity; Thin Walls

107 20050173528 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Applications: Panel Session Anderson, James C.; Sep. 2004; 34 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-00-C-0002 Report No.(s): AD-A433015; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) OBJECTIVE: Identify and characterize factors that affect the impact of Moore’s Law on embedded applications. Questions for the panel: 1) Moore’s Law: What’s causing the slowdown? 2) What is the contribution of Moore’s Law to improvements at the embedded system level? 3) Can we preserve historical improvement rates for embedded applications? DTIC Embedding; Exponential Functions; Integrated Circuits; Semiconductors (Materials)

34 FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS Includes fluid dynamics and kinematics and all forms of heat transfer; boundary layer flow; hydrodynamics; hydraulics; fluidics; mass transfer and ablation cooling. For related information see also 02 Aerodynamics.

20050169928 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Complex [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only An operational change made recently in the drive motor system for the 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel (8x6 SWT)/9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (9x15 LSWT) complex resulted in dramatic power savings and expanded operating range. The 8x6 SWT/9x15 LSWT complex offers a unique combination of wind tunnel conditions for both high- and low-speed testing. Prior to the work discussed in this article, the 8- by 6-ft test section offered airflows ranging from Mach 0.36 to 2.0. Subsonic testing was done in the 9-ft high, 15-ft wide test area in the return leg of the facility. The air speed in this test section can range from 0 to 175 mph (Mach 0.23). In the past, we varied the air speed by using a combination of the compressor speed and the position of the tunnel flow-control doors. When very slow speeds were required in the 9x15 LSWT, these large tunnel flow control doors might be very nearly full open, bleeding off large quantities of air, even with the drive system operating at its previous minimum speed of about 510 rpm. Power drawn during this mode of operation varied between 15 and 18 MW/hr, but clearly much of this power was not being used to provide air that would be used for testing in the test section. The air exiting these large doors represented wasted power. Early this year, the facility’s tunnel drive system was run on one motor instead of three to see if lower drive speeds could be achieved that would, in turn, result in large power savings because unnecessary air would not be blown out of the flow-control doors unnecessarily. In addition, if the drive could be run slower, then slower speeds would also be possible in the 8x6 SWT test section as an added benefit. Results of the first tests performed early last year showed that in fact the drive, when operating on only one motor, actually reached a steady-state speed of only 337 rpm and drew an amazingly small 6 MW/hr of electrical power. During daytime operation of the drive, this meant that it would be possible to save as much as 10 MW/hr, or nearly $600 per hour of operation, for many of the 9x15 LSWT’s testing regimes. An added benefit of this power-saving venture was that since the 8x6 SWT and 9x15 LSWT are indeed on a common loop, if the compressor is slowed down to benefit the 9x15 LSWT, then the air moving through the 8x6 SWT is also moving slower than ever before. In fact, testing has proven that the 8x6 SWT can now achieve Mach 0.25, whereas its previous lower limit was Mach 0.36. This added benefit has attracted additional customers Author Supersonic Wind Tunnels; Wind Tunnel Tests; Low Speed Wind Tunnels; Motors; Wind Tunnel Drives

20050169934 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Allison Engine Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows on Core Compressor Studied [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Efforts to improve core compressor technology have traditionally focused on improving the power stream aerodynamics. During core compressor design and numerical simulation, the effects of leakage flows have been modeled with relatively simple approximations. A combined experimental/numerical research program aimed at studying the effects of the leakage flow under core compressor shrouded stators was therefore undertaken to improve our ability to predict the effects of this leakage flow on power stream aerodynamics. The experimental effort involves detailed measurements in both the seal cavity and power stream in the 4-ft-diameter, four-stage NASA Low-Speed Compressor. The numerical simulation effort involves three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations of the Low-Speed Compressor (performed in-house at the NASA Lewis

108 Research Center) and simulations of a representative high-speed core exit stage (performed under contract by Allison Engine Company). The Low-Speed Compressor features shrouded stator seal cavities with a single labyrinth seal tooth. Measurements of the power stream aerodynamics have been made for a range of seal tooth clearances. In the initial series of tests, the seal tooth clearances were changed in all four stages. In a second series of tests, the seal clearance was changed in only the third stage. Results from both test series indicate that significant changes in the power stream aerodynamics occur with different seal leakage rates. For example, the change in total pressure loss across the third stator is shown in the figure for a range of seal tooth clearances. The measured results indicate that the power stream aerodynamics are influenced across the lower 40 percent of the blade span by the leakage flow. The measured results will be compared with computational fluid dynamics simulations in which the seal cavity is included in the computational domain. The results will also be used to develop a simple leakage flow model for future computational fluid dynamics simulations so that the actual seal cavity will not have to be included in the computational domain. Author Computational Fluid Dynamics; Leakage; Stators; Shrouds; Compressors

20050169937 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, USA, Department of the Air Force, USA F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ CE-22 Facility [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only The next generation of aircraft fighters requires higher engine performance and enhanced stealth characteristics for air superiority. A Lockheed-Martin/Boeing aircraft with a Pratt & Whitney F119 engine was selected by the Air Force for the next advanced tactical fighter (ATF). As part of this program, the NASA Lewis Research Center entered into a cooperative test program with Pratt & Whitney along with the Air Force to study the performance for various advanced nozzle concepts for the F119 engine. The area of interest was to measure the internal performance (both thrust and flow coefficients) of nozzle flaps redesigned for low observability with minimal performance loss. The experimental program was successfully completed May 1995 in Lewis’ CE-22 facility. The models were tested over a wide range of geometric variations and nozzle pressure ratios. Results confirmed that the redesigned nozzle flaps had an insignificant effect on the thrust performance and that the resulting flow patterns should not be a problem in the cooling flow design. The results also agreed well with Pratt & Whitney’s computational fluid dynamics analysis. The data obtained from this test were added to the current data base to help validate other performance prediction methodology. Author Boeing Aircraft; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Nozzle Design; Flaps (Control Surfaces); Test Facilities; Aircraft Engines

20050169959 Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland Presolar He and Ne in Single Circumstellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Murchison and Murray Meteorites Heck, R.; Marhas, K. K.; Baur, H.; Hoppe, P.; Wieler, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Noble gases like He and Ne can be incorporated into circumstellar dust grains by different processes. Murchison SiC single grain analyses done by Nichols et al. revealed that only about 4% of the grains (approx. 1.5 to 4 micron diameter) contained detectable amounts of the nucleosynthetic Ne-G component (formerly known as Ne-E(H)), which was always accompanied by He-4. The authors suggested, however, that other grains might also contain nucleosynthetic He and Ne, but below their detection limits of (10-40) x 10(exp -13) and 6-18 x 10(exp -15) cu cm STP, respectively. Here we present new He and Ne analyses on on single SiC grains. Derived from text Helium Isotopes; Neon; Silicon Carbides; Grains; Meteorites

20050170416 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Kirby Co., Cleveland, OH, USA Flow Visualization Proposed for Vacuum Cleaner Nozzle Designs [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only In 1995, the NASA Lewis Research Center and the Kirby Company (a major vacuum cleaner company) began negotiations for a Space Act Agreement to conduct research, technology development, and testing involving the flow behavior of airborne particulate flow behavior. Through these research efforts, we hope to identify ways to improve suction, flow rate, and surface agitation characteristics of nozzles used in vacuum cleaner nozzles. We plan to apply an advanced visualization

109 technology, known as Stereoscopic Imaging Velocimetry (SIV), to a Kirby G-4 vacuum cleaner. Resultant data will be analyzed with a high-speed digital motion analysis system. We also plan to evaluate alternative vacuum cleaner nozzle designs. The overall goal of this project is to quantify both velocity ﬁelds and particle trajectories throughout the vacuum cleaner nozzle to optimize its ‘cleanability’--its ability to disturb and remove embedded dirt and other particulates from carpeting or hard surfaces. Reference Author Cleaners; Flow Visualization; Vacuum; Nozzle Design

20050170433 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Fuzzy Logic Particle Tracking [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A new all-electronic Particle Image Velocimetry technique that can efficiently map high speed gas flows has been developed in-house at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Particle Image Velocimetry is an optical technique for measuring the instantaneous two component velocity field across a planar region of a seeded flow field. A pulsed laser light sheet is used to illuminate the seed particles entrained in the flow field at two instances in time. One or more charged coupled device (CCD) cameras can be used to record the instantaneous positions of particles. Using the time between light sheet pulses and determining either the individual particle displacements or the average displacement of particles over a small subregion of the recorded image enables the calculation of the fluid velocity. Fuzzy logic minimizes the required operator intervention in identifying particles and computing velocity. Using two cameras that have the same view of the illumination plane yields two single exposure image frames. Two competing techniques that yield unambiguous velocity vector direction information have been widely used for reducing the single-exposure, multiple image frame data: (1) cross-correlation and (2) particle tracking. Correlation techniques yield averaged velocity estimates over subregions of the flow, whereas particle tracking techniques give individual particle velocity estimates. For the correlation technique, the correlation peak corresponding to the average displacement of particles across the subregion must be identified. Noise on the images and particle dropout result in misidentification of the true correlation peak. The subsequent velocity vector maps contain spurious vectors where the displacement peaks have been improperly identified. Typically these spurious vectors are replaced by a weighted average of the neighboring vectors, thereby decreasing the independence of the measurements. In this work, fuzzy logic techniques are used to determine the true correlation displacement peak even when it is not the maximum peak, hence maximizing the information recovery from the correlation operation, maintaining the number of independent measurements, and minimizing the number of spurious velocity vectors. Correlation peaks are correctly identified in both high and low seed density cases. The correlation velocity vector map can then be used as a guide for the particle-tracking operation. Again fuzzy logic techniques are used, this time to identify the correct particle image pairings between exposures to determine particle displacements, and thus the velocity. Combining these two techniques makes use of the higher spatial resolution available from the particle tracking. Particle tracking alone may not be possible in the high seed density images typically required for achieving good results from the correlation technique. This two-staged velocimetric technique can measure particle velocities with high spatial resolution over a broad range of seeding densities. Derived from text Fuzzy Systems; Particle Image Velocimetry; Tracking (Position)

20050170451 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA Optically Based Flame Detection in the NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature Wind Tunnel Borg, Stephen E.; May 2005; 24 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-090-80-40 Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213755; L-19104; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Two optically based flame-detection systems have been developed for use in NASA Langley’s 8-Foot High-Temperature Tunnel (8-ft HTT). These systems are used to detect the presence and stability of the main-burner and pilot-level flames during facility operation. System design considerations will be discussed, and a detailed description of the system components and circuit diagrams will be provided in the Appendices of this report. A more detailed description of the manufacturing process used in the fabrication of the fiber-optic probes is covered in NASA TM-2001-211233. Author Wind Tunnel Tests; High Temperature; Flames; Detection; Fabrication; Fiber Optics

110 20050170938 ICF, Inc., Washington, DC, USA Report on the Supply and Demand of CFC-12 in the USA, 1999 Jun. 09, 1999; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105888; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Production of CFC-12 for use in the USA ceased on December 31, 1995 in accordance with the requirements of the Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act. Since this production phaseout, the national supply of CFC-12 has depended upon the quantity of CFC-12 contained in stockpiles at the beginning of 1996, the quantity of CFC-12 reclaimed from existing air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, and illegal imports of CFC-12. The demand for CFC-12 is determined by the number of operating R-12 air conditioning and refrigeration systems that require refrigerant to replace R-12 lost through leakage and upon servicing (R-12 is the name for CFC-12 when it is used as a refrigerant). This report presents updated estimates of the supply and demand of R-12 in the USA during the period 1999 to 2005. NTIS Refrigerants; Air Conditioning Equipment

20050170940 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, USA Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead with the Deep Water Isotopic Current Analyzer (DWICA) Sartoris, J. J.; Hoffman, D. A.; Oct. 1971; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103094; REC-ERC-71-38; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The Southern Nevada Water Project will divert water from Lake Mead for municipal use in Southern Nevada. The intake for this project is on Saddle Island in Boulder Basin. Immediately north of Saddle island, Las Vegas Bay opens into Boulder Basin. Treated sewage enters Las Vegas Bay from Las Vegas Wash. In November 1967, the Bureau carried out a program of current measurements in Boulder Basin to determine if low-quality water from Las Vegas Bay might enter the intake on Saddle island. The current patterns in Boulder Basin and the effect of power discharges at Hooter Dam on these currents were also studied. NTIS Water Currents; Dams; Deep Water

20050172094 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Microgravity Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Flames Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A gas-jet diffusion flame is similar to the flame on a Bunsen burner, where a gaseous fuel (e.g., propane) flows from a nozzle into an oxygen-containing atmosphere (e.g., air). The difference is that a Bunsen burner allows for (partial) premixing of the fuel and the air, whereas a diffusion flame is not premixed and gets its oxygen (principally) by diffusion from the atmosphere around the flame. Simple gas-jet diffusion flames are often used for combustion studies because they embody the mechanisms operating in accidental fires and in practical combustion systems. However, most practical combustion is turbulent (i.e., with random flow vortices), which enhances the fuel/air mixing. These turbulent flames are not well understood because their random and transient nature complicates analysis. Normal gravity studies of turbulence in gas-jet diffusion flames can be impeded by buoyancy-induced instabilities. These gravitycaused instabilities, which are evident in the flickering of a candle flame in normal gravity, interfere with the study of turbulent gas-jet diffusion flames. By conducting experiments in microgravity, where buoyant instabilities are avoided, we at the NASA Lewis Research Center hope to improve our understanding of turbulent combustion. Ultimately, this could lead to improvements in combustor design, yielding higher efficiency and lower pollutant emissions. Gas-jet diffusion flames are often researched as model flames, because they embody mechanisms operating in both accidental fires and practical combustion systems (see the first figure). In normal gravity laboratory research, buoyant air flows, which are often negligible in practical situations, dominate the heat and mass transfer processes. Microgravity research studies, however, are not constrained by buoyant air flows, and new, unique information on the behavior of gas-jet diffusion flames has been obtained. Derived from text Diffusion Flames; Microgravity; Gas Jets; Turbulent Flames

20050172097 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Mixing and Transition Control Studied Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only Considerable progress in understanding nonlinear phenomena in both unbounded and wallbounded shear ﬂow transition

111 has been made through the use of a combination of high- Reynolds-number asymptotic and numerical methods. The objective of this continuing work is to fully understand the nonlinear dynamics so that ultimately (1) an effective means of mixing and transition control can be developed and (2) the source terms in the aeroacoustic noise problem can be modeled more accurately. Two important aspects of the work are that (1) the disturbances evolve from strictly linear instability waves on weakly nonparallel mean flows so that the proper upstream conditions are applied in the nonlinear or wave-interaction streamwise region and (2) the asymptotic formulations lead to parabolic problems so that the question of proper out-flow boundary conditions--still a research issue for direct numerical simulations of convectively unstable shear flows--does not arise. Composite expansion techniques are used to obtain solutions that account for both mean-flow-evolution and nonlinear effects. A previously derived theory for the amplitude evolution of a two-dimensional instability wave in an incompressible mixing layer (which is in quantitative agreement with available experimental data for the first nonlinear saturation stage for a plane-jet shear layer, a circular-jet shear layer, and a mixing layer behind a splitter plate) have been extended to include a wave-interaction stage with a three-dimensional subharmonic. The ultimate wave interaction effects can either give rise to explosive growth or an equilibrium solution, both of which are intimately associated with the nonlinear self-interaction of the three dimensional component. The extended theory is being evaluated numerically. In contrast to the mixing-layer situation, earlier comparisons of theoretical predictions based on asymptotic methods and experiments in wall-bounded shear-flow transition have been somewhat lacking in one aspect or another. The current work strongly suggests that the main weakness is the underlying asymptotic representation of the linear ‘part’ of the problem and not the explicit modeling of the nonlinear/wave-interaction effects. Consequently, the long-wave-length/high-Reynolds-number asymptotic limit for the Blasius boundary-layer stability problem was reexamined, and a new dispersion relationship for the instability waves that is uniformly valid for both the upper- and lower branch regions to the required order of approximation was obtained. A comparison with numerical results, obtained by solving the Orr-Sommerfeld stability problem, shows that the asymptotic formula provides surprisingly good results, even for values of the frequency parameter usually encountered in experimental investigations. This is particularly evident in the dynamically important upper-branch region, where much of the nonlinear interactions in transition experiments are believed to take place. The result is important in that it can be used to greatly improve the accuracy of weakly nonlinear critical-layer-based theories, and a consistent nonlinear theory is currently under evaluation. Author Mixing Layers (Fluids); Numerical Analysis; Shear Flow; Transition Flow; Control Theory

20050172100 Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA Molecular Dynamics Calculations Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The development of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics is very important in the history of physics, and it underlines the difficulty in dealing with systems involving many bodies, even if those bodies are identical. Macroscopic systems of atoms typically contain so many particles that it would be virtually impossible to follow the behavior of all of the particles involved. Therefore, the behavior of a complete system can only be described or predicted in statistical ways. Under a grant to the NASA Lewis Research Center, scientists at the Case Western Reserve University have been examining the use of modern computing techniques that may be able to investigate and find the behavior of complete systems that have a large number of particles by tracking each particle individually. This is the study of molecular dynamics. In contrast to Monte Carlo techniques, which incorporate uncertainty from the outset, molecular dynamics calculations are fully deterministic. Although it is still impossible to track, even on high-speed computers, each particle in a system of a trillion trillion particles, it has been found that such systems can be well simulated by calculating the trajectories of a few thousand particles. Modern computers and efficient computing strategies have been used to calculate the behavior of a few physical systems and are now being employed to study important problems such as supersonic flows in the laboratory and in space. In particular, an animated video (available in mpeg format--4.4 MB) was produced by Dr. M.J. Woo, now a National Research Council fellow at Lewis, and the G-VIS laboratory at Lewis. This video shows the behavior of supersonic shocks produced by pistons in enclosed cylinders by following exactly the behavior of thousands of particles. The major assumptions made were that the particles involved were hard spheres and that all collisions with the walls and with other particles were fully elastic. The animated video was voted one of two winning videos in a competition held at the meeting of the American Physical Society’s Division of Fluid Dynamics, held in Atlanta, Georgia, in November 1994. Of great interest was the result that in every shock there were a few high-speed precursor particles racing ahead of the shock, carrying information about its impending arrival. Most recently, Dr. Woo has been applying molecular dynamics techniques to the problem of determining the drag produced by the space station truss structure as it flies through the thin residual atmosphere of low-Earth orbit. This problem is made difficult by the complex structure of the truss and by the extreme supersonic nature of the flow. A fully filled section of the truss has already been examined, and drag predictions have been made. Molecular dynamics techniques promise to make realistic drag calculations

112 possible even for very complex partially ﬁlled truss segments ﬂying at arbitrary angles. Author Molecular Dynamics; Computer Techniques; Flow Distribution

20050173087 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Interface Configuration Experiments (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity on Fluids Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The Interface Configuration Experiment (ICE) is actually a series of experiments that explore the striking behavior of liquid-vapor interfaces (i.e., fluid surfaces) in a low gravity environment under which major shifts in liquid position can arise from small changes in container shape or contact angle. Although these experiments are designed to test current mathematical theory, there are numerous practical applications that could result from these studies. When designing fluid management systems for space-based operations, it is important to be able to predict the locations and configurations that fluids will assume in containers under low-gravity conditions. The increased ability to predict, and hence control, fluid interfaces is vital to systems and/or processes where capillary forces play a significant role both in space and on the Earth. Some of these applications are in general coating processes (paints, pesticides, printing, etc.), fluid transport in porous media (ground water flows, oil recovery, etc.), liquid propellant systems in space (liquid fuel and oxygen), capillary-pumped loops and heat pipes, and space-based life-support systems. In space, almost every fluid system is affected, if not dominated, by capillarity. Knowledge of the liquid-vapor interface behavior, and in particular the interface shape from which any analysis must begin, is required as a foundation to predict how these fluids will react in microgravity and on Earth. With such knowledge, system designs can be optimized, thereby decreasing costs and complexity, while increasing performance and reliability. ICE has increased, and will continue to increase this knowledge, as it probes the specific peculiarities of current theory upon which our current understanding of these effects is based. Several versions of ICE were conducted in NASA Lewis Research Center’s drop towers and on the space shuttle during the first and second USA Microgravity Laboratory missions (USML-1 and USML-2). Additional tests are planned for the space shuttle and for the Russian Mir space station. These studies will focus on interfacial problems concerning surface existence, uniqueness, configuration, stability, and flow characteristics. Derived from text Microgravity; Fluid Management; Flow Characteristics; Liquid-Vapor Interfaces; Spaceborne Experiments

20050173188 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA USA Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visualization of Hypervelocity Impact Damage and Oxidation Vashishta, Priya; Kalia, Rajiv K.; Nakano, Aiichiro; Jan. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432332; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Large-scale molecular dynamics simulation involving several hundred million atoms has been performed on parallel computers to study hypervelocity impact damage of high - strength aluminum nitride ceramic, which is of great importance for the design of penetration-resistant and light-weight armors at the Army. Results reveal an atomistic mechanism of damage initiation i.e. the phase transformation wave front acts as a source of dislocations and micro-cracks upon the arrival of an elastic rarefaction wave. Simulation has also been performed to study atomistic mechanisms of oxidation of an Al nanoparticle which has applications in high- energy density materials. A multi-resolution and probabilistic visualization algorithm has been developed to interactively analyze massive datasets from these simulations. DTIC Aluminum Nitrides; Hypervelocity Impact; Impact Damage; Oxidation; Rarefaction; Simulation

20050173251 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Facilities Lin, Mike C.; Aylor, Stephen J.; Lorand, Robert T.; Skelton, John C.; Van Ormer, Hank; Wenner, Paul A.; Powers, George; Carlson, Donald; King, William R.; Westerman, John F.; Jan. 2003; 146 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-MIPR Report No.(s): AD-A432480; ERDC/CERL-TR-03-2; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The use of air compressors by the DOD is widespread, and the variety of tools and machinery that operate on compressed air is increasing. This study involved the provision of turnkey services for the design, installation, and evaluation of a natural gas engine driven air compressor, as well as the identiﬁcation of other opportunities for reducing compressed air energy operating costs. DTIC Compressors; Internal Combustion Engines; Natural Gas

113 20050173261 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Recovery Roberts, Scott D.; Mar. 2005; 81 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432512; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) As the U.S. Navy develops new technologies which enhance automation and reduce crew size onboard naval vessels, unmanned vehicles will become increasingly valuable in conducting maritime operations. Effective launch and recovery systems (LARS) are necessary for unmanned vehicles to efficiently conduct operations at sea. The Towed Body system is a LARS with a wide range of applications for unmanned vehicle operations. The Towed Body can be evaluated as a small vessel with horizontal and vertical control surfaces. Since it is being towed, the directional stability of the Towed Body requires unique consideration due to the presence of the towing force. This thesis examines the effect of varying the longitudinal location of the vertical control surfaces, as well as the effective aspect ratio, size, and number of vertical control surfaces. The results identify critical stability values for the various ﬁn conﬁgurations. DTIC Boats; Ships; Stability Tests; Surface Vehicles; Towed Bodies

20050173290 Air Force Research Lab., Edwards AFB, CA USA Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Droplets and Jets Talley, Douglas G.; Cohn, R. K.; Coy, E. B.; Chehroudi, B.; Davis, D. W.; Apr. 2005; 11 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-2308 Report No.(s): AD-A432567; AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2005-0023; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report summarizes a research program to understand the mixing dynamics of supercritical droplets and jets. The research was motivated by the recognition that pressures in modern liquid rocket engine combustion chambers tend to be higher than the critical pressure of one or more of the propellants. Prior to the beginning of this research, combustion processes were largely modeled using low pressure, subcritical spray combustion concepts. At supercritical pressures, however, a distinct difference between ‘gaseous’ and ‘liquid’ phases no longer exists, surface tension and the enthalpy of vaporization vanish, and ‘gas’ phase density can approach that of the ‘liquid’ with correspondingly signiﬁcantly enhanced aerodynamic forces relative to the ‘liquid.’ These and other effects are discussed in detail in the references contained in the report. Under such conditions, questions such as whether droplets can even exist or what ‘spray combustion’ would look like lacked even qualitative answers at the beginning. As a result of the research conducted under this program, most of the qualitative questions have now been answered, and signiﬁcant progress has been made in determining quantitative mechanisms. DTIC Combustion Chambers; Drops (Liquids); Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines; Supercritical Flow

20050173292 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Saint Petersburg, USSR MHD Control of the Separation Phenomenon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Flow Bobashev, S. V.; Mende, N. P.; Sakharov, V. A.; Van Wie, D. M.; Oct. 2003; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432569; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The flow separation phenomenon is encountered practically in all areas of technology related to liquid or gas flows. Generally, the separation leads to harmful consequences such as an increase of the body drag, a decrease of the wing lift, unsteady loads, and at high supersonic velocities causes emergence of narrow zones with intense heat fluxes toward the vehicle surface. The flow separation at supersonic velocities is associated with the interaction between shock waves and boundary layers. Shock-wave/boundary- layer interaction (SWBLI) has been a subject of many investigations over the past four decades aimed eventually at designing supersonic and hypersonic air intakes 1. There are some convenient physical models allowing the researcher to study SWBLI experimentally under simple conditions by means of a relatively simple visualization technique. One of such models is a supersonic flow inside an inner dihedral angle (compression corner). SWBLI may cause the flow separation in the vicinity of a compression corner. Improvement of understanding of the mechanism of the control of that interaction and prevention of the separation can pave the way for solving the problem of designing an air intake for operation over a wide range of the flight velocities. According to the AJAX concept 2, a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach to controlling a supersonic flow of an ionized gas seems very attractive and advantageous. DTIC Magnetohydrodynamic Flow; Magnetohydrodynamics; Supersonic Flow; Xenon

114 20050173297 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA Performance of a Low-Density Hypersonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facility Kimmel, R.; Hayes, J.; Tyler, C.; Shang, J. S.; Oct. 2003; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432574; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A hypersonic, weakly ionized gas experimental facility has been successfully developed for magnetoaerodynamics basic research. The weakly ionized air is generated by a combination of direct current discharge, radio frequency discharge, and a combination of both in a blow-down, open jet, Mach 5 flow channel. The plasma field is characterized by electron temperatures around 10,000 K, and electron number density up to 2x10(exp 12) cu cm. The magnetic field is provided by a steady sate solenoid that can generate a maximum field up to three Tesla and an array of permanent magnets. In this environment, the maximum ma magneto-aerodynamic interaction parameter per unit length is around 1.5 per meter. A collection of plasma diagnostic tools including emission spectroscopy, microwave absorption, and Langmuir probes also are available. DTIC Hypersonics; Magnetohydrodynamics

20050173442 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two-Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity Load Planning Koprowski, Peter M.; Mar. 2005; 76 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432887; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A military deployment is visible and vulnerable. But, deployments are currently planned assuming they can be completed with surprise, or defended from any threat. JFAST, the current deployment planning and visualization tool of choice, uses heuristics of unknown reliability that yield deployment plans of unknown quality, and ignores vulnerability. We introduce LIFTER, an integer-linear program (ILP) that optimizes a time-phased force deployment (TPFDD) by day, by asset cycle, and by TPFDD line (individual shipment from an origin to a destination), and ATTACKER, also an ILP, representing a smart enemy’s resource-limited interdictions to maximally disrupt LIFTER’s subsequently re-optimized TPFDD plan. LIFTER activates transport assets from an allocation list, and yields a complete logistic plan that minimizes disruption represented by penalties for early, tardy, late, or dropped shipments, and for under-utilization of asset capacity. We use LIFTER to qualitatively assess JFAST heuristic plans. We also link both ILPs in a decomposition-based search for the best deployment plan around the worst-case interdiction, given that the actions of deployer and interdictor are transparent to both parties. We explain how JFAST could be embellished with its own version of ATTACKER. A key discovery here is a gauge of the value of intelligence, deception, and secrecy. DTIC Commodities; Lift; Loads (Forces); Logistics; Optimization; Scheduling

20050173448 Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Parameterizations Jackson, Artie; Jun. 2004; 72 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-1010 Report No.(s): AD-A432901; AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1116; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Dewan optical turbulence parameterization has been the Air Force Research Laboratory optical turbulence model of choice for various research efforts involving optical turbulence during the past several years. The Dewan parameterization was developed to convert standard radiosonde data into vertical profiles of Cr2, the refractive index structure constant, which is the critical parameter for describing optical turbulence. The Dewan parameterization provides useful vertical profiles of Cr2 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, though there is certainly a need for improvement at these altitudes. The statistical relationships relating Dewan’s Y parameter to wind shear, which form the basis of the Dewan parameterization, are often not found in atmospheric measurement data, thus this is an area to explore in developing improved optical turbulence parameterization for the troposphere and stratosphere. Several modified-Dewan optical turbulence parameterization are developed and tested for the lower troposphere, the troposphere, the stratosphere and the combined tropospherelstratosphere. DTIC Optical Equipment; Parameterization; Turbulence

115 20050173450 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Environment Ray, Stephen E.; Newill, James F.; Nusca, Michael J.; Horst, Albert W.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-D-0001 Report No.(s): AD-A432903; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The state-of-the-art interior ballistics (IB) code for the Army, ARL-NGEN3, is being used to predict the interior ballistics behavior of next-generation gun charges, which include densely-packed solid propellants. Recently, the results from ARL-NGEN3 code simulations were linked to structural dynamics codes in order to predict the in-bore behavior of the projectile afterbody. In the current paper results are presented from recent efforts to bring together the capabilities of ARL-NGEN3 and two of the prominent structural mechanics codes, DYNA3D and EPIC. Results from simulations of a test case show the effectiveness of this approach. DTIC Ballistics; Coding; Command Service Modules; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Interior Ballistics; Projectiles; Structural Analysis

20050173477 Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI USA An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Detection and Analysis Systems Beebe, David J.; Feb. 2005; 149 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-00-2-0570; DARPA ORDER-E117; Proj-E117 Report No.(s): AD-A432950; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-54; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A comprehensive new approach to the rapid and flexible construction of microfluidic-based systems for biological and chemical (BC) agent detection has been demonstrated. The foundation of the approach is a new manufacturing process called MicroFluidic Tectonics that combines responsive hydrogel materials with novel liquid phase Microfluidic construction methods. The approach addresses several critical issues relevant to BC agent defense - simple device fabrication, just-in-time manufacturing, integration of all system functions through ‘in situ’ fabrication, simple operation, self-regulation of on chip flow, no electrical power, rapid and highly adaptable to changing needs. MicroFluidic Tectonics (microFT) processes capable of manufacturing elegant (operationally simple, but functionally complex) microfluidic systems in the field were developed. In addition, methods for the creation of novel BC sensing systems that directly couple micro scale detection to macro scale alerts were shown. The systems are capable of performing sample preparation steps and can detect host defense toxins. In addition, advanced concepts in truly three dimensional functional polymer structures and heterogeneous materials integration were demonstrated. Modeling and material characterization capabilities to not only understand hydrogels better but also to enable design of innovative applications based on hydrogels were also established. A representative assay was used to develop and test the systems including botulinum toxin detection. The MicroFluidic Tectonics platform has broad potential applications across all layers of BC detection, analysis and response as well as many non BC warfare applications such as environmental toxicology, clinical detection and diagnosis, chemical synthesis, etc. DTIC Biochemistry; Detection; Fluidics

20050173508 California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Lasheras, Juan C.; Oct. 2004; 128 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-96-1-0213 Report No.(s): AD-A432992; 2259AV; ONR-TR-333; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report studies the dynamics of particle-laden turbulent flows. Specifically, it addresses the effect of the turbulence on the concentration field and drift velocity of spherical particles. The coupling between the particle accumulation and the modification of the drift velocity is also investigated. Turbulent flows with and without mean shear are analyzed and the effect of the turbulent length scales on the behavior of the particles is described. The effect of the density ratio between the disperse and the continuous phase was considered in the two extreme cases of water droplets in air (1000) and air bubbles in water (1/1000). DTIC Bubbles; Drops (Liquids); Gravitational Effects; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow

116 35 INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY Includes remote sensors; measuring instruments and gages; detectors; cameras and photographic supplies; and holography. For aerial photography see 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation; and 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics.

20050169805 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany Martian Valley Networks and Associated Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Jaumann, R.; Reiss, D.; Frei, S.; Scholten, F.; Grinner, K.; Roatsch, T.; Matz, K.-D.; Hauber, E.; Mertens, V.; Hoffmann, H., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Our objective is to characterize the internal structure of valley networks based on small-scale features that are related to fluvial processes. In order to map the features we used the data of ESA s Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) [1]. As HRSC is a stereo camera the three-dimensional structure of small inner valley features can be resolved providing quantitative information on transport rates and mass balances. Although the age differences between the valley floors and the surroundings are large and therefore stand for low average erosion rates, the estimated discharges indicate higher erosion activities and therefore shorter periods for the valley formation, which may be caused by episodic flooding events. Derived from text Cameras; Mars Express; Mass Distribution; High Resolution

20050169861 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Top Level User Speciﬁcations for Mask Inspection Microscope Barty, A.; Taylor, J. S.; Jan. 31, 2002; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003402; UCRL-CR-148215; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This document compiles top-level user speciﬁcations for an EUV microscope for characterizing EUVL mask defects. Two broad categories of application are considered: (1) emulation of the imaging characteristics of a stepper for printability analysis (AIM mode); and (2) high-resolution imaging for obtaining a more detailed characterization of defects or mask features. It is generally assumed that the mask defects that are to be characterized have been located by a previous inspection procedure and the spatial coordinates of the defect can be transferred to the microscope. NTIS Imaging Techniques; User Requirements; Microscopes; Ultraviolet Microscopy

20050169862 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junction for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Hiller, L. J.; Mar. 06, 2001; 132 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003411; UCRL-LR-143344; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) in combination with a superconducting absorber of radiation may function as a highly resolving x-ray spectrometer. Electronic excitations, or quasiparticles, are created when a superconductor absorbs an x-ray and are detected as an excess tunnel current through the junction. The number of quasiparticles created and the magnitude of the excess current is proportional to the energy of the absorbed x-ray. This is similar to existing semiconductor-based spectrometers that measure electron-hole pairs, but with 1000 times more excitations. The energy measurement therefore can be up to 30 times more precise with a superconducting detector than with a semiconductor detector. This work describes the development and testing of an STJ spectrometer design for x-ray ﬂuorescence applications. First, the basic principles of the STJ spectrometer are explained. This is followed by detailed simulations of the variance in the number of quasiparticles produced by absorption of an x-ray. This variance is inherent in the detector and establishes an upper limit on the resolving power of the spectrometer. These simulations include effects due to the materials used in the spectrometer and to the multilayer structure of the device. Next, the spectrometer is characterized as functions of operating temperature, incident x-ray energy, and count rate. Many of these tests were performed with the spectrometer attached to a synchrotron radiation port. Finally, example x-ray ﬂuorescence spectra of materials exposed to synchrotron radiation are presented. These

117 materials are of interest to semiconductor processing and structural biology, two ﬁelds that will beneﬁt immediately from the improved resolving power of the STJ spectrometer. NTIS Semiconductors (Materials); Spectrometers; Spectroscopy; Superconductivity; Superconductors (Materials); Tunnel Junctions; X Ray Fluorescence; X Ray Spectrometers

20050169993 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Complementary Hemispherical Reflectance and Thermal Emission Spectroscopy Using a Single FTIR Instrument Hamilton, V. E.; Lucey, P. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) at the University of Hawaii houses a new, dual-function FTIR spectrometer. This spectrometer provides an unprecedented opportunity to collect near-simultaneous (within tens of minutes) hemispherical reflectance and emission data of geologic samples, eliminating the disruption of particulate samples that necessarily occurs when such samples must be transported between laboratories. This dual setup also will facilitate cross-calibration between reflectance and emission spectra. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Infrared Spectrometers; Reflectance; Thermal Emission; Fourier Transformation

20050170610 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared Reﬂectance Microspectroscopy Klima, R. L.; Pieters, C. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-13609; NNG04GG11G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Technological improvements in IR microspectroscopy have made it an increasingly appealing tool for planetary mineralogy. Microspectroscopy presents the prospect of examining small samples nondestructively and acquiring spectra that can be related to remote sensing observations. However, complications are introduced as a target beam size is reduced, and it is critical that limitations are understood. We present the results of a series of well constrained spectroscopic measurements, linking microspectroscopic data to traditionally collected reﬂectance spectra and petrologic information for the same rock. Author Infrared Radiation; Spectroscopic Analysis; Mineralogy

20050172152 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Preliminary Results Nakamura, R.; Ishiguro, M.; Nakamura, A. M.; Hirata, N.; Terazono, J.; Yamamoto, A.; Abe, M.; Hashimoto, T.; Saito, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document HAYABUSA is a Japanese sample return mission from a S-type near-Earth asteroid Itokawa and Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera (AMICA) is one of the remote-sensing instruments. The field of view of 5.7 degree square is covered by a CCD chip consisting of 1024x1024 pixels with the 12 bit dynamic range. AMICA has a filter set similar, but not identical to the Eight Color Asteroids Survey (ECAS), which is the standard system for the ground-based asteroid taxonomy. In addition, four polarizers are attached on the surface of the CCD. While the imaging performance is a critical factor to investigate the surface topography, contaminants may blur the images as MSI on Near/Shoemaker. The ground-based measurements of a integrating sphere provided us with the radiometric calibration coefficients, which convert the output DN of AMICA to the input radiance. The preflight radiometric calibration, however, were conducted under the much higher temperature compared with the inflight operational environments. With the absolute radiometric calibration, we can estimate the Hapke parameters of Itokawa, which could be associated with the regolith properties. In addition, the local variations of the color and iron absorptions can be directly compared with the previous studies on Eros. In this article, we present some preliminary results

118 of inﬂight observations of AMICA to check the imaging performance and the absolute sensitivity in space. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) CCD Cameras; Calibrating; Spacecraft Instruments; Multispectral Band Cameras

20050172163 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure Nelson, R. M.; Hapke, B. W.; Smythe, W. D.; Manatt, K. S.; Eddy, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Opposition Effect (OE) is the non-linear increase in the intensity of light scattered from a surface as phase angle approaches 0 deg. It is seen in laboratory experiments and in remote sensing observations of planetary surfaces. Understanding the OE is a requirement for ﬁtting photometric models which produce meaningful results about regolith texture. Previously we have reported measurements from the JPL long arm goniometer and we have shown that this instrument enables us to distinguish between two distinct processes which create the opposition surges, Shadow Hiding (SHOE) and Coherent Backscattering (CBOE). SHOE arises because, as phase angle approaches zero, shadows cast by regolith grains on other grains become invisible to the observer. CBOE results from constructive interference between rays traveling the same path but in opposite directions. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Regolith; Microstructure; Light Scattering; Optical Measuring Instruments; Planetary Surfaces

20050173197 Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC USA Airborne UXO Surveys Using the MTADS Nelson, H. H.; McDonald, J. R.; Wright, David; Apr. 2005; 140 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432363; NRL/MR/6110--05-8874; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) An airborne version of the MTADS vehicular towed array has been developed and demonstrated with the support of ESTCP Project 200031. The system is ideally suited to localizing burial caches of ordnance and establishing areas that are uncontaminated but also retains the capability of detecting, locating, and identifying individual ordnance items the size of 2.75-in. rocket warheads and larger. The system deploys a linear array of 7 Cs-vapor magnetometers spaced at 1.5-m intervals in a forward-mounted boom on a Bell Long Ranger helicopter. Two GPS units mounted on the forward boom provide positioning and roll and yaw measurements. An inertial measurement unit and a 3-axis ﬂuxgate gradiometer redundantly provide additional attitude measurements. Laser, radar, and acoustic altimeters provide altitude information. A pilot guidance display provides survey progress and platform information in real time. All sensor data are recorded in a data acquisition computer mounted in one of the helicopter rear seats. This report documents the performance of the Airborne MTADS at three ranges containing both live ordnance and inert, seeded ordnance. DTIC Aerial Reconnaissance; Ammunition; Detection; Microinstrumentation; Ordnance; Sensors

20050173211 Naval Research Lab., Bay Saint Louis, MS USA Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Algorithm to Derive Optical Properties From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Aircraft Imagery Gould, R. W., Jr.; Amone, R. A.; Sydor, M.; Kohler, D. D.; Bissett, W. P.; Oct. 2004; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432395; NRL/PP/7330--04-0006; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Using new algorithms, we derive estimates of partitioned absorption (a) and scattering (b) coefficients from high-resolution, hyperspectral aircraft imagery collected with the PHILLS sensor. During May 2002, we conducted simultaneous ship and aircraft surveys in a dynamic environment in the northern Gulf of Mexico (coastal waters near Mobile Bay, Alabama). Optical measurements included hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance, partitioned absorption coefficients (phytoplankton, detrital, and colored dissolved organic matter components), beam attenuation (c), backscattering coefficient, HPLC phytoplankton pigment concentrations, and organic/inorganic particle loads. Our objectives arc to: (I) develop new algorithms to estimate optical properties from hyperspectral ocean color imagery; (2) apply to high-resolution aircraft imagery to characterize the spatial optical variability in an environment impacted by high concentrations of dissolved and particulate materials; and (3) perform an optical water mass classification on the aircraft imagery. The new optical classification system

119 based on the partitioned absorption coefficients is used to distinguish water masses and track coastal features. DTIC Algorithms; High Resolution; Imagery; Near Infrared Radiation; Optical Properties; Slopes

20050173218 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA Development of Artificial Haircell Sensors Liu, Chang; Apr. 2005; 37 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-01-1-0496 Report No.(s): AD-A432406; AFRL-SR-AR-TR-05-0147; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Biological haircells are highly sensitive and yet robust mechanoreceptors that can respond to an extremely wide variety of physical, fluidical, and chemical stimulus. The variety of animals that use haircell, a simple mechanical transducer, for critical tasks is astonishing. This projected aimed to: (1) Learn from the biological systems about haircell sensor design, materials, and performance, and the way multiple sensors are organized; (2) Develop artificial haircell sensors that are inspired by design, materials, and dimensions of biological counterparts using advanced microfabrication strategies; (3) Characterize the performance of artificial haircell sensors and validate the performance of individual sensors and groups of them for flow sensing applications. Apart from the objectives of gaining better performance in terms of combined sensitivity and robustness, the use of bioinspired haircell sensors have other benefits that are important for the military. Sensors are very important for military platforms such as remote wireless sensors and various mobile platforms. However, the cost of developing custom sensors is very high due to the high cost (millions of dollars) and long duration (several years) of sensor development. It is anticipate that the modualar sensor concept will significantly reduce the time it takes to develop a certain sensor and to enable low cost development efforts in the future. DTIC Biological Effects; Detection; Mechanical Properties

20050173249 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Response to Surface and Mesoscale Forcing Moore, Matthew J.; Mar. 2005; 75 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432473; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis study focuses on understanding the dissipation processes of the stratocumulus deck after sunrise. This objective is met through careful analyses of observational data as well as model simulations. Measurements from the Marine Atmosphere Measurement Lab (MAML) of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) are used in this study. In particular, the half-hourly wind proﬁler/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) measurements were used to determine the boundary layer top and the evolution of the boundary layer mean thermodynamic properties during the cloud breakup period. Measurements from a laser ceilometer and the routine surface measurements are also used to detect the variation of cloud base height, the evolution of the cloud deck, and the onset of sea breeze. These measurements revealed the increase of the boundary layer depth after sunrise followed by a decrease of the boundary layer depth after the onset of the sea breeze, which points to the role of surface heating and sea breeze development in modulating cloud evolution. The effects of surface heating and sea breeze are further tested using a 1-dimensional mixed layer model modiﬁed for coastal land surfaces. DTIC Boundary Layers; Mesoscale Phenomena; Radar Equipment; Radio Transmitters; Sounding

20050173301 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA USA Analysis of Soil and Environmental Processes on Hyperspectral Infrared Signatures of Landmines Cathcart, J. M.; Bock, Robert D.; Campbell, Ricardo; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432578; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Georgia Tech is in the second year of a Multi-University Research Initiative designed to study the impact of environmental processes on optical signatures. In particular, this program is conducting phenomenological studies on hyperspectral and polarimetric signatures of various target classes in the visible and infrared wavebands. Initial research studies have focused on landmines and the impact of various environmental factors and processes (e.g., subsurface processes) on the resultant spectral infrared signatures. A variety of approaches have been employed in this research to gain a better understanding of the impact of the environment on the spectral and polarimetric characteristics of soil and landmine signatures. These approaches include theoretical analyses, physics-based signature modeling, ﬁeld measurements, and laboratory studies. We will present results from our research into the use of a physics-based, hyperspectral signature model

120 as an analysis tool for landmine-related phenomenology studies. Results from these studies will be presented that underscore the importance of incorporating the subsurface processes into the signature analyses and the impact of these processes on detection algorithm development. The results of these analyses have been propagated to algorithm developers to permit the creation of more robust processing techniques based on these physical analyses and models. DTIC Environments; Imagery; Infrared Radiation; Infrared Signatures; Mines (Ordnance); Reﬂectance; Signatures; Soils; Spectrometers

20050173305 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA Multiple Model Particle Filtering For Multi-Target Tracking Hero, Alfred; Kreucher, Chris; Kastella, Keith; Dec. 2004; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432588; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper addresses the problem of tracking multiple moving targets by recursively estimating the joint multitarget probability density (JMPD). Estimation of the JMPD is done in a Bayesian framework and provides a method for tracking multiple targets which allow nonlinear target motion and measurement to state coupling as well as non-Gaussian target-state densities. We utilize an implementation of the JMPD method based on particle filtering (PF) techniques. The details of this method have been presented elsewhere 1. One feature of real targets is that they are poorly described by a single kinematic model Target behavior may change dramatically i.e. targets may stop moving or begin rapid acceleration. To address this fact we evaluate the use of the adaptive target tracking strategy known as the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm. The IMM uses multiple models for target behavior and adaptively determines which model(s) are the most appropriate at each time step based on sensor measurements. We demonstrate the applicability of the IMM to a PF-based multitarget tracker in two settings. First we consider the traditional application of tracking targets that switch between kinematic modes. The target motion used is field data recorded during a military battle simulation and includes multiple modes of target behavior. Our investigation is distinguished from prior efforts in that it is concerned with multiple targets and real target motion data and utilizes a PF implementation. Second we present a nontraditional reinterpretation of the multiple model filter as multiple models on the state of the filter rather than on the state of the target. We find that this strategy is able to automatically detect model violations and compensate by altering the filter model which results in improved target tracking. DTIC Algorithms; Signal to Noise Ratios; Tracking (Position)

20050173308 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambiguity Rejection Benitz, Gerald; Dec. 2004; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432610; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Lincoln SPARTA program is developing next-generation phased arrays for enhanced radar performance and efficiency. One novel capability being explored is simultaneous operation of MTI (moving target indicator) and SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imaging two functions that are usually mutually exclusive. MTI scans large areas quickly using short integration (^10 msec) and low bandwidth (^10 MHz). SAR in contrast stares for seconds at each location and has high bandwidth (^600 MHz). Simultaneous operation requires multiple beams, frequency-division multiplexing, and synchronized pulsing. Also, MTI requires a higher PRF (pulse-repetition frequency) than SAR, and multiple PRFs for ambiguity resolution. Hence, it is desirable for SAR to function with MTI pulse scheduling. This presentation explores the use of adaptive beamforming to extend SAR performance to unfavorable PRFs. A low PRF implies that Doppler-ambiguous clutter is near the main lobe, while a high PRF implies that range-ambiguous clutter is near the main lobe. An image-domain, minimum-variance beamformer is presented which attenuates ambiguous clutter, adapting the beam uniquely at each location (pixel) in the image. A simulated SAR collection at high PRF using a 3-beam combiner demonstrates a practical, limited degree-of-freedom implementation. DTIC Adaptation; Ambiguity; Beamforming; Moving Target Indicators; Phased Arrays; Synthetic Aperture Radar

20050173314 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Long CPI Wideband GMTI Yegulalp, Ali; Dec. 2004; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432617; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

121 The conventional approach to GMTI uses narrowband signals and a short coherent processing interval (CPI). In this talk, we examine some of the fundamental theoretical issues involved in GMTI with wideband signals and long CPIs (WL-GMTI). The possibility of wideband long CPI GMTI has received some attention in recent years and there are a number of potential benefits: 1) Improved minimum detectable velocity (MDV). 2) Detection of targets with zero radial velocity (but non-zero tangential velocity. 3) Better fit with dual-use SAR/GMTI architectures. 4) Less demanding array requirements (shorter and/or sparser arrays). 5) Greater robustness to clutter internal motion. The most convenient framework for WL-GMTI is a post-SAR architecture where each spatial channel is pre-processed with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing. The post-SAR architecture is the natural generalization of post-Doppler STAP to the wideband long-CPI case. Exact steering vectors in the post-SAR framework are computed analytically for constant-velocity targets assuming a calibrated array. The steering vectors can be used with algorithms such as the GLRT or AMF to perform adaptive detection on the post-SAR data. We also derive a simple exact expression for SINR loss when the covariance is known exactly. The loss is a two-dimensional function of both target velocity components indicating the capability to detect both radial and non-radial target motion. The final section of this talk examines WL-GMTI performance bounds based on optimal Bayesian detection. In particular we study how detection performance varies as a function of the number of pixels that the moving target ‘smears’ over in the SAR image. There is a surprising improvement in detection performance when the clutter has strong non-Gaussian tails. In at least some cases, it appears that much of the performance can be achieved with a simple sub-optimal detector. DTIC Broadband; Moving Target Indicators; Synthetic Aperture Radar

20050173320 QinetiQ Ltd., London, UK A Novel Technique for Broadband Singular Value Decomposition McWhirter, John; Baxter, Paul D.; Dec. 2004; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432624; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a very important tool for narrowband adaptive sensor array processing. The SVD decorrelates the signals received from an array of sensors by applying a unitary matrix of complex scalars which serve to modify the signals in phase and amplitude. Because the transformation is unitary the associated singular values represent the true energy associated with each of the decorrelated components so the signal and noise subspaces may sometimes be separated. In broadband applications or a situation in which narrowband signals have been convolutively mixed the received signals cannot be represented in terms of phase and amplitude. Instantaneous decorrelation using a unitary matrix is no longer sufficient to separate them. It is necessary to impose decorrelation not just at the same time instant for all signals but over a suitably chosen range of relative time delays. This is referred to as strong decorrelation. Implementing strong decorrelation involves the application of a matrix of suitably chosen FIR filters and if each filter is represented in terms of its z-transform this takes the form of a polynomial matrix. We generalize the SVD to broadband adaptive sensor arrays by requiring the strong decorrelation to be implemented using a paraunitary polynomial matrix A paraunitary polynomial matrix has several important (closely related) properties. 1. It represents a multi-channel all-pass filter. 2. It preserves the total signal energy. 3. It preserves the total energy at every frequency. In this paper we describe a novel technique for computing the required paraunitary matrix and show how the resulting broadband SVD algorithm can be applied in practice e.g. to identify broadband signal and noise subspaces or to separate a multi-channel broadband adaptive filtering problem into a set of independent single-channel problems. DTIC Adaptation; Broadband; Decomposition; Narrowband

20050173321 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Threshold Region Performance Prediction for Adaptive Matched Field Processing Localization Lee, Nigel; Richmond, Christ D.; Mar. 2004; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432626; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Matched field processing (MFP) provides a means of attaining the full gains available from the shallow-water acoustic channel in passive sonar signal processing. By modeling the full field structure of acoustic signals propagating in the ocean MFP offers the potential for both detection gain (through its better signal model) and localization gain (through its additional discrimination capability in range and depth) over traditional planewave processing. However, high spatial ambiguities and mismatch present formidable challenges in practice limiting the performance gains that are realistically achievable with MFP. Prediction of MFP localization performance is a challenging problem. MFP replica (steering) vectors can be highly ambiguous in range and depth resulting in significant non-local estimation errors at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs)-errors not modeled by traditional localization measures such as the Cramer-Rao bound. Recent work has demonstrated the accuracy of an

122 interval-error-based method referred to herein as the ‘method of interval errors’ (MIE), in predicting mean- squared error localization performance well into the threshold region where non-local errors may dominate. This work uses the MIE to predict the mean-squared error accuracy of MFP range and depth estimates for two well-known approaches: (i) conventional beamforming (equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation for white noise) and (ii) Capon-MVDR adaptive beamforming. Simulation results will characterize localization performance as a function of SNR, for apertures and environments of interest. Particular attention will be given to the ‘threshold SNR’ (below which localization performance degrades rapidly due to global estimation errors) and to the minimum SNR required to achieve acceptable range/depth localization. Initial work will also be presented assessing the MIE’s potential to characterize localization performance in the presence of mismatch. DTIC Adaptation; Performance Prediction; Position (Location); Signal to Noise Ratios; Signal Transmission; Sound Waves

20050173325 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA Observations in Improved Geolocation Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent and Non-Signal Dependent Errors Porr, Lauren E.; Faragher, Gregory P.; Kosinski, John A.; Borowick, John J.; Dec. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432631; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper examines the effects of signal-dependent versus non-signal-dependent errors on the geolocation accuracy that a state-of-the-art system based on Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) equipment can potentially achieve. The results provide a focus for research in improvements of geolocation accuracy. The studies make use of a simulation tool developed by the Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) at Fort Monmouth, NJ; supported by CACI Technologies, Inc., Eatontown, NJ; and the Research Associates of Syracuse (RAS) , Syracuse, NY. DTIC Accuracy; Direction Finding; Emitters; Errors; Position (Location); Rescue Operations

20050173328 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Edelstein, A. S.; Fischer, Greg; Pulskamp, Jeff; Pedersen, Michael; Bernard, William; Cheng, Shu F.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432634; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) New approaches offer the promise of providing energy efficient, low cost, small, and highly sensitive magnetic sensors. However, the 1/f noise of these new types of sensors is a major obstacle. Many army applications, such as detecting moving targets, require sensitivity at low frequencies. This paper reports development of a device, the MEMS flux concentrator, invented at ARL, that minimizes the effect of 1/f noise in sensors. The device accomplishes this by shifting the operating frequency to higher frequencies where 1/f noise is much lower. This shift is accomplished by modulating the magnetic field before it reaches the sensor. In our device, the magnetic sensor, a GMR sensor, is placed between flux concentrators that have been deposited on MEMS flaps. The motion of the MEMS flaps modulates the field by a factor of 3 at frequencies from 8 to 15 kHz. The MEMS flux concentrator should increase the sensitivity of many magnetic sensors by two to three orders of magnitude. An equally important benefit is that, because it is a modulation technique, it eliminates the problem of dealing with the large DC bias of most magnetoresistive sensors. DTIC Concentrators; Microelectromechanical Systems; Microinstrumentation; Sensors

20050173335 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record Number 354 Overbay, Larry, Jr.; Archiable, Robert; McClung, Christina; Jan. 2005; 66 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432657; ATC-8915; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This scoring record documents the efforts of Shaw Environmental, Inc. to detect and discriminate inert unexploded ordnance (UXO) utilizing the YPG standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field. The scoring record was coordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Scoring Committee. Organizations on the committee include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security Technology Certiﬁcation Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis,

123 the U.S. Army Environmental Center, and the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center. DTIC Ammunition; Explosives Detection; Ordnance; Scoring; Standardization

20050173344 Cornish (Graham P.), Yorkshire, UK Economics of Electronic Information Provision Cornish, Graham P.; Dec. 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432685; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) No abstract available Economics; Electronic Publishing; Libraries; Marketing

20050173444 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LADAR Data Vandapel, Nicolas; Hebert, Martial; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-209912 Report No.(s): AD-A432892; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In this paper, we address the problem of finding concertina wire in three-dimensional (3-D) data. Wire entanglements constitute a major obstacle to the mobility of Unmanned Ground Vehicle because of their widespread use and the difficulty to detect them. We pose the problem in term of finding thin structures organized in complex patterns. Such problem did not received as much attention as linear and planar structures segmentation. We are interested especially in the problems posed by repetitive and symmetric structures acquired with a laser range finder. The method relies on 3-D data projections along specific directions and 2-D histograms comparison. The sensitivity of the classification algorithm to the parameter settings is evaluated and a segmentation method proposed. DTIC Detection; Laser Range Finders; Lasers; Optical Radar; Rangefinding; Unmanned Ground Vehicles

20050173462 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Armor Plate Surface Roughness Measurements Stanton, Brian; Coburn, William; Pizzillo, Thomas J.; Apr. 2005; 50 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432918; ARL-TR-3498; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The accuracy and limitations of DoD high frequency radar signature prediction codes depend on the approximations included in the underlying algorithms. At Ka-Band and above, accurate representation of the target surfaces becomes a limiting factor in the electromagnetic simulation, since the resolution requirements are on the same order as fabrication tolerances. Even if accurate representation of test vehicles can be obtained, there may still be discrepancies in the modeled surface condition (i.e., surface texture and coatings) that could become important at high frequency. We measure waviness and roughness of various plates to know the parameter range for smooth aluminum and rolled homogenous armor (RHA). We also modify the plates by grit blasting to determine how parameters might change during surface preparation for painting. Using these roughness parameters and typical electrical characteristics for paint, we can estimate the effect of surface condition on RCS predictions at Ka-Band. For the painting process and surface roughness typical of ground vehicles, theory predicts only a small difference compared to smooth metal targets. DTIC Armor; High Frequencies; Radar Cross Sections; Radar Signatures; Surface Properties; Surface Roughness

20050173469 Naval Research Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS USA Demonstrating the Automated Change Detection and Classiﬁcation (ACDC) system during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Apr. 2005; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-74-7441-M5 Report No.(s): AD-A432930; NRL/MR/7440--05-10105; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report presents test results from a demonstration of the Automated Change Detection and Classiﬁcation (ACDC) system, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in support of sidescan sonar analysts at the Naval Oceanographic Office. NRL compared the computer-aided change detection capabilities of ACDC with traditional, manual methods of change detection during a naval mine warfare exercise in 2004. Two versions of ACDC (ACDC ‘Lite’ and ‘Medium’) were tested to

124 determine how well the system could aid analysts in detecting changes between newly collected sidescan sonar imagery and historical imagery. ACDC Lite enabled analysts to perform change detection signiﬁcantly faster than manual methods (3.36 min. vs 2 hr) with identical results. ACDC medium improved analysts’ performance by matching one additional contact during change detection, in as little as 12.6 minutes. Follow-on work is suggested for further improving ACDC performance in support of mine countermeasures. DTIC Change Detection; Classiﬁcations; Detection; Gulf of Mexico; Military Operations; Physical Exercise

20050173486 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA Ground Moving Target Tracking and Exploitation Performance Measures Jones, Jon; Brandstadt, Jeff; Kozak, Mark; Hughes, Tim; Blount, Mike; Mar. 2004; 24 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432962; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Ground Moving Target Indication provides a unique source of information for the exploitation of surface and low flying aircraft at long range, in all weather, providing situation awareness, targeting, and intelligence information. While airborne moving target indication and fire control radars have been around for a long period of time, it has been only the last decade when Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) data has been collected and used to prosecute mobile surface targets. This presentation addresses the use of GMTI data from providing intelligence information to the analysis and leads to the challenges associated with doing long-term track maintenance. The intelligence community has been expressing interest in GMTI data since 1999 when investments were made to develop the first exploitation capability that focused on products from Joint STARS GMTI data providing a web based capability to process and exploit Joint STARS data via a Network Centric Architecture. At the same time, DARPA and AFRL were pursuing the Long Term Track Maintenance challenge performing multi-platform command and control, horizontally fusing multiple sensors with weapons for a long-range precision fire control system. The focus of this presentation is to cover performance metrics. The metrics will be associated with operators-in-the- loop evaluations looking at intelligence and analysis for the find, fix, track, and assess portion of the weapon. The second set of metrics focus on long- term track maintenance evaluations. Track accuracy and persistence in time critical targeting, which address the track, target, and engage portion of the weapon chain. Programs to be discussed include the Moving Target Information Exploitation System (MTIX) program with respect to intelligence products, the Multi-Platform Tracking Exploitation (MPTE) and the Affordable Moving Surface Target Engagement (AMSTE) programs with respect to Long Term Track Maintenance and Precision Fire Control. DTIC Exploitation; Moving Target Indicators; Tracking (Position)

20050173488 Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA USA Development of Nanofibrous Membranes Towards Biological Sensing Senecal, A. G.; Senecal, K. J.; Magnone, J. P.; Pivarnik, P. E.; Dec. 2004; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432965; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Homeland Security and the Veterinary Services Activity, Office Of The Surgeon General (VSA, OTSG) have identified food as potential instruments for covert acts of bioterrorism involving Chem/Bio agents. Therefore, VSA, OTSG has established the need to develop technologies that can be used in the presumptive screening of food to minimize the health effects on the warfighter. Currently, there are no deployable biological detection capabilities that are truly rapid when sample preparation is included in the detection process. The complexity of food matrices makes its very difficult to analyze directly by modern day PCR and immunoassays systems, no matter how sensitive, without first diluting and removing interfering substances inherent to the food products. The result is that the concentration of the biological agent introduced into the analyzer may be so dilute that the instrument cannot detect it even though its presences is at concentrations that can cause human illness or death. This is why the testing of bacterial agents from food usually requires a 24-hour enrichment step, which defeats the purpose of rapid detection built into these new biosensor type technologies. Also, biological toxins, as opposed to live agents, cannot be replicated by enrichment. Dilution of toxins from a food matrix may produce a false negative test delaying the actual identification of the toxin until after the effects have already occurred. DTIC Biological Effects; Detection; Food; Membranes

125 20050173493 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Remote Sensing for Scene Classification Prasert, Sunyaruk; Mar. 2005; 115 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432973; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Scene classification is studied here using the tool of texture analysis of multi-angle high-spatial resolution panchromatic and multi-spectral imagery. This study analyses the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) impact and effectiveness of texture analysis on terrain classification within Fresno County area in state of California. QuickBird panchromatic (0.61 meter) and multispectral (2.44 meter) imagery collected in July 2003 are examined to determine the impact of adding multi-angles and filtered texture information to the standard MSI classification approaches. Four images were collected, with view angles from -64 to +64 , including a nadir view. Texture filter function and maximum likelihood classifier are used in this study. Both texture analysis and the results of classifications using multi-angle (BRDF) information are promising. Fine discrimination of similar soil classes was produced by the BRDF variations in the high-spatial resolution panchromatic image. Texture analysis results depended on the directionality of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) calculation. Combining the different modalities of analysis did not improve the overall classification, perhaps illustrating the consequences of the Hughes paradox (Hughes, 1968). DTIC Bidirectional Reflectance; Classifications; Distribution Functions; Imaging Techniques; Optical Radar; Remote Sensing; Remote Sensors; Spectra; Targets

20050173518 Perceptek, Inc., Littleton, CO USA Detection of Small Water-Bodies Sarwal, Alok; Nett, Jeremy; Simon, David; Dec. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0012 Report No.(s): AD-A433004; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper provides information on how we have utilized two approaches for detection of small water bodies. The first approach requires use of an existing custom camera enclosure with three polarization filters at 0, 45, and 90 degrees, intrinsically mounted, such that these filters and associated optics view exactly the same scene and so all three views are optically co-registered. The other approach requires use of three physically distinct cameras with the same type of polarization filters mounted on three low-cost off-the-shelf cameras each with similar optics, running with certain geometric approximations due to the flat-earth assumption. There are pros and cons for each approach. Results for an actual deployment are presented. DTIC Cameras; Detection; Optical Filters; Optical Measurement; Polarizers; Scene Generation; Surface Water; Water

20050173520 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Performance of a Handheld PCR Instrument in the Detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect of Interferents on Assay Results O’Connell, K. P.; Anderson, P. E.; Bucher, J. R.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433006; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Smiths Detection-Edgewood, Inc. (SDE) developed the Bio-Seeq to provide a portable platform for use by first responders to detect biological threats in civilian areas. The Bio-Seeq is an updated, redesigned version of a small, portable PCR instrument previously known as the HANAA, Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer. We have tested the performance of real-time fluorogenic PCR assay reagents for the detection of three biological threat agents, Bacillus anthracis (BA), Francisella tularensis (FT), and Yersinia pestis (YP). All three assays are sensitive, and specific for the agents they detect. Common household substances (cornstarch, coffee creamer, baking powder, and wheat flour) interfered with the sensitivity of the assay to varying degrees that were consistent across the three assays. DTIC Assaying; Bacillus; Biological Effects; Detection; Portable Equipment; Sensitivity

20050173522 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Secure Water Supply Ginsberg, M. D.; Hock, V. F.; Pappas, A. G.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433008; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

126 Previous to 9-11, it was assumed that a combination of small-scale bench testing plus dimensional analysis would be sufficient to model fate and transport of chemical and biological (CB) contaminants in water systems. Water security is a life safety issue. Water supply systems on military installations and forward facilities are vulnerable to both conventional, industrial and military CB agent contamination by terrorists. The pre 9-11 generation of sensors could not directly detect many common CB agents, and the few sensors that could were very expensive. The pre 9-11 generation of water distribution simulations cannot correctly model CB agent uptake on the pipe walls of a distribution system. Therefore the outcome of an attack via CB agents in the water supply is not well understood. In the post 9-11 environment, the EPA, ECBC, and ERDC stakeholders concluded that the pre-existing fate and transport models should be updated to include results from meso-scale testing. The Water Security Research Test Loop (WSRTL) is designed to help update these models with meso-scale testing of fate and transport of CB agents. The WSRTL would also serve as a test-bed to facilitate new generations of sensor technology and water treatment technology. DTIC Biological Effects; Contamination; Detection; Security; Water; Water Pollution; Water Treatment

36 LASERS AND MASERS Includes lasing theory, laser pumping techniques, maser ampliﬁers, laser materials, and the assessment of laser and maser outputs. For cases where the application of the laser or maser is emphasized see also the speciﬁc category where the application is treated. For related information see also 76 Solid-State Physics.

20050171022 Argonne National Lab., IL LCLS Prototype Undulator Report Dejus, R. J.; Jan. 2004; 74 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834031; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) undulator line will consist of 33 undulator segments separated by breaks of two different lengths. The undulator segments are 3.4-m-long permanent-magnet planar hybrid devices with a period length of 30 mm and a magnetic gap of approximately 6 mm. Focusing quadrupoles, in a FODO lattice, and electron-beam diagnostics will be located in the breaks between undulator segments. Every third break will be longer in order to also accommodate x-ray diagnostics. Thus, taking the alternating focusing and defocusing quadrupoles into account, the ‘super-period’ length before the undulator line repeats itself is six undulator segments. For additional details on the LCLS project and the undulator line, please refer to the conceptual design report (CDR). A full-length prototype undulator segment has been designed, manufactured and tested, and this document provides a comprehensive report of our experience with the prototype. It contains sections on the overall design philosophy and presents many important measurements including magnetic measurements of the magnet blocks, as well as of the assembled device, and mechanical and thermal measurements. It also contains a summary section and one section that summarizes some remaining issues being investigated. NTIS Wiggler Magnets; Linear Accelerators

20050173199 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Modelocked Semiconductor Diode Laser Delfyett, Peter J., Jr; Mar. 2005; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-02-1-0170; Proj-2002 Report No.(s): AD-A432366; AFRL-SN-RS-TR-2005-63; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This research project was aimed at the stabilization of the frequency and phase of a set of optical combs from a semiconductor laser operating in an active mode-locked regime. To achieve this, an intracavity Pound-Drever-Hall technique was used on a 10 GHz harmonically mode-locked semiconductor ring laser and obtained a simultaneous optical frequency comb stabilization within 3 MHz range and supermode phase noise suppression. Together with an additional phase-lock-loop, the timing jitter integrated from 10 Hz to 10 MHz (5 GHz) was 63.5 fs (161 fs). Approximately 25 fsec of the integrated noise is attributed to line noise, resulting in a net jitter of 38 fsec. This work represents, to our knowledge, the ﬁrst stabilized modelocked diode laser using PDH that achieves both supermode elimination and optical frequency comb stabilization. The

127 resulting optical comb source may be useful for advanced RF imaging radar for optical sampling in ADC or in novel waveform generation (DAC’s). DTIC Frequencies; Laser Mode Locking; Semiconductor Diodes; Semiconductor Lasers; Vibration; Waveforms

20050173447 Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL USA 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser With Dielectric Mirrors Ren, Fan; Pearton, Stephen J.; Apr. 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0756 Report No.(s): AD-A432899; ARO-42831.3-EL; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Design, processing and characterization of high-speed implanted-apertured, lateral-current-injection, dielectric-mirror vertical cavity surface emitting laser and InGaAs based MEM detectors and mixers. We have achieved following goals: I. Designed 1,55 micron InP/InGaAs based tunnel junction structure and purchased two samples with good quality. The VCSEL is being processed. II. Designed SiO2/TiO2 based top and bottom DBR mirrors. III. Performed the thermal simulation of ﬂip-chip double-side dielectric DER mirror VCSEL. IV. Collaborated with Keith Aliberti and Paul Shen in ARL to fabricate InGaAs based MSM detectors and mixer. V. Simulation of Pulse and DC Responses for Schottky Barrier Enhanced InGaAs MSM Photo-Detectors And OE Mixers VI. Developed Submicron Inter-Digitated Finger Process To Reduce the Device Capacitance And Dark Current VII. Working with ARL To Redesign the MSM Array Mask To Reduce Device Parasitic Capacitances. DTIC Dielectrics; Laser Cavities; Mirrors; Surface Emitting Lasers

37 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Includes mechanical devices and equipment; machine elements and processes. For cases where the application of a device or the host vehicle is emphasized see also the speciﬁc category where the application or vehicle is treated. For robotics see 63 Cybernetics, Artiﬁcial Intelligence, and Robotics; and 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.

20050169575 Ulster Coll., Newtownabbey, UK Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecommand Link Scanlon, W. G.; Cumley, G. C.; Evans, N. E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 380-383; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The increasing use of short-range radio links for applications such as ward or home based physiological monitoring creates the need for a better knowledge and understanding of the indoor propagation environment. The work presented concerns a bodyworn, cross-band UHF transponder used for physiological signaling within single-room environments. A modiﬁed image-based ray-tracing algorithm is used to calculate fading characteristics for a link under the worst case condition, when the direct path between the source and chest-mounted receiver is obstructed by the body itself. The approach adopted utilizes a FDTD-generated radiation pattern of a realistic adult-male body model, incorporating the directional gains into the three-dimensional indoor ray-tracing algorithm. A brief description of the biomedical transponder is followed by details of the computational technique; path loss and small area fading results are then presented for a 76 square meter area representing a hospital ward. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) results were found to be characteristically bi-modal and this novel feature is investigated in more detail. Derived from text Fading; Transponders; Biotelemetry; Human Body

20050169777 Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. Final Report. Report 4 in a series of 6 Tat, M. E.; van Gerpen, J. H.; Feb. 2003; 124 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003584; NREL/SR-510-31462; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This study measures the isentropic bulk modulus, and speed of sound of biodiesel and the pure esters that are the

128 constituents of biodiesel at temperatures from 20 C to 100 C and at pressures from atmospheric to 34.5 Mpa. NTIS Diesel Fuels; Fuel Injection; Acoustic Velocity

20050170415 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, United Technologies Research Center, USA High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Gages Improved [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Conventional resistance strain gage technology uses ‘bonded’ strain gages. These foil or wire gages are bonded onto the surface of the test article with glue, ceramic cements, or flame-sprayed ceramics. These bonding agents can, in some instances, limit both the degree of strain transmission from the test structure to the gage and the maximum working temperature of the gage. Also, the bulky, bonded gage normally disrupts aerodynamic gas flow on the surface of the test structure because of its intrusive character. To respond to the urgent needs in aeronautic and aerospace research where stress and temperature gradients are high, aerodynamic effects need to be minimized, and higher operational temperatures are required, the NASA Lewis Research Center developed a thin film strain gage. This gage, a vacuum-deposited thin film formed directly on the surface of a test structure, operates at much higher temperatures than commercially available gages do and with minimal disruption of the aerodynamic flow. The gage uses an alloy, palladium-13 wt % chromium (hereafter, PdCr), which was developed by United Technologies Research Center under a NASA contract. PdCr is structurally stable and oxidation resistant up to at least 1100 C (2000 F); its temperature-induced resistance change is linear, repeatable, and not sensitive to the rates of heating and cooling. An early strain gage, which was made of 25-micrometer-diameter PdCr wire and demonstrated to be useable to 800 C, won an R&D 100 award in 1991. By further improving the purity of the material and by developing gage fabrication techniques that use sputter-deposition, photolithography patterning, and chemical etching, we have made an 8- to 10-m PdCr thin-film strain gage that can measure dynamic and static strain to at least 1100 C. For static strain measurements, a 5-m-thick Pt element serves as a temperature compensator to further minimize the temperature effect of the gage. These thin-film gages provide the advantage of minimally intrusive surface strain measurements and give highly repeatable readings with low drift at temperatures from ambient to 1100 C. This is a 300 C advance in operating temperature over the PdCr wire gage and a 500 C advance over commercially available gages made of other materials. Author High Temperature; Strain Gages; Thin Films; Chromium; Palladium; Mechanical Properties

20050170453 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Gear Crack Propagation Investigation 1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Reduced weight is a major design goal in aircraft power transmissions. Some gear designs incorporate thin rims to help meet this goal. Thin rims, however, may lead to bending fatigue cracks. These cracks may propagate through a gear tooth or into the gear rim. A crack that propagates through a tooth would probably not be catastrophic, and ample warning of a failure could be possible. On the other hand, a crack that propagates through the rim would be catastrophic. Such cracks could lead to disengagement of a rotor or propeller from an engine, loss of an aircraft, and fatalities. To help create and validate tools for the gear designer, the NASA Lewis Research Center performed in-house analytical and experimental studies to investigate the effect of rim thickness on gear-tooth crack propagation. Our goal was to determine whether cracks grew through gear teeth (benign failure mode) or through gear rims (catastrophic failure mode) for various rim thicknesses. In addition, we investigated the effect of rim thickness on crack propagation life. A ﬁnite-element-based computer program simulated gear-tooth crack propagation. The analysis used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and quarter-point, triangular elements were used at the crack tip to represent the stress singularity. The program had an automated crack propagation option in which cracks were grown numerically via an automated remeshing scheme. Crack-tip stress-intensity factors were estimated to determine crack-propagation direction. Also, various fatigue crack growth models were used to estimate crack-propagation life. Experiments were performed in Lewis’ Spur Gear Fatigue Rig to validate predicted crack propagation results. Gears with various backup ratios were tested to validate crack-path predictions. Also, test gears were installed with special crack-propagation gages in the tooth ﬁllet region to measure bending-fatigue crack growth. From both predictions and tests, gears with backup ratios (rim thickness divided by tooth height) of 3.3 and 1.0 produced tooth fractures, whereas a backup ratio of 0.3 produced rim fractures. For a backup ratio of 0.5, the experiments produced rim fractures and the predictions produced both rim and tooth fractures, depending on the initial geometry of the crack. Good correlation between predicted and measured crack growth was achieved when the fatigue crack-closure concept was introduced into the analysis. As the gear rim

129 thickness decreased, the compressive cyclic stress in the gear-tooth ﬁllet region increased. This retarded crack growth and increased the number of crack-propagation cycles to failure. Derived from text Crack Propagation; Gear Teeth; Aircraft Engines; Mechanical Engineering

20050170502 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA Effects of Process Parameters on Particle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and WF6 CVD Processes Wu, Z.; Nijhawan, S.; Campbell, S. A.; Rao, N.; McMurry, P. H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 221-225; In English; See also 20050170458 Contract(s)/Grant(s): BJ442; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Particle Beam Mass Spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of various process parameters on panicle production in PECVD of SiO2 from silane and nitrous oxide and the thermal deposition of tungsten using both silane and hydrogen reductions of WF6. In all cases the substrate temperature played a critical role in determining the concentration of particles observed in the effluent. Plasma power (in the PECVD process) and pressure (in the thermal processes) were also important variables. The real time capability of the system was used to demonstrate transient particle effects in all processes. Author Particle Beams; Mass Spectroscopy; Silicon Dioxide; Effluents; Silanes; Nitrous Oxides; Hydrogen

20050170503 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Polish Cleaning Strategies Huynh, C.; Rutten, M.; Cheek, R.; Linde H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 372-376; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has emerged as the premier technique for achieving both local and global planarization. One of the primary concerns in the use of CMP, however, is the efficient and complete removal of CMP contaminants such as slurry and residual hydrocarbons. This paper discusses the removal of silica-based slurries utilized for polysilicon and oxide CMP processes. The effects of mechanical brush cleaning, chemical treatments, and polish processes on defect density for a 16Mb memory technology are presented. In addition, the chemical compatibility of polishing slurries with various brush and polishing pad materials is discussed. Author Polishing; Chemical Cleaning; Mechanical Engineering

20050170535 Middlesex General Industries, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utilization ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling Methodology Horn, George W.; Podgorski, William A.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 405-412; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Through large scale factory simulation, it is well established that the semiconductor manufacturing process is characterized by a fixed, non linear relationship between mean factory cycle time and over all average tool utilization. This relationship allows the selection of one of those parameters only, which then determines the other, for any specific factory. Although, on a local level, the relationship between cycle time and tool utilization is predicted through queuing theory, we find very much the same results for the entire, highly recursive, large scale factory. On this scale the relationship remains paradoxical as it still does not allow us to have short mean cycle times and high average tool utilization concurrent with each other. Net improvements in factory performance can be had only by jumping this relationship to a parallel curve, more favorable in the ‘cycle time vs. tool utilization’ domain. And, that requires fundamental system changes. Successful emphasis on such shifts currently focuses on methodologies locally synchronizing asset use. The perspective of this paper is different, in that it considers the aggregate factory, where local asset utilization is determined only by the random influence of the factory at large. Derived from text Materials Handling; Methodology; Manufacturing; Industrial Plants

20050170922 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Soot Particles Hull, P.; 2005; 34 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-835984; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

130 The Mie model is widely used to analyze light scattering from particulate aerosols. The Diesel Particle Scatterometer (DPS), for example, determines the size and optical properties of diesel exhaust particles that are characterized by measuring three angle-dependent elements of the Mueller scattering matrix. These elements are then ﬁtted using Mie calculations with a Levenburg-Marquardt optimization program. This approach has achieved good ﬁts for most experimental data. However, in many cases, the predicted real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction were less than that for solid carbon. To understand this result and explain the experimental data, we present an assessment of the Mie model by use of a light scattering model based on the coupled dipole approximation. The results indicate that the Mie calculation can be used to determine the largest dimension of irregularly shaped particles at sizes characteristic of Diesel soot and, for particles of known refractive index, tables can be constructed to determine the average porosity of the particles from the predicted index of refraction. NTIS Light Scattering; Soot; Diesel Engines; Particulates

20050171035 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Cleveland State Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Between Wearing Surfaces at High Temperatures Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Many components of future aircraft will be constructed from novel high-temperature materials, such as superalloys and ceramic composites, to meet expected operating temperatures in excess of 300 C. There are no known liquid lubricants that can lubricate above 300 C without significant decomposition. Solid lubricants could be considered, but problems caused by the higher friction coefficients and wear rates of the solid lubricant film make this an undesirable approach. An alternative method of lubrication is currently being investigated: vapor phase lubrication. In vapor phase lubrication, an organic liquid (in our studies a thioether was used) is vaporized into a flowing air stream that is directed to sliding surfaces where lubrication is needed. The organic vapor reacts at the concentrated contact sliding area generating a lubricous deposit. This deposit has been characterized as a thin polymeric film that can provide effective lubrication at temperatures greater than 400 C. Initial tribological studies were conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center and Cleveland State University with a high-temperature friction and wear tribometer. A cast iron rod was loaded (a 4-kg mass was used to generate a contact pressure of 1.2 MPa) against a reciprocating, cast iron plate at 500 C. This system was then lubricated with the vapor phase of thioether. Author High Temperature Lubricants; Deposits; Wear; Vapor Phase Lubrication; Ethers

20050172086 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Experiment Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy NASA Lewis Research Center’s Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) will measure the amount of wear on wheel surfaces of the Mars Pathfinder rover. WAE uses thin films of Al, Ni, and Pt (ranging in thickness from 200 to 1000 angstroms) deposited on black, anodized Al strips attached to the rover wheel. As the wheel moves across the martian surface, changes in film reflectivity will be monitored by reflected sunlight. These changes, measured as output from a special photodetector mounted on the rover chassis, will be due to abrasion of the metal films by martian surface sand, dust, and clay. Author Mars Pathfinder; Mars Roving Vehicles; Abrasion; Wheels

20050173248 Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFS, TN USA Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined Corrections Mar. 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F40600-03-C-0001 Report No.(s): AD-A432472; AEDC-TR-04-2; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A procedure is presented to design and optimize the contour of a hypersonic wind tunnel nozzle with a goal of minimizing exit flow nonuniformity. The procedure uses a Navier-stokes solver that admits chemical and vibrational nonequilibrium thermodynamics and high-pressure effects. The two-step optimization process is accomplished with a basic least-squares optimization (LSO) method. The first step of the design procedure begins with an existing inviscid irrotational method of characteristics (MOC) that is limited to thermally and calorically perfect gas (TCPG). MOC is used to design an inviscid contour, which is then corrected with a boundary layer displacement thickness from an integral momentum formulation. The deleterious effects of the TCPG assumption are ameliorated by using an effective specific-heat ratio an effective gas constant the TCPG computation yields the same exit Mach number and velocity as a quasi-one-dimensional computation based on

131 thermochemical equilibrium. The MOC based contour is then formally optimized using the LSO method, treating various MOC program input variables as formal design parameters. The objective function is the square deviation of flow properties from target values at the nozzle exit, excluding the boundary layer, and is computed with the Navier-Stokes solver. The flow properties chosen for the objective function are the velocity components and the static pressure and density. After the MOC contour is optimized, the second step of the optimization procedure commences. In the second step, the contour is further perturbed by adding a small correction distribution represented as a cubic spline fitted to a limited number of nodes along the contour. The correction values of the nozzle radius are the formal design parameters for the next application of LSO. DTIC Contours; Correction; Design Optimization; Hypersonic Nozzles; Hypersonic Wind Tunnels; Nozzles; Test Facilities

38 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY Includes approaches to, and methods for reliability analysis and control, quality control, inspection, maintainability, and standardization.

20050170462 Cypress Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, CA, USA In-line Defect Density Targets for New Technology from Development to Manufacturing Shamble, Ed; Ben-Tsur, Mira; Sharifzadeh, Shahin; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 171-173; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources I.C. manufactures continuously shrink device dimensions, in order to gain more value from the silicon. Pushing old technologies to the limits is part of the shrink path. One of the key questions to be answered is how low must the in-line defect density be at various stages of development insure a economic, robust, and timely transfer to manufacturing. This paper discusses one solution to the problem. Author Defects; Manufacturing; Silicon

20050170470 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Control Methods for the Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Trench Isolation Wu, Yu-Tong; Gilhooly, Jim; Philips, Brett; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 66-70; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Abstract -- Process control of shallow trench isolation (STI) chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) strongly relies on thickness measurements of various films. The control scheme based on send-ahead (SAHD) wafers with a fixed post-CMP target has low cost, but it neglects the process variations before and during STI CMP. An ‘interactive’ control method, based on extensive measurements, compensates for much of the variations coming in to STI CMP, and eliminates the problem of underpolishing. However, this method comes with a high cost for multiple measurement steps. This paper compares the fixed-target planarization to the interactive STI control methodology. Author Interactive Control; Polishing; Wafers; Films

20050170474 Micrus, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA Fab Implementation of a System for Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer-Breakage Events Hilscher, David F.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 156-158; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Wafer-breakage events are detrimental to the productivity of a semiconductor lab in two ways. The loss of product revenue is obvious, but more subtle is the yield impact of wafers in proximity to the breakage event. This collateral damage can impact the ﬁnal test yield of the surviving wafers, as well as potentially contaminate tools which subsequently process these wafers. This paper describes the evolution and factory-wide implementation of a system for rework cleaning of such wafers, and an estimate of the yield improvement from its implementation. Author Wafers; Cleaning; Breakdown; Productivity; Semiconductors (Materials)

132 20050170475 GenRad, Inc., Westford, MA, USA A Framework for Real-time Process Control, Part 1, Data Sampling and Processing Rong, Graham; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 159-164; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this ﬁrst of a series on framework for Real-time Process Control, some measurement data fusion techniques and functions, including data sampling, ﬁltering, processing and distribution, and random data generation, will be discussed in detail. The framework for implementing these functions and the applications in electronics manufacturing are introduced. Author Data Sampling; Industrial Management; Process Control (Industry); Management Methods

20050170477 Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., South Portland, ME, USA Manufacturing for Design: Putting Process Control in the Language of the Designer Potts, David C.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 187-189; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A methodology is presented evaluating process control from the perspective of a designer’s concern, that of overall electrical performance. Technology tables, a comprehensive set of strategically chosen wafer electrical tests, are used to capture and maintain the electrical signature of a process. Author Manufacturing; Design Analysis; Active Control; Electrical Properties

20050170499 Analog Devices B.V., Limerick, Ireland Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Which One is Right for Me? Scanlan, Brian; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 103-108; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Virtually all wafer fabrication lines now employ some form of defect inspection plan to identify killer defect types on its wafers and hence protect and predict die sort yields. The sample plans used vary greatly in terms of the number of lots inspected, number of wafers inspected, wafer coverage and sensitivity used. Although often viewed as a ‘non value added’ process step, typically defect inspection is now incorporated into the process flow at a number of points. However, as with all process steps, there is a cost associated with defect inspection and oversampling can often add more to the wafer manufacturing cost than the cost of yield loss that might otherwise have been recovered. It is imperative therefore, that the sampling methodology employed in the fab be cost effective i.e., that the benefits gained from it far outweigh the cost of the inspection. As a minimum, the plan must be capable of detecting excursions that will ultimately result in probe yield loss. In addition, the detection of these ‘excursions’ must be timely to ensure that the product at risk from the excursions is minimized. In summary, the plan must be consistent with the ‘acceptable’ excursion yield loss in the fab. This paper looks more closely at the plans used in two very different labs. on the same site. The first isa4inline, with greater than lu geometries. The second isa6inline with less than 0,5u geometries. The same overall structure governs both fabs and the equipment set in both areas is largely similar. However, the sampling strategy employed in the two areas is very different as each areas plan is tailored specifically to meet its needs, specifically in relation to its yield objectives. This paper describes in some detail the plans used in both areas, h also looks at bow ‘inspection sensitivity’ also has to be tailored to meet the needs of the plan. We will look at various defect types, and how some have to be ‘sieved’ out to ensure the data generated by the inspection is meaningful. Author Defects; Yield; Classifications; Probability Theory; Wafers; Inspection

20050170500 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA Sampling Methodology for SEM-based Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and Benefit Analysis Akella, Ram; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chitturi, Prasanna; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 109-114; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The current paper analyzes the relative merits of optical and SEM-based defect classification systems, the needs and costs associated with these systems, and the factors limiting the usability of these systems. In particular, we will consider the impact of throughput rate and classification accuracy, on excursion detection and the resulting economic benefits. The paper will include a discussion of these models and a comparison will be made to obtain the maximum benefits from existing optical and

133 SEM review and classiﬁcation methodologies. Scenarios for 0.25 micron fabs will be used to indicate the procedures and policies that are the most effective from a fab economic perspective. Author Sampling; Quality Control; Defects; Classiﬁcations

20050170501 VLSI Research, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA America, Japan, and Europe: Which Areas Have the Edge in Customer Satisfaction and Why Burgeson, Christine D.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 216-220; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The results are in for the 1998 VLSI Research Inc Customer Satisfaction Survey _ on semiconductor capital equipment, and the overall ratings have increased by 0.10 points, to 7.28. This exciting outcome is the effect of improved customer support and equipment performance by Japanese and American suppliers. One of the reasons for last year’s enhanced effort is the lack of growth in the equipment market. Although focusing on customer satisfaction is important under any circumstances, companies often increase their attention to customers as sales decrease. The potential pain of losing a customer is greater today than it was two years ago. increasing. For example, every year the top companies improve over last year’s score. The top ratings in all ﬁve product categories have increased in the last two years, with the biggest jump being 0.71 points. Another example of competition is the convergence of scores among areas of the world (see Presentation 1). In the 1996 survey, the difference in ratings between ﬁrst place (European suppliers) and last (Japanese suppliers) was 0.87 points. In 1997, this difference decreased to 0.78 points. In the latest survey, European manufacturers still have the highest ratings and Japanese have the lowest, but the difference between them is only 0.40 points. Derived from text Europe; Japan; Semiconductors (Materials); Surveys; Very Large Scale Integration

20050170508 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithography and Metrology Dedication in a Metrology Constrained Multipart Number Fabricator Woods, Roger H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 145-147; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Dedication in photolithography provides better process control and accurate data collection while driving reductions in both rework and process defects.. The tradeoff, however, is the limitation it places on the manufacturing system by restricting the number of servers where a given lot can be directed. Relaxing dedication and deployment allows for a lower cycle time through the process step, but this same relaxation may also drive the need for additional processing and measurements processing in the photolithography sector, thus encouraging longer overall cycle time for the sector. This paper analyzes the costs and benefits of dedication on the basis of overall photosector cycle time. The variables controlled by the decisions to dedicate include send-aheads, number of measurements, sample size, and skip-plan levels. Strict photolithography dedication drives fewer send-aheads, measurements, a smaller sample size and larger skip plans; a level is reached where the dedication is offset by additional waiting time for dedicated lots at specific photolithography tools. The same level of rework and process defects can be achieved at a lower overall sector cycle time by determining the minimum cycle time while maintaining the same operating procedures and quality controls. The solution, in this instance, depends on the number of technologies and part numbers being run through the photolithography sector, an effect that must be detailed and analyzed. Author Cost Effectiveness; Cost Analysis; Photolithography; Metrology; Quality Control

20050170511 Lucent Technologies, Madrid, Spain Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Failure Pattern Classiﬁcation with the Use of a Backpropagation Neural Network. Application on Submicron Linear Technologies Ortega, Carlos; Montull, J. Ignacio Alonso; Sobrino, Eliseo; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 165-170; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The practical use of what is known as soft computing (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, etc.) is starting to offer important advantages in several ﬁelds. In particular in a high-cost environment like the semiconductor arena, the application of those, up to now, research techniques will offer an attractive alternative to the traditional approaches of yield enhancement. For increasing wafer diameters and more compact technologies where the effect of tiny defects produces fatal consequences, a yield enhancement strategy based on inspections will require the synergy of intelligent new tools that, on the

134 other hand, have a fraction of cost of the current inspection machines. This new strategy is used to classify and analyse in a systematic way all the production of a fab, providing new possibilities to improve yields without penalizing cycle time, cost and reaching inspections levels impossible to achieve without this new approach. Author Backpropagation (Artiﬁcial Intelligence); Defects; Failure; Genetic Algorithms; Inspection; Wafers

20050170514 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany Novel Methodology to Include all Measured Extension Values per Defect to Improve Defect Size Distributions Hess, Christopher; Weiland, Larg H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 197-202; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Defect size distributions play an important role in process characterization and yield prediction. To reduce time and costs of defect size extraction procedures the paper presents a novel methodology to determine defect size distributions. For that, we use all measured defect extension values per inspected defect compared to known methodologies just using one size value per defect. Our approach enables a reduction of the sample of defects to be inspected in semiconductor manufacturing fabs. Nevertheless, the novel methodology will provide even better accuracy of defect size distributions. Author Defects; Size Distribution; Manufacturing; Process Control (Industry)

20050170516 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Poly Furnace Glass, Peter; Kudlacik, Joe; Burghard, Ray; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 230-234; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In-situ particle monitoring (ISPM) is a key semiconductor initiative as wafer production facilities strive to reduce operating costs. The beneﬁts of using ISPM include real-time process monitoring, reduced tool qualiﬁcation costs and improved product cycle time [1,2]. All of these improvements lead to increased manufacturing productivity and a lower operating cost [3]. This paper describes the production implementation of an in-situ particle monitor on an LPCVD vertical furnace. The furnace is a high-risk, critical process to monitor in real time because of the large number of wafers processed in each batch. Correlation between surface scanner counts, ISPM counts, test yield and process trending is discussed., along with sensor reliability and a future plan for statistical control. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Furnaces; Wafers; Cost Reduction; Productivity

20050170521 KLA-Tencor Corp., Milpitas, CA, USA Effective Defect Detection and Classification Methodology Based on Integrated Laser Scanning Inspection and Automatic Defect Classification Fan, Yong-Hui; Moalem, Yoel; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 266-271; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In-line monitoring of defects in VLSI manufacturing has become an indispensable part of yield management in the sub-quarter micron era. One of the most important functions of wafer inspection is to capture process excursions and to identify the sources of yield-limiting (‘killer’) process defects. Wafer inspection has three stages: 1) defect detection, 2) review and classification of the defects , and 3) analysis of the defectivity trends throughout the process. This paper presents a new methodology for wafer inspection and defect classification by integrating a leading, production-proven wafer inspection system (KLA-Tencor’s AIT) with a leading, production-proven system for automatic defect classification (KLA-Tencor’s IMPACT ADC). The ADC (Automatic Defect Classification) system resides entirely within the skins of the inspector. Thus the integrated system takes a cassette of wafers in, and automatically produces all the information needed to analyze defectivity trends by type. Furthermore, adding this on-board ADC system does not increase the footprint of the inspection system. This is an important consideration in an industry where space on the production floor is very precious. In this paper, we present the results of extensive characterization of the combined inspection/ADC system, including case studies from semiconductor manufacturers. The reported results include: accuracy and purity of automatic defect classification compared to manual classification by a defect expert on various process layers; overall time-to-results compared to traditional inspection/classification strategies; and defect sizing based on high resolution defect images of ADC compared with SEM measurement. Key advantages of the combined inspection/ADC system were found to include high accuracy and consistency

135 of classiﬁcation, improvement in ability to track defectivity trends by defect type, improvement in overall time to results, and reduction in cost of process excursions to IC manufacturers. Author Detection; Nondestructive Tests; Wafers

39 STRUCTURAL MECHANICS Includes structural element design, analysis and testing; dynamic responses of structures; weight analysis; fatigue and other structural properties; and mechanical and thermal stresses in structures. For applications see 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; and 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.

20050170448 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, Army Research Lab., Hampton, VA, USA The Inﬂuence of Projectile Trajectory Angle on the Simulated Impact Response of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Panel Spellman, Regina L.; Jones, Lisa E.; Lyle, Karen H.; Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; April 2005; 21 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-376-70-30-07 Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213546; ARL-TR-3348; L-19096; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy In support of recommendations by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, a team has been studying the effect of debris impacting the reinforced carbon-carbon panels of the shuttle leading edge. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of varying parameters of the debris trajectory on the damage tolerance. Impacts at the upper and lower surface and the apex of the leading edge were examined. For each location, trajectory variances included both the alpha and beta directions. The results of the analysis indicated in all cases the beta sweep decreased the amount of damage to the panel. The increases in alpha resulted in a signiﬁcant increase in damage to the RCC panel. In particular, for the lower surface, where the alpha can increase by 10 degrees, there was a nearly 40% increase in the impulse. As a result, it is recommended that for future analyses, a 10 degree offset in alpha from the nominal trajectory is included for impacts on the lower surface. It is also recommended to assume a straight aft, or zero beta, trajectory for a more conservative analysis. Author Impact Tests; Wing Panels; Leading Edges; Impact Damage; Trajectories

20050171018 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, USA, General Electric Aircraft Engines, USA Impact Properties of Metal Fan Containment Materials Being Evaluated for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only Under the Enabling Propulsion Materials (EPM) program - a partnership between NASA, Pratt & Whitney, and GE Aircraft Engines - the Materials and Structures Divisions of the NASA Lewis Research Center are involved in developing a fan-containment system for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). The program calls for a baseline system to be designed by the end of 1995, with subsequent testing of innovative concepts. Five metal candidate materials are currently being evaluated for the baseline system in the Structures Division’s Ballistic Impact Facility. This facility was developed to provide the EPM program with cost-efficient and timely impact test data. At the facility, material specimens are impacted at speeds up to 350 m/sec by projectiles of various sizes and shapes to assess the specimens’ ability to absorb energy and withstand impact. The tests can be conducted at either room or elevated temperatures. Posttest metallographic analysis is conducted to improve understanding of the failure modes. A dynamic ﬁnite element program is used to simulate the events and both guide the testing as well as aid in designing the fan-containment system. Author Impact Resistance; Impact Strength; Aircraft Construction Materials; Metals

20050171021 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Integrated Design Software Predicts the Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Components Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Signiﬁcant improvements in propulsion and power generation for the next century will require revolutionary advances in high-temperature materials and structural design. Advanced ceramics are candidate materials for these elevated-temperature applications. As design protocols emerge for these material systems, designers must be aware of several innate features, including the degrading ability of ceramics to carry sustained load. Usually, time-dependent failure in ceramics occurs because of two different, delayedfailure mechanisms: slow crack growth and creep rupture. Slow crack growth initiates at a preexisting

136 ﬂaw and continues until a critical crack length is reached, causing catastrophic failure. Creep rupture, on the other hand, occurs because of bulk damage in the material: void nucleation and coalescence that eventually leads to macrocracks which then propagate to failure. Successful application of advanced ceramics depends on proper characterization of material behavior and the use of an appropriate design methodology. The life of a ceramic component can be predicted with the NASA Lewis Research Center’s Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures (CARES) integrated design programs. CARES/CREEP determines the expected life of a component under creep conditions, and CARES/LIFE predicts the component life due to fast fracture and subcritical crack growth. The previously developed CARES/LIFE program has been used in numerous industrial and Government applications. Author Computer Programs; Creep Properties; Ceramics; Life (Durability); Component Reliability

20050172087 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Methodology Developed for Modeling the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superalloys Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Because of their superior high-temperature properties, gas generator turbine airfoils made of single-crystal, nickel-base superalloys are fast becoming the standard equipment on today’s advanced, high-performance aerospace engines. The increased temperature capabilities of these airfoils has allowed for a signiﬁcant increase in the operating temperatures in turbine sections, resulting in superior propulsion performance and greater efficiencies. However, the previously developed methodologies for life-prediction models are based on experience with polycrystalline alloys and may not be applicable to single-crystal alloys under certain operating conditions. One of the main areas where behavior differences between single-crystal and polycrystalline alloys are readily apparent is subcritical fatigue crack growth (FCG). The NASA Lewis Research Center’s work in this area enables accurate prediction of the subcritical fatigue crack growth behavior in single-crystal, nickel-based superalloys at elevated temperatures. Derived from text Fatigue (Materials); Crack Propagation; Single Crystals; Nickel Alloys; Heat Resistant Alloys

20050173330 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Structural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Walls Feickert, Carl A.; Lin, Mark W.; Trovillion, Jonathan C.; Abatan, Ayo O.; Berman, Justin B.; Sep. 2003; 64 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-AT23 Report No.(s): AD-A432639; ERDC/CERL-TR-03-20; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Army maintains an aging inventory of over 143,000 structures, many of which are in urgent need of maintenance and repair. In some instances, these aging structures fail to meet prevailing seismic engineering codes. In the USA alone, 30 percent of the Army’s structures use unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. As such, URM structures have inadequate plane lateral strength and are prone to failure during seismic events. Upgrading these structures to meet existing seismic codes often requires the use of new materials and systems such as fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composites. The versatility and resilience of such advanced composites make them ideal candidate materials for reducing the cost of seismic rehabilitation of DOD facilities. Though many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of FRP reinforcements as structural upgrades for masonry walls, little has been done to explain their impact on the building envelope. This study was undertaken to discover and define the combination of building envelope and hygrothermal conditions that might result in vapor liquefaction at the ceramic-epoxy interface, and subsequently debond or delaminate the applique. This research developed fundamental models and associated material parameters to predict thermal and moisture transport across dissimilar building materials specifically FRP composite appliques to concrete masonry units (CMUs) used for seismic upgrades. DTIC Buildings; Composite Materials; Fiber Composites; Hygral Properties; Masonry; Walls

20050173443 Defense Acquisition Univ., Fort Belvoir, VA USA The Truth About Building and Maintaining Successful Communities of Practice Jan. 2005; 17 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432891; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Communities of Practice (CoPs) are often described as self-organizing/ self-generating entities (Davenport & Prusak,

137 1998). However, our ﬁrsthand experience demonstrates that successful communities are more likely to emerge when there is a systematic process for establishing, growing, and sustaining CoPs in a business setting; and viable CoPs in the workplace need structure, direction, and help to set a solid foundation for success. As expected, potential members and business leaders expect CoPs to support real business needs prior to investing their own time and organizational resources to support the communities. If CoPs are properly implemented, beneﬁts to the organization are faster and better-informed decision-making and a workforce that has access to knowledge at the point of need. DTIC Leadership; Organizations; Self Organizing Systems

20050173519 Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS USA Design and Validation of Modular, Reinforced Concrete Bunkers Roth, Michael J.; Slawson, Thomas R.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433005; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), has recently completed an experimental development and validation effort focused on the performance of reinforced concrete bunkers for use in Iraq and Afghanistan. The experimental work considered two similar structures: a field-improvised design observed to be in use in-theatre, and one developed by ERDC to meet specific warfighter requirements. Three objectives directed the experimental program, and included: 1. Comparison of the protection levels provided by the two structures to determine if ERDC modifications enhanced survivability, 2. Evaluation of the effects of a high-yield blast event on the bunkers, and 3. Validation of the ERDC modified bunker’s protection levels when exposed to an array of indirect fire threats. Research efforts conducted to achieve these objectives included numeric predictions of bunker performance, field experimentation to validate threat protection levels, and numeric simulations to determine the effects of structural modifications. Results of these research efforts are presented herein. DTIC Composite Materials; Concretes; Construction; Design Analysis; Protection; Shelters

42 GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to the Earth sciences, and the speciﬁc areas of petrology, mineralogy, and general geology. For other speciﬁc topics in geosciences see categories 42 through 48.

20050170015 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Using a Field Experience to Build Understanding of Planetary Geology Treiman, A. H.; Kiefer, W. S.; Shipp, S. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In the summer of 2004, the Lunar and Planetary Institute hosted 25 middle- and high-school teachers on a week-long field experience in Idaho and Montana. The ‘Floods and Flows: Exploring Mars Geology on Earth’ workshop (http:// www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2004/) mixed fieldwork with classroom experiences and provided educators and scientists the opportunity to interact. The educators investigated deposits associated with Glacial Lake Missoula floods and lava flows in the Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. Participants applied what they learned about Earth-based processes to develop an understanding of processes operating on Mars and the most recent results from NASA s missions to Mars. This was the most recent of five field-based experiences that used Earth-planet comparisons as a basis for experiential learning. Derived from text Planetary Geology; Education; Mars Surface; Schools; Glaciers; Mars Missions

20050170552 Oslo Univ., Norway Sedimentary Inﬁll of the Gardnos Impact Crater: A Field Report Kalleson, E.; Dypvik, H.; Naterstad, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Gardnos impact structure in Hallingdal (Fig.1) is one of only two (at present) conﬁrmed impact craters in Norway

138 [1], the other being the Mjolnir crater in the Barents Sea [2,3]. Ar-40/Ar-39-dating failed due to Caledonian overprint [4], but the age of this impact crater is probably late Precambrian, based on ﬁeld information. The exact timing of the impact event is still a topic for further research. As it appears today, the Gardnos structure is roughly circular with a diameter of about 5 km. The structure is exposed through Tertiary and recent regional uplift, weathering and erosion. During Quaternary time the area was repeatedly covered by glaciers and consequently large parts of the crater structure is covered by moraine. There are however, good exposures at steep hillsides and along river beds. A 400 m long core was drilled within the Gardnos structure in 1992, penetrating sediments and impactites (suevite and Gardnos breccia). The main focus so far in the investigation of the Gardnos structure has been the geochemistry of the impactites [5, 6]. Derived from text Sediments; Meteorite Craters; Breccia; Chronology; Erosion; Geochemistry; Glaciers

20050171008 Manchester Univ., UK Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Muon Capture: Developing a New Technique for the Armory Lyon, I. C.; Matsuda, Y.; Strasser, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The aim of this project is to study the feasibility of using negative muon capture to measure major and trace element abundances of meteorites and other extra-terrestrial samples such as solar wind trapped in Genesis collectors. This is achieved by detecting x-rays and gamma rays emitted during muonic cascades in constituent atoms in the samples. Negative muons have identical properties to electrons except for a mass 207 times that of the electron. When they are captured by an atom they are free to rapidly cascade to the lowest muonic 1s groundstate unaffected by the exclusion principle that prevents decay of electrons. The innermost muonic states (n\h14) have a Bohr radius that is well inside the Bohr radius of the 1s electronic orbitals and so the muon is captured to an orbital that has a mean radius very close to the nucleus and is considerably affected by nuclear properties such as shape and size. Isotope shifts are significant. Transitions between muonic states result in the emission of characteristic x-rays and gamma rays that can be used to quantify elemental abundances. Isotope shifts for many elements are sufficiently large that different isotopes may be resolved and abundances may be quantified. For light atoms, after the mean muon lifetime of 2.2 s, the muon decays to an electron leaving the atom in its original state or, for heavier atoms there is a significant probability that the muon will be captured by the nucleus and be transformed. There is thus the potential for an (almost) non-destructive technique for isotopic and elemental analysis. Derived from text Muons; Trace Elements; Chemical Elements; X Rays; Gamma Rays; Exclusion; Abundance

43 EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING Includes remote sensing of earth features, phenomena and resources by aircraft, balloon, rocket, and spacecraft; analysis of remote sensing data and imagery; development of remote sensing products; photogrammetry; and aerial photography. For related instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography.

20050170566 Auburn Univ., AL, USA Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Breccias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Belize King, D. T., Jr.; Petruny, L. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document At Albion Island in northern Belize, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary deposits, also known as the Albion formation, rest upon karsted and fractured Maastrichtian dolostones. These deposits consist of a basal impactoclastic clay layer (approx. 1 to 2-m thick) and an upper carbonate-rich, coarse impactoclastic breccia layer (up to 15-m thick). The focus of this paper is the upper layer, the Albion impactoclastic breccia. Derived from text Belize; Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary; Deposits

139 20050173088 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Application of DETER Project Shimabukuro, Yosio Edemir; Duarte, Valdete; Moreira, Mauricio Alves; Arai, Egidio; Rudorff, Bernardo Friedrich Theodor; Anderson, Liana Oighenstein; Santo, Fernando Del Bon Espirito; MoraesdeFreitas, Ramon; Aulicino, Luigi Eduardo Pinheiro; Maurano, Luis Eduardo Pinheiro, et al.; 2005; 63 pp.; In English Report No.(s): INPE-12288-RPE/796; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This report presents the methodological procedure of a deforestation alert system, to identify and map deforested areas in tropical forest formations, denominated Detection of Deforested Areas in Real Time Project (DETER). The project is inserted in the context of the Brazilian Amazon Forest Monitoring by satellite, and is in operation, at INPE, since May of 2005. The DETER is part of the activities of the Action Plan to prevent and to control deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, under the responsibility of the Interministerial Permanent Working Group, coordinated by Civil House. The objective of the DETER is to monitor, in an operational way, the deforestation observed, every ﬁfteen days, using MODIS/Terra and/or WFI/CBERS satellite images, which have high temporal resolution. The DETER is based on the Amazon Deforestation Estimate Project (PRODES), which estimates the annual deforestation rate, since the seventies. The DETER information is available in the Internet, since December 2004, and is being used in the implementation of an efficient ﬁscalization system, by the Federal Government. The detected deforested areas, throughout the year, are presented, chronologically, to show the evolution of the deforestation activities in the Amazon Region. Author Deforestation; Real Time Operation; Detection; Geochronology

20050173130 South Carolina Univ., Columbia, SC USA Mathematical Analysis for Data and Image Processing DeVore, Ronald A.; Sharpley, Robert C.; Mar. 2005; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-02-1-0028 Report No.(s): AD-A432201; TR-13060-FA03; ARO-42792.8-MA; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Research on this contract was directed towards areas of mathematics and numerical computation which have applications to image/signal processing. The research can be broadly classiﬁed into the following areas: (1) sparse representations of functions and data, (2) adaptivity for generating sparse representations, (3) learning theory, (4) compression of digital elevation maps, and (5) wireless communication. DTIC Data Processing; Digital Data; Image Processing; Maps; Signal Processing

20050173157 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Innovative Methods for Investigating the Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Soil Checkai, Ronald T.; Haley, Mark V.; Simini, Michael; Phillips, Carlton T.; Crouse, Charles L.; Matson, Kathy L.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432259; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Surface-controlled reactions affecting hydrolysis of organic compounds in the environment can predominate over bulk solution hydrolysis, especially in soil environments. Unpredicted residual levels of chemical warfare agents (CWA) at threat levels in the ﬁeld necessitated the development of new methods for investigating the fate of CWA delivered onto soil. Design and fabrication of Soil System Units now allows determination of the fate of CWA in soil, as well as investigation of the soil chemical and physical characteristics affecting the persistence of threat from continuing presence of CWA in soil, under conditions that represent those in the ﬁeld. Initial results show that the Soil System Unit approach is highly effective for investigating the fate of CWA in the soil environment. DTIC Chemical Warfare; Soils; Threat Evaluation

20050173159 Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH USA Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine Detection Koh, G.; Ballard, J. R.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432261; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We are investigating the phenomenology of disturbed soil signature due to mine emplacement. Non-imaging spectral

140 sensors and high-frequency radars are being used to collect disturbed soil signatures over a wide range of geo-environmental conditions. The properties and processes of the disturbed soil that can be exploited to assist in the detection of buried landmines are ﬁrst identiﬁed. This will be followed by time series investigation to understand the effects of weathering on these properties and processes. Our goal is to provide a quantitative assessment of remote electro-optical and radar techniques for reliably detecting disturbed soil due to mine emplacement. DTIC Mine Detectors; Radar Signatures; Signatures; Soils; Spectra

20050173169 Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS USA Effects of Organic Matter on the Specification of Uranium in Soil and Plant Matrices Bednar, A. J.; Medina, V. F.; Larson, S. L.; Ulmer-Scholle, D. S.; Frey, B. A.; Morgan, J. G.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432278; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Radionuclides are known to complex with organic matter, which can promote mobility in soil environments. This work focuses on interactions of depleted uranium with organic compounds using HPLC-ICP-MS to identify organouranium species in soil and plant materials. Nearly all of the uranium extracted from certain plant tissues is bound to organic ligands. These experiments suggest organic compounds may be a significant influence on the chemistry of uranium in the environment. DTIC Organic Compounds; Organic Materials; Soils; Spent Fuels; Uranium

20050173302 Milcord, LLC, Waltham, MA USA A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imagery Agouris, Peggy; Stefanidis, Anthony; Caglayan, Alper; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): W9132V-04-C-0008 Report No.(s): AD-A432580; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The transition from static to motion imagery enabled by UAVs, and distributed sensor networks introduces significant challenges monitoring multiple video streams, indexing large amounts of video, and retrieving video segments with significant spatiotemporal events. Current analyst workflow systems support spatiotemporal analysis minimally: analysts roam through large image mosaics, revisit the same area, and make use of accompanying geographic information systems (GIS) databases to examine the evolution of a scene. However, the analyst still needs to decide whether the trajectory of a vehicle appears suspicious, whether a moving convoy resembles a formation of military vehicles, or whether the trajectory of a truck today resembles yesterday s pattern of movement of another vehicle. As data influx is increasing at substantially high rates, agencies are trying hard to keep up with tremendous amounts of incoming data, further exasperated during crises (e.g. military operations), where the rate of incoming information explode (e.g. as areas of interest are under heavy surveillance by fleets of UAVs). DTIC Exploitation; Imagery; Military Operations

44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION Includes speciﬁc energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; and solar, geothermal, windpower, and waterwave conversion systems; energy storage; and traditional power generators. For technologies related to nuclear energy production see 73 Nuclear Physics. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels.

20050169779 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Technologies: Progress and Technical Issues Ullal, H. S.; Aug. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009701; NREL/CP-520-36241; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Polycrystalline thin-film materials based on copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are promising thin-film solar cells for various power and specialty applications. Impressive results have been obtained in the past few years for both thin-film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells and thin-film CdTe solar cells. NCPV/NREL scientists have achieved world-record, total-area efficiencies of 19.3% for a thin-film CIGS solar cell and 16.5% for thin-film CdTe solar cell. A number of technical R&D issues related to CIS and CdTe have been identified. Thin-film power module efficiencies up to 13.4% has been achieved thus far. Tremendous progress has been made in the technology development for

141 module fabrication, and multi-megawatt manufacturing facilities are coming on line with expansion plans in the next few years. Several 40-480 kW polycrystalline thin-film, grid-connected PV arrays have been deployed worldwide. Hot and humid testing is also under way to validate the long-term reliability of these emerging thin-film power products. The U.S. thin-film production (amorphous silicon(a-Si), CIS, CdTe) is expected to exceed 50 MW by the end of 2005. NTIS Fabrication; Polycrystals; Thin Films; Photovoltaic Effect

20050169842 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA Progress in Silicon Heterojunction Devices by Hot-Wire CVD Page, M. R.; Iwaniczko, E.; Wang, Q.; Levi, D. H.; Yan, Y.; Aug. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009888; NREL/CP-520-36668; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We report on fabrication of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells based on Al-backed p-type silicon wafers, with hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) emitter layers. The two-layer emitters are comprised of an extremely thin ((approx)5-nm) intrinsic a-Si:H (a-Si:H(i)) layer topped with a slightly thicker phosphorus-doped a Si:H layer (a-Si:H(n)). Open-circuit voltages (V(sub oc)) above 620 mV are routinely achieved with a maximum of over 640 mV, indicating effective passivation of the crystalline silicon (c-Si) surface by the thin a Si: H(i/n) stack. We used real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) as an in-situ diagnostic tool to monitor ﬁlm thickness and roughness in real-time and to observe silicon crystallinity by further ex-situ data analysis. NTIS Vapor Deposition; Solar Cells; Silicon

20050169852 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrogging the Barriers Sopori, B.; Aug. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009890; NREL/CP-520-36675; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Silicon solar cell technology has greatly advanced in the last three decades--from merely concepts to a full-ﬂedged industry. The performances of commercial cells and modules are now at levels that would have been very difficult to imagine just a few years back. At the same time, PV energy sales are expected reach 1 GW/yr in the near future, and there has been a rapid drop in the selling-price of PV modules. This is indeed astounding progress. However, this path has not been easy or free from obstacles and bottlenecks. There have been numerous difficulties and barriers in the science and technology of photovoltaics, as well as on the business end. For example, there have been times of insufficient funding, limited R&D resources for universities and laboratories, and a shortage of feedstock. Si-PV has overcome these hurdles and many other barriers. The PV industry has weaned itself away from the microelectronics technology, many new techniques of crystal growth and low-cost cell fabrication methods (suitable for PV) have been successfully applied, and mc-Si cells are nearing the efficiencies of CZ-Si wafers. On a more technical side, perhaps the most intriguing achievement is the development of the science and technology for making high-efficiency cells on low-quality material through gettering and impurity/defect passivation. Si-PV is continually on the path to lower costs and to be competitive with conventional sources of electric energy. Hopefully, this most signiﬁcant barrier, of meeting the conventional energy cost, will be surmounted in the near future. NTIS Commerce; Crystal Growth; Crystallinity; Photovoltaic Conversion; Silicon; Solar Cells

20050170447 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Applications, Volume II Alexander, David S.; Bushnell, Dennis M., Technical Monitor; April 2005; 114 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG1-02048; 23-090--00 Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2005-213749; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy NASA has identified water vapor emission into the upper atmosphere from commercial transport aircraft, particularly as it relates to the formation of persistent contrails, as a potential environmental problem. Since 1999, MSE has been working with NASA-LaRC to investigate the concept of a transport-size emissionless aircraft fueled with liquid hydrogen combined with other possible breakthrough technologies. The goal of the project is to significantly advance air transportation in the next decade and beyond. The power and propulsion (P/P) system currently being studied would be based on hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) powering electric motors, which drive fans for propulsion. The liquid water reaction product is retained onboard the aircraft until a flight mission is completed. As of now, NASA-LaRC and MSE have identified P/P system components that,

142 according to the high-level analysis conducted to date, are light enough to make the emissionless aircraft concept feasible. Calculated maximum aircraft ranges (within a maximum weight constraint) and other performance predictions are included in this report. This report also includes current information on advanced energy-related technologies, which are still being researched, as well as breakthrough physics concepts that may be applicable for advanced energetics and aerospace propulsion in the future. Author Fuel Cells; Energy Technology; Aircraft Power Supplies

20050173131 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Volume 1. Literature Review of Current Reformer Technologies Adams, John W.; Cassarino, Craig; Lindstrom, Joel; Spangler, Lee; Binder, Michael J.; Holcomb, Franklin H.; Aug. 2004; 29 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432205; ERDC/CERL-SR-04-24-VOL-1; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This literature review identifies fuel reformer technologies that may be pertinent for reforming canola/rapeseed oil and other agricultural biomass including biodiesel. A description of candidate reformers is presented, noting characteristics generally inherent to each configuration. A comparison of the identified reformers is accomplished by rating each reformer against a set of specific criteria, which is essential for attaining operating characteristics desired for canola/rapeseed oil given applications. DTIC Fuel Cells; Oils

20050173336 Brown Univ., Providence, RI USA Lorentz Force Control of Turbulence Breuer, Kenneth; Jan. 2005; 31 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-02-1-1057 Report No.(s): AD-A432664; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Lorentz Force actuators were developed and characterized. They were used to measure the effect of lorentz force control on the drag of a fully turbulent channel ﬂow. Approximately 15% drag reduction was achieved. DTIC Lorentz Force; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow

20050173365 Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Adelphi, MD USA MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliability Robinson, C. H.; Gelak, M. R.; Hoang, T. Q.; Wood, R. H.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432721; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) One of the urgent needs in the current and future battleﬁeld is to dramatically improve the reliability and safety of submunition grenades. The ARDEC Fuze Division is developing a MEMS-based safety and arming architecture for submunition fuzes that will so signiﬁcantly improve the munition’s primary reliability that the need for self-destruct (SD) technology will be eliminated. At the same time the safety requirement for transport aboard Navy warships will be met by providing each submunition with a dual-safe safety and arming (S&A) device that must sense a proper launch and expulsion environment. DTIC Grenades; Microelectromechanical Systems; Ordnance; Reliability; Safety

20050173485 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN USA JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applications Lee, Ivan C.; Schmidt, Lanny D.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0010 Report No.(s): AD-A432961; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Military jet fuel (JP-8) has been successfully reformed to produce synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) selectivity with a rhodium-based catalyst. Time-on-stream experiment indicates that the catalysts remains stable and active for at least 4 hours using a jet fuel (310 ppm sulfur) straight from the pump without pre-reforming sulfur removal. The dry gas

143 composition of the product (reformate) includes about 15% hydrogen, 20% CO, 1% methane, 58% nitrogen and others. This JP-8 reformer can potentially be integrated with a reformate sulfur sorption bed and a solid oxide fuel cell for tactical power applications. DTIC Fuel Cells; Jet Engine Fuels; JP-8 Jet Fuel; Sulfur

20050173530 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Applications: Panel Discussion Martinez, David R.; Sep. 2005; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433017; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) DoD Embedded Processing Applications: Future systems need: 1) Higher performance with reduced cost, size, weight, and power consumption; 2) Adaptability, ﬂexibility, scalability, reconﬁgurability; 3) High bandwidth internal and network data communications. DTIC Bandwidth; Communication Networks; Cost Reduction; Embedding; Exponential Functions

45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.

20050169747 Los Alamos National Lab., NM, USA Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues in the Design of a New Nuclear Research Facility Cournoyer, M. E.; Corpoin, J.; Nelson, T. O.; 2003; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-825696; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Chemistry and Metallurgical Research (CMR) Facility was designed in 1949 and built in 1952 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to support analytical chemistry, metallurgical studies, and actinide research and development on samples of plutonium and other nuclear materials for the Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear weapons program. These primary programmatic uses of the CMR Facility have not changed signiﬁcantly since it was constructed. In 1998, a seismic fault was found to the west of the CMR Facility and projected to extend beneath two wings of the building. As part of the overall Risk Management Strategy for the CMR Facility, the Department of Energy (DOE) proposed to replace it by 2010 with what is called the CMR Facility Replacement (CMRR). In an effort to make this proposed new nuclear research facility environmentally sustainable, several pollution prevention/waste minimization initiatives are being reviewed for potential incorporation during the design phase. NTIS Pollution Control; Nuclear Electric Power Generation; Radioactive Wastes; Management Planning

20050169769 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Roadmap to MOVES2004 Mar. 2005; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106082; EPA/420/S-05/002; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This document provides a general overview of MOVES2004 and its documentation. It is meant to give users a ﬁrst look at the model and to assist them in determining which documents they should consult to learn more about MOVES design, use and technical inputs. MOVES2004 is EPA’s initial release of the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator. This version can be used to estimate inventories and projections through 2050 at the county level for energy consumption, nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) from highway vehicles. It comes with a full suite of default data to estimate these results for the entire U.S. It also includes an interface with an updated version of Argonne National Laboratory’s Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy uses in Transportation (GREET) model to include ‘well-to-pump’ estimates of energy consumption and emissions. Future versions of the model are planned to estimate non-highway mobile source emissions, estimate criteria pollutant emissions, and operate at smaller scales. NTIS Exhaust Emission; Motor Vehicles; Highways

144 20050169770 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA Weekday and Weekend Day Temporal Allocation of Activity in the Draft NONROAD2004 Model Apr. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106081; EPA/420/P-04/015; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The EPA is developing a national nonroad air emissions inventory model called NONROAD. The latest version of this model is draft NONROAD2004. The model uses estimates of annual activity for each equipment type, generally expressed in terms of hours of operation or gallons of fuel used per year, to calculate yearly emission inventories. It will also calculate inventories on a seasonal (i.e., summer, fall, winter, spring), monthly, or daily (i.e., weekday or weekend day) basis by allocating annual activity to these smaller time periods. This memorandum documents the daily activity allocation fractions used in the current, draft version of NONROAD. The fractions are expressed as weekday and weekend day fractions of weekly activity and are provided for each equipment/category type. Seasonal and monthly activity allocation fractions are addressed in a separate technical memorandum (Report No. NR-004b). NTIS Estimates; Inventories; Emission

20050169781 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA RVP and Temperature Corrections for Nonroad Engine Modeling Apr. 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106068; EPA/420/P-04/002; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report documents how the draft EPA NONROAD2004 emission inventory model accounts for the effects of temperature and Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) on diurnal evaporative emissions, as well as temperature effects on four-stroke exhaust emissions. RVP and temperature also effect vapor displacement, which is covered in NR-013a, ‘Refueling Emissions for Nonroad Engine Modeling.’ NTIS Correction; Exhaust Emission; Temperature Effects; Vapor Pressure; Air Pollution

20050169782 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Current NIOSH Dust Control Research for Noncoal Surface Mines Cecala, A. B.; Organiscak, J. A.; Page, S. J.; Heitbrink, W. A.; Thimons, E. D.; 2005; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105958; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Miners at noncoal surface mining operations are often exposed to high levels of respirable dust. In an effort to lower the respirable dust exposure of these surface miners, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been conducting research to address this problem in a practical and economically viable manner. This report focuses on two areas of research performed at the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) to lower miners’ exposure to respirable dust at surface operations. The ﬁrst area deals with enclosed cabs. A signiﬁcant number of miners work in enclosed cabs at surface operations, including drill, dozer, loader, and scraper operators, as well as a vast array of different haulage vehicles and trucks. Secondly, this report discusses methods to lower dust levels at surface drills. The dust generated during surface drilling exposes the drill operator, drill helper, explosive crew, as well as any other individuals working in and around the drill to high respirable dust levels. The intent of the report is to provide mine operators with a number of techniques to lower the dust exposure of workers at surface operations. NTIS Control Surfaces; Dust; Dust Collectors

20050169791 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Norwegian Building Research Inst., Oslo, Norway Investigation of Room Ventilation for Improved Operation of a Downdraft Table Jayaraman, B.; Kristoffersen, A.; Finlayson, E.; Gadgil, A.; May 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-835163; LBNL-55561; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We report a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study on containment of airborne hazardous materials in a ventilated room containing a downdraft table. Specifically, we investigate the containment of hazardous airborne material obtainable under a range of ventilation configurations. The desirable ventilation configuration should ensure excellent containment of the hazardous material released from the workspace above the downdraft table. However, increased airflow raises operation costs, so the airflow should be as low as feasible without compromising containment. The airflow is modeled using Reynolds

145 Averaged Navier Stokes equations with a high Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model. CFD predictions are examined for several ventilation configurations. Based on this study, we find that substantial improvements in containment are possible concurrent with a significant reduction in airflow, compared to the existing design of ventilation configuration. NTIS Computational Fluid Dynamics; Ventilation; Air Flow

20050169837 Geological Survey, Reston, VA, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul, MN, USA Role of Rock/Fluid Characteristics in Carbon (CO2) Storage and Modeling Verma, M. K.; 2005; 32 pp.; In English; Presented at EPA Workshop on Modeling for Geologic Carbon Storage, Houston, TX., April 6-7, 2005. Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul Report No.(s): PB2005-105872; USGS-OFR-2005-1137; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This presentation was prepared for the meeting of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Houston, Tex., on April 6-7, 2005. It provides an overview of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, and a summary of their effects on the Earth’s atmosphere. It presents methods of mitigating the effects of greenhouse gases, and the role of rock and ﬂuid properties on CO2 storage mechanisms. It also lists factors that must be considered to adequately model CO2 storage. NTIS Carbon Dioxide; Greenhouse Effect; Environment Protection

20050170463 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Emissions Hines, Cynthia M.; Pinto, James N.; Izor, Raymond C.; Tamayo, Thomas A.; Miller, William J.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 203-207; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Hexafluorethane (C2F6) is a perfluorinated compound (PFC) used extensively throughout the semiconductor industry to clean chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chambers. Although ongoing process improvements to the C2F6 clean are helping to reduce PFC emissions at the IBM Microelectronics Division 200mm fabricator in Essex Junction, Vermont, based on the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA) emission guidelines, further reduction is needed. Alternative chemistry evaluations indicate that the use of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) diluted in helium (He) has the potential to significantly reduce PFC emissions. Author Vapor Deposition; Nitrogen Fluorides; Environment Protection

20050170923 Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT, USA, Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, 2002-December 31, 2002 Allis, R. G.; Moore, J.; White, S.; Jan. 30, 2003; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-835180; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Gas reservoirs developed within the Colorado Plateau and Southern Rocky Mountains region are natural laboratories for studying the factors that promote long-term storage of CO(sub 2). They also provide sites for storing additional CO(sub 2) if it can be separated from the flue gases of coal-fired power plants in this part of the U.S.A. These natural reservoirs are developed primarily in sandstones and dolomites; shales, mudstones and anhydrite form seals. In many fields, stacked reservoirs are present, indicating that the gas has migrated up through the section. There are also geologically young travertine deposits at the surface, and CO(sub 2)-charged groundwater and springs in the vicinity of known CO(sub 2) occurrences. These near-surface geological and hydrological features also provide examples of the environmental effects of leakage of CO(sub 2) from reservoirs, and justify further study. NTIS Carbon Dioxide; Aquifers

20050170926 Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL, USA Methan de-Nox For Utility Pc Boilers. Quarterly Progress Report Jul. 05, 2000; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834751; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The overall project objective is the development and validation of an innovative combustion system, based on a novel coal

146 preheating concept prior to combustion, that can reduce NO(sub x) emissions to 0.15 lb/million Btu or less on utility pulverized coal (PC) boilers. This NO(sub x) reduction should be achieved without loss of boiler efficiency or operating stability, and at more than 25% lower levelized cost than state-of-the-art SCR technology. A further objective is to make this technology ready for full-scale commercial deployment by 2002-2003 in order to meet an anticipated market demand for NO(sub x) reduction technologies resulting from the EPA’s NO(sub x) SIP call. NTIS Boilers; Methane

20050170927 Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL, USA Methane de-Nox For Utility PC Boilers. Quarterly Progress Report Jan. 30, 2001; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834749; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The overall project objective is the development and validation of an innovative combustion system, based on a novel coal preheating concept prior to combustion, that can reduce NOx emissions to 0.15 lb/million Btu or less on utility pulverized coal (PC) boilers. This NOx reduction should be achieved without loss of boiler efficiency or operating stability, and at more than 25% lower levelized cost than state-of-the-art SCR technology. A further objective is to make this technology ready for full-scale commercial deployment by 2002-2003 in order to meet an anticipated market demand for NOx reduction technologies resulting from the EPA’s NOx SIP call. NTIS Boilers; Methane

20050170929 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of Company Records for a Proposed NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Sand Workers Amandus, H.; Jan. 30, 1990; 56 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106276; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy In 1987, the Division of Respiratory Disease Studies (DRDS) proposed a prospective study of the relationship between individual cumulative quartz exposure and radiographic evidence of silicosis in industrial sand workers. Data for this study were to be obtained from company Occupational Health Program (ORP) records. In order to determine whether company OHP data were suitable for the proposed study, data from 4 of the largest plants in the industry were reviewed. This report summarizes the results of this effort, paying particular attention to (1) the precision of job category quartz exposure estimates, (2) the completeness of work histories, medical examination, cigarette smoking, and demographic information, (3) the prevalence of silicosis, (4) respirator usage, and (5) analytical measurement of quartz content. NTIS Feasibility; Health; Quartz; Industries

20050170931 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic Fumes Wieland, M. S.; 2005; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106045; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Recognizing the dynamic nature and possible range of toxic concentrations in the impending fume cloud prior to undertaking explosive blasting can reduce potential hazards and mitigate related incidents. The scaled cloud model was formulated to predict the relevant (major) toxic components in fume clouds released by nonideal mining explosives used for surface blasting. Natural turbulence unceasingly disperses the toxic molecules, widening (inﬂating) the fume cloud while diluting the concentrations, ultimately rendering nonhazardous conditions. The threshold cloud size depends upon the type and quantity of total explosives used and the cloud’s thermodynamic condition. NTIS Explosives; Mining; Coal; Toxicity

20050172059 Kentucky Univ., Lexington, KY, USA Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the Production of High Value Materials from the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal Combustion Ash Robl, T. L.; Henke, K. R.; Groppo, J. G.; Sep. 01, 2004; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833430; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

147 Broad range dispersants, including naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates (NSF) and polycarboxylate based products, were tested on both wet and dry fly ash samples from the LG&E Energy Corp. plants in the study. Tests included both total adsorption and measurement of sedimentation rate via time density relationships. A wide range of dosages were required, ranging from 0.3 to 10 g/kg. In general the ponded ash required less dispersant. Leaching tests of 5% ash solutions by weight revealed a wide range of soluble salts to be present in the ash, and found a relationship between calcium ion concentration and dispersant dosage requirement. Other parameters measured included SO(sub 4), Cl, F, NO(sub 3), PO(sub 4), Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na and alkalinity. An assessment was made of the available software to digitally model the overall process circuit. No prefabricated digital model was found for hydraulic classification or froth flotation. Work focused on building a model for hydraulic classification in an Excel spread sheet based on Stokes Law. A pilot plant scale hydraulic classifier was fabricated and operated. The performance of the hydraulic classifier was found to be forecastable within reasonable bounds, and work to improve both are ongoing. NTIS Coal; Fly Ash; Dispersions

20050172067 CONSOL Energy, Inc., South Park, PA, USA Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Production and Sequestration of CO(sub 2) in Unmineable Coal Seams Cairns, G. L.; Apr. 2002; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834046; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This is the ﬁrst Technical Progress report for the subject agreement. During the ﬁrst six months of the project, progress was made in arranging participation by other CONSOL departments, identifying a prospective site, developing an environmental assessment report, and securing land and coal rights. In addition, correspondences were drafted in response to NETL inquiries. These aspects of the project are discussed in detail in this report. NTIS Coal; Methanation

20050172068 Argonne National Lab., IL, Andress (David) and Associates, Inc., Kensington, MD, USA Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy Crops Grate, J. W.; Egorob, O. B.; Sep. 18, 2004; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834706; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Bioenergy crops, which displace fossil fuels when used to produce ethanol, biobased products, and/or electricity, have the potential to further reduce atmospheric carbon levels by building up soil carbon levels, especially when planted on lands where these levels have been reduced by intensive tillage. The purpose of this study is to improve the characterization of the soil carbon (C) sequestration for bioenergy crops (switchgrass, poplars, and willows) in the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model (Wang 1999) by using the latest results reported in the literature and by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Because soil carbon sequestration for bioenergy crops can play a signiﬁcant role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for cellulosic ethanol, it is important to periodically update the estimates of soil carbon sequestration from bioenergy crops as new and better data become available. NTIS Carbon; Farm Crops; Soils

20050172071 Energy and Environmental Research Corp., Irvine, CA, USA Second Generation Advanced Reburning for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Control Zamansky, V. M.; Maly, P. M.; Sheldon, M.; Seeker, W. R.; Folsom, B. A.; 2004; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-16497; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Energy and Environmental Research Corporation is developing a family of high efficiency and low cost NOx control technologies for coal fired utility boilers based on Advanced Reburning (AR), a synergistic integration of basic reburning with injection of an N-agent. In conventional AR, injection of the reburn fuel is followed by simultaneous N-agent and overfire air injection. The second generation AR systems incorporate several components which can be used in different combinations. These components include: o Reburning: Injection of the reburn fuel and overfire air; N-agent Injection: The N-agent (ammonia or urea) can be injected at different locations - into the reburning zone, along with the overfire air, and downstream of the overfire air injection; N-agent Promotion: Several sodium compounds can considerably enhance the NOx control from N-agent injection. These ‘promoters’ can be added to aqueous N- agents; and Two Stages of N-agent Injection and Promotion:

148 Two N-agents with or without promoters can be injected at different locations for deeper NOx control.. NTIS Nitrogen Oxides; Boilers; Gas Injection

20050172072 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Efficacy of Intermittent Ventilation for Providing Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Sherman, M. H.; Oct. 2004; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834643; LBNL-56292; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Ventilation standards and guidelines typically treat ventilation as a constant and specify its value. In many circumstances a designer wishes to use intermittent ventilation, rather than constant ventilation, but there are no easy equivalencies available. This report develops a model of efficacy that allows one to calculate how much intermittent ventilation one needs to get the same indoor air quality as a the continuous value speciﬁed. We have found that there is a simple relationship between three dimensionless quantities: the temporal ventilation effectiveness (which we call the efficacy), the nominal turn-over and the under-ventilation fraction. This relationship allows the calculation of intermittent ventilation for a wide variety of parameters and conditions. We can use the relationship to deﬁne a critical time that separates the regime in which ventilation variations can be averaged over from the regime in which variable ventilation is of low effectiveness. We have found that ventilation load-shifting, temporary protection against poor outdoor air quality and dynamic ventilation strategies can be quite effective in low-density buildings such as single-family houses or office spaces. NTIS Ventilation; Indoor Air Pollution; Air Quality

20050172076 Powerspan Corp., New Durham, NH, USA Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, Plasma-Based Multi-Pollutant Control Technology for Utility Boilers Loomis, M. B.; May 2004; 256 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834583; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This technical report describes the results from Task 1 of the Cooperative Agreement. Powerspan has installed, tested, and validated Hg SCEMS systems for measuring oxidized and elemental mercury at the pilot facility at R.E. Burger Generating Station in Shadyside, Ohio. When operating properly, these systems are capable of providing near real-time monitoring of inlet and outlet gas flow streams and are capable of extracting samples from different locations to characterize mercury removal at these different ECO process stages. This report discusses the final configuration of the Hg CEM systems and the operating protocols that increase the reliability of the HG SCEM measurements. Documentation on the testing done to verify the operating protocols is also provided. In addition the report provides details on the protocols developed and used for measurement of mercury in process liquid streams and in captured ash. NTIS Boilers; Gas Flow

20050172077 West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, USA SO2 Removal with Coal Scrubbing Cho, E. H.; Sundaram, H. P.; Miller, A. L.; Jul. 2001; 56 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834570; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This project is based on an effective removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas with coal as the scrubbing medium instead of lime, which is used in the conventional FGD processes. A laboratory study proves that coal scrubbing is an innovative technology that can be implemented into a commercial process in place of the conventional lime scrubbing flue gas desulfurization process. SO(sub 2) was removed from a gas stream using an apparatus, which consisted of a 1-liter stirred reactor immersed in a thermostated oil bath. The reactor contained 60 g of 35-65 mesh coal in 600 ml of water. The apparatus also had 2 bubblers connected to the outlet of the reactor, each containing 1500 ml of 1 molar NaOH solution. The flow rate of the gas was 30 ml/sec, temperature was varied from 21 C to 73 C. Oxygen concentration ranged from 3 to 20% while SO(sub 2) concentration, from 500 to 2000 ppm. SO(sub 2) recovery was determined by analyzing SO(sub 2) concentration in the liquid samples taken from the bubblers. NTIS Desulfurizing; Flue Gases; Pollution Control

149 20050172078 Hampton Univ., VA, USA Investigation of Mixed Metal Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides Akyurtlu, A.; Akyurtlu, J. F.; Oct. 1999; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834566; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Simultaneous removal of SO(sub 2) and NO(sub x) using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO(sub 2) and NO(sub x) removal operations. The work done at PETC and the DOE-funded research of the investigators on the sulfation and regeneration of alumina-supported cerium oxide sorbents have shown that they can perform well at relatively high temperatures (823-900 K) as regenerable desulfurization sorbents. Survey of the recent literature shows that addition of copper oxide to ceria lowers the sulfation temperature of ceria down to 773 K, sulfated ceria-based sorbents can function as selective SCR catalysts even at elevated temperatures, SO(sub 2) can be directly reduced to sulfur by CO on CuO-ceria catalysts, and ceria-based catalysts may have a potential for selective catalytic reduction of NO(sub x) by methane. NTIS Sorbents; Catalysts; Exhaust Gases

20050172079 Mott Corp., Farmington, CT, USA Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter Design Using Sintered Metal Filter Elements Ramos, G.; Rubow, K.; Sekellick, R.; Nov. 27, 2002; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834564; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A Department of Energy funded contract involved the development of porous metal as a HEPA filter, and the subsequent design of a full-scale regenerable HEPA filtration system (RHFS). This RHFS could replace the glass fiber HEPA filters currently being used on the high level waste (HLW) tank ventilation system with a system that would be moisture tolerant, durable, and cleanable in place. The origins of the contract are a 1996 investigation at the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) regarding the use of porous metal as a HEPA filter material. This contract was divided into Phases I, IIA and IIB. Phase I of the contract evaluated simple filter cylinders in a simulated High Level Waste (HLW) environment and the ability to clean and regenerate the filter media after fouling. Upon the successful completion of Phase I, Phase IIA was conducted, which included lab scale prototype testing and design of a full-scale system. NTIS Air Filters; Particulates; Filtration; Metals

20050172080 CeraMem Corp., Waltham, MA, USA Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filtration System Bishop, B.; Goldsmith, R.; Nielsen, K.; Paquette, P.; Aug. 12, 2002; 194 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834563; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In Phase IIA of this project, CeraMem has further developed and scaled up ceramic HEPA filters that are appropriate for use on filtration of vent gas from HLW tanks at DOE sites around the country. This work included procuring recrystallized SiC monoliths, developing membrane and cement materials, and defining a manufacturing process for the production of prototype full sizes HEPA filters. CeraMem has demonstrated that prototype full size filters can be manufactured by producing 9 full size filters that passed DOP aerosol testing at the Oak Ridge Filter Test Facility. One of these filters was supplied to the Savannah River Technical Center (SRTC) for process tests using simulated HLW tank waste. SRTC has reported that the filter was regenerable (with some increase in pressure drop) and that the filter retained its HEPA retention capability. CeraMem has also developed a Regenerable HEPA Filter System (RHFS) design and acceptance test plan that was reviewed by DOE personnel. The design and acceptance test plan form the basis of the system proposal for follow-on work in Phase IIB of this project. NTIS Filtration; Particulates

20050172082 CH2M/Hill Hanford Group, Inc., Richland, WA, USA Methodology and Calculations for the Assignment of Waste for the Large Underground Waste Storage Tanks at Hanford Site Barker, S. A.; Hedengren, D. C.; 2004; 598 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834435; RPP-10006-REV-3; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

150 This document categorizes each of the large waste storage tanks into one of several categories based on each tank’s waste and characteristics. These waste group assignments reflect a tank’s propensity to retain a significant volume of flammable gases and the potential of the waste to release retained gas by a buoyant displacement event. NTIS Radioactive Wastes; Underground Storage; Storage Tanks

46 GEOPHYSICS Includes Earth structure and dynamics, aeronomy; upper and lower atmosphere studies; ionospheric and magnetospheric physics; and geomagnetism. For related information see 47 Meteorology and Climatology; and 93 Space Radiation.

20050169797 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Isotopic Constraints on the Petrology of Martian Meteorites Jones, J. H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The SNC (martian) meteorites exhibit complex isotopic characteristics that yield information both about the ages of individual meteorites as well as information about the petrogenetic processes that produced both individual samples and about the origins of suites and sub-suites within the SNC clan. Here I review these data, reiterate earlier interpretations, and offer some new conclusions. Derived from text Meteoritic Composition; Petrology; Isotopes

20050169812 Birkbeck Coll., London, UK LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226-Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites, Part 1, Petrography and Mineral Chemistry Joy, K. H.; Crawford, I. A.; Russell, S. S.; Kearsley, A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The LAP lunar stones, collected during the 2002 and 2003 ANSMET field seasons in the LaPaz Ice Fields, Antarctica, represent the largest combined mass of lunar meteoritic material collected on Earth (approx. 1875 kg). The meteorites LAP 02205 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6], 02224 and 02226 have been classified as lunar mare basalts [7]. We present a petrological and mineralogical investigation into the LAP stones including the first detailed description of 02224 and 02226 and discussing possible launch pairing relationships. Allocated thin sections of LAP 02205(32), LAP 02224(35) and LAP 02226(25) and chips of LAP 02205(13) and LAP 02224(31) have been provided for this work from the Meteorite Working Group. Derived from text Lunar Maria; Meteoritic Composition; Petrography; Minerals; Meteorites; Basalt

20050169953 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and Kieserite in Capri Chasma Hutchison, L.; Mustard, J. F.; Gendrin, A.; Bibring, J.-P.; Langevin, Y.; Gondet, B.; Mangold, N., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document OMEGA spectra of interior layered deposits in Capri-Eos Chasma (Figure 1) show signatures consistent with kieserite and polyhydrated sulfates. The composition and formation of layered deposits in Valles Marineris is a source of debate; understanding the mineralogy of the layered deposits can give insight in to the mechanisms that formed them. OMEGA parameter maps identifying sulfates in Capri-Eos Chasma will be presented, together with RELAB library sulfate spectra and spectra from Rio Tinto, Spain. Rio Tinto is considered a martian analogue due to its acidic nature, high heavy-metal concentration and abundant, diverse microbial life. Understanding the mineralogy at Rio Tinto will enable us to better visualize how martian mineralogy forms and evolves. Derived from text Planetary Geology; Sulfates; Deposits; Mineralogy; Mars Surface

151 20050169968 Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Texas Huson, S. A.; Pope, M. C.; Watkinson, A. J.; Foit, F. F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Shock features found in impact craters are used as indicators of pressure and temperature conditions at the time of crater formation [1]. This study uses shock features in zircon grains to tentatively place an upper limit on pressure during the Sierra Madera impact event. Derived from text Craters; Impact Loads; Minerals

20050169996 Calgary Univ., Alberta, Canada 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Canada Hanova, J.; Lawton, D. C.; Visser, J.; Hildebrand, A. R.; Ferriere, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A study of well, 2D and 3D seismic data was conducted in order to better understand impact processes and the deformational history the Eagle Butte impact structure. The impact feature was first identified by Sawatzky; Lerbekmo et. al. suggested a 200m impactor formed this structure. Located within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in southern Alberta, this 15 km complex structure displays a prominent central uplift, annular synform, and rim uplift within Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary strata. Formed primarily in shaly sediments mineralogical evidence of shock metamorphism has not been found, but shattercones occur at one subcrop locality near the center of the central uplift. Well and seismic data from the Eagle Butte area in southeastern Alberta were used to interpret the impact structure. Well locations were superimposed on a seismic grid spanning the crater. Synthetic seismograms were created from the identified formation tops, which were then used to interpret the 2D seismic profiles. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Meteorite Craters; Structural Properties (Geology); Geomorphology; Earth Surface

20050170009 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping Some Structural Elements of the Largest Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Desert Heggy, E.; Paillou, P.; Mills, D.; Clifford, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We present ground penetrating profiles of a number of relatively small buried craters of 30 to 100 m diameters and 3 to 10 m deep located in the largest impact crater field recently discovered in Southwest of the Egyptian by Paillou et al. in early 2004. Results where acquired early 2005 using the prototype of 270 MHz antenna provided by GSSI and EXI. Sounding results show a variety of fractured terrains over large areas with distinguished curved features matching with the presence of breccias and shutter cones on the surface. Figure 1, present an example of the recently acquired profiles for a crater around 30 m, where we can clearly identify the curvature of the buried crater at 3 meter deep (in the central part of the figure) and the presence of fractures that appear as hyperbolic feature on the radar tomography (In Purple, in the bottom of the figure). The feature is filled with consecutive layer of sediments that appear as yellow horizontal lines. A nearly similar profile is obtained when surveying in the perpendicular direction to the first profile, hence confirming the shape of the impact. In the conference we will present a 3D reconstitution of such features and discuss the implications of such results for future subsurface explorations for arid planetary context where wind erosion and dust accumulation may hide the presence of similar feature such the case for Mars. Author Ground Penetrating Radar; Craters; Sediments; Terrain; Tomography

152 20050170011 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Australasian Microtektites: Evidence for Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Vapor Plume Herzog, G. F.; Alexander, C. M. O. D.; Glass, B. P.; Berger, E. L.; Delaney, J. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The idea that hand-size Australasian and other tektites lost volatile elements as a result of vapor fractionation [1] recently suffered another blow (see [2-5]) when [6] reported that tektites contain isotopically normal potassium. If the tektite melts were a) well stirred for b) long enough at high temperatures and c) low ambient pressures, then the lighter K isotopes should have evaporated preferentially, contrary to observation. Still, doubt remains. If all the conditions (a-c) listed above were not met, then isotopic (and elemental) fractionation could have been disguised by re-condensation or limited to areas not yet systematically investigated (flanges). Humayun and Koeberl [6] specifically left the door ajar for K isotope fractionation in microtektites, whose small sizes compared to those of normal tektites, might allow mixing or K diffusion throughout the melt volume. Although microtektites and the flanges on Australite buttons contain isotopically normal Mg [4], Mg is fairly refractory and typically fractionates little in either cosmic spherules [7] or lunar fines [8], wherein more volatile elements such as K and S routinely do fractionate [7,9,10]. More positively, bottle-green Australasian microtektites, which have high Mg concentrations (3.48 Mg(wt%) 6.48), contain isotopically heavy Li and B [11]. Glass et al. [12] proposed that these objects formed by vapor fractionation of normal microtektites. Derived from text Potassium Isotopes; Fractionation; Tektites; Spherules; Evaporation; Vapors; Plumes; Australites

20050170013 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA The Inﬂuence of Local Geometric Effects on Mars Polar Processes Hecht, M. H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Using simple, qualitative heat balance models, this paper addresses textures and structures that will result from the evolution of volatile layers by accretion and by ablation. Such phenomena may have global implications that are not apparent when only ﬂat or sloped surfaces are modeled. In general, structures such as mounds or depressions formed out of volatile materials will evolve in shape such that the growth or retreat of any particular surface will be maximized. It can be shown that the local radius of curvature is proportional to the growth or retreat rate. For example, icy surfaces will tend to form facets that face the dominant sun direction. Two such cases are evaluated: a) Features associated with condensation of volatiles, include cold-trapping and redistribution, such as the concentration of frost around the Viking 2 lander [1]. Here I will focus on textures that likely result from the formation of seasonal CO2 deposits. b) Features associated with sublimation of volatiles, such as those described by Ingersoll et. al. [2] result in textured surfaces that affect both the apparent emissivity and albedo. Similar calculations have been performed with respect to the ‘Swiss cheese’ features on the South Polar Cap [3]. Here, I evaluate the likely sublimation rates from optimal ice scarp structures and their implications for the long-term evolution of the polar caps and formation of layered terrain. Derived from text Heat Balance; Ablation; Textures; Flat Surfaces; Carbon Dioxide; Deposition

20050170020 Chicago Univ., Chicago, IL, USA Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison with EDXS Heavens, N. G.; Kirkland, L. E.; Adams, P. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document There is an active and robust literature that compares the results of laboratory infrared spectroscopic measurements with results from other analytical methods, e.g., [1] [2] [3]. However, there have been very few studies that compare the results of measurements by ground-based field instruments such as the MER flight instrument, Mini-TES, with ground truth [4]. There is consensus in the planetary spectroscopy community [5] that studies are vitally needed to ‘test remote sensing interpretations against results from field research’ [4]. Here we interpret the results of spectroscopic measurements of a single outcrop using a Mini-TESlike instrument, compare it with energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and backscattered electron (BSE) images of samples collected from the measured site (‘ground truth’), analyze the discrepancies

153 between the methods, and propose a measurement protocol that could eliminate some of those discrepancies. Derived from text Infrared Spectroscopy; Remote Sensing; Backscattering; Minerals; Flight Instruments

20050170022 Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland Determination of Production Rates of Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Chromite Grains Heck, R.; Schmitz, B.; Baur, H.; Wieler, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: Chromite grains from fossil meteorites are very resistant to alteration and retain cosmogenic noble gases even after complete pseudomorphosis of most other minerals in the meteorite and diagenesis of the target sediments [1, 2]. Unusually short cosmic ray exposure ages of approx.10(exp 5) to approx.10(exp 6) years have been determined from chromites in fossil meteorites found in marine limestone in southern Sweden [3]. These meteorites are thought to be fragments of a major asteroid disruption event about 480 Myr ago (L chondrite parent body break-up). Their exposure ages increase with higher position in the stratigraphic column and the difference between the lowest and highest exposure age matches the total sediment deposition time. This shows that relict chromite grains allow a reliable determination of cosmic-ray exposure ages of fossil meteorites. [3] Derived from text Helium; Neodymium; Meteorites; Chromites; Fossils; Sediments; Cosmic Rays; Geochemistry

20050170025 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of Rubble-Pile Structures Holsapple, K. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A comparison of the spin periods of asteroids with the limit spin at which a rubble pile structure will ﬂy apart from centrifugal forces has been used in the past to conclude that many, if not most asteroids have a rubble-pile structure with no cohesive strength. The simplest analysis is based on the spin at which a loose particle would ﬂy off of the equator of a spherical body [1]. A more elaborate analysis is for an ellipsoidal body consisting of a material with a Mohr-Coulomb or a Drucker-Prager model, which is appropriate for a granular material without cohesion [2], [3]. A new analysis of the limit spins for an ellipsoidal body with strength dispels that rubble-pile conclusion. Derived from text Asteroids; Ellipsoids; Centrifugal Force; Granular Materials

20050170030 Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure, Virginia, USA Horton, J. Wright, Jr.; Gohn, S.; Jackson, John C.; Aleinikoff, John N.; Sanford, Ward E.; Edwards, Lucy E.; Powards, David S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The buried late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure, located on the Atlantic margin of Virginia, is the Earth s best-preserved large impact structure formed in a dominantly siliciclastic marine-shelf environment. It has no surface outcrops and can be sampled only by drilling. The 85-km ‘invertedsombrero’ structure consists of a central crater and surrounding annular trough formed in a complex layered target of seawater, sediment, and rock. Since the structure was recognized over a decade ago, most drilling has been within the annular trough formed by collapse of sediments outside the transient cavity. The approx.38-km central crater, as delineated by recent geophysical surveys [1], includes a broad central uplift surrounded by an elliptical moat, a collapsed central-crater margin, and a raised rim. The central uplift has a minimum width of approx.12 km, is elongate to the northwest, and rises approx.500-800 m above the floor of the moat. In 2004, the USGS drilled and partially cored an 823-m scientific test hole in the northeast flank of the central uplift at Cape Charles, Va., providing the first core samples ever recovered from this part of the structure [2, 3]. Coring was reserved for the deepest breccias, and core recovery was about 50%. Well screens for water monitoring were installed at two levels [2]. Derived from text Craters; Core Sampling; Marine Environments; Geological Surveys; Sediments; Cavities

154 20050170553 Collegium Budapest/Inst. for Advanced Study, Budapest, Hungary Cross Proﬁle and Volume Analysis of Bahram Valles on Mars Kereszturi, A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Bahram Valles is an about 400 km long sapping valley on Mars on Lunae Planum (21N 58W). Its physiography and the surrounding terrain were investigated by several authors [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. We have analysed its cross proﬁles and estimated the volume of material eroded and transported away during its formation. Derived from text Geomorphology; Mars Surface; Plains; Terrain

20050170559 Notre Dame Univ., IN, USA Investigating the Sources of the Apollo 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Kramer, Georgiana Y.; Neal, Clive R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Basalts were returned by Apollo 14 [1] predominantly as clasts in breccias (e.g., [2,3]), although there are at least two pristine, large basalt samples in the collection (e.g., [4,5]). Trace element data for Apollo 14 high-Al basalts (cf. [6]) suggest a complex origin that cannot be explained by simple fractional crystallization or by short-range unmixing. Initially 5 basalt groups were distinguished [2,3] on the basis of REE abundances. Using the terminology of [2], Group 1 basalts contain the highest REE abundances and Group 5 the lowest. A continuum of compositions [7,8] was deﬁned between Groups 1 and 5, where the sample with the lowest incompatible trace element (ITE) abundances (14321,1422) represented the parental melt. This parent then experienced KREEP assimilation (and fractional crystallization - AFC) to form the compositional continuum. Derived from text Basalt; Assimilation; Trace Elements; Continuums; Crystallization

20050170562 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Ni Systematics in Chromite from Planetary Basalts Karner, J. M.; Shearer, C. K.; Papike, J. J.; Righter,K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Spinel is a minor but important phase in planetary basalts because its variable composition often reﬂects basalt petrogenesis. For example, complicated zoning trends in spinel can give clues to melt evolution [1], and V concentrations in chromite lend insight into magma oxygen fugacity (fO2) conditions [2]. Nickel and Co are two elements that are commonly used as a measure of melt fractionation, and their partitioning between olivine and melt is fairly well understood. Less clear is their partitioning into spinel, although [3] has explored Ni and Co systematics in experimental charges. This study documents Ni and Co behavior in early crystallizing spinel (chromite) from several planetary basalts in an attempt to compare our results with [3], and also gain insight into basalt evolution on the three planets. Derived from text Chromites; Nickel; Olivine; Mineralogy; Basalt; Petrogenesis

20050170572 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Element Composition on Near, Mid and Far-Infrared Spectra Klima, R. L.; Pieters, C. M.; Dyar, M. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GB53G; NNG04GG12G; NAG5-12687; NAG5-13609; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Pyroxene is one of the most common minerals in both evolved and undifferentiated solid bodies of the solar system. Various compositions of pyroxene have been directly studied in meteorites and lunar samples and remotely observed by telescopic and orbital measurements of the moon, Mars, Mercury, and several classes of asteroids. Laboratory studies of pyroxene spectra have shown that absorption features diagnostic of pyroxene in both the near and mid infrared are composition dependent. The challenge for remote analyses has been to reduce the level of ambiguity to allow a quantitative assessment of mineral chemistry. This study focuses on the analysis of a comprehensive set of synthetic Ca-Fe-Mg pyroxenes from the

155 visible through far-IR (0.3-50 m) to address the fundamental constraints of crystal structure on absorption. Derived from text Near Infrared Radiation; Pyroxenes; Far Infrared Radiation; Crystal Structure; Lunar Geology; Meteorites; Lunar Rocks; Lunar Soil

20050170576 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Alluvial Fans on Mars Kraal, E. R.; Moore, J. M.; Howard, A. D.; Asphaug, E. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Moore and Howard [1] reported the discovery of large alluvial fans in craters on Mars. Their initial survey from 0-30 S found that these fans clustered in three distinct regions and occurred at around the +1 km MOLA defined Mars datum. However, due to incomplete image coverage, Moore and Howard [1]could not conduct a comprehensive survey. They also recognized, though did not quantitatively address, gravity scaling issues. Here, we briefly discuss the identification of alluvial fans on Mars, then consider the general equations governing the deposition of alluvial fans and hypothesize a method for learning about grain size in alluvial fans on Mars. Derived from text Mars Craters; Alluvium; Deposition; Gravitation

20050170578 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains and Rift Zones on Venus Krassilnikov, A. S.; Kostama, V.-P.; Aittola, M.; Guseva, E. N.; Cherkaschina, O. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551 Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR-02-05-65068; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Coronae are large radial/concentric volcano/tectonic structures on Venus [1-4] with diameters of 100 to over 1000 km. Coronae have varied topographical shapes; radial and concentric fracturing and compressional tectonic structures for their annulae are common, as well as massive volcanism [1-4]. Coronae are interpreted to be the result of updoming and fracturing on the surface due to interaction of hot mantle diapirs with the lithosphere and its subsequent gravitational relaxation [1-9]. According to the most detailed catalog [10] there are 514 coronae on Venus. Coronae have been classiﬁed into two types [10]: Type 1 - coronae that have annuli of concentric ridges and/or fractures, and type 2 that have similar characteristics to type 1 but lack a complete annulus of ridges/fractures. Few authors interpreted, that most coronae predate formation of regional volcanic plains with wrinkle ridges (PWR) [11,12], which have been argued to be usable as a general stratigraphic marker for Venus [13-16]. Derived from text Coronas; Tectonics; Lithosphere; Stratigraphy; Fractures (Materials)

20050170591 Cologne Univ., Germany New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures Kegler, Ph.; Holzheid, A.; Rubie, D. C.; Frost, D.; Palme, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: What is the reason for the comparatively high Ni and Co abundances and the chondritic Ni/Co ratio in the Earth s mantle? Many workers have studied this question (e.g. [1-4]) and most of them conclude that metal/silicate equilibration in a deep magma ocean covering the surface of the early Earth has produced the high Ni and Co concentrations in the Earth s mantle. In these models estimated pressures and temperatures at the bottom of the magma ocean vary from 24 to 59 GPa and from 2200 to \g4000K. These variations reﬂect uncertainties in P and T dependencies of Ni and Co metal-silicate partition coefficients. Derived from text Silicates; Cobalt; Chondrites; Coeffõcients; Abundance; Earth Mantle; Nickel

156 20050170597 Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides in Nature and High-Pressure Experiments: Geochemical Consequences of Potassium in the Earth’s Core Keshav, S.; Corgne, A.; McDonough, W. F.; Fei, Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GG17G; NNG04GG09G; NSF EAR-0322766; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: Potassium (K) as a large ion lithophile element has dominantly been concentrated in the Earth s crust and the mantle through differentiation, and in the form of K-40 contributes to the planet s heat budget. However, whether or not K also enters core-forming phases, has been debated for over three decades. Arguments favoring entry of K in the core are based on: (1) K-sulfide (with Fe, Ni, Cu, Na, and Cl; djerfisherite) found in highly reduced enstatite chondrites (or aubrites, enstatite achondrites); (2) demonstration that K, owing to an s-d electronic switch at high-pressure, exhibits transition- element like character, (3) solubility of measurable K in Fe-Ni-S liquids at high pressure, temperature conditions, and (4) models of cooling of the core that seem to require, besides convection, some form of radioactivity, and thus lending support to the experimental work. In this contribution, we assess the effect of sequestering K in the core, as it is perhaps an element that is a key to reconciling geochemistry, paleomagnetism, accretion, and thermal evolution models for the planet. Derived from text Sulfides; Potassium; Earth Crust; Paleomagnetism; Meteoritic Composition; Chondrites; Achondrites

20050170600 Niels Bohr Inst., Copenhagen, Denmark Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment of Inertia Khan, A.; Maclennan, J.; Taylor, S. R.; Mosegaard, K.; Gagnepain-Beyneix, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The internal structure and composition of a planet or satellite are important constraints on theories for how such bodies formed and evolved. Of all geophysical methods used to study a planet’s structure, seismology is uniquely suited to determine many of the parameters that are critically important to understand the dynamic behaviour of the planet. For this reason seismology has played a leading role in the study of the internal structure of the Earth. The only other solar system body from which we have seismic observations pertinent to its interior properties is the Moon, thus giving us an opportunity to examine planetary formation in general without being tied to the Earth. Issues that, in principle, can be addressed geophysically and which hold the potential of providing constraints on lunar formation and evolution, include the question of whether the Moon has a metallic iron core, the depth of differentiation needed to produce the plagioclase rich highland crust, its bulk composition and the question whether it bears any generic relationship to that of the Earth’s mantle. Derived from text Tomography; Moments of Inertia; Lunar Evolution; Earth Mantle; Crusts; Planetary Evolution; Seismology; Geophysics

20050170620 Tokyo Univ., Japan EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggregates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Komatsu, M.; Krot, A. N.; Miyamoto, M.; Keil, K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are irregularly-shaped objects composed of ﬁne-grained forsteritic olivine, minor Fe,Ni-metal, and a refractory component consisting of spinel, Al-diopside, anorthite, melilite. Although among other refractory inclusions, AOAs are mineralogically and chemically most similar to magnesian, olivine-rich (Type I) chondrules, they have lower contents of SiO2, Cr2O3, MnO, and Na2O, and generally lack low-Ca pyroxene. Recently, Krot et al. [1,2] reported that approx. 10% of AOAs in primitive carbonaceous chondrites contain low-Ca pyroxene (Fs(sub 1-3)Wo(sub 1-5). It is found in three major textural occurrences: (i) thin (\h15 microns) discontinuous layers around forsterite grains or along forsterite grain boundaries in AOA peripheries; (ii) 5-10-microns-thick haloes and subhedral grains around Fe,Ni-metal nodules in AOA peripheries, and (iii) shells of variable thickness (up to 70 microns), commonly with abundant tiny (3-5 micron) inclusions of Fe,Ni-metal grains, around AOAs. Forsterite grains in AOAs with low-Ca pyroxene have O-16-rich isotopic compositions (delta O-17 \h -20%). Low-Ca pyroxenes of the textural occurrences (i) and (ii) are O-16-rich (delta O-17 \h -20%), whereas those of (iii) are O-16-depleted (delta O-17 = -6% to -4%). Based on these observations, Krot et al. [1,2] concluded that AOAs are aggregates of solar nebular condensates formed in an O-16-rich gaseous reservoir, in the CAI-forming region(s). Solid or

157 incipiently melted forsterite in some AOAs reacted with gaseous SiO in the same nebular region to form low-Ca pyroxene. Some other AOAs accreted 16O-poor pyroxene- normative dust and experienced varying degrees of melting, most likely in chondrule-forming region(s). In order to understand the thermal history of AOAs with and without low-Ca pyroxenes, we performed the mineralogical and structural study of AOAs in the CO3.0 carbonaceous chondrite Yamato-81020, one of the most primitive CO chondrites [3], using electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique which can provide crystallographic information of micron-sized regions on the surface of a polished thin section. Derived from text Aggregates; Olivine; Pyroxenes; Carbonaceous Chondrites; Chondrule; Chromium Oxides; Crystallography; Forsterite

20050170624 California Univ., Santa Cruz, CA, USA Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile Asteroids Korycansky, D. G.; Asphaug, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-11521; NNG04GI98G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We report on progress in modeling of asteroids as collections of rigid polyhedra (‘rubble piles’). Such models are (idealized) candidates for asteroid structures: aggregates of irregular rocky subunits that are held together by self-gravity and friction. We have taken several steps toward greater realism and physical interest in construction of the models (although the gravitational ﬁelds are being treated in a simpliﬁed manner). - Derived from text Asteroids; Polyhedrons; Gravitational Fields; Friction

20050170625 California Univ., Santa Cruz, CA, USA Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: Van Dorn was Right Korycansky, D. G.; Lynett, P. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04G85IG; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Tsunami generated by the impacts of asteroids and comets into the Earth s oceans are widely recognized as a potentially catastrophic hazard to the Earth s population (e.g. Chapman and Morrison 1994, Nature, 367, 33; Hills et al. 1994, in Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, (ed. T. Gehrels), 779; Atkinson et al. 2000, Report of the UK Task Force on Potentially Hazardous NEOs; Ward and Asphaug 2000, Icarus, 145, 64). A peculiarity of ocean impacts is the potential global effects of an impact that would otherwise be of only regional or local importance should it occur on land. This is, of course, due to the ability of waves to propagate globally, as seen by the terrible effects of the recent earthquake off the coast of Sumatra. The overall process of an impact tsunami is complex and falls into several distinct phases: 1) initial impact of the bolide into the ocean and formation of a transient cavity in the water, 2) collapse of the cavity and propagation of large waves from the impact center outward over deep water (typically several km in depth), 3) initial effects on wave amplitude as shallower water of the continental slope is reached (‘wave shoaling’), possible breaking of waves in relatively shallow water (less than 100 m depth), on continental shelves, and 5) ﬁnal contact of waves with the shore and their progression onto dry land (‘run-up’ and ‘run-in’). Here we report on numerical calculations (and semi-analytic theory) covering phases 3 and 4. Derived from text Tsunami Waves; Asteroids; Hazards; Wave Propagation; Continental Shelves; Shallow Water; Comets

20050170627 Oulu Univ., Finland Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History of Hesperia Planum, Mars Kostama, V.-P.; Ivanov, M. A.; Korteniemi, J.; Aittola, M.; Raitala, J.; Glamoclija, M.; Neukum, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document High standing volcanic plateau of Hesperia Planum (HP), (1300x1700km, area approx.1.5x10(exp 6)sq km), is in the NE part of the Hellas basin rim. The HP and surrounding uplands host a rich array of volcanic and ﬂuvial landforms suggesting that the interaction of volcanic and ﬂuvial processes is the main theme of both the evolution of HP and probably the history of deposition in the Hellas basin. We outline the most important features in the region of HP and correlate temporally the

158 processes that have led to their formation using the whole set of imagery and topographic data available to date (Viking, MOC, THEMIS, HRSC, and MOLA-1/64-gridded topography). Derived from text Planetary Geology; Mars Volcanoes; Structural Basins; Plateaus; Topography

20050170631 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface Topography Kreslavsky, M. A.; Head, J. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document It has long been understood that secular variations of spin and orbit parameters of Mars strongly inﬂuence the climate of the planet [e.g., 1] through variations in their spatial and temporal insolation pattern. Changing parameters that control the insolation are obliquity theta, eccentricity epsilon, and, for epochs of large eccentricity, season of perihelion, which can be quantiﬁed as areocentric longitude of the Sun from the moving equinox at perihelion L(sub p). Among these three parameters, obliquity has the strongest impact on major climate characteristics. The obliquity of Mars oscillates quasi-periodically, varying up to approx. +/-10deg amplitude and a period of approx.0.12 Ma about a mean value, which, in turn, experiences wide variations at the approx.5 Ma time scale. These long-term variations are dynamically chaotic, hence they cannot be traced by calculation back in time farther than approx.10 Ma. Recent calculations [2] showed that it is probable that the typical obliquity in the Martian geological past was higher than the present. The same calculations showed that it is probable that the planet spent some part of its geological history at low obliquity (in comparison to the present approx.25deg). It cannot be excluded that there were geologically long (10s or even 100s Ma) periods when obliquity oscillated about values as low as 10deg-15deg. Fig. 1 presents an example of such possible oscillations from [2]. Due to the dynamically chaotic nature of the obliquity variations, only the geological record can reveal if there were such periods in the geological history of Mars. Derived from text Carbon Dioxide; Mars Atmosphere; Mars Surface; Planetary Geology; Oscillations; Secular Variations; Eccentricity

20050170636 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Meteorite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heritage Kuehner, S. M.; Irving, A. J.; Rumble, D., III; Hupe, A. C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: An oriented 95.1g shield-shaped stone with partial thin, pale brown fusion crust was found at an unspecified location in Algeria or Morocco in April 2004. The specimen has a thin, dark weathering varnish, but the interior is a very fresh, black, hard, vitreous-looking rock with small white to yellowish clasts. Minor calcite and barite are presumably a result of desert weathering. Optical and microprobe examinations reveal that it is a well consolidated, polymict breccia consisting of mineral and lithic clasts derived predominantly from mare basalts but with a smaller proportion (approx.20%) of highlands lithologies. The matrix consists mainly of comminuted minerals and clasts in a very fine grained, mostly crystalline and partly vitreous, material with common metal-dusted agglutinate fragments. Some clasts are of earlier regolith breccias. Oxygen isotope analyses of two whole rock fragments by laser fluorination gave delta O-18 = +5.83, +5.96, Delta O-17 = +3.06, +3.10, Delta O-17 = -0,03, -0.05 per mil, respectively. Derived from text Mineralogy; Petrology; Meteorites; Regolith; Calcite; Basalt; Rocks; Microanalysis

20050170947 Aberdeen Univ., UK Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gardnos Impact Crater Lindgren, P.; Parnell, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Studies of melt fragments in suevite from the Gardnos impact crater, Norway, show liquid immiscibility between two silicate phases. The Gardnos impact crater is located in southern Norway. The target rocks consist mainly of granitic gneiss with minor amphibolite and quartzite. An unusual feature of the Gardnos impactites is that they are 5-10 times enriched in carbon compared to the target rocks. The carbon is probably derived from a carbon-rich target rock, the Alum shale, no longer present at the impact site. The age of impact is not well constrained, between 900 Ma (deformed pegmatites) and 400 Ma

159 (Caledonian Orogeny), but since the Cambrian Alum shale is the most likely source of carbon, the age of impact was probably between 550 Ma (Cambrian) and 400 Ma. The Gardnos impactites include lithic breccias and melt breccias (melt-matrix breccia and suevite). Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Impact Melts; Meteorite Craters; Solubility; Liquids; Silicates

20050170960 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering on Titan with Implications for the Age of Titan’s Surface Lunine, J.; Artemieva, N.; Lorenz, R.; Flamini, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction. Results reported from the first two close flybys of Titan reveal few if any impact craters exposed at the surface[1], suggesting that geological or atmospheric processes, or both, have worked to prevent the formation of craters or to hide or erase them after formation. Here we quantify some of these processes and use them to constrain the age of Titan s surface: atmospheric and oceanic shielding, flooding by the ocean beneath a thin crust, viscous relaxation, and burial by sedimenting atmospheric aerosols. Derived from text Cratering; Aerosols; Crusts; Craters

20050170961 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Associated with CO Photodissociation in the Solar Nebula Lyons, J. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The photodissociation of CO offers a quantitative and potentially self-consistent explanation for the origin of the mass-independent fractionation observed in CAIs [1]. Self-shielding due to the line-type absorption spectrum of CO yields product O with large, positive delta(sup 17) and delta(sup 18) values. Conversion of this O to H2O forms the 16O-depleted end member of a two-component mixing model for primitive materials in the solar system [2]. Model results for CO self-shielding in the parent molecular cloud [3] and in the surface region of the solar nebula [4] indicate that CO self-shielding is a viable mechanism, given a ﬂux of far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation signiﬁcantly enhanced (approx. 10(exp 3) times) above local interstellar medium (ISM) values, consistent with a star-forming region. Derived from text Photodissociation; Solar Nebula; Molecular Clouds; Interstellar Matter; Far Ultraviolet Radiation; Absorption Spectra; Carbon Monoxide

20050170969 Friedrich-Schiller Univ., Jena, Germany Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Graphite Peak, Antarctica Langenhorst, F.; Kyte, Frank T.; Retallack, G. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Permian-Triassic boundary records is greatest mass extinction in Earth hiistory. Various causes have been proposed to explain this mass extinction, including eruption of the Siberian trap basalts and the impact of a large asteroid or comet. The asteroid impact hypothesis has been bolstered by studies reporting the discovery of shocked quartz grains from Permian-Triassic boundary sections in Antarctica and Australia [1, 2]. Since the possible presence of shocked quartz in Permian-Triassic boundary sediments is a critical data point for these hypotheses, we have reexamined quartz grains from the Graphite Peak section, Antarctica. These grains were previously studied by optical microscopy and the orientation of planar features were measured using a detent spindle stage [1]. Derived from text Antarctic Regions; Extinction; Asteroids; Basalt; Sediments

20050170970 Paris-Sud Univ., Orsay, France Observations of Calcium Sulfate Deposits at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Km/Pixel Resolutions Langevin, Y.; Poulet, Francois; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Gondet, Brigitte; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

160 The OMEGA imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express has comprehensively covered the Northern high latitude regions of Mars in October and November 2004. At that time, the altitude of the spacecraft over the pole was approx. 4000 km and decreasing as the pericenter moved northward. The pixel resolution of OMEGA (1.25 mrad IFOV) ranged between 3 and 5 km for these global maps. With its spectral range (0.4 to 5 microns), S/N and resolution, OMEGA has been able to determine the geographic distribution and speciﬁc characteristics of surface ices and minerals. In particular, a major mineralogical unit has been associated with the western part of the Olympia Planitia dark dune deposits (125deg to 245deg longitude, latitude close to 80deg [1]) with a large content in calcium sulfates, most likely gypsum [2]. In late December, the altitude of the spacecraft over high latitudes had decreased, and it was possible to perform observations of speciﬁc regions with pixel sizes of approx. 1km. We focus here on the dark dune deposits, the results on surface water ice being presented in a companion abstract [3]. Derived from text Calcium; Sulfates; Deposits; Imaging Spectrometers; Mars Surface; Geographic Distribution

20050170978 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Nebular-Formation Theory Lauretta, D. S.; Guan, Y.; Leshin, L. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GF65G; NCC2-1051; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Bencubbin-like (CB) chondrites are metal-rich, primitive meteorites [1,2]. Some of these chondrites (HaH 237, QUE 94411) contain compositionally zoned metal grains with near-chondritic bulk compositions. Thermodynamic modeling of the zoning patterns in these grains suggests that they were formed by condensation in a region of the solar nebula with enhanced dust/gas ratios and a total pressure of 10(exp -4) bars at temperatures between 1400 - 1500 K [3]. If these predictions are correct than the metal grains would have been exposed to abundant H2 gas, which comprises the bulk of nebular systems. Since Fe-based alloys can absorb signiﬁcant quantities of H, metal grains formed in the solar nebula should contain measurable abundances of H. Derived from text Chondrites; Thermodynamics; Solar Nebula; Dust; Metal-Gas Systems; Meteorites

20050170979 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA, USA Surface Generated Cracks on Europa Lee, Sunwoong; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Makris, Nicholas C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Among Europa s surface features, cycloidal cracks are probably the most important for proving the existence of a subsurface liquid ocean. This is because (1) it has been shown that some of the surface cracks with cycloidal geometries can form given a number of requirements, one of the crucial ones being the presence of a subsurface ocean, and (2) ridges on the cracks are likely due to upwelling of water from a subsurface ocean through conduits formed by surface cracks (Hoppa et al. 1999; Pappalardo et al. 1999; Greenberg 2002). It has been hypothesized that surface generate cracks due to diurnal tensile stress would reach roughly 100m below the surface, where gravitational overburden compressive stress balances the tensile stress (Crawford and Stevenson 1988; Hoppa et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2003). These shallow cracks, however, would not provide conduits for upwelling of water since Europa’s ice thickness is hypothesized to be at least several kilometers. Based on principles from fracture mechanics, we show that surface generated cracks induced by diurnal tensile stresses may reach the subsurface ocean if the ice shell thickness is on the order of several kilometers. It is shown that the stress intensity factor at the tip of a surface crack increases exponentially as the tip reaches near the bottom of the ice shell, negating the effect of overburden compressive pressure. The same mechanism would occur if Europa s upper brittle ice layer is mechanically decoupled from the ductile ice shell, and the cracks may penetrate through the brittle layer. These surface generated cracks may then provide paths for water or warm ductile ice to reach the surface of Europa s ice shell. This result has signiﬁcant implications for astrobiology on Europa since these surface generated cracks may provide a rapid mechanism for transport of materials from the surface to the ocean and vice-versa. Derived from text Europa; Fracture Mechanics; Surface Cracks; Tensile Stress; Diurnal Variations; Stress Intensity Factors

161 20050170980 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia REE and Some Other Trace Elements Distributions of Mineral Separates in Atlanta (EL6) Lavrentjeva, Z. A.; Lyul, A. Y.; Shubina, N. A.; Kolesov, G. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have analysed by NAA Atlanta EL6 chondrite for 18 trace elements. The chemical compositions of the magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions were examined, to assess the effects of nebular fractionation and metamorphism. Derived from text Trace Elements; Chondrites; Chemical Composition; Minerals

20050170981 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group-Element Systematics of Impact-Melt Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure, Virginia, USA Lee, Seung Ryeol; Wright Horton, J., Jr.; Walker, Richard J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GK52G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Osmium (Os) isotopes and platinum-group elements (PGEs) are useful for geochemically identifying a meteoritic component within impact structures, because meteorites are typically characterized by low (187)Os/(188)Os ratios and high PGE concentrations. In contrast, most types of crustal target rocks have high radiogenic Os and very low PGE concentrations. We have examined Os isotope and PGE systematics of impact-melt rocks and pre-impact target rocks from a 2004 test hole in the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure and from nearby coreholes. Our goal is to determine the proportion of the projectile component in the melt rock Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Chesapeake Bay (US); Impact Melts; Osmium Isotopes

20050170984 Wien Univ., Austria Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoretical Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Push Leitner, J. J.; Firneis, M. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In this paper we report on the results of our calculations of the driving forces of plate-tectonics (trench pull and ridge push) on Venus under the assumption that in the planet s past plate-recycling was present (either episodic or not) [1]. However, since MAGELLAN it is widely accepted that Earth-like plate-tectonics is not operative at present on Venus. Therefore a lot of models have been published to explain this situation, though at present Earth and Venus are very similar in their bulk parameters and prior to MAGELLAN it was expected, that also on Venus plate-recycling could be active. For example a consideration only based on buoyancy arguments alone would have shown reasonable for plate-recycling still to be active on Venus [2]. On Earth the ratio between the two main forces is about 1:13, which means that trench pull is about 13 times as potent as ridge push and therefore forms the dominant driving force on Earth. In [3, 4] it has been suggested that the reason for the lack of plate-tectonics on Venus is to be found in the unsuitable balance of the driving forces. Derived from text Venus (Planet); Tectonics; Plates (Tectonics); Planetary Geology

20050170992 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA On the Physical and Chemical Consequences of Lunar Picritic Magma-Anorthosite Reaction Liang, Y.; Morgan, Z.; Hess, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Lunar picritic magmas must pass through the thick anorthite-rich crust (anorthosite, troctolite, and norite) to be erupted on the surface. Given the large thermal and chemical differences between the picritic melts and the lunar crust, it is inevitable that melt-rock reaction takes place during magma transport through the crust. Figure 1 illustrates the essential features of melt-rock reaction in the lunar crust. It involves both melting and dissolution. As hot olivine-bearing picritic magma (P in Fig.

162 1) travels through lunar crust, via large dikes, say, it losses heat to the wallrock, resulting in wallrock melting [1]. Addition of anorthite-rich components to the reacting magma lowers olivine liquidus temperature, which suppresses olivine crystallization and dissolves existing olivine in the picritic magma, provided the heat ﬂux brought by the melt is sufficiently large to maintain the temperature above the olivine-anorthite cotectic atx=binFig. 1. Derived from text Anorthosite; Lunar Crust; Rock Intrusions; Olivine; Feldspars; Crystallization

20050170995 Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques, Nancy, France Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule Formation Libourel, G.; Krot, A. N.; Tissandier, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Although the mineralogy, bulk chemistry, isotopic compositions, and textural properties of chondrules are well- documented, the nature of the chondrule-forming events remains enigmatic [1,2]. In most chondrites, chondrules typically have porphyritic textures, with phenocrysts of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene set in glassy or microcrystalline mesostases; the latter typically contain quench crystals of high-Ca pyroxene. These igneous textures are consistent with crystal-growth from a rapidly cooling (10-1000 K/hr ) silicate melt [3]. Chondrules are often surrounded by coarse-grained igneous rims and contain unmelted fragments of earlier generations of chondrules, suggesting that the chondrule-forming process was repetitive. Most chondrules contain relatively high contents of moderately volatile elements (Na, K, Mn, Cr); some contain primary sulﬁdes [2,4]. Chondrules in unmetamorphosed chondrites are surrounded by ﬁne-grained silicate rims which show no evidence for being melted. Based on these observations, it is generally believed that chondrules formed in cold (\h1000 K) dusty regions of the solar nebula during localized, brief, repetitive heating events with peak temperatures in the range of ~1800-2100 K resulting in incomplete melting of solid precursors accompanied by limited evaporation-recondensation Derived from text Melts (Crystal Growth); Chondrule; Crystal Growth; Silicates; Mineralogy; Evaporation

20050171004 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Plateau Near Juventae Chasma, Mars Lucchitta, B. K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A light-colored discontinuous layer tops the plateaus surrounding the Valles Marineris. Treiman et al. [1] suggested an origin as diagenetic material, Chapman and Tanaka [2] and Hynek et al. [3] as ash-ﬂow/fall tuffs, and Malin and Edgett [4] as possible lake beds. Edgett and Malin [5] also showed that such layers occur interbedded with lavas in the Valles Marineris walls, brought to the surface in the central peak of a crater. Beyer and McEwen [6] suggested that less competent layers are interbedded with competent basalts [7] in Coprates Chasma walls. Lucchitta [8] inferred that a small lobate outcrop of this layer elsewhere, associated with fault scarps, may be ash-ﬂow tuff. The layer is similar in appearance to the lacustrine siliciclastic and evaporate deposits discovered by the MER rover in Meridiani Planum [9]. Does this layer have the same origin, or could it be the source of the material deposited there? Derived from text Mars Surface; Basalt; Beds (Geology); Igneous Rocks; Geological Faults; Petrology; Craters; Deposits

20050171007 Oulu Univ., Finland Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied from HRSC Data Luiro, K.; Raitala, J.; Hauber, E.; Neukum, G., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Coprates Chasma forms the eastern part of the Valles Marineris main trough. A striking feature of Coprates is the linear scarp at the ﬂoor joint, cutting spur and gully systems on the wall, thus leaving triangular facets. This scarp, especially prominent on the northern wall of Coprates Chasma, can be categorized as a tectonic faulting feature [1]. While the scarp is mostly intact throughout the Coprates system, major landslides stretching across the canyon ﬂoor were already found from VIKING images [2]. We looked at the new MEX-HRSC data to see evidence for smaller mass wasting events, too, in the 1 km range that would overlap the tectonic scarp. Hence, we would arrange a three level age estimation: events predating the

163 scarp, events associated or contemporating with the scarp, and events postdating the scarp. Furthermore, the presence of a fan-shaped apron would indicate the landslide to be younger in age or more resistant to ﬂuvial or aeolian erosional processes that took place on the canyon ﬂoor. Derived from text Landslides; Mars Surface; Tectonics; Erosion; Escarpments

20050172135 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Nishihara, S.; Abe, M.; Hasegawa, S.; Ishiguro, M.; Kitazato, K.; Miura, N.; Nonaka, H.; Ohba, Y.; Okyudo, M.; Ozawa, T., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The asteroid of (25143) Itokawa, 1998SF36, is a target object of the Japanese sample return mission, HAYABUSA. This asteroid made close approach to the Earth in 2001 and 2004, during which we intermittently continued observations of Itokawa in optical wavelength. Here we report the rotational period, the absolute magnitude, and the slope parameter of this asteroid derived from our longterm observational dataset. Derived from text Sample Return Missions; Asteroids; Stellar Magnitude; Light Curve

20050172142 Calgary Univ., Alberta, Canada Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift of the Steen River Impact Crater Niccoli, M.; Hildebrand, A. R.; Lawton, D. C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The buried approx.25 km-diameter Steen River impact structure of Alberta is the remnant of the largest known crater in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The crater has no surface expression [1] and is defined by information derived from seismic data, well logs, and information from potential fields studies [2]. Several exploration wells drilled on the crater rim have encountered significant errors in depth prediction at the Slave Point level due to undetected high velocity areas creating apparent pull-ups, probably related to lateral variations in structure below the Cretaceous unconformity. Previous crater studies [3,4] have shown that an accurate velocity model is critical to characterize impact structures in depth, and can be derived with seismic techniques. Complementary refraction and reflection seismic studies have been completed to improve knowledge of the structural complexity at the rim of the Steen River crater. Derived from text Craters; Potential Fields; Refraction; Depth

20050172146 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Nittler, L. R.; Alexander, C. M. OD.; Stadermann, F. J.; Zinner, E. K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Although a large number of presolar Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 grains have now been studied [1- 3], only a handful of presolar hibonite (CaAl12O19) grains [4, 5] and a single presolar TiO2 grain [6] have been previously reported. We report the identiﬁcation and detailed isotopic characteristics of 46 presolar oxides from a new residue of the Krymka unequilibrated ordinary chondrite (LL3.1), including 15 Hibonites and 2 TiO2 grains. Derived from text Aluminum Oxides; Titanium Oxides; Meteorites; Isotopes; Chondrites

20050172171 Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, TN, USA Size and Shape Distributions of Chondrules and Metal Grains Revealed by X-Ray Computed Tomography Data Nettles, J. W.; McSween, H. Y., Jr.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The variation in chondrule sizes and shapes are commonly attributed to a sorting mechanism that existed in the solar

164 nebula. This sorting mechanism has also been called upon to possibly explain the metal-silicate fractionation that occurred in the nebula. However, because of complexities surrounding the measurement of chondrule sizes and shapes, the exact nature of the chondrule sorting mechanism remains unproven. Sorting by mass and sorting by aerodynamic properties have both been proposed in the literature [1,2]. The testing of sorting mechanisms is fairly simple in concept because whatever mechanism sorted chondrules should also have acted on other nebular particles such as metal grains. Therefore, if the mass distribution of chondrules in a meteorite is similar to the mass distribution of metal grains, and if this is true for many meteorites, this is evidence that nebular particles were sorted by mass. Accordingly, similar distributions of chondrule and metal grain aerodynamic properties (a function of both shape and mass) are evidence for aerodynamic sorting of these particles. of metal grains in that study, chondrule size distributions were made from thin sections. Also, Type 4 meteorites were used previously, and the possible ﬂattening of particles that can accompany thermal metamorphism, which changes the size distributions, made their results preliminary. We have acquired X-ray CT data for three Type 3.x meteorites in order to measure size and shape distributions of meteorites with the least amount of thermal metamorphism possible in an attempt to test nebular sorting hypotheses. Derived from text Chondrule; Shapes; Silicates; Solar Nebula; Mass Distribution; Meteoritic Composition; Flattening; Size Distribution

20050172173 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Variations in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Carbonates Niles, P. B.; Leshin, L. A.; Golden, D. C.; Socki, R. A.; Guan, Y.; Ming, D. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Chemical and mineralogical data (e.g. [1]) from Mars suggest that the history of liquid water on the planet was more sporadic in nature than long-lived. The non-equilibrium chemical and isotopic compositions of the carbonates preserved in the martian meteorite ALH84001 are direct evidence of ancient secondary minerals that have not undergone signiﬁcant diagenesis or stabilization processes typical of long-lived aqueous systems on Earth. Thus secondary minerals and sediments on Mars may primarily record the characteristics of the aqueous environment in which they formed without being signiﬁcantly overprinted by subsequent diagenetic processes during burial. Derived from text Chemical Composition; Mineralogy; Carbonates; Water; SNC Meteorites

20050172174 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar Soil Spectra Noble, S. K.; Pieters, C. M.; Hiroi, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NGT9-66; NAG5-11763; NAG5-13609; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Using the modiﬁed Gaussian model (MGM) developed by Sunshine et al. [1] we compared the spectral properties of the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) suite of lunar soils [2,3] with their petrologic and chemical compositions to obtain quantitative data. Our initial work on Apollo 17 soils [4] suggested that useful compositional data could be elicited from high quality soil spectra. We are now able to expand upon those results with the full suite of LSCC soils that allows us to explore a much wider range of compositions and maturity states. The model is shown to be sensitive to pyroxene abundance and can evaluate the relative portion of high-Ca and low-Ca pyroxenes in the soils. In addition, the dataset has provided unexpected insights into the nature and causes of absorption bands in lunar soils. For example, it was found that two distinct absorption bands are required in the 1.2 m region of the spectrum. Neither of these bands can be attributed to plagioclase or agglutinates, but both appear to be largely due to pyroxene. Derived from text Lunar Soil; Absorption Spectra; Chemical Composition; Agglutination; Pyroxenes; Plagioclase

20050173113 International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Pescara, Italy A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Images Ori, G. G.; Paciﬁci, A.; Komatsu, G.; Neukam, G., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

165 The nature of lava flows on Mars and in other planetary bodies is still controversial. Several lines of evidence suggest that different composition, flow behaviors, and erosional capabilities of the Martian and planetary lava are different from those of terrestrial lava flows and fields. On the other hand, several other processes and related deposits not linked to volcanic activity may provide similar morphologies, facies, and depositional patterns. The problem is clear when exotic lava flows with low viscosity and with probable turbulent behavior are observed. In this case, lava flows are quite similar to water flows in term of processes and deposits. The High Resolution Stereo Camera on board of Mars Express has imagined a dark flow features that appear to be deposited by a flow descending over a slop of an Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) Hebes Mensa in Hebes Chasma (Figures 1 and 2). Derived from text Lava; Lunar Topography; Fluid Flow; Volcanoes; Mars (Planet); Mars Express

20050173114 Canadian Space Agency, Saint Hubert, Quebec, Canada Shock-metamorphosed and Shock-melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 Gpa Osinski, G. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Sedimentary rocks are present in the target sequence of approx.70% of the world s known impact structures. In the past it has been widely held that carbonates and evaporites decompose after pressure release due to high residual temperatures [e.g., 1]. However, recent work suggests that carbonates [e.g., 2 4] and evaporites [5] can also undergo shock melting. Current classifications of shock metamorphic stages are based almost entirely on features developed in dense, non-porous crystalline rocks [e.g., 6]. The only available shock classification scheme for sedimentary rocks is for Coconino sandstones from Meteor Crater, Arizona [7,8] These studies revealed the dramatic effects of porosity, grain characteristics, and volatiles on the response of quartz to impact in sedimentary targets. For example, in crystalline rocks, quartz will typically be transformed to diaplectic glass at \g32.5\h50 GPa, with melting at \g50 60 GPa [9]. At Meteor Crater, however, diaplectic glass is present in rocks shocked to pressures as low as approx.5.5 GPa, with whole rock melting occurring at \g30 35 GPa [8]. In contrast to sandstones, very little is known about shock metamorphic effects in carbonates. This prompted the present study of calcite-bearing sandstones from the Haughton impact structure. By comparing the shock effects in calcite with known, calibrated effects in quartz, a better understanding of the response of calcite to impact has been made possible. In addition, a shock classification scheme for quartz in the Haughton sandstones has been compiled. Derived from text Carbonates; Meteorite Craters; Mineral Deposits; Sandstones; Metamorphism (Geology); Decomposition

20050173115 Oulu Univ., Finland Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ohman, T.; Aittola, M.; Kostama, V.-P.; Hyvarinen, M.; Raitala, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Impact craters having a clearly polygonal plan view are common throughout the Solar System [e.g. 1,2,3]. Simple polygonal craters are formed in the excavation stage, when the excavation flow utilizes fractures in the target, leading to more enhanced excavation along the fractures [4]. Thus, the fracture strikes are usually at an angle (often, but not always approx. 45deg, see [1]) to the straight segments of the crater wall. The Barringer (Meteor) crater is a good example [5]. Complex polygonal craters, however, are thought to have the straight rim segments parallel to fractures, because the walls slump along them in the modification stage [2,3,4,1]. Complex polygonal craters often tend to be hexagonal [1,2], like the Soderfjarden crater [6]. For a more thorough review on polygonal craters, see [1] and references therein. Our earlier study [1] from the greater Hellas region, Mars, indicated that data gained from the study of polygonal craters matches, yet significantly augments the structural data from other features like graben or wrinkle ridges. The strong point of polygonal craters compared to other indications of tectonism is that craters are usually ubiquitous on planetary surfaces, whereas e.g. graben are much more rare. The purpose of our current study is to find out what polygonal craters around the Argyre impact basin in the southern hemisphere of Mars can tell us about the structural evolution of the region. We are also refining our methodology to have a deeper insight into the formation of the polygonal shape and the factors possibly affecting it (target material, erosion, crater size etc.). Derived from text Geological Faults; Mars Craters; Planetary Surfaces; Tectonics; Erosion; Fracturing; Mars Surface

166 20050173123 Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation and Ejection Processes, and Post-Impact Environment Ormo, J.; Lindstroem, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Studies of marine-target craters provide information on cratering processes in layered targets. This has implications for the reconstruction of paleo-environments on Earth and Mars [1]. At the Lockne crater, Sweden, the target water strongly affected the cratering and, thus, the geology and morphology of the ﬁnal crater [2;3;4]. Three core-drillings were performed in August 2004 at different sites at the crater (Fig. 1). Six core-drillings have previously been performed at Lockne [5], hence the new drillings are numbered 7, 8, and 9. The previous drillings and extensive mapping together with numerical modeling have shown that the crater has a well preserved ejecta layer with a distribution reﬂecting the trajectory of the projectile [3;6]. Derived from text Excavation; Ejection; Drilling; Craters; Geology

20050173167 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion of Smokes and Toxic Agents Garvey, D. M.; Klipp, C. L.; Chang, S. S.; Huynh, G. D.; Williamson, C. C.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432276; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) With the recent emphasis on military operations in urban domains, the Army is concerned with the city environment and its effects on systems, sensors, and personnel. The Joint Urban 2003 (JUT) project, a cooperative undertaking to study turbulent transport and diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer conducted in Oklahoma City in the summer of 2003, afforded the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) the opportunity to leverage the capabilities of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Exploitation (ABLE) suite of instruments to increase our understanding of this environment (Yee et al., 2004). In this paper, we focus on the near surface layer measurements of wind speed and air temperature ﬂuctuations obtained from an array of twelve sonic anemometers on ﬁve towers set up outside the central business district (CBD) in surrounding industrial (urban) and semi-rural (suburban) areas. The anemometers sampled at a rate of 10 Hz. After quality control of these data, turbulent statistics of the three wind components and temperature were calculated using ten minute blocks of data (Garvey et al., 2004). DTIC Anemometers; Cities; Diffusion; Toxicity; Turbulence; Urban Transportation; Wind Velocity

20050173268 Army Space and Missile Defense Command, Huntsville, AL USA Theory and Measurements of Angle-of-Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromagnetic Wave Beams in the Turbulent Atmosphere McMillan, R. W.; Smith, R. A.; Holder, E. J.; Kerce, J. C.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432524; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Improvements in radar tracking performance based on the use of interferometric and distributed aperture radar systems, together with the need for command-guided weapons for cost reduction, have placed more stringent requirements on radar angular accuracy. The result of this upgraded accuracy requirement is that ﬂuctuations in angle-of-arrival (AOA) due to small-scale atmospheric turbulence become signiﬁcant in the error budgets of command-guided weapons systems. In this paper we present a theory of AOA variations based on the incorporation of diffraction-limited Gaussian beam propagation into a geometrical optics formulation of AOA. Measurements of AOA are compared to this theory with good agreement for this type of experiment. DTIC Atmospheric Circulation; Diffraction; Turbulence

20050173411 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western North Paciﬁc Kehoe, Ryan M.; Mar. 2005; 111 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432822; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) All large (\g400 n mi at 96 h, \g500 n mi at 120 h) Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) and U.S. Navy version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Model (GFDN) tropical cyclone track forecast errors in the western North Paciﬁc during the 2004 typhoon season are examined. Responsible error mechanisms are described by

167 conceptual models that are related to known tropical cyclone motion processes being misrepresented in the dynamical models. Of the 162 (135) cases of large NOGAPS (GFDN) forecast errors, 39 were due to tropical influences with excessive direct cyclone - tropics (E-DCI) interaction occurring most frequently. For the 217 large-error cases due to midlatitude influences, the most frequent error mechanisms were E-DCI (midlatitude), excessive response to vertical wind shear, excessive midlatitude cyclogenesis (E-MCG), insufficient midlatitude cyclogenesis (I-MCG), excessive midlatitude cyclolysis (E-MCL) and excessive midlatitude anticyclogenesis (E-MAG), which accounted for 68% of all large errors occurring in both NOGAPS and GFDN. Characteristics and symptoms of the erroneous forecast tracks and model fields are documented and illustrative case studies are presented. Proper identification and removal of the track forecast displaying an error mechanism could form a selective consensus that will be more accurate than a non-selective consensus. DTIC Atmospheric Circulation; Cyclones; Errors; Forecasting; Tropical Storms

47 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY Includes weather observation forecasting and modiﬁcation.

20050169708 Technische Hogeschool, Eindhoven, Netherlands Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice Depolarisation vandeKamp, Max M. J. L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 404-407; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Rainstorms and high-altitude ice clouds cause depolarisation on satellite links. This effect has been modelled by various researchers (e.g. [1], [2]). The commonly used model of a depolarising medium has two orthogonal symmetry axes, and causes a different attenuation and phase shift for radio waves polarised along these two symmetry axes. The symmetry axes are canted from the local horizontal and vertical by a certain canting angle. The characterising parameters of a depolarising medium, be it a rainstorm or an ice cloud, are the differential attenuation alpha (dB), the differential phase shift beta (deg), and the canting angle phi (deg) of the symmetry axes. In propagation experiments with a dual polarised signal, all these characterising parameters can be calculated from the measured signals. However, a problem occurs when rain and ice crystals are present on the propagation path at the same time. The occurrence of this has been observed by e.g. Dintelmann et al. [3]. In this case, rain and ice both cause some depolarisation which can not easily be separated from the measurements. Since generally the two media do not have the same axes of symmetry, the assumption of a whole medium with two symmetry axes is no longer valid. As a consequence, the anisotropy and canting angle are not unambiguously deﬁned, and can not as easily be calculated anymore. A solution to the problem can be found using the assumption that the two depolarising media are spatially separated. It may be expected that ice crystals usually are present in a higher atmospheric layer than a rainstorm. Derived from text Ice; Ice Clouds; Rain; Rainstorms; Depolarization; Atmospheric Stratiﬁcation; High Altitude

20050169923 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Technical Highlights April 30, 2005; 136 pp.; In English Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-212782; Rept-2005-01151-0; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A07, Hardcopy The report describes our role in NASA’s mission, gives a broad description of our research, and summarizes our scientists’ major accomplishments in 2004. The report also contains useful information on human resources, scientiﬁc interactions, outreach activities, and the transformation our laboratory has undergone. This report is published in two versions: 1) an abbreviated print version, and 2) an unabridged electronic version at our Laboratory for Atmospheres Web site: http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Author Laboratories; Meteorology; Climatology; Atmospheric Sounding; Earth Sciences

20050170914 National Defence Research Establishment, Umea, Sweden Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation Code for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer von Schoenberg, P.; Dec. 2004; 44 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103077; FOI-R-1533-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy A Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) code, previously not used for simulating the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), has been

168 developed to take atmospheric conditions into account. The LES has been tested for a neutral, stable and unstable PBL. The neutral simulation has been compared with previous studies and shows satisfactory results. The unstable simulation indicates that the implemented code works correctly, but further evaluation has to be done. The same is true for the stable simulation. NTIS Large Eddy Simulation; Computerized Simulation; Atmospheric Boundary Layer

20050170920 Stockholm Univ., Sweden Singular Vector Growth over Short Time-Scales Martensson, T.; Dec. 13, 2004; 52 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-102986; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy To understand the structure and evolution of cyclones constitutes a fundamental part of the atmospheric sciences. Here the authors investigate how the initial growth (up to 48 hours) of synoptic disturbances is characterized by singular vectors and traditional normal-mode analysis. For this purpose the authors utilize both an analytical approach in a two-layer model and data from ﬁve winter months from the operational ensemble prediction system at the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. In the analytic study the authors reduce the two-layer model so that for any given wave number, the stability only depends on the vertical wind shear and the static stability. The characteristics of the normal and singular modes in the simple model framework are hereafter compared with the results from the operational model. Here the authors also investigate the agreement between a baroclinicity index and areas highlighted by the SV-technique. The authors conclude that the SV-technique is a convenient mathematical procedure which (by construction) initially yields higher growth rates as compared to the normal modes, but it probably carries little information on how real cyclones evolve. NTIS Atmospheric Models; Weather Forecasting; Cyclones

20050173147 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Performance of Along Coast Wind Events During Frontal Passages James, Carl S.; Mar. 2005; 77 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432237; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Performance of high resolution mesoscale models has been in a continuous state of refinement since their inception. Mesoscale models have become quite skillful in forecasting synoptic scale events such as mid-latitude cyclones. However, atmospheric forcing becomes a much more complicated process when faced with the challenge of forecasting near topography along the coastline. Phenomena such as gap flows, blocked flow winds and low level stratification become important to predictability at these scales. The problem is further complicated by the dynamics of a frontal passage event. The skill of mesoscale models in predicting these winds is not as well developed. This study examines several forecasts by the Coupled Ocean Atmospheric Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) during frontal passage events for the Winter of 2003-2004. An attempt is made to characterize the predictability of the wind speed and direction both before and after frontal passage along the California coast. Synoptic forcing during this time is strong due to the effects of the mid-latitude cyclones propagate across the Pacific. The study’s results indicate that the wind field predictability is subject to several consistent errors associated with the passage of fronts over topography. These errors arise due to difficulty in the model capturing weak thermal advection events and topographic wind funneling. The deficiencies in model representation of topography contributes to these errors. DTIC Coasts; Forecasting; Temperate Regions; Wind Velocity

20050173150 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA The Impact of Background Resolution on Target Aquisitions Weapons Software (TAWS) Sensor Performance Pearcy, CHarles M., II; Mar. 2005; 67 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432241; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study evaluated the sensitivity of TAWS detection range calculations to the spatial resolution of scenario backgrounds. Sixteen independent sites were analyzed to determine TAWS background. Multispectral satellite data were processed to different spatial resolutions from 1m to 8km. The resultant imagery was further processed to determine TAWS background type. The TAWS background type was reﬁned to include soil moisture characteristics. Soil moisture analyses were obtained using in situ measurements, the Air Force’s Agricultural-Meteorological (AGRMET) model and the Army’s Fast All-seasons Soil Strength (FASST) model. The analyzed imagery was compared to the current default 1 deg. latitude by 1 deg. of longitude database in TAWS. The use of the current default TAWS background database was shown to result in TAWS

169 ranges differing from the 1m standard range by 18-23%. The uncertainty was reduced to 5% when background resolution was improved to 8km in rural areas. By contrast, in urban regions the uncertainty was reduced to 14% when spatial resolution was reduced to 30m. These results suggest that the rural and urban designations are important to the deﬁnition of a background database. DTIC Computer Programs; Forecasting; Target Recognition; Targets

20050173156 Geo-Centers, Inc., Newton, MA USA Biomechanical Analyses of Body Movement and Locomotion as Affected by Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Climates O’Hearn, Brian E.; Bensel, Carolyn K.; Polcyn, Amy F.; Apr. 2005; 110 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD16-03-F-0091 Report No.(s): AD-A432258; NATICK-TR-05/013; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A study of Army cold weather clothing was conducted to determine effects on soldiers’ movements and walking gait of adding layers of clothing to the body. Performance in a temperate duty uniform was also compared with performance in cold weather clothing, and differences in walking gait associated with regular combat boots and with cold weather foot gear were investigated. Study participants, 13 Army enlisted men, were each testing in seven clothing conditions. A video-based motion analysis system and a force plate were used to capture the maximum range of motion in various planes of the body and gait kinematics and kinetics. A total of 104 dependent variables were measured directly or derived. Analyses of variance revealed that adding clothing layers interfered with bending at the waist and moving the upper arm at the shoulder. Compared with the temperate duty uniform, cold weather clothing changed walking patterns; participants leaned further forward and moved the arms less at the shoulders with the multilayered clothing. The cold weather boots also interfered with leg swing, compared with regular combat boots. A principal components analysis yielded factors suggesting simple and complex metrics sensitive to effects of protective clothing on gait characteristics. DTIC Biodynamics; Climate; Clothing; Cold Weather; Locomotion; Protective Clothing; Temperate Regions

20050173158 Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH USA OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Extreme Weather Events on Military Operations Weatherly, J. W.; Hill, D. R.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432260; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The range of climate and extreme weather events, including high and low temperatures, drought and ﬂoods, high and damaging winds, and heavy or blowing snow have signiﬁcant impacts on military operations. These impacts include increased risk to life and safety, injury, and a degrading effect on mission performance. The effects of snow are felt across a range of tasks from intelligence gathering by sensors to mobility of vehicles and personnel. A comprehensive review of the impacts of snow and weather on military operations is in progress, which will produce a geographic database of climate, extreme weather and snow impacts on military operations. DTIC Climate; Military Operations; Snow; Weather

20050173177 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA A Case Study of Insitu-Aircraft Observations in a Waterspout Producing Cloud Baskin, Clayton M.; Mar. 2005; 55 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432302; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) An analysis of in-situ aircraft observations collected in the parent cloud of a waterspout is presented. Previous waterspout studies were conﬁned mainly to photometric and model simulated data, no in-situ observations were made internal to the parent cloud. On 27 June 2002 the Cooperative Institute for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) UV-18A Twin Otter aircraft collected observations in a cloud that had developed in a cloud line, located approximately 15km south of Key West, and that formed a waterspout. This study attempts to analyze the waterspout formation process using these data and through a series of scale interactions, from the synoptic scale down to the individual cloud scale. Based upon the analyzed data a hypothetical formation process is developed. The background synoptic scale ﬂow is shown to establish the necessary ambient shear as a key factor in the waterspout formation. The orientation of mesoscale convergent boundaries and thermodynamic processes, internal to the cloud, proved to be an essential factor in developing the vertical motion patterns necessary for

170 formation of an organized circulation in the shear region and to provide the tipping and stretching of the resultant vortex necessary to account for the waterspout formation. This is consistent with conclusions derived from previous studies. DTIC In Situ Measurement; Synoptic Meteorology; Thermodynamics

20050173179 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Blackerby, Jason S.; Mar. 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432310; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Consensus methods require that the techniques have no bias and have skill. The accuracy of six statistical and dynamical model tropical cyclone intensity guidance techniques was examined for western North Pacific tropical cyclones during the 2003 and 2004 seasons using the climatology and persistence technique called ST5D as a measure of skill. A framework of three phases: (i) initial intensification; (ii) maximum intensity with possible decay/reintensification cycles; and (iii) decay was used to examine the skill. During both the formation and intensification stages, only about 60% of the 24-36 h forecasts were within +/- 10 kt, and the predominant tendency was to under-forecast the intensity. None of the guidance techniques predicted rapid intensification well. All of the techniques tended to under-forecast maximum intensity and miss decay/ reintensification cycles. A few of the techniques provided useful guidance on the magnitude of the decay, although the timing of the decay was often missed. Whereas about 60-70% of the 12-h to 72-h forecasts by the various techniques during the decay phase were within +/- 10 kt, the strong bias was to not decay the cyclone rapidly enough. In general the techniques predict too narrow a range of intensity changes for both intensification and decay. DTIC Accuracy; Cyclones; Forecasting; Tropical Storms

20050173182 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Transitions Process Stubblefield, Cedrick L.; Mar. 2005; 87 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432322; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Microwave satellite imagery is a valuable tool for the observation of mature tropical cyclones. This study examined the application of microwave data to the extratropical transition (ET) process. During ET a tropical cyclone (TC) moves into an area of large gradients in many atmospheric parameters. The data sparse regions in which these gradients exist make the examination of key physical mechanisms responsible for the ET process difficult. The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) was used to investigate temperature and water vapor gradients. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer was used to examine WV gradients and precipitation intensities. These observations were combined with diagnostic analysis of frontogenesis during the ET process of a TC that re-intensified as an extratropical cyclone and a TC that dissipated. Although the different outcomes of ET were related to differences in coupling between the decaying TC and the midlatitude environment, microwave data were useful for defining specific characteristics that either inhibited or enhanced the coupling midlatitude environment. DTIC Cyclones; Estimates; Microwave Equipment; Microwave Frequencies; Microwaves; Tropical Storms

20050173185 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves Over the Alps Coughlin, Joseph D.; Mar. 2005; 79 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432326; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Vertically propagating waves (VPWs) generated by prominent mountain ridges are a severe hazard to military aircraft operations. Properly forecasting the initiation and duration of such a phenomenon is critical, yet quite often missed by turbulence forecasters. A primary reason for poor forecast skill is vague VPW forecasting guidelines at the Air Force operational centers, focusing a majority of attention on the less severe, more common trapped lee wave response. The USA Air Forces in Europe Operational Weather Squadron (USAFE OWS) has requested a tool to aid in improving forecast ability of VPW events. Satellite analysis from October 2003 through March 2004 indicated an occurrence of six major VPW events to the lee of the Alps. Actual veriﬁcation of turbulence in each VPW was unavailable due to the minimal pilot report (PIREP) database kept for military ﬂights over Europe, therefore, a subjective assessment of turbulent conditions was determined depending on the resulting cloud signature. Using NCEP GFS model analysis and upstream upper air soundings during these

171 events, an average synoptic condition and critical weather parameters were created. These developed tools were then tested from October 2004 through March 2005 to prove their reliability. In a limited data set these tools identiﬁed all VPW events, with only a 25% false alarm rate. This is compared to a 6% forecast ability with 0% false alarm rate determined during the 2003-2004 winter season by USAFE OWS forecasters. These new rules should be valuable in that they will provide a much needed capability for synoptic scale turbulence forecasters to better determine hazardous aviation conditions associated with VPWs. DTIC Aircraft; Alps Mountains (Europe); Flight Hazards; Forecasting; Military Operations; Mountains

20050173202 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Meteorological Measurements With a MWR-05XP Phased Array Radar Sandifer, John B.; Mar. 2005; 97 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432370; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Scanning strategies for research and operational applications were developed for meteorological measurements with an experimental PAR, the MWR-05XP. A tornadic storm sampling strategy was developed with a 502.26 ms volumetric update and a resolution of 1.8 Azx2Elx150mrange. A sampling strategy for severe thunderstorm clusters was developed with a 10 second volumetric update and a resolution of 1.8 Azx2Elx300mrange. An operational weather scanning strategy was developed with an 81 second volumetric update and a resolution of 1.8 Azx2Elx150mrange. In general, for the acquisition of weather data, single frequency phased array radars offer only a slight sampling advantage over conventional scanning radars. This research veriﬁed that for meteorological sampling with the MWR-05XP, frequency diversity, coupled with electronic elevation scanning, offers a signiﬁcant sampling advantage over conventional radars. The combination of electronic beam steering and frequency diversity produces a synergistic reduction in sampling time that increases the overall volumetric update rate. This research has also shown that, based on assumptions about the MWR-05XP operating parameters, it is possible to incorporate operational weather scanning into the radar’s multifunction capability. DTIC Meteorological Parameters; Phased Arrays

20050173233 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Teleconnections Budzko, David C.; Mar. 2005; 70 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432435; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis investigated the hypothesis that variations in tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WNP) may affect the teleconnection between the tropical WNP and North America. The teleconnection patterns of the 500 hPa geopotential height between a base point in the WNP (20 N 115 E) and a domain over North America (30 - 45 N, 70 -90 W) from 1951-2001 were examined. The 25 most active and the 25 least active TC years for two regions with the highest climatological average of TC activity, near the Philippines and Taiwan, respectively, were compared to determine if stronger teleconnection patterns occur during the more active years. For both regions, the correlation pattern is significant during active years and insignificant during inactive years, with the results based on TC activity in the Philippines region showing a larger difference. An analysis of 500 hPa mean winds showed weaker winds in the midlatitudes during active TC years when the teleconnection is stronger, which suggests that the teleconnection may consist mainly of Lau and Weng’s (2000) zonally-elongated mode (Mode 1). Further cross correlations of the geopotential height and TC frequency parameters with the tropical eastern and western Pacific sea-surface temperatures (SST’s) showed a significant correlation between TC activity and tropical eastern Pacific SST’s, but the North America-WNP correlation is unlikely to be a result of a direct influence of SST’s on the two regions. DTIC Cyclones; Teleconnections (Meteorology); Tropical Regions; Tropical Storms

20050173339 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust During UAE2 Sokol, Darren D.; Mar. 2005; 65 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432675; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Dust forecasting has become important to military operations over the past three decades. Rules of thumb have been the primary resource for forecasting dust. In recent years, algorithms for weather models have been created to produce

172 atmospheric dust concentration forecasts and are now coming into use operationally. The question becomes how good are the models and what causes errors in their forecasts? This study examines the accuracy of the U. S. Navy’s Coupled Ocean Atmospheric Mesoscale Model dust module during the United Arab Emirates Unified Aerosol Experiment. The study also attempts to determine what causes any error if present. The primary method to verify the model s aerial coverage accuracy is through equitable threat score. Case studies are then conducted to verify the scores and identify sources of any errors identified. Results indicate the model performs well with respect to sourcing dust plumes. Errors in modeled aerial coverage as compared to real world observations appear to be the result of an inability for the model to properly surface layer. Unconfirmed dust plumes in DTIC Dust; Forecasting; Military Operations; Weather

20050173413 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Divergence Associated With Severe Convection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model Data Lisko, Scott C.; Mar. 2005; 135 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432826; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study investigates severe weather events occurring in the Midwest, Central, and Northeastern USA from May through September 2004. Severe weather events are pinpointed using tornado and hail reports and correlating them with NEXRAD radar data to determine maximum intensity of the event. Severe storms that occur within 30 minutes of a model forecast hour are catalogued for further investigation. Once these events are diagnosed, ETA-212 and MM5 model data is regridded, centered on the storm. Divergence values at 300 hPa are extracted from the model data for each storm event. These storms are then grouped in three ways: all storms, tornadic storms, and hail producing storms. The averaged maximum divergence values from the ETA-212 for each group are examined from the 0 hour analysis through the 21 hour forecast. From these averaged divergence values, a matrix of recommended divergence threshold values is derived. For the MM5 data, a subset of storms is examined. The MM5 and ETA-212 are run on an identical set of storms, and the divergence forecasts are compared. DTIC Convection; Divergence; Forecasting; Storms; Tornadoes

51 LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to plant and animal biology (non-human); ecology; microbiology; and also the origin, development, structure, and maintenance of animals and plants in space and related environmental conditions. For speciﬁc topics in life sciences see categories 52 through 55.

20050170417 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic Foundation [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Through a Lewis CommTech Program project with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, the NASA Lewis Research Center is playing a key role in the design and development of a permanently implantable, artificial heart pump assist device. Known as the Innovative Ventricular Assist System (IVAS), this device will take on the pumping role of the damaged left ventricle of the heart. The key part of the IVAS is a nonpulsatile (continuous flow) artificial heart pump with centrifugal impeller blades, driven by an electric motor. Lewis is part of an industry and academia team, led by the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI), that is working with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation to make IVAS a reality. This device has the potential to save tens of thousands of lives each year, since 80 percent of heart attack victims suffer irreversible damage to the left ventricle, the part of the heart that does most of the pumping. Impeller blade design codes and flow-modeling analytical codes will be used in the project. These codes were developed at Lewis for the aerospace industry but will be applicable to the IVAS design project. The analytical codes, which currently simulate the flow through the compressor and pump systems, will be used to simulate the flow within the blood pump in the artificial heart assist device. The Interdisciplinary Technology Office heads up Lewis’ efforts in the IVAS project. With the aid of numerical modeling, the blood pump will address many design issues, including some fluid-dynamic design considerations that are unique to the properties of blood. Some of the issues that will be addressed in the design process include hemolysis, deposition, recirculation, pump efficiency, rotor thrust balance, and bearing lubrication. Optimum pumping system performance will be achieved by modeling all the interactions between the pump

173 components. The interactions can be multidisciplinary and, therefore, are influenced not only by the fluid dynamics of adjacent components but also by thermal and structural effects. Lewis-developed flow-modeling codes to be used in the pump simulations will include a one-dimensional code and an incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow code. These codes will analyze the prototype pump designed by the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. With an improved understanding of the flow phenomena within the prototype pump, design changes to improve the performance of the pump system can be verified by computer prior to fabrication in order to reduce risks. The use of Lewis flow modeling codes during the design and development process will improve pump system performance and reduce the number of prototypes built in the development phase. The first phase of the IVAS project is to fully develop the prototype in a laboratory environment that uses a water/glycerin mixture as the surrogate fluid to simulate blood. A later phase of the project will include testing in animals for final validation. Lewis will be involved in the IVAS project for 3 to 5 years. Derived from text Blood Pumps; Heart; Clinical Medicine; Bioengineering; Cardiac Ventricles

20050173128 Texas Univ., Houston, TX USA New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast Adenocarcinoma Klostergaard, Jim; Jul. 2004; 43 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0313 Report No.(s): AD-A432040; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Taxol has proven to be a valuable addition to the chemotherapeutic regimens that can be offered to breast cancer patients; however, as with other drugs, evidence for resistance to Taxol has emerged. Among these resistance mechanisms is the P-gp 170 membrane-associated drug-efflux pump, for which the active agent, paclitaxel, is a substrate, and over-expression of the oncogene, HER-2/ neu. Both of these resistance mechanisms are widely associated with breast cancer. Strategies to address Taxol-resistance include its combination with other chemotherapeutic agents and dose-intensiﬁcation. However, in recent randomized clinical trials, the latter has proven to be largely ineffective, with little meaningful clinical beneﬁt at the price of severe toxicities. Therefore, new agents and strategies are urgently needed to address Taxol-resistant breast cancer. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Carcinogens; Mammary Glands

20050173129 Genencor International, Inc., Palo Alto, CA USA Feasibility Assessment for the Use of Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Human Application Ward, Michael; Tierney, Lynn; Gebert, Mark; Flynn, Matthew; Clarkson, Kathleen; Mar. 2003; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-C-0113 Report No.(s): AD-A432199; ARO-45611.1-LS-DRP; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The potential of fungal cellulases to release glucose from cellulose in the human gut has been evaluated. Cellulase stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids has been investigated and the beneficial effect on stability of neutralizing the gastric fluid (e.g., with antacid) was modeled. Cellulose conversion to soluble sugars by different cellulases under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions was also investigated. Up to 30% conversion of crystalline cellulose is possible under these conditions and over 90% of cellulose hydrolysis can be achieved with other cellulosic substrates. Further evaluation would require better in vitro and/or in vivo models of the GI tract. We provided a report on controlled-release formulation of enzymes and conclude that there is potential for targeted delivery of enzymes and other functional components (e.g. , peptides, probiotics, prebiotics, etc.) to the GI tract. There is potential for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis via a tailored enzyme mix and/or protein engineering to improve enzyme performance. There is also potential for generation of, or release of, ‘functional’ carbohydrates using enzyme treatment of food. DTIC Bioconversion; Biomass Energy Production; Enzymes; Feasibility Analysis

20050173135 Uniformed Services Univ. of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD USA Prospective and Retrospective Testing of High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Using Rapid and Conventional Technology Singer, Darrell E.; Hird, Linda; Bulken-Hoover, Jamie; Foglia, Ginamarie; Royster, R. D., IV.; Malia, Jennifer A.; Calero, Eva K.; Sateren, Warren; Robb, Merlin L.; Birx, Deborah L.; Michael, Nelson L.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432217; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We have conducted studies with existing rapid HIV-1 serology technology for applicability in military operations. Studies

174 on fresh and frozen serum and differing HIV sub- types have been conducted in both the research and field environments. Testing has been compared to reference technology for calculation of operating characteristics. Conclusion: Rapid HIV-1 testing technology is an evolving field subject to market demands. Several tests exist that support warfighter use in the field. However, these tests should still be utilized in the context of the medical risk decision making process. DTIC Blood; Military Operations; Serums; Viruses

20050173139 Naval Medical Research Inst., Portsmouth, VA USA Improving Management of Pediatric Patients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Caron, Roger; Apr. 2004; 38 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432228; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this research is to determine if the selection of a primary care or psychiatrist provider, is significantly different between direct care and network providers, given similar diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children between the age of 5 and 17. The Chi-square statistical analysis is used to determine the extent of the relationship. Results of the test revealed a statistical significance given a Chi-square value of 365.84, 90, 1 and a critical value of 6.63. The explanation for beneficiary selection of psychiatric specialists vice their primary care provider was found to be dependant on current rules not requiring a referral for mental health care coupled with no out of pocket expense for care. The application of best business practices is explored to reduce this trend. The implementation of ADHD clinical path guidelines, marketing strategies and utilization of current pharmacy programs are recommended. DTIC Medical Services; Mental Health; Military Operations; Patients

20050173140 Duke Univ., Durham, NC USA Analysis of the Link Between Acquired Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Cancer and Bone Metastasis Wang, Xiao-Fan; Aug. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0600 Report No.(s): AD-A432229; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Bone metastasis of breast cancer is a major cause of death among breast cancer patients. However, we still know relatively little about why many breast cancers metastasize to the bone. To develop better treatments of bone -metastasis of breast cancer, we need to understand how breast cancer cells acquire the abilities to move to the bone, survive in the new environment, and flourish as metastatic tumors. We postulate that one potential mechanism by which breast cancer cells may acquire such abilities is their acquired expression of bone specific proteins that are known to be involved in mediating the activities of the bone-forming cells in the bone tissue, the - osteoblasts. In this study, we attempted to address the critical question of whether the expression of a master gene for the development of bone-forming osteoblast cells, CBFAl, by the breast cancer cells leads to bone metastasis in an established animal model system. To do this, we manipulated the expression of this gene in established human breast cancer cell lines and planned to -monitor the ability of those cancer cells to grow in the bone as metastases. A positive finding from such studies will pave the way for the development of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of this horrifying disease. DTIC Bones; Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Metastasis; Osteoblasts; Switches

20050173141 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia to Supplement Traditional Teaching Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical Training of Non-Medical Personnel Gellman, Gregg W.; Mar. 2005; 166 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432230; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis proposes that it is possible to create an adjunct to traditional instructor-led training that will reduce training time and costs and at the same time improve performance using commercial off-the shelf (COTS) software. Motivated by the lessons learned following the attack on the USS Cole on October 12, 2000 in which 17 sailors were killed and 42 were wounded, we created a simulator using readily available software in minimal time with zero funding and tested it against small sample sizes of eventual recipients of the training. The simulator, as part of a blended learning solution, was shown to be as

175 effective as traditional instructor-based learning but was conceived at a fraction of the cost and with a signiﬁcant reduction in total training time. Both of these factors are increasingly being valued in today’s reality of increased operational tempo and reduced resources. DTIC Computer Programs; Education; Medical Personnel; Medical Services; Multimedia; Pilot Training

20050173142 Duke Univ., Durham, NC USA A Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Targets in Yeast Bennett, Craig; May 2004; 39 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0232 Report No.(s): AD-A432231; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy We are using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify new cancer gene targets that interact with the tumor suppressor Brcal. Expression of Ercal in diploid WT yeast leads to prolonged Gi arrest and lethality. We identiﬁed from a collection of ionizing radiation (IR) -sensitive yeast deletion strains or from a pool of 4%46 genetically tagged deletion strains, 34 that rescue Brcal-induced lethality. Two IR resistance genes that rescue Brcal-induced lethality are the transcription factors CCR4 and DHHl. These are checkpoint genes required for cell cycle progression in Gl and S phases following DNA damage. Consistent with a role in radiation resistance, Dhhlp and its highly conserved human ortholog DDX6 were found to physically interact with Brcal in yeast and human cells. Another transcription factor (YAF9) was IR sensitive and rescued Brcal-induced lethality when deleted. This deletion strain and 19 others were subsequently isolated from the deletion strain pool. Most of these deletions (75%) were IR sensitive and hypersensitive to the toxin zymocin which appears to induce DSB damage by inhibiting transcription. Furthermore, most (85%) of these genes are highly conserved suggesting that the hunan orthologs may interact with Brcal to maintain genomic stability and suppress the onset of breast cancer. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Genome; Mammary Glands; Targets; Yeast

20050173143 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH USA Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Li, Pui-Kai; Nov. 2004; 17 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0238 Report No.(s): AD-A432232; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Purpose: To design dual acting inhibitors that can block the enzyme estrone sulfatase and act as antiestrogens. Scope: The design and%synthesis of 30 dual inhibitors are proposed. The inhibitors contain 4 different structural core. The synthesized inhibitors will be tested on their ability to inhibit the enzyme estrone sulfatase and also their abilities to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells stimulated by estrone suffate. In addition, selected inhibitors will be tested in vivo using NMU-induced mammary tumors inrats: Major ﬁndings: All thirty of the proposed inhibitors have been synthesized. The inhibitors have been tested for their ability to inhibit estrone sulfatase activity of rat liver microsomes at 20 %M concentrations and in the presence of 20 %M of substrate estrone sulfate. All the inhibitors tested so far are more potent thanour lead compound Tamoxifen sulfamate. Raloxifene sulfamate (inhibitor 30) is still the most potent compound among the 30 inhibitors we have synthesized. It inhibits more than 95% of the sulfatase activity at 20 %M concentration. It is by far the most potent dual inhibitor we have ever obtained. We have selected inhibitor 30 as one of the compounds for in vivo study using NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats. We have synthesized 4 grims of the compound needed for the study. Unfortunately, ten percent of compound 30 degraded unexpectedly Which delay ourin vivo studies. The proposed in vivo study is delayed awaiting the synthesis 9f more compound 30. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Inhibitors; Mammary Glands

20050173145 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Agent-Based Simulation of Disease Spread Aboard Ship Gutierrez, Louis M.; Mar. 2005; 65 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432234; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Extreme examples like the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 make clear the devastating impact that communicable diseases can have on military readiness. It is highly desirable to have models and tools that can be used to evaluate the course of a disease over time. These tools can help assess the effectiveness of strategies employed to contain the outbreak such as

176 constraining movement, wearing protective gloves or masks, closing high traffic areas, etc. Armed with these tools, a medical practitioner can better assess the right course of action in a time critical situation. The primary difficulty with creating models and simulations for this purpose is that disease spread depends upon the details of human behavior and environmental variables which are not accounted for in current mathematical models. The likelihood that a particular individual will catch a given disease depends upon such specifics as where he works, whom he interacts with, where he sleeps, what he eats, his habits of personal hygiene, etc. It is hypothesized that a software disease simulation can combine agents that mimic human behavior, a ship specific environment, and disease specific attributes to more accurately model the spread of disease aboard ship than a mathematical model. DTIC Computerized Simulation; Diseases; Infectious Diseases; Maintainability; Military Operations; Ships; Simulation

20050173148 Texas Univ., Arlington, TX USA Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy Planning and Tumor Prognosis Liu, Hanli; Sep. 2004; 202 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0459 Report No.(s): AD-A432239; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A10, Hardcopy The overall goal of this research project is to develop and evaluate a new approach to monitoring of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (HbO2) of breast tumors under respiratory interventions using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and imaging techniques. The aims have included (1) to evaluate a single-channel, dual wavelength, NIR, frequency-domain oximeter and the algorithms for obtaining tumor HbO2 against tumor PO2 measured by 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (2) to modify the single-channel system into a 3-channel NIR system, (3) to investigate heterogeneity of HbO2 in breast tumors using the 3-channel NIR system, and (4) to study the inﬂuence of three interventions on HbO2 and PO2 of the breast tumors. We have accomplished all of the proposed aims and compared the optical method with concurrent measurements of tumor oxygen tension using oxygen needle electrodes, ﬁber optic needle systems (FOXY), and 19F MRI. Overall, we conclude that NIR techniques could be a useful non-invasive monitoring tool for breast tumor oxygenation, which is a key to breast tumor therapy planning and tumor prognosis. Furthermore, the need for NIR imaging is obvious and is our current research development in order to fully characterize static and dynamic heterogeneity of breast tumor vasculature under therapeutic interventions. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Prognosis; Therapy; Tumors

20050173153 Army Medical Research Inst. of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Regulatory System Involved in the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mallei Ulrich, Ricky L.; DeShazer, David; Hines, Harry B.; Jeddeloh, Jeffrey A.; Nov. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-02-4-5X-026 Report No.(s): AD-A432255; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Numerous gram-negative bacterial pathogens regulate virulence factor expression by using a cell density mechanism termed quorum sensing (QS). An in silico analysis of the Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344 genome revealed that it encodes at least two luxI and four luxR homologues. Using mass spectrometry, we showed that wild-type B. mallei produces the signaling molecules N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone and N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone. To determine if QS is involved in the virulence of B. mallei, we generated mutations in each putative luxIR homologue and tested the pathogenicities of the derivative strains in aerosol BALB/c mouse and intraperitoneal hamster models. Disruption of the B. mallei QS alleles, especially in RJ16 (bmaII) and RJ17 (bmaI3), which are luxI mutants, signiﬁcantly reduced virulence, as indicated by the survival of mice who were aerosolized with 10 to the 4th power CFU (10 50% lethal doses). For the B. mallei transcriptional regulator mutants (luxR homologues), mutation of the bmaR5 allele resulted in the most pronounced decrease in virulence, with 100% of the challenged animals surviving a dose of 10 LD50s. DTIC Detection; Mass Spectroscopy; Pathogenesis; Regulations; Virulence

20050173155 Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI USA Cost-Beneﬁt Analysis of Radiation Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical Center Diehl, Diane S.; Sep. 2004; 71 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432257; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

177 The purpose of this analysis was to examine the costs and benefits associated with continuance of ‘in-house’ radiation therapy services to eligible beneficiaries at Tripler Army Medical Center (TAMC), as opposed to purchasing services. In determining the optimal solution for TAMC, three models were developed and used to project, for FY04 through FY10, a financial analysis using historical data. The analysis indicated purchasing radiation therapy services, i.e., outsourcing this care would produce a cost avoidance of $442,683 to $604, 619, depending upon model comparison. However, the financial data alone is insufficient to determine the optimal solution. Qualitative factors were analyzed using a relative values decision matrix. Evaluation criteria consisted of cost, access, perceived quality, measurable quality, and political views. These criteria were ranked and weighted. A threats, opportunities, weaknesses, and strengths matrix was then used to establish the strategic direction. Based on the results of this analysis, it is recommended that TAMC continue to provide radiation therapy services in-house and enhance those services through purchase of intensity-modulated radiation therapy technology. DTIC Chemotherapy; Cost Analysis; Cost Effectiveness; Medical Services; Military Operations; Radiation Therapy

20050173170 Great Plains Regional Medical Command, Fort Sam Houston, TX USA A Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Teleophthalmology in the Medical Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains Regional Medical Command Dixon, Margaret L.; Jun. 2004; 99 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432280; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) With the ever increasing costs of health care today finding, testing, and, if found workable, utilizing a new technology is an absolute must. Teleophthalmology is just such a technology. This service will greatly benefit the present and growing diabetic population. One of the major complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy, which eventually causes blindness. The effects of diabetic retinopathy can be limited if early and effective treatment is provided. The key to early intervention is an annual eye exam. The compliance rate for annual eye exams for Great Plains Regional Medical Command is less than the 90% required to meet HEDIS as well as our own Clinical Practice Guideline metric. Teleophthalmology is a way to meet the needs of the patient for an eye exam without a second visit to the hospital. Utilizing a digital ophthalmic camera allows the patient’s pupils to be dilated, the films obtained and sent for review by an ophthalmologist during their routine primary care visit. This decreases the hassle factor for the patient, it frees up ophthalmology clinic visits held for routine diabetic eye exams, and best utilizes the limited number of ophthalmology providers available in the region. DTIC Eye (Anatomy); Feasibility; Great Plains Corridor (North America); Ophthalmology

20050173175 RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA USA Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Program Malkin, Jesse D.; Joyce, Geoffrey; Pace, Jennifer; Croghan, Thomas; Jan. 2005; 94 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DASW01-C-01-0004 Report No.(s): AD-A432290; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy The MHS serves approximately 8.6 million eligible beneficiaries, including active-duty military personnel and their family members (dependents), retired military personnel and their dependents, and surviving dependents of deceased military personnel. TRICARE, the program that administers health care for the DoD, includes a pharmacy benefit that provides coverage for virtually all U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription medications. Prior to fiscal year (FY) 2001, elderly military retirees and their dependents who wished to use their military benefits to fill a prescription could do so only at a MTF outpatient pharmacy; However, some drugs that were frequently prescribed by civilian providers were not always available at MTFs because of formulary restrictions. As of FY 2001, DoD introduced a new program for elderly military retirees and their dependents, entitled TRICARE Senior Rx (TSRx). TSRx beneficiaries can now fill their prescriptions at any of four points of service: (1) outpatient pharmacies at MTFs; (2) the TRICARE Mail Order Pharmacy (TMOP), 3 currently administered by Express Scripts Inc.; (3) retail pharmacies contracted by regional TRICARE contractors (referred to as ‘network’ pharmacies); and (4) non-network retail pharmacies. The TMOP dispenses drugs for chronic conditions. Although it cannot dispense a few drugs, such as atorvastatin, without proof of medical necessity the overwhelming majority of drugs for chronic conditions are available. Retail pharmacies have completely open formularies: TRICARE reimburses them for all prescriptions except those specifically excluded from TRICARE coverage. DTIC Dispensers; Health; Medical Services; Military Operations; Pharmacology; Position (Location)

178 20050173176 RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA USA Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer-Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRICARE Benefit Design from the Private Sector Joyce, Geoggrey; Malkin, Jesse D.; Pace, Jennifer; Jan. 2005; 94 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DASW01-C-01-0004 Report No.(s): AD-A432298; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy The military health system (MHS) has approximately 8.6 million eligible beneficiaries, including active-duty military personnel and their family members, retired military personnel and their family members, and surviving family members of deceased military personnel. In 2002, the Department of Defense (DoD) spent about $3 billion on outpatient pharmacy benefits. Like the private health care sector, the MHS has experienced a rapid growth in pharmaceutical expenditures. At the request of DoD, the RAND Corporation has undertaken two studies designed to help DoD shape their pharmacy benefit policy to control costs. The U.S. Congress has identified the TRICARE pharmacy benefit as an area for reform. Section 701 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 requires the Secretary of Defense to establish an effective, efficient, and integrated pharmacy benefits program. As part of a program redesign effort, which will result in the establishment of a Uniform Formulary (UF), the DoD is considering moving from a two-tiered copayment system to a three-tiered copayment system, which will increase the copayment for some classes and brands of medications. It is hoped that this move will give providers (acting in the interest of their patients) an incentive to prescribe lower-tier, less-costly options. To assist the DoD in assessing the potential implications of this policy change, RAND used an existing data resource to examine how beneficiaries with private drug coverage responded to similar changes in pharmacy benefits. The findings from this analysis, presented in this report, can inform the DoD of the potential costs and benefits of adopting the proposed Uniform Formulary. DTIC Costs; Health; Medical Services; Military Operations; Pharmacology

20050173208 Blanchﬁeld Army Community Hospital, Fort Campbell, KY USA Investing in the Future by Learning from the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to Gather Feedback from Deployed Army Forward Surgical Team Morton, Richard; Jun. 2004; 64 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432379; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this Graduate Management Project (GMP) was to develop a validated survey instrument to gather crucial feedback from deployed Forward Surgical Teams (EST) for use by the Army Medical Department Center and School (AMEDD C&S) in the developmental evolution of the Program of Instruction (POI) for the Army Trauma Training Center (ATTC), currently operating out of Ryder Trauma Center, Miami, Florida. Three critical processes or phases were used to assure validity in the initial design of this tool. After a thorough literature review, an initial template was developed with assistance from the Executive Officer (XO) and another instructor assisted in staffing this tool through the ATTC. The second phase was to have the Survey Administrator, AMEDD C&S, automate and modify the survey to comply with Center and School training feedback objectives and the Army Surgeon General’s Balanced Scorecard. Finally, the tool went through a second audit conducted by the ATTC and was piloted for content through the 801st FST at Fort Campbell. The objective of developing a solid instrument for the ATTC was completed during the course of this project. Ultimately, utilizing this tool to gather feedback will be essential to evaluate the Army’s current trauma training program and enhancing the quality of care we deliver on the battleﬁeld. DTIC Deployment; Feedback; Learning; Surgery; Surveys

20050173214 Delaware Univ., Newark, DE USA Mucin (MUC1) Expression and Function in Prostate Cancer Cells Carson, Daniel D.; Mar. 2004; 24 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0525 Report No.(s): AD-A432401; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Mucin glycoproteins are highly expressed by many tumors, reduce normal cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and protect cancer cells from attack by the immune system. Mucin expression not only increases, but also changes from a restricted pattern of apical expression to a general distribution over the entire cell surface. In this regard, conversion of prostate epithelium from a highly-organized, growth-controlled phenotype to a highly proliferative, metastatic phenotype is associated with loss of cell polarity. Very few studies been performed on mucin expression by prostate cancer cells. MUC1 is a large molecular weight, type I transmembrane mucin glycoprotein expressed by normal and malignant prostate epithelium. High

179 level cell surface expression, reported immunosupressive activities of its released ectodomain, and antiadhesive properties all contribute to this mucin’s ability to protect and promote tumor cell growth and survival. Recent observations using human breast cancer cell lines indicate that MUC1 can associate with the intracellular signal transducing molecules, beta-catenin and GRB-2. Recent studies from the PI’s lab demonstrate that cytokines, including interferon-gamma, markedly stimulate MUC1 gene expression. Primary prostate tumors are often found in the vicinity of cytokine producing cells, and commonly metastasize to bone marrow, a rich source of these same cytokines. DTIC Cancer; Prostate Gland; Proteins

20050173216 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Chen, Xiaoyuan; Sep. 2004; 23 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0752 Report No.(s): AD-A432403; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The overall objective of this proposal is to develop cyclic RGD peptide conjugated biocompatible quantum dot nanoparticles for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of breast cancer angiogenesis. The two hypotheses to be tested are that: 1) the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist, when conjugated with semiconductor nanocrystals, will not change the fluorescent properties of the QDs significantly; and 2) the QD-based breast cancer angiogenesis probes are specific enough to recognize the integrin receptor and bright enough for effective detection in preclinical animal models. Specific Aim 1: to prepare water-soluble QD-RGD conjugates and characterize the probes in vitro. Specific Aim 2: to assess the tumor targeting efficacy of QD-RGD in breast cancer model. Major Findings: Although biocompatible quantum dots in theory is superior to organic dyes for long-term, multi-target and highly sensitive imaging, however, the current surface coating techniques do not offer enough stability of QDs in biological medium. On the other hand, NIR fluorescent dyes labeled RGD peptides demonstrated highly sensitive and semi-quantitative NIR fluorescence images for tumor detection in preclinical xenograft models. This non-invasive optical imaging approach provides the opportunity for rapid and cost-effective studies before more costly radionuclide-based imaging studies. DTIC Angiogenesis; Breast; Cancer; Fluorescence; Images; Imaging Techniques; Mammary Glands; Quantum Dots

20050173217 New South Wales Univ., Sydney, Australia The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis of Prostate Cancer to Bone Russell, Pamela J.; Blair, Julie M.; Kingsley, Elizabeth A.; Szymanska, Barbara; Perryman, Lara; Jackson, Paul; Dec. 2004; 89 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0108 Report No.(s): AD-A432404; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy The spread of prostate cancer (CaP) to bone causes morbidity and death, yet interactions between CaP cells and bone are poorly understood. To test if specific mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, p53, that occur in CaP cause disease progression, we generated cell lines from the human LNCaP cell line that stably express normal or mutant p53. Purpose: To test whether p53 mutations affect establishment/growth of experimentally-induced CaP in the bone. Score: LNCaP cell lines were tested in tissue culture for factors that alter normal bone remodeling and angiogenesis and were implanted in immuno-incompetent mice to analyze their ability to form tumors and to spread to the bone. Results/ Progress: p53-mutant CaP cells modulated osteoclastogenesis and affected osteoblast proliferation; different p53 mutations showed differentiation stage-dependent effects. Osteoblasts also stimulated the growth of p53 mutant CaP cells, suggesting that osteoblast-CaP interactions lead to new bone formation and allow CaP to establish in bone. When implanted in mice, some p53 mutant CaP cells inhibited angiogenesis, and were cytotoxic to bone marrow derived endothelial cells in vitro. We aim to identify the molecules responsible for these effects. Significance: Further studies will explain how specific mutations of p53 found in patients impact on progression, and could allow development of new therapeutic strategies. DTIC Bones; Cancer; Metastasis; Mutations; Prostate Gland; Tissue Culturing

20050173221 Dana Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA USA Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor Xia, Bing; Livingston, David M.; Aug. 2004; 11 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0360 Report No.(s): AD-A432411; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy

180 My research is focused on the BRCA2 protein, whose mutations have been implicated in the development of breast, ovarian, male breast, prostate, pancreatic cancers and Fanconi anemia. It is intended to elucidate some of the biological functions of BRCA2 and/or regulation of its in vivo function through generation/utilization of new reagents and identification of new BRCA2 interacting proteins. During this second year of grant support, I was able to identify a completely novel protein, named CLB2 in this study, as a major physiological partner of BRCA2. I discovered that CLB2 is a chromatin bound protein and is required for BRCA2’s chromatin binding. In light of these findings, it is attempting to speculate that disruption of CLB2 function would lead to significant impairment of BRCA2’s tumor suppressor function realized at least in a large part through its DNA recombination/repair activity which presumably requires its docking to the chromatin. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Mutations; Ovaries; Proteins; Suppressors; Tumors

20050173222 California Univ., Irvine, CA USA Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Proteins and Co-Factors in Breast Cancer Wang, Ning; Andersen, Bogi; Oct. 2004; 28 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0183 Report No.(s): AD-A432413; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy We identified a novel transcription factor, LMO4, which is highly expressed in breast epithelial cells during mid- pregnancy when these cells are proliferating and invading the stroma. Since previous members of the LIM only (LMO) gene family are oncogenes, we hypothesized that LMO4 may play roles in mammary gland development and cancer. We have now shown that expression of LMO4 correlates with proliferation, and in transgenic mice we shrewd that dominant-negative LMO4 inhibits lobuloalveolar development, demonstrating that LMO4 plays roles in proliferation and/or invasion of breast epithelial cells. Because these cellular features are associated with breast carcinogenesis and because LMO4 is overexpressed in a subset of breast cancers, our studies implicate LMO4 as a possible oncogene in breast cancer. In addition, we found that the LMO4 gene is activated by the Her2/Neu receptor in breast cancer cells, providing further linkage to breast cancer. In biochemical assays we showed that LMO4 may act by associating with the GATA3 transcription factor, also expressed in mammary epithelial cells. We have also created stable breast cancer cell lines in which we can induce expression of LMO4 and Clim2. With this method, we have identified several target genes of LMO4, one of which is Bone Morphogenic Protein 7 (BMP-7) , which can affect survival of breast cancer cells by regulating apoptosis. In summary, we have defined a role for a new gene, LMO4, in mammary epithelial cell proliferation in normal development and in breast cancer cells, DTIC Breast; Cancer; Functional Analysis; Mammary Glands; Proteins

20050173225 Ontario Cancer Inst., Toronto, Ontario Canada Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with Progression to Prostatic Cancer Yoshimoto, Maisa; Squire, Jeremy; Mar. 2005; 101 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0154 Report No.(s): AD-A432418; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy PURPOSE: To examine the topographical variation in expression levels of genes associated with prostate cancer, telomere dysfunction and/or chromosomal instability. SCOPE: To show that telomere erosion observed in prostatic epithelium may involve DNA damage response/repair pathways at the onset of preneoplasia (HPIN) and cancer in me n. MAJ0R FINDINGS: Our working hypothesis is that cells that undergo telomere loss as part of the normal aging process in the prostate are more susceptible to undergo chromosome end-fusion thus triggering genomic instability. Our initial progress showed that loss of telomere length occurred in preneoplastic HPIN lesions that were located close to small, localized microfoci of newly diagnosed prostate cancer. We have optimized whole genome and RNA amplification techniques and shown that there is high fidelity and reproducibility of dissected amplified PCR product. RESULTS: The first phase of gene expression profiling in HPIN, and cancer foci using repair/damage response array has been successfully performed. We are developing topographical maps of telomere bass, genomic instability and concomitant changes in gene expression. SIGNIFICANCE: These results will form the first direct link between telomere-dependent alteration, DNA repair and damage response signaling in prostate cancer. DTIC Cancer; Chromosomes; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Prostate Gland

181 20050173226 Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Cancer Clark, Susan J.; Sep. 2004; 20 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0642 Report No.(s): AD-A432420; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is only thought to occur in the somatic cell in sporadic tumors. However, we propose that methylation of the promoter of tumor suppressor genes, such as BRCA1, may also occur in the germ-line. Germ-line inheritance of this epigenetic silent state would therefore contribute to familial breast cancer. In this study we aimed to address if methylation of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 is inherited through the germ-line and is associated with the hereditary breast cancer. We developed a high-throughput sensitive real-time methylation assay that allowed us to screen for BRCA1 methylated DNA. We used this assay to screen for BRCA1 methylation from DNA isolated from archival blood and biopsy samples of women that have a family history of breast cancer but have no deﬁned BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Methylation

20050173230 Roswell Park Memorial Inst., Buffalo, NY USA CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Generation of Molecular Probes of Monitoring the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Complex Campoli, Michael R.; Mar. 2005; 132 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-04-1-0372 Report No.(s): AD-A432429; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A07, Hardcopy The overall goal of this project is to probe the CTL - tumor cell interaction by generating scFv probes that are able to recognize the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu369-377 peptide complex. In the 12 month period covered by this report, I have successfully generated HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu369-377 complexes, and have isolated two scFv fragment clones that recognize this complex. In addition, I have started to analyze the expression levels of antigen processing machinery (APM) components, HLA class I antigens and beta2m in several breast carcinoma cell lines. This analysis takes advantage of the availability of a wide panel of mAb to these antigens that several investigators in our laboratory, including myself, have developed and characterized. Collectively, the results we have obtained strongly support our future analysis to correlate the expression levels of APM components, HLA class I antigens, beta2m and HER-2/neu with the levels of HLA-A*0201-HER- 2/neu369-377 complexes on breast carcinoma cells and lesions. The information derived from these studies is expected to contribute to our knowledge of the variables that inﬂuence the levels of HLA class I antigen-TAA derived peptide complex expression on breast carcinoma cells. DTIC Antigens; Breast; Cancer; Cells (Biology); Mammary Glands; Peptides; Tumors

20050173232 Pittsburgh Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA Hormonal Determinants of Mammographic Density Simpson, Jennifer K.; Modugno, Francesmary; Weissfeld, Joel L.; Kuller, Lewis; Vogel, Victor; Costantino, Joseph P.; Aug. 2004; 13 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0553 Report No.(s): AD-A432434; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) has been shown to increase breast cancer risk as well as to increase breast density. Breast density, a reﬂection of the histologic composition of the breast, is one factor shown to affect mammographic sensitivity and speciﬁcity, and it is predictive of breast cancer risk. Thus, the use of HRT, through its effect on breast density, may compromise the well-established reduction in mortality gained by mammographic screening. However, not all women on HRT will experience an increase in breast density. We propose a novel hypothesis to explain in part the individual variability in breast density seen among women on HRT: differences in breast density are associated with differences in estrogen metabolism, and this association may be attenuated by individual factors such as body mass index and HRT regimen. Our work and the work of others provide compelling evidence to support this hypothesis. To date 50 cases and 180 healthy postmenopausal women have been enrolled in this study. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Determinants; Hormones; Mammary Glands

182 20050173235 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI USA Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and Breast Density Maskarinec, Gertraud; Jan. 2005; 48 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0281 Report No.(s): AD-A432441; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This study investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms in hormone producing and metabolizing enzymes and several markers of breast cancer risk among women of different ethnic background. The specific aims were to analyze the relation of breast density and estrogen levels in urine and serum with the presence of variant alleles in CYP17, COMT, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, to describe ethnic differences in urinary excretion levels of estrogen, and to explore the association of breast density with estrogen levels. Mammograms for 328 women were assessed for breast density using a computer-assisted method. The genes were analyzed for polymorphisms using PCR/RFLP methods and estrogens and their metabolites were measured by radioimmunoassay. We found that women carrying the COMT and CYP1A2 variant alleles had lower mammographic densities than women carrying the common alleles. The CYP1A2 C allele was also significantly associated with lower serum estradiol levels and a lower 2OHE1/ 16alpha-OHE1 ratio. Total urinary hormone excretion, androgens, 2-OHE1, and the 2/16alpha-OHE1 ratio were significantly lower in women of Asian ancestry than in Caucasians, but breast density was higher among women of Asian ancestry due to their relatively small breast size. Estrogens and their metabolites measured in the urine of premenopausal women were not associated with mammographic densities. However, contrary to the initial hypothesis, the 2-OHE1/16alpha-OHE1 ratio was directly related with mammographic densities. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Enzymes; Estrogens; Genetics; Mammary Glands; Polymorphism

20050173236 Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA USA Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Modeling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy Relapse in Prostate Cancer Patients Hanlon, Alexandra L.; Jul. 2004; 107 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0056 Report No.(s): AD-A432448; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy The research accomplished and described here validates and extends a model to classify prostate cancer patients according to disease relapse following definitive radiation therapy. The original model was developed within a hierarchical nonlinear mixed effect modeling framework with likelihood based estimation incorporating the EM algorithm. The model was tested statistically using a subset of 35 patients with relatively homogenous tumor and treatment characteristics. The research described in this report successfully applied the methodology to a larger population of men (\g600 patients) representing all stages of disease via the modeling of covariates, including tumor differentiation, stage, and pre-treatment PSA. The success of the modeling was dependent upon a Bayesian framework with Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology for estimating mixture distribution parameters. Poor mixing and slow convergence were encountered and required various re- parameterizations and creative initialization techniques. The analysis includes an assessment of predictors of post-nadir rise, as salvage therapy strategies are often designed around the rate of increase in PSA levels post-nadir, as well as an analysis of predictors of initial decline and its relationship to outcome. The modeling was compared to biochemical classification using a clinical definition of relapse and also to clinical results as obtained from imaging and/or biopsy. DTIC Cancer; Nonlinearity; Patients; Prostate Gland; Radiation Therapy

20050173237 California Univ., Berkeley, CA USA Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically Incorporated Unnatural Sugars Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Aug. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0548 Report No.(s): AD-A432449; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Cancer cells have long been known to express glycosylation patterns that are different from those found on normal cells from the same tissue. Many tumor-speciﬁc carbohydrate antigens possess the monosaccharide sialic acid, and as a consequence, many tumor cells express high levels of sialic acid compared to normal cells. Thus, any agent that targets sialic acid speciﬁcally could be used for tumor targeting. Preliminary work on this project has shown that unnatural sialic acids can be introduced onto tumor cells metabolically by feeding the cells unnatural analogs of their biosynthetic precursors. The unnatural analogs can include reactive functional groups capable of covalent reaction with exogenous probes. For example, an azide-functionalized analog of Nacetylmannosamine is converted by tumor cells to the corresponding sialic acid, and the azide can be covalently reacted on the cell surface with triarylphosphine probes in vivo. The objective of this project is to

183 develop a novel breast cancer targeting method that exploits the selective chemical reactivity of unnatural sialic acids for delivery of imaging reagents. The immediate application is a new method for non-invasive detection and diagnosis of cancer. Longer-term applications include targeted anti-cancer drugs and vaccines. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Imaging Techniques; In Vivo Methods and Tests; Mammary Glands; Sugars

20050173238 Yale Univ., New Haven, CT USA Predoctoral Training Program in Breast Cancer Research Stern, David F.; Aug. 2004; 18 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-99-1-9461 Report No.(s): AD-A432451; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths of women in the USA. Fortunately, this disease is no longer a ‘black box’ that can only be studied empirically. Recent advances in understanding of normal mammary development and carcinogenic processes have identified a number of specific genes and processes that are dysregulated in breast cancer. This means that research on breast cancer has finally advanced to the stage where a concentrated effort in translational research will yield great strides in detection, diagnosis, and treatment. The Molecular Medicine graduate training program at Yale was recently developed to address these issues. This program was developed to offer an interdisciplinary course of study that will foster an integrated view of disease, built upon a rigorous foundation of basic sciences. The emphasis on disease mechanisms and translational research is unique to Molecular Medicine, and distinguishes it from other pre-doctoral programs at Yale. The Predoctoral Training Program in Breast Cancer Research will recruit individuals interested in careers in breast cancer research to the Molecular Medicine Program, provide specialist training in breast cancer-specific areas, and integrate their training experience with scientists and clinicians investigating breast cancer at Yale. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Education; Mammary Glands; Medical Science

20050173239 Texas Univ., Houston, TX USA Training Program in Breast Cancer Research at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Hung, Mien-Chie; Sep. 2004; 28 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-99-1-9264 Report No.(s): AD-A432452; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy With the continuous funding from the US army/DOD (with an one-year no extension cost), the training program on breast cancer research at MDACC has had a successful fifth year. The training program has supported three pre-doctoral trainees last year and total 16 predoctoral and 16 postdoctoral fellows were supported by the program during the funding period. Each trainee has made notable progress as evidenced by publications and presentations at national meetings. Significant strides have been made within the scope of the original specific aims in the following research areas: therapeutic approaches for breast cancer through regulation of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, and control of signal transduction and apoptosis; use of animals to understand the biology of breast cancer and to provide models for preclinical therapeutic and preventive studies; and The basis biology of breast cancer. The goal of the training program is to further the successful training of fellows who will develop research programs of their own which continue to tackle problems of breast cancer. Overall, it is a very successful program as evident from the numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals (listed in APPENDIX 4). DTIC Breast; Cancer; Clinical Medicine; Education; Mammary Glands; Medical Science

20050173240 Hutchinson (Fred) Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA Regulation and Function of the Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Kotwaliwale, Chitra; Biggins, Sue; May 2004; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0385 Report No.(s): AD-A432454; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Ipl1p is the budding yeast member of the highly conserved Ipl1/Aurora kinase family. Ipl1p is required for chromosome biorientation and the spindle checkpoint. Previous work done in the Biggins laboratory uncovered new functions for Ipl1p in spindle disassembly and spindle orientation. Ipl1p localizes to the spindle midzone during anaphase and tracks the plus ends of the depolymerizing spindle MTs. Cells lacking Kip3p, a MT destabilizing kinesin, are delayed in spindle breakdown similar to Ipl1 mutants. It is possible that Ipl1p regulates spindle breakdown by directly regulating Kip3 activity. We found that Kip3p

184 is phosphorylated by Ipl1p in vitro and is a phospho-protein in vivo. Mutating one of the Ipl1p consensus sites in Kip3p generates a spindle disassembly delay similar to ipl1 and kip3DELTA mutants. We are currently testing whether the Kip3p is phosphorylated by Ipl1p in vivo. In addition we have uncovered a new role for Ipl1p in spindle assembly that is independent of its other functions. Ipl1p acts in parallel with Cin8p, a kinesin-like motor protein, in the assembly of a bipolar spindle. DTIC Auroras; Chromosomes; Mutations; Proteins; Yeast

20050173242 Naval Medical Research Inst., San Diego, CA USA Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenterology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementation Adams, Brent N.; Apr. 2004; 71 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432458; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of this study was to develop a strategy to prepare for the next generation of managed care support contracts at the clinic level. The study will identify areas of concern within the Gastroenterology (GI) clinic that result in the loss of Prime patients to the contractor, determine if those losses are appropriate, and recommend possible solutions and better business practices. The study analyzed data involving a five-step process that includes evaluating resource allocation and productivity, referral tracking and variation, provider profiling, appointment utilization / template management, and costs. Based on this study, the clinic should increase bookable hours for staff providers from six to seven hours. The clinic should also continue with the revised referral / disengagement process currently in place and continue to provide education and training to primary care providers. Through analysis of in-house and network costs, 13 procedures and diagnoses were identified that should be either performed in-house or referred to the network that result in a cost savings to the GI clinic of over $90,000. By referring these procedures to the network, access and capacity will be greatly improved. DTIC Cost Effectiveness; Diseases; Gastrointestinal System; Resources Management

20050173244 Brentwood Biomedical Research Inst., Los Angeles, CA USA Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Sarin with Pyridostigmine -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physiological Effects Scremin, Oscar U.; Shih, Tsung-Ming; Jenden, Donald J.; Mar. 2005; 49 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-2-0015 Report No.(s): AD-A432463; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report describes the effects of treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats with low levels of the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors Sarin (0.5 LD50 s.c. 3 times weekly) and pyridostigmine bromide (PB, 80 mg/L in drinking water) alone or in combination for 3 weeks as compared with untreated controls. The work during this reporting period included analysis of locomotor activity (LA) and autonomic control of heart rate (HR), as well as the metabolism of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch), at 2, 4 and 16 weeks after exposure to the ChE inhibitors. HR, derived from electrocardiogram, and LA were studied by radiotelemetry of animals in their home cages 24 hrs a day, during one week. ChE inhibitors decreased HR and enhanced HR variability 2 weeks post-treatment, but the effects did not persist until later times. No treatment-related changes in LA were found. The expected regional variations in ACh, ACh turnover, and D4Ch, similar to the distribution of other cholinergic markers, or related to characteristics of the blood-brain barrier were found, but ACh and Ch contents were altered only at two weeks post-treatment. No treatment-related effects were detected in ACh turnover. In conclusion, changes in the variables under study were mainly observed 2 weeks after treatment but failed to persist until later intervals. Thus, these experiments do not support the hypothesis that exposure to low levels of cholinesterase inhibitors could induce persistent or delayed effects in control of heart rate and locomotion or cholinergic metabolism. DTIC Acetyl Compounds; Acetylcholine; Autonomic Nervous System; Choline; Cholinesterase; Dosage; Physiological Effects

20050173245 Duke Univ., Durham, NC USA Relationships of Stress Exposures to Health in Gulf War Veterans Fairbank, John A.; Oct. 2004; 30 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-98-1-8662 Report No.(s): AD-A432464; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Despite nearly a decade of research, lack of consensus remains about the precise nature, etiology, and signiﬁcance of Gulf

185 War veterans’ health concerns. No widely accepted case definition for Gulf War illness exists and controversy persists about whether Gulf War veterans symptoms ‘should be considered primarily a part of a general phenomenon that occurs in every war or a consequence of events and exposures unique to the Gulf War’ (Steele, 2001, p. 406). In an effort to further elucidate the nature of ill-health among Gulf War veterans, we conducted a latent class analysis of symptoms reported in the Tenth Anniversary Gulf War Veterans Health Study, a national population-based survey of U.S. Gulf War veterans. Specifically, we sought to identify subgroups of Gulf War veterans with distinct patterns of symptoms and to determine if such subgroups could be distinguished with respect to Gulf War exposures and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, we sought to examine the functional consequences of specific patterns of ill-health and probable PTSD ten years after the Persian Gulf War. DTIC Disorders; Exposure; Gulfs; Health; Mental Health; Persian Gulf; Warfare

20050173246 USA Medicine Inst. for Health Studies, Washington , DC USA Decisionmaker Forums Tomich, Nancy E.; Mar. 2005; 21 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-04-1-0403 Report No.(s): AD-A432469; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The U.S. Medicine Institute for Health Studies, a nonproﬁt entity devoted toward enhancing communication among federal agencies and between federal agencies and the private sector, conducts forums and smaller roundtable discussions at which high-level officials engage in frank discussion of issues of current import to federal health programs. During 2004, the Institute addressed these issues: the value of long-term studies (forum); healthcare for reserve forces (roundtable); mental health services for veterans (roundtable); and the future beyond the electronic health record (roundtable). Results of those discussions are presented in this report. Results are disseminated to key federal and congressional offices and made available on the U.S. Medicine Institute for Health Studies website: www.usminstitute.org. DTIC Command and Control; Decision Making; Medical Services; United States

20050173247 Kansas Univ. Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, KS USA Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels and Tubulin Labeling Yang, Kyounglang; Georg, AGunda I.; May 2004; 18 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0434 Report No.(s): AD-A432471; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Cryptophycins are a potent, tumor-selective class of tubulin-binding antimitotic anticancer agents with excellent activity against MDR cancers. For the development of these promising compounds into useful chemotherapeutic agents, detailed information about the binding domain of the cryptophycins is essential. We plan to map the cryptophycin binding site through photoaffinity labeling studies. Toward this goal we have prepared ClO azido analogues of cryptophycin-24 and have evaluated them in a tubulin assembly assay. We have found them to be potential candidates for photoaffinity labeling studies. DTIC Cancer; Marking; Neoplasms

20050173252 Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA USA Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring Military Section Editorials in Diabetes Technologies and Therapeutics Friedl, Karl E.; Dec. 2004; 27 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432482; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Special Congressional Interest funds appropriated for diabetes ambulatory monitoring have supported dual use research in the ‘Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring’ program, managed by the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (USAMRMC). The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) integrates new knowledge and technology developed from the program into metabolic research and monitoring applications for soldiers. The Diabetes Technology Society has been a key forum for dissemination of DoD interests and research results, at the annual Fall meetings and in a Military Metabolic Monitoring section of Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics. Papers feature DoD-supported research, accompanied by editorials that highlight dual military and clinical uses of the research to promote a broader interest in technology solutions for both applications. This report includes reprints of eight MMM editorials that appeared in the journal (2004-2005). Topics include IGFI monitoring, advanced technology, hyperspectral imaging accelerometry, foot-strike

186 monitoring, ConA-based sensors, lactate sensors, and tissue responses to implants. DTIC Metabolic Diseases; Metabolism; Therapy

20050173256 Texas Univ. Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services Project (DREAMS TM): science, Triage and Treatment (STAT) Casscells, S. W.; Oct. 2004; 119 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-2-0047 Report No.(s): AD-A432498; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy Science, Triage, and Treatment:STAT is the component of DREAMS (Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services) that is developing new ways to diagnose and treat tissue injuries and infection. Progress been the pathophysiology and molecular biology of anthrax, human cytochrome P45O defenses, inflammatory oxidation, apoptosis, reperfusion injury, organ failure, and nitric oxide. New techniques have been developed to automatically diagnose ischemia and heart, kidney, and respiratory failure. STAT science have also developed new techniques to diagnose and image tissue inflammation and necrosis using CT, magnetic resonance, thermal imaging% and near-infrared spectroscopy. These have led to numerous publications, patents, products, clinical trials, and awards. In addition to trauma and infection, likely applications include atherosclerosis and cancer. In summary, DREAMS-STAT is making better the expected progress toward its goal of improving the care of battlefield injuries. DTIC Disasters; Dreams; Emergencies; Medical Services

20050173257 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA The Military Healthcare System Third Party Collection Program: Analyzing the Effectiveness of the Other Health Insurance (OHI) Information Collection Process Weinberg, Edward J.; Jul. 2004; 58 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432503; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the OHI information collection process in a uniformed services military treatment facility (MTF). 442 OHI surveys were administered to beneficiaries presenting civilian prescriptions to the MTF outpatient pharmacy from 01 to 29 February 2004. The average level of OHI present in the sample analyzed was 31.9 percent. OHI was regressed upon predictor variables consisting of zip code, age group, beneficiary category, TRICARE Prime enrollment, average number of prescription drugs required per month, and percentage of time the MTF is used for prescription drug needs. Multiple linear regression results indicated a statistically significant relationship in the prediction of having OHI, with R2 = .192, F (13, 428) = 7.829, p \h.0001. Further hypothesis tests with hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that all predictor variables made substantive unique contributions to having OHI with the exceptions of the number of drugs per required per month and the zip code to the beneficiaries’ place of residence. The results of the OHI survey were used to conduct an abbreviated business case analysis. With complete OHI information, third party collections for filling civilian prescriptions alone could conservatively be increased from $3,490 to $403,146 annually. DTIC Health; Insurance (Contracts); Modulation Transfer Function

20050173265 Connecticut Univ., Storrs, CT USA Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imaging Chen, Nan G.; Zhu, Quing; Nov. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0216 Report No.(s): AD-A432519; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy We are continually conducting clinical experiments at the UConn Health Center and Hartford Hospital. The statistical analysis of the ﬁrst 65 cases (including 8 cases of cancers and 57 cases of benign lesions) shows strong correlation between the total hemoglobin concentration and malignance. There is about two-fold increase in the total hemoglobin concentration for cancers compared with the typical values for benign lesions. This agrees with our hypothesis that optically available parameters can signiﬁcantly improve the accuracy of breast cancer detection. To further improve the performance of optical imaging system, we are pursuing the time-resolved method. We have developed a time-resolved diffusive optical tomography system via a novel spread spectrum approach. A low power (%5 mW) laser diode modulated with pseudo-random bit sequences replaces the short pulse laser used in conventional time-resolved optical systems, while the time-resolved

187 transmittance is retrieved by correlating the detected signal with the stimulation sequence. Temporal point spread functions of diffusive light propagating through a turbid medium have been measured with remarkably low noise levels. 2-dimensional scanning imaging experiments were performed to demonstrate the great potential of this new imaging technique. Sub-nanosecond temporal resolution (approx. 0.9 ns) has been achieved. DTIC Cancer; Imaging Techniques; Ultrasonics

20050173274 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA USA The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer Collaborative Clinical Translational Research Program Glaspy, John A.; Oct. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0180 Report No.(s): AD-A432544; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The purpose of this proposal was to develop a consortium of community physicians committed to study novel approaches to the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, provide them with a clinical trials infrastructure linked to an academic center with expertise in basic research and the design and regulation of clinical investigation and to form partnerships with the pharmaceutical industry to facilitate the rapid translation of novel therapeutic approaches to breast cancer. At the time of our most recent annual progress report, we had succeeded in opening additional research sites aimed at increasing participation by patients from underserved populations, and initiating new, investigator-initiated clinical trials. Over the last year of support, the clinical trials network continued to expand and additional breast cancer clinical trials were initiated. Due to a variety of challenges being faced at most academic institutions, over the last two years accrual to clinical trials of patients with cancers other than breast cancer within the UCLA-CORN has decreased. Due to the enhanced support provided through this proposal, we were able to sustain our annual growth in accrual to breast cancer studies. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Clinical Medicine; Mammary Glands

20050173275 Baylor Coll. of Medicine, Houston, TX USA Identification of Signaling Proteins the Modulate Androgen Receptor Activity Songyang, Zhou; Nov. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0022 Report No.(s): AD-A432546; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancers. The majority of prostate cancers initially respond to endocrine treatment (androgen dependent), but eventually become androgen independent that prove fatal. It appears that a functionally active AR may contribute to the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancers. Understanding the signaling pathways that regulate androgen-dependent and - independent activation of AR mediated transcription would provide valuable information for finding an ultimate cure for this disease. We have proposed to identify the signaling components that regulate AR activity using a novel retrovirus- mediated genetic system, and to understand the mechanism of how the identified factors control AR activity. To this end, we have established and optimized our retrovirus-mediated genetic screen approach. The retroviral vectors to be used have been improved which will allow high-efficiency mutagenesis and ease of manipulation and analysis. We have also made significant progress towards optimizing our screening strategies and establishing a suitable cell line for the genetic screen. With these tools in hand, we are in the process of performing the genome wide genetic screen to identify genes that are important for androgen receptor signaling and study how they may contribute to the progression of prostate cancers. DTIC Cancer; Hormones; Males; Prostate Gland; Proteins

20050173276 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH USA The Combined Impact of Surgery and Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cytoxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treatment of Breast Cancer Kendra, Kari L.; Sep. 2004; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0750 Report No.(s): AD-A432547; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined impact of surgery and immunomodulation with low dose cytoxan and GM-CSF on the development of dendritic cells and the activation of T cells in vivo. MMTV Her2/neu mice, which

188 spontaneously develop mammary tumors were treated with combinations of cytoxan, GM-CSF and surgery. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate blood (B), lymph nodal tissue (LN), and splenocytes (S) for evidence of monocyte differentiation to dendritic cells (DC). Both tumor naive mice and mice with spontaneous tumor growth were evaluated. With this study we were able to identify a subpopulation of monocytic cells with characteristics consistent with partial differentiation to dendritic cells using the cell surface markers CD11C, MHC II, CD86/CD40, CD80, and Ly6c. While this study was unable to demonstrate alteration of the cell surface markers of the monocytic cell populations in a manner consistent with dendritic cell differentiation using GM-CSF or cytoxan, this study suggests that the presence of tumor itself may alter the CD40 and MHC II level in the spleen and that the presence of tumor itself may lead to early differentiation of the dendritic cell population in the spleen. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Colonies; Crystal Structure; Dendritic Crystals; Dosage; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Mammary Glands; Stimulation; Surgery

20050173277 Kentucky Univ., Lexington, KY USA Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Cancer Metastasis Toborek, Michal J.; Oct. 2003; 90 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-99-1-9247 Report No.(s): AD-A432548; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Excessive consumption of dietary fat may enhance the rate of breast cancer metastasis. In addition, it is generally accepted that the upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules is involved in the formation of blood-borne metastasis. Among different adhesion molecules, evidence indicates that intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) may play a critical role in breast cancer metastatic formation. Our studies have demonstrated that dietary fatty acids can exert highly speciﬁc effects on NF-kB activation and expression of adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells. In addition, we indicated that linoleic acid induces ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression through the activation of NF-kB. More importantly, because the ability of cancer cells to interact with the endothelium appears to be a prerequisite for the potential of distant metastasis and because ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are considered to be a crucial adhesion molecule in this process, the present study may have signiﬁcant therapeutic implications in developing a novel strategy against cancer metastasis. DTIC Adhesion; Breast; Cancer; Diets; Fatty Acids; Lipids; Mammary Glands; Metastasis; Molecules; Nutrition

20050173278 Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL USA Suppressive Role of Androgen-Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Cancer Wang, Zhou; Dec. 2004; 18 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0088 Report No.(s): AD-A432551; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Androgens are intimately associated with prostate cancer progression. One of the androgen-response genes encodes calreticulin, a highly conserved protein with demonstrated functions in intracellular Ca++ homeostasis, cell adhesion, chaperoning, and gene expression. Our studies showed that calreticulin overexpression is suppressive to tumor growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells in orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft tumor models and calreticulin expression is down-regulated in human prostate tumor specimens. Thus, down-regulation of calreticulin in clinical prostate cancer specimens is an important step in prostate cancer progression. Our observations argue that part of androgen-induced gene expression program, such as calreticulin, is inactivated in the progression of prostate cancer, which represents a new concept in prostate cancer biology. In the present study, we have shown that the proline-rich P-domain, which is thought to have lectin-like chaperoning activity, is responsible for the suppression of prostate tumor growth. Our results provide strong basis for further exploring the mechanism by which calreticulin suppresses prostate tumor progression. DTIC Cancer; Hormones; Males; Prostate Gland; Retarding; Suppressors

20050173279 Illinois Univ., Chicago, IL USA 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Chemotherapeutic and Possibly Chemopreventive Agent Das Gupta, Tapas K.; Sep. 2004; 95 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-99-1-9233 Report No.(s): AD-A432552; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy We identiﬁed a novel vitamin D analog, 1 alpha-hydroxy-24 ethyl vitamin D5 (1 alpha(OH)D5) that showed potent

189 growth inhibitory and cell-differentiating actions in breast cancer cells. Based on our ﬁndings in vitro and in vivo, we hypothesized that 1 alpha(OH)D5 (D5), when administered to women with breast cancer, will induce differentiation of dedifferentiated cells and thereby prevent progression of malignancy. In 1999-2000, we completed preclinical studies in rats, showing that D5 has no serious toxicity; high doses led to a hypercalcemic effect, which was reversible. In vitro studies showed that D5 has no effect on normal breast epithelial cells but induces apoptosis in breast cancer and showed apoptotic effect in ﬁbroadenomas. In 2000-2001, under GMP, we completed preclinical toxicity studies in dogs and completed synthesis of 1 alpha(OH)D5. In vitro studies suggested that D5 has no effect on normal breast tissues. In 2001-2002, in vitro studies showed D5 to have no effect of cell proliferation , cell death, or differentiation markers (casein) in nonmalignant breast epithelial cells. In 2002-2003, in vitro studies suggested a differential effect of D5 on ER+ vs. ER- cells and that D5’s action may be mediated, in part, by VDR. Clinical trial protocols were updated for both the UIC IRB and FDA. In 2003-2004, the clinical protocol was updated and approved by the UIC IRB, and Lutheran General Hospital was removed from the protocol. Currently, all of the preclinical toxicology and pharmacology studies have been completed and an ND application has been submitted to the FDA. The FDA has asked for some additional. DTIC Breast; Calciferol; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Drugs; Health; Mammary Glands

20050173281 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Specimens McDonough, E. A.; Barrozo, C. P.; Russell, K. L.; Metzgar, D.; Jan. 2005; 29 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432554; NHRC-05-02; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A multiplex PCR was developed that is capable of detecting four of the most important bacterial agents of atypical pneumophia, Mycaplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Bordetella pertussis in uncultured patient specimens. These organisms cause similar symptomologies and are often not diagnosed because they are difficult to identify with classical methods such as culture and serology. Given this, the overall impact of these pathogens on public health may be grossly underestimated. The molecular test presented here provides a simple method for identiﬁcation of four common, yet diagnostically challenging, pathogens. DTIC Bacteria; Microorganisms; Multiplexing

20050173283 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Hospitalization Experience of US military Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf War, and Bosnia Smith, Besa; Smith, Tyler C.; Ryan, Margaret A.; Gray, Gregory C.; Jul. 2004; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432558; NHRC-04-25; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Much attention has been given to the impact of deployment upon the health of veterans from the first Gulf War. While differences in self-reported symptoms have been common, no specific exposures have been implicated. Some have suggested that stress from deployment is the chief cause for multi-symptom conditions among 1991 Gulf War veterans. We sought to examine the impact of large military deployments upon hospitalization experience. Hospitalization records from October 1,1988, through December 31,2000, were examined for all active-duty personnel deployed exclusively to the Gulf War, Southwest Asia, or Bosnia. Cox’s hazard modeling was used to model time until first post deployment hospitalization, separation from active duty, or December 31, 2000, whichever occurred first, while controlling for influential covariates and temporal changes. In comparison with Gulf War veterans (n = 455,465), personnel deployed to Southwest Asia after the Gulf War (n = 249,047) were at a slight increased risk of hospitalization (hazard ratio = 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.02,1. 08). However, personnel deployed to Bosnia (n = 44,341) were at decreased risk for any cause hospitalization (HR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.72). While these findings do not fully explain the complexity of post deployment health experiences, they do not support the theory of a unique illness in 1991 Gulf War veterans. DTIC Asia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Combat; Deployment; Gulfs; Military Personnel; Warfare

190 20050173284 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA USA Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mechanism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Baum, Linda G.; Dec. 2004; 30 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0022 Report No.(s): AD-A432559; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Tumor cell resistance to apoptosis and immune attack are obstacles to effective prostate cancer therapy. Androgen dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells are sensitive to apoptosis induced by galectin-l, a human lectin that is abundant in prostate stroma. In contrast, androgen independent LNCaP, DU145 and PC-3 cells are resistant to galectin-l induced death and express galectin-l on the cell surface. Galectin-l binds to speciﬁc saccharide ligands on LNCaP cells to trigger cell death; susceptibility to galectin-1 requires 0-linked glycans on glycoproteins, while N-glycans are not required for galectin-l induced cell death. Galecti-l resistance in androgen independent LNCaP cells correlates with decreased expression of a speciﬁc glycosyltransferase, C2GnT, that creates 0-glycan ligands recognized by galectin-l. Blocking Oglycan elongation by expressing a competing glycosyltransferase, ST3Gal I, renders LNCaP cells resistant to galectin-l death. Galectin-1 resistant DU145 and PC-3 cells can kill adherent T cells via cell surface gal-1. Moreover, PC-3 cells secrete a factor that up-regulates gal-1 expression by endothelial cells, which then can kill adherent T cells. Thus, enhancing galectin-1 prostate cancer cell death may allow novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate tumor cell glycosylation to overcome tumor cell resistance to apoptosis and to prevent tumor evasion of the immune response. DTIC Cancer; Death; Epithelium; Prostate Gland

20050173285 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA Department of the Navy Suicide Incident Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999-2002 Findings Stander, Valerie A.; Hilton, Susan M.; Kennedy, Kevin R.; Gaskin, Thomas; May 2004; 35 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432561; NHRC-04-19; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Since 1999, the Department of the Navy (DON) has conducted an extensive suicide surveillance program, using the DON Suicide Incident Report (DONSIR) to collect data on completed suicides in the U.S. Navy (USN) and Marine Corps (USMC). The long-term goal of this program is to improve suicide prevention by identifying and modifying military-specific risk factors. The DONSIR significantly improves the capability of the DON to track and analyze data on completed suicides. It provides the DON with consistent data that can be compared across both the USN and the USMC. It establishes baselines for suicide rates and suicide event characteristics that can be used to track trends over time. It also evaluates military-specific correlates of suicide, which cannot be evaluated using civilian, academic literature. This is the fourth annual report on the DONSIR. This report presents findings from the first 4 years of data collected since the program was initiated in 1999 and summarizes the conclusions and recommendations that can be drawn based on the results to date. DTIC Navy; Prevention; Risk

20050173288 Anteon Corp., Natick, MA USA Estimation of Warfighter Resting Metabolic Rate Doherty, Tammy J.; Apr. 2005; 25 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD16-02-C-0056; Proj-AH99 Report No.(s): AD-A432565; NATICK-TR-05/015; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this study was to identify the best method for estimating the resting metabolic rate (RMR, kcal/h) of the warfighter, given the current level of available knowledge, using methods and data published in the literature. Several published equations for estimating the standard resting metabolic rate (RMRS), defined as the metabolic rate in the morning after an overnight fast, with the subject at rest in a thermoneutral environment in a supine position, were also evaluated. A series of comparison data sets of individual data from results published in the literature, in which obese subjects and subjects younger than 18 and older than 55 yrs, were eliminated. A comparison between estimated RMRS and RMRS values from the comparison data set showed that equations developed by Mifflin and coworkers in 1990 fit the data the best. It was determined that once inherent differences in the subject populations used to develop and test the equations were considered, that the equations developed by differences in the subject populations used to develop and test the equations were considered, that the equations developed by Schofield (1985) for the World Health Organization, provided the best fit to the data. From linear regression analyses on the comparison data set, it was found that a combination of the estimated lean body mass (computed

191 from weight, age and gender) and gender or the body weight (W, kg) with gender and age ﬁt the data equally well STANDARD ERROR of THE ESTIMATE (SEE = 6.75 kcal/h. DTIC Metabolism; Military Personnel; Regression Analysis

20050173333 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA Transforming Health Service Capabilities in the Army Reserve Ritter, Corinne M.; Mar. 2005; 23 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432649; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Chief of the Army Reserves LTG James R. Helmly in September 2003 provided a plan that addresses the Army Reserve Bridge to Transformation and it is officially called the Federal Reserve Restructuring Initiative. The Federal Reserve Restructuring Initiative is synchronized with the Army’s Transformation Campaign Plan and addresses people readiness and transformation. LTG Helmly identiﬁed six imperatives he wants embedded in the transformation of the Reserve Component. The reserve medical community can utilize these six imperatives as a lens to examine transformation. The Six Reserve Component Imperatives are: 1. Reengineer the mobilization process; 2. Transform command and control; 3. Restructure units into a ﬂexible and adaptable force; 4. Improve human resources staff; 5. Build a rotational-based force; and 6. Improve individual support to combatant commanders. The purpose of this strategic research project is to focus on the current transformation guidance review current transformation initiatives and consider the implications of these imperatives on the health service capabilities in the Army Reserve. DTIC Health; Medical Services; Reserves

20050173340 Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC USA Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct Patient Care in Support of the Global War on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Cahill, James G.; May 2004; 60 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432678; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) is the premier medical specialty referral center in the USA Department of Defense (DOD) and is the leading institution for clinical education and research in the U.S. Army (Walter Reed Web Page) . WRAMC plays a crucial role in the DOD’s patient evacuation system as the ﬁrst continental USA (CONUS)-based military medical treatment facility to receive soldiers evacuated from European Command (EUCOM) and Central Command (CENTCOM) areas of responsibilities (AORs) . Since fall of 2001, WRAMC was received soldiers injured in support of both Operation Enduring Freedom (GEE) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIE), the two primary operations in the USA Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) This study was designed to review the composition of initial GWOT inpatient casualties received at WRAMC and to explore the costs associated with the care provided. These results will assist planners in understanding appropriate levels of resources needed to support future contingency operations. Cross-sectional data on primary diagnosis-related group (DRG) and DRG ‘cost’ were collected for 372 GWOT inpatients admitted to WRAMC in FY03. DTIC Casualties; Clinical Medicine; Injuries; Patients; Terrorism; Warfare

20050173342 Moncrief Army Community Hospital, Fort Jackson, SC USA Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army Community Hospital Chavez, Jose L.; Jun. 2004; 53 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432681; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study evaluated the patient processing system at the Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army Community Hospital, Fort Jackson, SC to assess its timeliness and efficiency. Analysis of patient cycle times at two separate time intervals made it possible to identify the different time periods and assess the patient’s access to care. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the effects of changes in this process. Although overall wait and access to care improved (p \h .05), no signiﬁcant improvement in overall satisfaction was found between the two time intervals. Written patient comments indicated a greater concern for personal treatment experienced rather than access time to receive care. This study underscores the difficulties in identifying and meeting patient satisfaction and demand. DTIC Clinical Medicine; Hospitals; Medical Services; Patients

192 20050173357 Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN USA Investigation of Gene Expression Correlating With Centrosome Amplification in Development and Progression of Breast Cancer Lingle, Wilma L.; Sep. 2004; 69 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0753 Report No.(s): AD-A432704; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy We previously demonstrated that centrosome amplification correlates with chromosomal instability and loss of differentiation in breast tumors. The goal of this research is to identify genes important in breast cancer due to their association with amplified centrosomes, We determined that centrosomes are amplified prior to invasion and amplification is maintained during progression. We identified candidate genes for further investigation. Last year, we 1) measured chromosomal instability in tumors for which we have gene expression and centrosome amplification data, 2) analyzed the relationships between lymph node and estrogen receptor status, chromosomal instability and centrosome amplification, and 3) developed a collaborative study to look at centrosome amplification, chromosomal instability, and gene expression in a rat model of estrogen-induced mammary cancer. During this last reporting period we 1) demonstrated that expression of Aurora-A, a centrosome-associated kinase, correlates to Nottingham Prognostic Index in human breast tumors, 2) demonstrated that estrogen exposure leads to centrosome amplification and aurora-A over-expression prior to invasion in a rat mammary tumor model, and 3) developed a collaboration to study the effects of cyclin D1 overexpression in a mouse model and demonstrated that cyclin D1 induces centrosome amplification and aneuploidy. DTIC Amplification; Breast; Cancer; Chromosomes; Correlation; Estrogens; Gene Expression; Genes; Mammary Glands

20050173360 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Graduate Management Project: Optimizing Cardiology and Radiology Services at Evans Army Community Hospital Geolingo, Harld J.; Jan. 2004; 85 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432710; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) During ﬁscal years 2003 and 2004, Evans Army Community Hospital (EACH), Port Carson, Colorado, diligently prepared itself to meet the operating challenges under the new TRICARE contracts. As part of EACH’s preparation efforts, this study provides an optimization analysis of cardiology and radiology services, utilizing the business case analysis process. The results of this study indicate that a recapture opportunity exist by providing in-house non-invasive echocardiograph services, which would yield a 36-month return on investment (ROI) of $210,000. Additionally, the potential for an 80 percent reduction in radiology purchased care can be realized, provided EACH procures a magnetic resonance imaging device, sustains current staffing levels, and institutes strict referral management under the new TRICARE contracts. Furthermore, diagnostic and therapeutic cardiology product lines possessed no recapture opportunity, as recapture efforts would yield an annual net loss exceeding $500,000. The primary cost savings effort under these cardiology product lines would be to negotiate a discounted reimbursement rate with the Veteran’s Administration (VA) . Engaging in these optimizing efforts will increase EACH’s ability to operate within budgetary limits, and more importantly provide the best health care delivery opt ions to all beneﬁciaries to whom EACH serves. DTIC Cardiology; Hospitals; Medical Services; Radiology

20050173361 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA The Open Access Appointment System: A Phased Implementation Approach at Keller Army Community Hospital Hankins, Steven D.; Apr. 2004; 72 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432712; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Concerns about timely access to health care have driven many military health system (MHS) beneﬁciaries to question the way in which the MHS operates. The open access appointment system, based upon a methodology of doing today’s work today, will allow Keller Army Community Hospital to address this core aspect of patient satisfaction. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a framework for open access implementation within a small Army Community Hospital while concurrently examining the effect a phased implementation approach had on physician satisfaction, provider continuity, and appointment availability. Methods: This study is both a qualitative and quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study of the requirements needed to implement an open access system and the effect a phased implementation has on clinical practices. Results: The requirements for implementing an open access system center around controlling appointing practices within the facility, effective template management, and effective space utilization. Mean levels of provider satisfaction increased and both provider continuity and appointment wait time improved at statistically signiﬁcant rates (p\h.01 for each).

193 Conclusions: This study indicates that open access bas beneﬁted KACH, its staff members, and its beneﬁciary population. DTIC Hospitals; Management Systems; Medical Services

20050173364 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Forecasting Medical Materiel Requirements for Contingency Operations Moroney, Daniel J.; Apr. 2004; 110 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432719; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This qualitative study addresses the issue of poor forecasting accuracy for medical materiel requirements in preparation of contingency operations. Using examples from recent operations, to include Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, this paper identiﬁes how planners forecast requirements, highlights roadblocks to successful forecasting, and describes tools, models, and procedures for forecasting supplies, both internal and external to the Department of Defense. The study concludes that effective forecasting of supplies is accomplished through a collaborative team approach between clinicians, planners, and logisticians. Additionally, planners and logisticians must look beyond authorizations in sets, kits, and outﬁts when planning for patient treatment within a theater of operations. Among the various tools discussed, those that base medical materiel requirements on a time-phased patient driven scenario show the most promise including the Naval Health Research Center’s Estimating Supplies Program and Resupply Validation Program and the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command’s Joint Medical Materiel Modeling. DTIC Contingency; Forecasting; Logistics Management; Medical Services; Military Operations

20050173366 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Analyzing the Requirement for a Deployed Warrior Medical Management Center Table of Distribution and Allowances at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center Probus, Mark C.; Feb. 2004; 58 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432724; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study identified personnel, equipment, facilities, evacuation, time, and patient acuity variables within the Department of Defense Central and European Commands as they pertained to the development of a Separate Table of Distribution and Allowances organization designed to medically manage evacuees during war. Three separate analyses were conducted to gather the results. A qualitative historical analysis of the existing Deployed Warrior Medical Management Center at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center revealed the need for various operational cells for the management of inpatients versus outpatients. A Chi-Square statistical test using a cross tabulation table with an alpha probability set at p(underscored) = .01 was predictive of the type of patient diagnosis (identified by 1CD9 Codes) during the first 180 days of Operation Iraqi Freedom. A total cost analysis identified patterns of financial expense, which suggested that evacuation for treatment at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center was more costly than treatment in the Central Command Theater of operations. The results of these three separate analyses support the need for a separate Table of Distribution and Allowances organization under Landstuhl Regional Medical Center dedicated to the management of evacuees during times of war and provide a template for further evaluation and planning for such an organization. DTIC Deployment; Evacuating (Transportation); Medical Equipment; Medical Services; Military Operations

20050173368 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Breaking the Code to Quality Improvement of Medical Report Translations (A Retrospective Analysis) Sharpe, Timothy A.; Apr. 2004; 54 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432726; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Over the past year, the 67th Combat Support Hospital/WMEDDAC has accumulated a backlog of over 4,000 pages of network provider medical reports awaiting translation. Throughout the Europe Regional Medical Command military medical treatment facilities have had varying degrees of difficulty with the timely translation of medical reports. However, at 4,000 pages, the 67th CSH/ WMEDDAC has the greatest amount of accumulated medical reports awaiting translation services. The patient medical record is a vital component to all medical treatment procedures used by clinical staff as both a history and road map to care. The purpose of this Graduate Management Project (GMP) is to perform a retrospective analysis to objectively review the medical report translation program and identify obstacles impeding translation services. Additionally, a

194 recommended course of action will be developed to improve translation services and minimize or eliminate medical report backlogs. DTIC Management Systems; Medical Services; Military Personnel; Quality Control; Translating

20050173370 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA An Analysis of Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy Degrees for the Department of Defense Stang, J. M.; Jan. 2004; 52 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432730; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this study was to survey DoD physical therapists for their opinions of tDPT programs and compare the costs of several courses of action (COAs). The majority of DoD therapists are credentialed at the graduate level. However, the American Physical Therapy Association vision states that by 2020 physical therapy will be provided by therapists who are doctors of physical therapy. A survey of DoD therapists was conducted to describe the attitudes, opinions, and resources available within the population. Descriptive statistics were computed for the sample. The results were used to create three COAs that were analyzed for cost and feasibility. Two-hundred and two DoD surveys were returned for a response rate of 49%. Sixty four percent of respondents were considering enrolling in a tDPT program and were willing to pay an average of $7,398. Time and cost were the two most frequent factors involved in selecting a tDPT program. Several options were identiﬁed as cost effective. This study represents a critical ﬁrst step in the DoD to describe its physical therapist population. It was used to develop and assess various COAs designed to meet the APTA’s vision and sustain the DoD’s competitive advantage. DTIC Defense Program; Therapy

20050173371 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Hospital-Based First Responder Mass Prophylaxis Plan Massey, Mary S.; Mar. 2005; 57 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432731; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) As the USA improves its collective awareness and emergency preparedness in the face of increased terrorist activity, more efforts are being made to create and enhance community readiness for catastrophic events. There have been substantial efforts to improve the nation’s bioterrorism preparedness. Better planning, equipment, training, surveillance, and pharmaceutical caches have elevated the nation s readiness for biological attacks. In order to effectively meet the challenges created by a bioterrorism attack, its first lines of defense, the first responders, must be rapidly prophylaxed to allow the continuance of their mission. Many states and localities have tackled the gigantic undertaking of mass prophylaxis plans to provide chemoprophylaxis to civilians should the need arise. Many cities have developed and tested their plans to provide general public mass prophylaxis. It is assumed, or briefly mentioned, that the mass prophylaxis of first responders will occur, but few plans have been developed. The primary objective of this research is to develop, test, and make recommendations for a straightforward, adaptable mass prophylaxis plan to meet the prophylactic requirements of local first responders in the event of a biological attack. DTIC Emergencies; Health; Hospitals; Maintainability; Prophylaxis; Transponders

20050173373 Northern California Inst. for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA USA Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Pathophysiology and Biomechanics Manley, Geoffrey T.; Rosenthal, Guy; Lam, Maggie; Morabito, Diane; Yan, Donghong; Derugin, Nikita; Bollen, Andrew; Knudson, M. M.; Panter, S. S.; Mar. 2005; 36 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-02-1-0203 Report No.(s): AD-A432734; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy A Controlled cortical impact (CCI) device was used to generate a focal lesion in 23 anesthetized male Yorkshire swine. In 10 swine CCI parameters of velocity and dwell time were varied to achieve a consistent injury (3.5 m/sec, 400 m/sec, respectively). In 13 swine depth of depression was varied from 9 to 12 mm. Physiological data including heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were collected for 10 hours after injury. Following injury, ICP and HR increased above baseline values in all swine with a more pronounced elevation in animals impacted to a depth of depression of 12 mm. An 11 mm depth of depression was found to most closely mimic pathological features of human TBI with edema, inﬁltration of inﬂammatory cells, pericapillary hemorrhage, and petechial

195 hemorrhages in the white matter. Injury to a depth of depression of 12 mm resulted in cortical laceration obscuring these features. Immunohistological staining with Neu-N, MAP-2, and Fluoro Jade B revealed evidence of degenerating neurons, axonal disruption, and impending cell death. These results indicate that the swine model of CCI results in a deﬁned and reproducible injury with pathological features similar to human TBI. DTIC Biodynamics; Impact Tests

20050173374 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Surveillance Ecker, David J.; Sampath, Rangarajan; Blyn, Lawrence B.; Samant, Vivek; Russell, Kevin; Freed, Nikki; Barrozo, Chris; Wu, Jianguo; Rudnick, Karl; Desai, Anjali; Apr. 2003; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432737; BUMED-03-19; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Epidemic respiratory infections are responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality within both military and civilian populations. We describe a methodology to examine respiratory samples that simultaneously identifies broad groups of bacteria. The process uses electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and base composition analysis of broad-range PCK amplification products. The base composition analyses from a small set of broad-range primer pairs are used to ‘triangulate’ the identity of pathogenic organisms present in the sample. Once a species has been identified, the rapid recursive use of species-specific primers to housekeeping genes allows strain-typing. This strategy was used to examine samples from military recruits sickened in a recent Group A streptococcal (GAS) pneumonia outbreak (MMWK 52, 6, p106-109, 2003). The strain-typing results were essentially identical to those obtained using classic emm typing and Multi Locus Sequence Typing. This method allows real-time evaluation of patient samples and will make possible more rapid and appropriate treatment of patients in an ongoing epidemic, regardless of the etiology, in a time frame not previously achievable. DTIC Epidemiology; Infectious Diseases; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Respiratory System; Surveillance

20050173375 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A Study of Manpower and Customer Service Initiatives Bonds, Kevin M.; Mar. 2004; 48 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432739; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A retrospective study was undertaken at the Eisenhower Army Medical Center to investigate the probable cause and possible solutions to increased waiting room time for patients and prescription errors. The study examined data from a 22-month period (January 2002 through October 2003) . Two multiple variant regression analyses were performed using average monthly pharmacy waiting room time and average monthly prescription errors as dependent variables and categories of personnel as independent variables. The results of both regression analyses presented strong evidence that the decrease in pharmacy staff over the 22-month period contributed to both the increase in waiting room time for patients and the increase in prescription errors. The correlations between the dependent and independent variables in the regression analyses were statistically significant. Finally, the paper compared and contrasted the bank teller concept, which is the current business practice used in the Eisenhower Pharmacy, and other concepts. The use of automation and a system that would mandate call-in prescription refills were the primary recommendations that resulted from the comparisons. These two methods will most likely allow the pharmacy to maintain acceptable wait time and produce acceptable levels of prescription errors despite fluctuations in personnel. DTIC Errors; Manpower; Pharmacology; Time Measurement

20050173383 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Development of a Provider Profiling Tool for Reappointment Wallace, Melissa A.; Jul. 2004; 62 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432761; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy Provider profiling is simply measuring a process and/or outcome and comparing it to some defined norm. Profiling has many uses: utilization management, cost-effectiveness review, meeting access standards, patient satisfaction, outcomes assessment, population health, etc. Unfortunately, providers have had a very negative reaction to profiling, a tool that can help them improve outcomes and make their practices more efficient. This paper will explore the reasons for the negative reactions,

196 the keys to a successful profiling system, and the various attributes of good measures. The purpose of this project is to develop a tool that will aid in meeting the profiling requirements established by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and to use the tool for ongoing quality improvement. This paper examines the existing profiling system of a small, rural Army hospital and describes the development of a new database. Given that many Army hospitals are struggling with the development of an adequate profiling system, this database may prove useful in developing the groundwork to those facilities. DTIC Data Bases; Health; Medical Services; Mission Planning

20050173385 Academy of Health Sciences (Army), Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Precursor to the TRICARE Next Generation Program Allen, Tracy L.; Jun. 2004; 131 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432770; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The TRICARE Next Generation Program (T-NEX) will be fully implemented in 2004 and will create significant changes at the military treatment facility level. Military treatment facilities will be required to develop comprehensive business plans that fully document their accountability and responsibility in providing care for enrolled beneficiaries. Wilford Hall Medical Center is located in the San Antonio multiple-service-area-market within the newly designated South region. Within San Antonio, the Air Force operates Wilford Hall Medical Center, Randolph Clinic, and Brooks City-Base Clinic and the Army operates BAMC Medical Center, as well as several smaller troop medical clinics. Wilford Hall has been designated as the multi-market manager and, as such, will be expected to formulate one consolidated business plan for the San Antonio market area. This study seeks to create a service-area profile specific to the 59th Medical Wing, Wilford Hall to assist with developing a picture of how resources are presently used to meet the needs of the population. It contains a structural proposal to go forth to manage this market area. Demographic information for beneficiaries accessing care at Wilford Hall Medical Center was gathered utilizing data gleaned from the TRICARE Operations Center and customized queries from the Composite Health Care System. Results from a recent data envelopment analysis study were summarized to reveal trends in efficiency levels for Wilford Hall Medical Center. The paper concludes with the observation that current market management efforts are not sufficiently bold or far-reaching. Through the focused efforts of a revised Bexar County Community Health Collaborative, San Antonio could become an ideal community for delivering medical care in a cost effective way, on time and on target, with the goals that were set forth in healthier communities. DTIC Clinical Medicine; Medical Services

20050173389 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN USA An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using Conserved Residue Information to Study Protein-Protein Interactions Duan, Yuhua; Reddy, Boojala V.; Kaznessis, Yiannis N.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD10-01-2-0014 Report No.(s): AD-A432780; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Many protein-protein docking algorithms generate numerous possible complex structures with only a few of them resembling the native structure. The major challenge is choosing the near-native structures from the generated set. Recently it has been observed that the density of conserved residue positions is higher at the interface regions of interacting protein surfaces, except for antibody-antigen complexes, where a very low number of conserved positions is observed at the interface regions. In the present study we have used this observation to identify putative interacting regions on the surface of interacting partners. We studies 59 protein complexes, used previously as a benchmark dataset for docking investigations. We computed conservation indices of residue positions on the surfaces of interacting proteins using available homologous sequences of interacting proteins using available homologous sequences and used this information to filter out from 55% to 88% of generated docked models, retaining near-native structures for further evaluation. We used a reverse filter of conservation score to filter out the majority of non-native antigen-antibody complex structures. For each docked model in the filtered subsets, we relaxed the conformation of the side chains by minimizing the energy with CHARMM. We then calculated the binding free energy using a generalized Born method and solvent accessible surface area calculations. Using the free energy along with conservation information and other descriptors used in the literature for ranking docking solutions, such as shape complementarity and pair-potentials, we developed a global ranking procedure that significantly improves the docking results by giving top ranks to the near-native complex structures. DTIC Algorithms; Docking; Molecular Interactions; Proteins; Residues

197 20050173390 Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Human Breast Cancer Folkman, Judah; Mar. 2005; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-04-1-0316 Report No.(s): AD-A432781; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The overall goal of this research is to determine if human breast cancer can be prevented from becoming angiogenic when it is still at a microscopic size of less than approximately 1 mm(sub 3). We have made the following progress during the past year: (1) We have developed models in SCID mice of four different non-angiogenic human breast cancers, and have shown that the time to the switch to the angiogenic phenotype is predictable and reproducible for each different breast cancer type. The same is true for the percentage of tumors that become angiogenic. (2) Two angiogenesis-based biomarkers have been developed to detect the angiogenic switch when these tumors are still at a microscopic size of 1 mm(sub 3) or less. The most sensitive and accurate biomarker is the ‘platelet angiogenic proﬁle,’ which determines and quantiﬁes the angiogenic regulatory proteins being elaborated by a tumor. A second biomarker is a rise in circulating precursor endothelial cells exiting from the bone marrow and stimulated by a tumor that is undergoing the angiogenic switch. Our translational goal is to treat human breast cancer, both primary and recurrent, with non-toxic angiogenesis inhibitors guided by biomarkers before tumors can be anatomically located. DTIC Angiogenesis; Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Prevention; Switches

20050173397 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Washington, DC USA The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Deﬁcient in PDR ABC Transporters to Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Drugs Emerson, Lyndal R.; Skillman, Bradley C.; Wolfger, H.; Kuchler, K.; Wirth, D. F.; Mar. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAG55-98-1-0186; DAMD17-98-1-8003 Report No.(s): AD-A432795; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Data indicate a potential role for the Pdr5p P-glycoprotein ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporter in mediating chloroquine sensitivity in S. cervisae. This is consistent with the hypothesis that such a transporter plays a role in mediating quinoline-drug resistance in P. falciparum, and complements the results of previous studies on the parasite. Additional gene products also play a major role in mediating chloroquine sensitivity and resistance, apparently through the modulation of vacuolar pH in the parasite. DTIC Chlorine Compounds; Drugs; Quinoline; Sensitivity; Transporter; Yeast

20050173405 California Univ., Berkeley, CA USA Cooperative Interactions During Human Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortalization Yaswen, Paul; Jul. 2004; 14 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0443 Report No.(s): AD-A432807; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Our laboratories have developed and utilized cultured human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) to gain information on the defects in growth control processes that allow finite lifespan HMEC to overcome all senescence barriers, reactivate telomerase, and gain immortal potential. We hypothesize that, due to the stringency of telomerase repression in humans, attaining these defects may be rate-limiting in human carcinogenesis. Our goal is to define the minimum number of genetic and epigenetic changes that permit telomerase reactivation and immortal transformation of finite lifespan HMEC, in a manner that models changes observed in breast cancers in vivo. Thus far, we have been able to obtain immortalized HMEC using a combination of two oncogenes (c-myc and ZNF217) with pathological relevance to human breast cancer. Although CGH analyses of some of these immortal lines did not show any detectable large-scale changes in gene copy numbers, these lines have all undergone clonal selection, suggesting that unknown stochastic changes, in addition to over-expression of c-myc and ZNF217, might be necessary for immortalization. We are currently working to identify these stochastic changes. Better understanding of the underlying molecular changes involved in telomerase reactivation may provide novel prevention strategies and/or targets for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer pathogenesis. DTIC Aging (Biology); Breast; Cancer; Enzymes; Mammary Glands

198 20050173412 Delaware Univ., Newark, DE USA The Ultra High Density Storage of Non-Biological Information in a Memory Composed of DNA Molecules Chen, Junghuei; Wang, Yuzhen; Deaton, Russell; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432825; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We have designed and performed a proof-of-principle experiment that demonstrates that huge amounts of non-biological, or abiotic, information can be stored in a memory composed of DNA molecules. The preliminary experiment emphasizes on achieving a practical design motivates several fundamental questions such as the amount of information that can be stored in a DNA memory before errors are introduced, and practical and cost-effective ways of mapping abiotic data onto DNA sequences. DTIC Computer Storage Devices; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Molecules

20050173422 Naval Research Lab., Bay Saint Louis, MS USA Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corrosion Control Measure for Ballast Tanks Lee, Jason S.; Ray, Richard I.; Lemieux, Edward; Little, Brenda J.; Apr. 2005; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432839; NRL/PP/7303--04-0004; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Field experiments designed to evaluate deoxygenation of natural seawater as a corrosion control measure for unprotected seawater ballast tanks demonstrated decreased corrosion in hypoxic (\h0.2 ppm O2) seawater using weight loss and linear polarization measurements. The experiments also demonstrated the difficulty of maintaining hypoxic seawater. Using a gas mixture it was possible to displace dissolved oxygen in natural seawater. However, aerobic respiration and corrosion reactions consumed oxygen and produced totally anaerobic conditions within the ﬁrst days of hypoxia. When gaskets and seals failed oxygen was inadvertently introduced. The impact on corrosion depended on the amount of dissolved oxygen in the system at the time of the inadvertent oxygen introduction. Steels exposed to cycles of hypoxic seawater and oxygenated atmosphere had the highest corrosion rate and severity. DTIC Ballast (Mass); Corrosion; Deoxygenation; Sea Water; Tanks (Containers)

20050173431 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Services Contracts Young, Shelton R.; Joseph, Michael A.; Grady, Scott J.; Borum, Dawn; Parrish, Robin; Epps, John S.; Lanyi, William F.; Whitehead, Lynnell E.; Zahn, Eva M.; Shifflett, Elizabeth L.; Jun. 2004; 52 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432855; IG/DOD-D-2004-094; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics is the adviser to the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary of Defense for all matters relating to the DoD acquisition system and to procurement. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) exercises authority, direction, and control over the facilities, funding, personnel, programs, and other medical resources within DoD. TRICARE is a regionally managed health care program for active duty and retired members of the uniformed services, their families, and survivors. TRICARE bring together the health care resources of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force and supplements them with purchased care contracts that provide direct health care through health care institutions and individual providers in the civilian community. To help ﬁll needs that cannot be satisﬁed through military treatment facilities or through purchased care contracts under TRICARE, the Military Departments issue direct care medical services contracts to augment the military and civilian staffs. In 2002, DoD spent about $875 million to acquire medical services through direct care medical services contracts, excluding information technology contracts. We reviewed 125 of those contracts, valued at approximately $73 million. DTIC Defense Program; Medical Services

20050173433 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Acquisition: Controls Over Purchase Cards at Naval Medical Center San Diego Jun. 2004; 46 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432858; IG/DOD-D-2004-096; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report is one in a series of reports that satisﬁes the requirements in section 1007, ‘National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003,’ for the Inspector General of the Department of Defense to perform periodic audits of purchase card programs. The purchase card is a Government-wide commercial charge card available to offices and organizations for the

199 purchase of goods and services. The implementation of purchase card programs in DoD is intended to be a cost-saving business initiative that reforms processes and improves mission effectiveness. DTIC Financial Management; Medical Services; Military Operations

20050173434 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase Assay for Organophosphate Exposure -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Civilians in the Field and Laboratory Gordon, Richard K.; Haigh, Julian R.; Garcia, Gregory E.; Feaster, Shawn R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Riel, Michael A.; Lefkowitz, Lee J.; Lenz, David E.; Aisen, Paul S.; Smart, Wilson; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432861; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Exposure to organophosphate (OP) chemical warfare agents (CWAs), pesticides, anesthetics, drugs such as cocaine, and a variety of therapeutic drugs including donepezil or rivastigmine for Alzheimer’s disease reduces red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) or serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity. The activity of RBC-AChE and BChE can be used as potential biomarkers of suppressed and/or heightened function in the central and peripheral nervous systems. For instance, the toxicity of pesticides is well documented in humans. Therefore, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity can be exploited as a tool for confirming exposure to these agents and possible treatments. Yet it is the OP CWAs that are some of the most potent and irreversible inhibitors that can produce excessive accumulation of acetylcholine, and a cholinergic crisis in man leading to paralysis and ultimately death. Current assays for measurement of erythrocytebound acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) and serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, pseudocholinesterase) require several labor-intensive processing steps, suffer from wide statistical variation, and inter-laboratory comparison is often difficult. Techniques currently used include the Ellman and microEllman microtiter method, radiometric, amperometric, and delta (delta) pH (modified Michel protocol) used by the U.S. Army’s Cholinesterase Reference Laboratories (CRL). Such methods determine only the serum BChE or RBC-AChE, and require the use of specific ChE inhibitors or sample processing such as centrifugation. DTIC Anesthetics; Assaying; Blood; Chemical Warfare; Cholinesterase; Drugs; Exposure; Organic Phosphorus Compounds; Robotics; Serums; Transponders

20050173435 Army Medical Research Inst. of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein VP40 with Microtubules Ruthel, Gordon; Demmin, Gretchen L.; Kallstrom, George; Javid, Melodi P.; Badie, Shirin S.; Will, Amy B.; Nelle, Timothy; Schokman, Rowena; Nguyen, Tam L.; Carra, John H.; Bavari, Sina; Aman, M. J.; Apr. 2005; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432862; USAMRIID-RPP-04-442; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Viruses exploit a variety of cellular components to complete their life cycles, and it has become increasingly clear that use of host cell microtubules is a vital part of the infection process for many viruses. A variety of viral proteins have been identified that interact with microtubules, either directly or via a microtubule-associated motor protein. Here, we report that Ebola virus associates with microtubules via the matrix protein VP40. When transfected into mammalian cells, a fraction of VP40 colocalized with microtubule bundles and VP40 coimmunoprecipitated with tubulin. The degree of colocalization and microtubule bundling in cells was markedly intensified by truncation of the C terminus to a length of 317 amino acids. Further truncation to 308 or fewer amino acids abolished the association with microtubules. Both the full-length and the 317-amino-acid truncation mutant stabilized microtubules against depolymerization with nocodazole. Direct physical interaction between purified VP40 and tubulin proteins was demonstrated in vitro. A region of moderate homology to the tubulin binding motif of the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 was identified in VP40. Deleting this region resulted in loss of microtubule stabilization against drug-induced depolymerization. The presence of VP40-associated microtubules in cells continuously treated with nocodazole suggested that VP40 promotes tubulin polymerization. Using an in vitro polymerization assay, we demonstrated that VP40 directly enhances tubulin polymerization without any cellular mediators. These results suggest that microtubules may play an important role in the Ebola virus life cycle and potentially provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention against this highly pathogenic virus. DTIC Microorganisms; Microstructure; Pathogens; Proteins; Viral Diseases; Viruses

200 20050173467 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD USA Identification of Widely Applicable Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy Bai, Jining; Oct. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0280 Report No.(s): AD-A432926; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy This study is a feasibility study of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of breast cancer. The rationale is based upon recent findings that genes belonging to the pp32 family are differentially and alternatively expressed in most human breast cancers. In general, benign breast tissues express pp32, a tumor suppressor, whereas breast cancers express tumorigenic family members, including pp32r1 and pp32r2. Since pp32r1 and pp32r2 are expressed in nearly all breast cancers, but not in normal adult tissues, they may reasonably serve as targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy. The purpose of this study is to identify tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in pp32r1 and pp32r2, then test their suitability in vitro as immunotherapeutic targets in breast cancer. Currently, the animal study is underway. If successful, the results may translate into eventual clinical trials of peptide vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. DTIC Antigens; Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Tumors

20050173470 George Washington Univ., Washington, DC USA The Establishment of an Inflammatory Breast Cancer Registry and Biospecimen Repository Levine, Paul H.; Aug. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0244 Report No.(s): AD-A432933; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) Registry enrolled its first patient Sept. 10, 2002. As of July 31, 2004, 163 patients have contacted the Registry and 135 have completed their interviews. Tissue blocks have been obtained from 110 patients and frozen surgical specimens have been collected from 10. Five laboratories were sent biospecimens and results continue to be obtained. Data on the first 50 patients were presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Conference in December 2003 and initial evaluation of the questionnaire data will be presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Conference in December 2004. The clinical data include the observation that approximately one third of IBC patients are initially diagnosed as having mastitis and are treated with up to five months of antibiotics before the diagnosis of cancer is made. Less than 25% of patients have a discrete mass identified on initial mammography. Laboratory data thus far (45 patients) indicate that the tumors from all patients express significant amounts of BP-1, a homeobox gene associated with breast cancer aggressiveness. In addition, tumors from a higher percentage of IBC patients express gene sequences resembling mouse mammary tumor virus than non-IBC breast cancer patients. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Clinical Medicine; Mammary Glands; Patients

20050173491 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA Characterization of Two Novel Oncogenic Pathways Collaborting With Loss of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Lu, Jianrong; Leder, Philip; Sep. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0402 Report No.(s): AD-A432969; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Cancer is a complex multistep disease and progresses through successive accumulation of genetic mutations. Loss of tumor suppressor gene p53 and activation of oncogene Neu/ErB2 are among the most frequent genetic alterations in human breast cancer. We performed a retroviral insertional mutagenesis screen to identify genes that may contribute to mammary tumor formation in conjunction with deregulated p53 or Neu. Multiple proviral insertions from independent tumors were identiﬁed to be located within introns of the F-box gene Fbw4, suggesting that the structural alteration at this locus may provide selective growth advantage. The viral integrations result in marked overexpression of a novel, naturally occurring Fbw4 short isoform, which is also spontaneously enriched in several mouse and human breast cancer cell lines but not in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells, thus appears to be associated with malignant transformation. Overexpression of this short isoform in the normal mouse mammary epithelial cell leads to anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Taken together, these observations indicate that aberrant expression of the short Fbw4 isoform observed in MMTV-induced tumors and spontaneous breast cancer cell lines may contribute to mammary tumorigenesis. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Carcinogens; Losses; Mammary Glands; Mice; Tumors

201 20050173492 Army Inst. of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX USA Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Effects of Select Crystalloids and Colloids on Signal Transduction Mediators in a Swine Model of Severe Hemorrhage Dubick, Michael A.; Cameron, David G.; Sondeen, Jill L.; Majumdar, Adhip P.; Dec. 2004; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432972; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Hemorrhage remains a major cause of death on the battlefield in conventional warfare (Bellamy. 1984). Current dogma dictates that early, adequate fluid resuscitation is crucial to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with hemorrhagic shock. Yet, despite much research in the field and years of resuscitating thousands of patients, the optimal fluid and resuscitation strategy for the treatment of hemorrhagic hypovolemia remains unknown. However, with future combat strategies focused around the Future Force Warrior, greater dispersal of troops and fighting in urban settings and on non-linear battlefields, the likelihood of longer evacuation times for combat casualties is anticipated. As a consequence of these conditions and the logistic limitations of weight and cube, fluid resuscitation research within the Army’s Combat Casualty Care Research Program has focused to investigate limited- or small-volume fluid resuscitation strategies. including permissive hypotension, in far-forward areas for the treatment of severe hemorrhage. The ultimate goals are to improve battlefield survival and to reduce or prevent early and late deleterious sequelae in the injured soldier. For the military the concept of hypotensive resuscitation, or fluid resuscitation to a blood pressure below pre-hemorrhage levels. currently seems to be a rational approach to compensate for the limited amount of fluid available on the battlefield to treat casualties, and to minimize the chance for rebleeding from penetrating injuries. In addition. studies in experimental animals have suggested that hypotensive resuscitation may improve survival from an uncontrolled hemorrhage (Capone et al. 1995; Stern et al. 2001). DTIC Casualties; Colloids; Combat; Genetics; Hemorrhages; Hypotension; Resuscitation; Swine; Transferring

20050173495 Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA USA Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angiogenic Modifiers Chung, Leland W.; Aug. 2004; 87 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0526 Report No.(s): AD-A432975; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy Because of the potential synergistic interaction between an anti-angiogenic aminosterol, squalamine, and other angiogenic modifiers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokines that may be released during intermittent androgen withdrawal therapy, we tested extensively the interaction between squalamine and VEGF for an enhanced cytotoxicity to human prostate cancer cells in vitro and xenografts tumor models in vivo. While in vitro synergistic interaction was demonstrated specifically in human prostate cancer cell lines containing a functional androgen receptor, we encountered difficulty in demonstrating such synergism in vivo for the reason that severe toxicity was noted when VEGF was delivered as an Ad-CMV-TK vector. For this reason, we explored the other possible synergistic interaction between squalamine and castration. Results and Discussion: Squalamine is highly synergistic to castration-induced endothelial destruction when applied at the time of castration. We noted VEGF receptor, flt-1 and integrin profile (e.g. alpha 6 Beta 4) can predict squalamine response. Prostate cancer cells lacking the expression of these markers may be less responsive to the synergistic interaction between squalamine and castration. We are currently assessing the possible interaction between squalamine and VEGF and squalamine and androgen status of the cell culture and in animals subjected to castration to evaluate if synergism may exist particularly against the growth of endothelial cells. DTIC Angiogenesis; Cardiovascular System; Cells (Biology); Death; Endothelium; Hormones; Males; Tumors

20050173496 Lady David Inst., Montreal, Quebec Canada Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endothelial Cell Speciﬁc Inhibitor, for Anti-Angiogenic Breast Cancer Therapy Perri, Sabrina R.; Aug. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0545 Report No.(s): AD-A432977; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most highly vascularized tumors in humans. Therefore, the development of a potent antiangiogenic gene therapy strategy for brain cancer represents an attractive alternative to existing therapeutic interventions and circumvents the existing pitfalls associated with direct recombinant antiangiogenic protein delivery. Several potent inhibitors of the angiogenic process are known. Amongst them, angiostatin, is a cleavage product of human plasminogen

202 encompassing the first four N-terminal kringle structures. Of particular interest is the fifth kringle (KS) of plasminogen that has been found to enhance the angiostatic potency of angiostatin. We propose that the KS domain may serve as a potent angiostatic agent on its own and that it may act as a usefully therapeutic transgene within a cancer gene therapy strategy. To test this hypothesis, we have developed a KS expressing retroviral vector and have characterized the angiostatic activity of the de novo produced KS peptide in vitro and tested its efficacy in vivo using an orthotopic brain cancer model. Upon intracerebral implantation of lO% U87-GFP (n=S) and U87-KS-GFP (n=S) glioma cells in nude mice, hematoxylin and eosin-stained brain timue sections reveal that U87-K-GFP-implanted mice possess significantly reduced tumor volumes as compared to the mock implanted mice 32 days post-implantation. This evidence suggests that soluble KS peptide holds promise as an attractive antiangiogenic therapeutic agent within a cancer gene therapy setting. DTIC Angiogenesis; Blood Cells; Breast; Cancer; Inhibitors; Mammary Glands; Therapy

20050173498 Wake Forest Univ., Winston-Salem, NC USA Gene Targeting in Normal Human Breast Epithelial Cells Thorburn, Andrew M.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0391 Report No.(s): AD-A432980; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy This exploration grant was to test if it is possible to achieve efficient homologous recombination and gene targeting in immortalized but otherwise normal human breast epithelial cells. Although gene targeting has been achieved in somatic human cells using transfected targeting vectors, the efficiency of this process is very low necessitating the isolation and analysis of many thousands of cell clones before a targeted allele can be identified. Such approaches are impractical with normal human breast cells. We tested if the adoption of a different delivery method, needle microinjection, resulted in more efficient homologous recombination such that targeted clones could be identified after screening fewer colonies. Although we obtained antibiotic resistant clones, we have been unable to identify any clones with targeted alleles. We conclude that our idea was incorrect and that this approach will not be practically feasible without further modification. DTIC Breast

20050173500 Alberta Univ., Edmonton, Alberta Canada Examining the Effects of Exercise Training on Tumor Response to Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy Jones, Lee W.; Aug. 2004; 16 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0549 Report No.(s): AD-A432983; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of exercise training on tumor response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Eighty athymic Fischer 344 mice will be purchased at 21 days and at 26 days of age, MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells (3x10EXP 6 cells prepared from donor tumors) will be subcutaneously implanted into the right flank of all animals. At 40 days of age, animals will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: (i) exercise alone (n=20), (ii) doxorubicin alone (n=20), (iii) exercise plus doxorubicin (n=20), and (iv) control (n=20). Animals assigned to doxorubicin alone and exercise plus doxorubicin will receive intravenous injections of doxorubicin at 5mg/kg every 7 days. The exercise group will be progressively trained to run at 22m/min at 0% grade for 45 minutes 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Forty eight hours after the final exercise session, all experimental animals will be sacrificed via carbon dioxide anesthetization and cervical dislocation. The primary tumor will be surgically removed, weighed and histologically processed. The primary outcome will be tumor volume measured in two dimensions. Secondary outcomes will be tumor growth delay calculated as the number of days for each individual animal tumor to reach 1000 cubic mm compared with the control group. DTIC Chemotherapy; Neoplasms; Physical Exercise; Physiological Effects; Tumors

20050173503 Pittsburgh Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA Protein Transduction Based Therapies for Breast Cancer Robbins, Paul D.; Jul. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0489 Report No.(s): AD-A432986; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy We have demonstrated that certain transduction peptides such as 12 lysines and 12 arginines can facilitate internalization

203 into breast tumor lines with higher efficiency than smaller polymers of cationic amino acids. In addition, we have demonstrated that PTD-Sma34 worked in conjunction with Ad.TRAIL gene transfer to induce breast tumor apoptosis. We also have demonstrated that membrane bound TRAIL worked more effectively than soluble (secreted) TRAIL to induce breast cancer apoptosis. Moreover, we have demonstrated that co-administration of Ad.TRAlL with PTD-Smac34 resulted in not only enhanced adenoviral transduction of the tumors, but resulted in a stronger apoptotic effect. Finally, we have initiated studies to identify breast cancer specific tumor lines by screening a peptide phage display library both in cell culture as well as in nude mice bearing xenografts. Initial results in prostate tumors has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach and suggests breast tumor specific internalization peptides can be identified. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Gene Therapy; Genetics; Mammary Glands; Proteins; Therapy; Transferring

20050173504 Karolinska Inst., Stockholm, Sweden Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Susceptible Subgroup of Women Hall, Per; Oct. 2004; 41 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0771 Report No.(s): AD-A432988; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Background: The risk of bilateral breast cancer is substantially higher than the risk of unilateral disease and associated with early age at onset of the initial breast cancer. Of the many established risk factors for breast cancer, only family history has been consistently shown to be associated with bilateral disease. Methods: We analyzed a population-based cohort of 123,757 women with a first primary breast cancer diagnosed in Sweden from 1970 to 2000 and identified 6,550 women with a bilateral breast cancer. Results: Incidence of synchronous bilateral breast cancer mimics that of unilateral breast cancer. During 20 years from initial diagnosis, the incidence of metachronous cancer decreased from about 800 to 400 per 10(exp 5) person-years in patients first diagnosed before age 45, whilst the incidence remained stable at 500 to 600 per 10(exp 5) among those who were older at diagnosis of first cancer. Conclusions: The finding of breast cancer being simultaneously diagnosed in two breasts has an incidence far beyond the expected, but is probably not explained by genetic background rather environmental factors. The incidence pattern of metachronous bilateral cancer by age and follow-up time fits neither a model of highly penetrant genes, nor a model assuming only aggregation of environmental risk factors. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Diseases; Females; Mammary Glands; Subgroups

20050173505 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neuroprotective in a Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Hypoxemia Bauman, R. A.; Long, J. B.; Ketchum, L. H.; Macdonald, V. W.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432989; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Factor VII (FVII) circulates in plasma as a zymogen until it is exposed to tissue factor (TF). When bound to TF, activated FVII (FVIIa) initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade that results in the formation of a polymerized fibrin clot. In the untraumatized brain, TF is physically isolated from FVII. However, traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in the disruption of the vascular endothelium and resultant exposure of FVII to subendothelial TF. Recent evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines(IL-1,IL-6,TNFa) can induce the upregulation of TF. Since these cytokines also have been implicated in the inflammatory response to TBI, it is conceivable that, in the traumatized brain, treatment with recombinant (r) FVIIa might exacerbate injury-induced coagulopathy. In an effort to evaluate this hypothesis. rats were trained to execute a visual discrimination and locate the submerged platform in a Morris water maze (MWM) before being subjected to moderate parasaggittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) immediately followed by 30 min of 10% of O2. Ten min before FPI, rats were injected IV with 4 mg/kg of human rFVIIa; clotting and factor assays revealed that this was a hemostatically active dose. Visual discrimination performance was continuously recorded for two weeks after FPI and on day 7 after FPI, retention was tested in the MWM. After a two-week recovery period, brains were perfusion fixed and processed for histological evaluation. Contrary to our expectation, preliminary findings revealed that FPI reduced neuronal cell density and disrupted the pyramidal and granule cells of the dentate gyrus less in rats treated with rFVIIa than in rats treated with vehicle. Furthermore, visual discrimination accuracy was reduced less and recovered more rapidly and the mean retention score was larger for rats treated with rFVIIa than for rats treated with vehicle. Thus, rather than revealing a therapeutic complication, these preliminary findings agree with recent dat7 DTIC Brain; Brain Damage; Enzymes; Hypoxemia; Injuries; Peptides; Therapy

204 20050173506 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, PA USA Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With Invasive Potential Radice, Glenn L.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0371 Report No.(s): AD-A432990; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy A major problem in breast cancer treatment and the leading cause of mortality is invasion and metastasis of primary breast tumors. The cell type from which the tumor arises may dictate its potential for aggressive behavior. The mammary gland consists of different cell types including the cap cell; a less differentiated, highly proliferative cell basally located in the terminal end bud (TEB) of the murine mammary gland. The TEBs invade the fatty stroma of the pubertal gland establishing the ductal network. These specialized structures are reported to be targets for carcinogen-induced DNA damage. Their human counterparts are called intralobular ducts and are also sites of cancerous lesions. We hypothesize that genetic change speciﬁc to the cap cell population of the TEB will lead to aggressive tumors and metastatic disease. P-cadherin is normally expressed in the cap cells of the TEB and its progenitors. To test whether the less differentiated Pcadherin-positive cells have greater metastatic potential, the neu/HER-2 proto-oncogene will be targeted speciﬁcally to the cap cell population using the endogenous P-cadherin promoter. The goal of this research is to determine whether the highly proliferative and invasive cap cell population is a target for metastatic breast cancer. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Metastasis; Tumors

20050173509 Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH USA Characterization of Antibody Specific for Disease Associated Prion Protein Chen, Shu G.; Jul. 2004; 16 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0283 Report No.(s): AD-A432993; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Prion diseases are characterized by the presence of the abnormal scrapie isoform of prion protein (Prp(exp Sc)) in affected brains. A conformational change is believed to convert the normal cellular prion protein (PrP (expC)) into PrP(exp Sc). Detection of PrP(exp Sc) for diagnosis and prophylaxis is impaired because available antibodies recognizing epitopes on PrP fail to distinguish between PrP(exp sc) and PrP (exp c). We have discovered a novel antibody oCD4 that may overcome the above deficiency. The objective in year I is to characterize the specificity and selectivity of OCD4. We have accomplished this objective for year I. The major findings and work in progress are summarized here. We have found that OCD4 is an anti-DNA antibody OCD4 that capture PrP from brains affected by prion diseases in both humans and animals but not from unaffected controls. OCD4 appears to immunoreact with DNA (or a DNA- associated molecule) that forms a conformation-dependent complex with PrP in prion diseases. We have also found that g5p, a well-established DNA-binding protein, can be used for recognizing PrP(exp Sc). Therefore, OCD4 and g5p specifically target disease-associated DNA PrP complexes in prion diseases. Our finding opens new avenues in the study and diagnosis of prion diseases. DTIC Antibodies; Diseases; Proteins; Viral Diseases

20050173510 Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC USA AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast Cancer Stoica, Adriana; Sep. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0684 Report No.(s): AD-A432994; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy While the significance of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT expression and/or activity in human breast cancer has become increasingly evident, consistent alterations of a specific isoform have not been well documented. A specific isoform of AKT may be preferentially activated or activated proteins may have different substrate preferences, providing a therapeutic opportunity to target a particular isoform. The primary endpoint is to compare responsiveness to tamoxifen in ER-alpha- positive, ErbB2 low tumors with high AKT1 activity versus no AKT1 activity. 7 tumors each of 1) ER-alpha-positive, ErbB2 high; 2) ER-alpha-positive, ERbB2 low; 3) ER-alpha-positive, no ErbB2; 4) ER-negative, ErbB2 high; 5) ER- negative, ErbB2 low; and 6) ER-negative, no ErbB2 will be tested for AKT (AKT1, AKT2, AKT3), ErbB (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4) and ER-a expression and activity. We have received 26 tumors and their surrounding normal tissue. Paraffin sections were prepared from most of these tissues and the sections were immunostained with total anti-Akt, phosphospecific anti-Akt, anti-progesterone receptor, total and phosphospecific antibody against ErbB2. We are in the process of scoring of these paraffin

205 sections. In addition, we prepared cell lysates and RNA from the tumors and normal tissues for further analyses. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Enzymes; Estrogens; Mammary Glands; Markers; Phosphorus

20050173512 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA USA Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy (MART) for Breast Cancer Shou, Zhenyu; Nov. 2004; 38 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0657 Report No.(s): AD-A432996; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This postdoctoral fellowship grant (DAMD 17-03-1-0657, entitled ‘Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer’) was awarded to the principal investigator (PI) for the period of Nov. 1, 2003- Oct. 31, 2005. This is the annual report for the first funding period (Nov. 1, 2003-Oct. 31, 2004). The goal of this project is to develop a novel technique, Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy (MART), as a candidate modality for treating breast cancer. The specific aims of this work are: (a) To demonstrate that MART can lead to substantially improved dose distribution over the conventional method, without increasing the complexity of the radiation treatment; (b) To show that the superior dose distributions of MART can be realized efficiently and accurately. Under the generous support from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (AMRMC), the PI has gained a tremendous amount of knowledge on breast cancer and breast cancer management over the last year. The support has also made it possible for the PI to contribute significantly to breast cancer research. A number of conference abstracts and a refereed paper has been resulted from the support. In this report, the past year’s research activities of the PI are summarized. DTIC Apertures; Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Medical Science; Radiation Therapy; Therapy

20050173513 American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC USA Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells Lichy, Jack H.; Sep. 2004; 5 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0653 Report No.(s): AD-A432997; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The purpose of this project was to investigate the utility of inducible SIRNA vectors for analyzing signal transduction pathways in breast cancer cell lines. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Diseases; Mammary Glands; Ribonucleic Acids

20050173514 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA Constitutive Activation of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Implication Xiao, Sheng; Aug. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0550 Report No.(s): AD-A432998; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was constitutively activated in the majority of breast cancers. Blocking IRS-1 signaling with a dominant-negative IRS-1 mutant F18 dramatically reduced the cancer cell growth. These studies suggest that constitutive IRS-1 activation plays a central role in breast cancer cell growth and that IRS-1 could be an attractive therapeutic target. IRS-1 has complicated downstream signaling pathways that play important roles in multiple cellular functions. An ideal IRS-1 inhibitor for cancer therapy would block only the IRS-1 growth-related signaling, with minimal interruption of other IRS-1 signaling. To determine the IRS-1 downstream signaling pathway that is critical for growth of breast cancer cells, we expressed six IRS-1 mutants, each with the mutation of critical tyrosine residue(s) that initiates a particular IRS-i downstream pathway, in breast cancer cells and determined the dominant-negative effects of each IRS-1 mutant on tumor cell growth. Our results showed that IRS-1 defected in SHP-2 binding had similar tumor suppressor function as F18, suggesting IRS-1 promote cancer cell growth by activating SHP-2 signaling. A synthetic peptide representing SHP-2 binding site was then used to screen a compound library. Preliminary analysis showed that 3 small molecular compounds were capable of inhibiting SHP-2 binding in vitro. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Insulin; Mammary Glands; Substrates; Therapy

206 20050173515 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA USA The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell-Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Dovichi, Norman J.; Jan. 2005; 28 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0490 Report No.(s): AD-A433000; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Protein fingerprints of single MCF7 breast cancer cells were mapped using both one-dimensional and two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis (CE). While one-dimensional CE can resolve dozens of proteins, two-dimensional CE has the potential to resolve hundreds or thousands of proteins with broad dynamic range. Cellular proteins are labeled on column by coupling lysine residues with the fluorogenic reagent 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2 carboxaldehyde. Labeled proteins are detected by laser-induced fluorescence in a sheath flow cuvette. Capillary sieving electrophoresis and capillary micellar electrophoresis were used to characterize proteins in single cells in one-dimensional separations, while the two techniques were combined to generate two-dimensional protein fingerprints from single cells. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Proteins; Proteome

20050173516 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector for DNA Vaccines Venkatesan, M. M.; Ranallo, R. T.; Cassels, F. J.; Hale, T. L.; Cox, J.; Kuta, E.; Galley, L.; Fouts, T.; Lewis, G.; Hanke, T.; Than, S.; Mehra, V.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433001; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Several live attenuated Shigella vaccines of different serotypes have been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and in one case effective against challenge with virulent strains. The ability to invade epithelial cells remains critical for the success of these vaccine candidates. Live, orally administered Shigella vaccine derivatives are also being evaluated as multivalent mucosal vaccines able to deliver both bacterial antigens and eukaryotic genes to the gut associated lymphoid tissues of the common mucosal immune system. Fimbrial and enterotoxin antigen genes from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were cloned into a plasmid encoding the gene for aspartate semialdehyde dehyrogenase (asd) and expressed within SC608, and asd mutant of Shigella ﬂexneri 2a vaccine strain SC602. Guinea pigs immunized intranasally with SC608 expressing the ETEC antigens demonstrated serum and mucosal immune responses to antigens from both diarrheal pathogens. SC608, in the absence of an asd-based plasmid, lyses with epithelial cells after invasion. This phenotype has also been used to deliver plasmid DNA vaccines containing eukaryotic genes into the host cell cytoplasm for expression. Splenocytes from mice immunized intranasally with asd mutants of Shigella containing plasmid HIV DNA vaccines demonstrated HIV antigen-speciﬁc IFN-gamma ELISPOTS after in vitro expansion. These preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that live, attenuated Shigella vaccines can be engineering to deliver both prokaryotic and eukaryotic antigens to the mucosal system. DTIC Bacteria; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Vaccines

20050173533 Toledo Univ., OH USA Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance System for Prediction of Stress Fractures Akkus, Ozan; Sep. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0743 Report No.(s): AD-A433023; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Stress fractures of bone constitute the most serious musculoskeletal overuse injury during military training of male and female recruits. We believe that the cascade of events in stress fractures is structured as the upregulation of bone turnover, amplification of porosity, induction of greater local strains and associated increase in damage activity a priori to fracture. The hypothesis of our study is that the onset of stress fractures can be predicted by monitoring the evolution of microdamage activity using acoustic emissions. During the first year bone tissue was procured and amassed for specimen preparation. A new mechanical loading set up was designed and fabricated to improve the cyclic loading tests. Ristological protocols were developed for sequential labeling of bone tissue prior to and after mechanical loading to separate in vivo and in vitro microdamage. Acoustic emission tests were run on a preliminary group of samples and the characteristic of extraneous waveforms emanating from other sources were obtained for filtering purposes. In the overall the protocols have been finalized and the proposed tests will be accomplished during the second year. DTIC Acoustic Emission; Bones; Fractures (Materials); Surveillance

207 20050173534 Hutchinson (Fred) Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema in Breast Cancer Survivors Rossing, Mary A.; Malone, Kathleen E.; Oct. 2004; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0387 Report No.(s): AD-A433024; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Lymphedema of the arm is a common, yet dreaded consequence of breast cancer treatment that can result in substantial functional impairment and distress in affected women. Axillary surgery and radiation treatment are known risk factors for lymphedema. However, other potentially modifiable characteristics or behaviors that may influence risk of this condition have not yet been studied. In this study, we will assess whether modifiable factors, including body weight, physical activity, smoking and breast reconstruction, influence risk of arm lymphedema among women treated for breast cancer. Women aged 21-74 years diagnosed with a first primary invasive breast cancer will be identified through a population-based cancer registry. Enrollment will be limited to women who have had axillary node dissection, as the occurrence of lymphedema is most common in these women. The incidence and timing of arm edema following breast cancer will be assessed using physical measures (arm volume) and self-report of symptoms, at regular intervals throughout the study. Each time they undergo arm measurement, women will complete questionnaires detailing and updating information on the exposures of interest and potential confounding factors. The study will be conducted over a 4-year period. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Edema; Lymph; Mammary Glands; Risk

20050173536 University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen Measurements in Patients Which Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Milosevic, Michael F.; Aug. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0111 Report No.(s): AD-A433026; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The primary aim of this clinical study is to determine the relationship between pre-treatment prostate cancer oxygen levels and long-term disease control following treatment with radiotherapy, and the independent prognostic effect of oxygen measurements relative to established prognostic factors. In addition, the study will determine the relationship between pre-treatment tumor oxygen levels and mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and the impact of this interaction on patient outcome. It is anticipated that the accrual target of 195 patients will be achieved by July 31, 2005. The oxygen measurement technique was revised based on our pilot study to assure that the highest quality data are being collected. The microregional distribution of oxygen in prostate cancer biopsies will be studied using intrinsic markers of oxygenation. The molecular studies’ of p53 are proceeding as outlined in the proposal. A preliminary analysis suggested a potentially important inﬂuence of prostrate cancer hypoxia on patient outcome following treatment with radiotherapy, in agreement with the underlying hypothesis of the study. However, longer patient follow-up is required to conﬁrm this early result. It is anticipated that all aspects of the proposed work will be completed. DTIC Cancer; Hypoxia; Oxygen; Patients; Prostate Gland; Tumors

20050173537 New York Univ., New York, NY USA Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, and Breast Cancer Huang, Xi; Nov. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0717 Report No.(s): AD-A433028; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase breast cancer (BC) risk in post-menopausal women. We hypothesize that a high iron level is one of the pre-neoplastic changes in post-menopausal women, and HRT causes iron release to increase BC risk. This hypothesis will be tested using an iron loaded transgenic mouse model. Since iron slowly accumulates due to the mutation of the HFE gene (hemochromatosis Fe), iron elevated in the mouse body mimics the post-menopausal condition. In the present study, we will assess whether (1) HRT mobilizes iron from the liver to the mammary site in the mice, causing greater oxidative DNA and protein damages in the breast tissue; and (2) HRT and iron enhance mammary cancer cell growth. Female wild type and HFE homozygote mice will be fed a diet with or without Prempro(Trademark) or inoculated with breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pads and then fed with Prempro(Trademark). After treatment, mammary tumor nodules will be counted to determine the tumor incidence. Portions of mammary tissue will be used for assessing oxidative DNA damage

208 and protein oxidation. We expect that HFE homozygote mice subject to HRT will be more susceptible to mammary tumorigenesis than wild type mice. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Hormones; Iron; Mammary Glands; Replacing; Therapy

20050173538 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA USA Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Cancer Genes King, Mary-Claire; Welcsh, Piri L.; Jun. 2004; 14 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0615 Report No.(s): AD-A433029; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Genetic instability is a hallmark of tumor development. Mechanisms for maintenance of genomic stability are heterogeneous and identification of the genes responsible a critical goal of cancer biologists. The very large number of genetic alterations in breast tumors and genetic heterogeneity, even within a single breast tumor, strongly suggests that some mutator mechanism must be involved in breast tumorigenesis. Our hypothesis is that a mutator mechanism contributes to the development of breast cancer. However, since breast tumors do not display an obvious phenotype that signals the presence of a mutator defect (such as microsatellite instability), another scheme to identify defects in repair genes and their targets is necessary. Thus, our first objective is to use a novel yeast model system to identify genes that are previously unrecognized targets of mutator mechanisms and to determine whether these genes are altered in breast tumors. Our second objective is to identify genes that function as novel mutators in the yeast system then evaluate whether any are altered in breast tumors. The identification of mutator genes and their targets that contribute to the etiology of breast cancer will enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in initiation and progress of disease. These genes will impact drug and biomarker discovery and ultimately, revolutionize patient care. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Genetics; Mammary Glands; Neoplasms; Oncogenes

20050173539 New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA USA A Molecular Connection Between Breast Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Mediated by Akt Kinase Weber, Georg F.; Aug. 2004; 15 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0510 Report No.(s): AD-A433031; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Death from cancer is most frequently caused by metastases. While research of the past 20 years has identified genes whose malfunction causes cancer to grow, it has not been clear why these defects also induce the ability to metastasize. We have defined molecules that form a connection between signals that make cancer cells grow and signals that cause them to metastasize. In breast cancer cells, a molecule called Akt kinase bridges these two functions. Here we study the exact mechanism by which Akt kinase connects mechanisms of growth with mechanisms of cancer spread. The identification of a single defined defect as responsible for growth and metastasis enhances our molecular insights into cancer and it defines candidate targets for therapeutic intervention. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Enzymes; Genes; Mammary Glands; Metastasis; Phosphorus

20050173540 Dana Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA USA A Randomized Study of the Effects of Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Symptoms, and Breast Density in High-Risk Women After Prophylactic Oophorectomy Garber, Judy E.; LeBoff, Meryl; Joffe, Hadine; Lin, Nancy; Ryan, Paula; Sep. 2004; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0708 Report No.(s): AD-A433032; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The synthetic steroid tibolone has been shown to improve bone mass, mitigate menopausal symptoms and reduce breast density in women with natural menopause. It has not been evaluated in an abrupt menopause model, as occurs in women at high risk of breast cancer because of inherited risk who undergo prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce breast cancer risk. We will conduct a double-blind randomized placebo-control trial to test the hypotheses that Tibolone will accomplish these goals in high-risk premenopausal women undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy, and provide an alternative for them to manage menopause symptoms without increasing breast cancer risk. Our progress to date has been: 1. Completion of the development and institutional IRB approval of the research protocol, recruitment and study management materials 2. Development and

209 piloting of algorithms for symptom management; training of research nurses to use them for management of patients with menopause symptoms and breast cancer or breast cancer risk 3. Tibolone and placebo are obtained. The protocol is ready for initiation after DAMD Human Subjects approval 4. We have developed systems for patient accrual working with gynecologic oncologists in involved institutions In summary, we are ready to begin subject recruitment as soon as we receive DAMD approval to proceed. DTIC Bone Mineral Content; Bones; Breast; Females; Signs and Symptoms; Steroids

20050173541 Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA USA Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Cachexia Chirgwin, John M.; Aug. 2004; 45 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0586 Report No.(s): AD-A433033; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Cancer cachexia has three clinical features: 1) loss of appetite (anorexia) 1 2) nutritional mal-absorption, and 3) muscle and fat wasting caused by tumor-stimulated factors. This project focuses on muscle wastiung. A number of %factors have been proposed to cause cancer cachexia. Lack of progress in the area is unfortunate, given the tremendous benefit patients with advanced cancer would receive from effective treatment of cachexia to improve quality of life and postpone mortality. We proposed that autocrine motility factor (AMF) is released into the bloodstream from cancer sites and stimulates muscle wasting. In the second grant period we have now demonstrated that administration of recombinant AMF protein to mice results in a statistically significant loss of weight, compared to control treatment, in 24 hours. We are ready to test the species specificity of this response. We have also determined the molecular structure of the recombinant mouse protein. In the next and final research year will assess some of the molecular pathways activated in muscle by AMF, which could contribute to cachexia. These include - activation of proteasomal muscle protein degradation via the Foxo transcription factors and PI3 kinase pathways and alterations in the secreted regulators of muscle mass, IGF-1 and myostatin. DTIC Animals; Locomotion; Muscles; Neoplasms; Tumors

20050173542 City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expression Synold, Timothy W.; Dec. 2004; 14 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0461 Report No.(s): AD-A433034; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Our experience studying the MDRl gene prompted us to initiate work on a novel animal model to study MDRl/mdrl gene expression under a variety of normal and breast cancer-related physiological conditions. With the advent of new bioimaging technology and the advancement of efficient gene targeting strategies, we found an opportunity to apply these state-of-the-art molecular tools to our problem. The work performed with the support of this grant has enabled us to; 1) engineere a targeting vector to allow insertion of a reporter (luciferase or HSV-tk) into the genomic locus of the mouse mdrla gene; 2) create mouse embryonic stem cells in which a gene replacement/knock-in strategy was used to insert luciferase into the mouse mdrl a genomic locus; 3) demonstrate that luciferase expression in these cells requires Cre recombinase to bring luciferase in-frame with the translational start site of the mdrla gene product; 4) show that the recombined conﬁguration of mdrl/LUC, in its cDNA form, encodes a functional protein with luciferase activity, and 5) create both founder and Cre-recombinase expressing mouse strains for use in vivo imaging experiments. Work performed to date has proved the feasibility of this approach. However, further reﬁnements to the model are required. DTIC Gene Expression; Genes; Imaging Techniques; In Vivo Methods and Tests

20050173544 Boston Univ., Boston, MA USA The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Development Yang, Xinhai; Jul. 2004; 22 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0406 Report No.(s): AD-A433040; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy It has long been suggested that ubiquitous environmental chemicals, such as PAH, contribute to human breast cancer. Most of the biologic activity of PAH and related dioxins is mediated by the AhR. We tested if constitutively active AhR in

210 a human breast cancer cell line regulates c-myc, an important breast cancer gene which contains six AhR binding sites (AhREs) in its promoter. Our results indicate that: 1) there is a significant baseline level of wildtype c-myc promoter driven reporter activity in these tumor cells which was not affected by inclusion of TCDD, a strong AhR agonist, 2) the baseline reporter activity was not affected by deletion of the NF-kB site, 3) while mutation of single AhRE sites had no effect on baseline reporter activity, mutation of all six sites resulted in a five fold increase in reporter activity; a similar increase in reporter activity was seen when the wildtype reporter construct was co-transfected with an AhR repressor plasmid, 4) c-myc-specific real time PCR indicated that AhR repressor transfection increased background levels of endogenous c-myc mRNA. These results suggest that the AhR represses c-myc transcription and that AhR up-regulation in tumor cells may represent a failed growth feedback mechanism. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Genes; Mammary Glands

20050173545 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA Computer-Aided Interval Change Analysis of Microcalcifications on Mammograms for Breast Cancer Detection Hadjiiski, Lubomir; Jul. 2004; 16 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0489 Report No.(s): AD-A433041; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The goal of this project is to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for interval change analysis of lesions on mammograms. An important component of the CAD system is the multistage regional registration technique for identifying corresponding microcalcification clusters on temporal pairs of mammograms. In the first stage, an initial search region was estimated on the prior mammogram based on the cluster location on the current mammogram. In the second stage the search region was refined. In the third stage the cluster was detected within the search region. In the first stage we used the regional registration method (RRM), which outperformed the warping techniques. 175 temporal pairs of mammograms were used for evaluation. The average distance between% the estimated and the true cluster centroids on the previous mammogram after the initial stage was 7.95+-4.73mm. In the second stage, automated detection of microcalcification cluster within the search region is performed. Using our current cluster detection program with standard thresholds, 76.6% (134/175) TP with 0.45 false positives (FP) were detected within the search region. Using a high-sensitivity threshold, 89.1%(156/175) TP with 0.43 FP were detected. In the third stage the correspondence classifier was used and it reduced the FP rate to an average of 0.19 FP cluster with sensitivity of 81% (141/175). DTIC Breast; Cancer; Computer Techniques; Diagnosis; Mammary Glands

20050173546 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA USA Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel Lymph Nodes Greene, Carmen M.; Aarsvold, John N.; Hertel, Nolan; Aug. 2004; 19 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0400 Report No.(s): AD-A433043; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The main objective of this investigation is to determine the feasibility and value of the use of a small ﬁeld of view camera gamma camera intraoperatively for sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization in breast cancer patients. A camera witha5in. x 5 in. ﬁeld of view (FOV) is being investigated. Clinical experience with 14 subjects using the 1 in. x 1 in. FOV and 15 subjects using the 5 in. x 5 in. FOV suggests that the5x5FOVismore valuable to SLN localization in breast cancer patients. The task of verifying the content of two databases one consisting of one hundred and twenty-one breast cancer patients and the other consisting of 50 was carefully done. Data from database consisting of 50 patients was presented at the 8th Congress of the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology 2002 in Santiago, Chile by the senior nuclear medicine technologist at Atlanta VAMC. preliminary data from the probe alone versus probe and camera study was analyzed and an abstract was submitted for Sentinel Node 2004. From the work accomplished this far having a small FOV camera intraoperatively for SLN localization cases that do not make use of preoperative imaging might have some value. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Clinical Medicine; Imaging Techniques; Lymphatic System; Mammary Glands; Sentinel System

211 20050173547 Texas Univ., Houston, TX USA Integration of Pathologic Findings With Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measurements to Quantify Response to Neoadju- vant Chemotherapy Symmans, William F.; Jun. 2004; 22 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0458 Report No.(s): AD-A433045; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The aim of the project is to develop and test anew method to quantify the proportion (percent) of cancer that is residual after neoadjuvant chemotherapy using standard radiologic and/or clinical measures of tumor size that are integrated with pathologic information about the amount of cancer within each tumor We have determined that tumor cellularity signiﬁcantly decreases as a result of neoadjuvant (pre-operative) chemotherapy compared to control untreated breast cancers managed by surgery alone. However, the extent and variability of reduction of cellularity is considerable, particularly in the tumors that partly respond, and this shifts the distribution of residual tumor burden closer to complete response in those cases. Overall, this distribution indicates that many breast cancers are more responsive to neoadjuvant chemotherapy than measurement of tumor diameter alone would indicate. Therefore, size alone is not a sufficient measure of the tumor response to treatment. We have combined our measure of cancer cellularity with the radiological tumor measurements with the gross and microscopic pathologic changes in the breast and axillary lymph nodes after chemotherapy to determine a measure of relative breast cancer response. This Residual Cancer Index closely correlates with T-stage and appears to organize the responses into a meaningful distribution that allows a detailed view of nonresponsive tumors and can then be wed to conduct rank order statistical analyses without dividing the distribution of responses into arbitrary categories. Using this approach we have determined that low proliferation (Ki-67 \h 15%), bcl-2 overexpression, and tau overexpression signiﬁcantly predict greater resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel, 5-FU, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Clinical Medicine; Mammary Glands; Pathology; Radiology; Tumors

20050173548 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, PA USA Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Following Lymph Node Dissection and Radiation Therapy for Primary Breast Cancer Cheville, Andrea L.; Sep. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0622 Report No.(s): AD-A433048; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The purpose of this study are two fold: 1) To determine the feasibility of using concurrent lymphoscintigraphy and CT imaging to identify lymph nodes critical for upper extremity drainage and to establish their relation to radiation therapy ports, and 2) To determine whether the irradiation of level I and II axillary lymph nodes critical for upper extremity drainage predicts the development of lymphedema. In addition to funding this research project, the Career Development award supports Dr. Cheville’s completion of a Masters Degree in Clinical Epidemiology. This degree program will provide Dr. Cheville with the knowledge and skills required to succeed as an independent investigator. Dr. Cheville’s masters’ thesis, required for the degree, will involve data collection, analysis, and presentation of the lymphoscintigraphy study. To date, Dr. Cheville has completed half of the course work required for the Masters Degree, including extensive training in biostatistical analysis. Through consultation with Dr. Cheville’s faculty mentor and course work in protocol development, the study design has been reﬁned to address potential bias and confounding. With the support of faculty mentors in epidemiology and biostatistics, study subject enrollment and data collection have begun. DTIC Biometrics; Breast; Cancer; Clinical Medicine; Dissection; Lymphatic System; Mammary Glands; Radiation Therapy; Risk; Therapy

20050173549 California Univ., Berkeley, CA USA The Functions of BRCA2 in Homologous Recombinational Repair Chen, David J.; Jul. 2004; 44 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0439 Report No.(s): AD-A433049; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Using an HR assay system, we found that individual expression of several small BRCA2 regions in human HT1080 cells causes a reduced frequency in homologous recombination. Our provide the direct cellular evidence that the BRCA2-Rad51 interaction is crucial for HR repair and multiple regions of BRCA2 pretein are involved in regulating HR repair. Using the baculovinis co expression and Ni-NTA pull-down strategies, we demonstrated that BRCA2 forms a multiprotein complex with

212 Rad51, Rad51B and Rad51C DNA repair proteins involving a strong interaction between BRCA2 and Rad51, and between Rad51B and Rad51C. A weak interaction between Rad51B and Rad51C was observed as well. We also found that the BRC repeats of BRCA2 do not directly interact with Rad51B or Rad51C. In addition, we have successfully expressed three BRC fragments using baculovirus expression system. These protein expressions were confirmed by Western analysis. The purification of these proteins was found to be difficult because these proteins were extremely unstable and tended to be degraded during the purification process. We have tesed several conditions to stabilize the proteins, including use of different salts, different concentration of salts, different expression temperature, and co-expression of the proteins with Rad51. We have established three biochemical assays for Rad51 activities, including DNA binding, ATPase and DNA strand exchange. The investigation regarding whether the BRC1-4, BRC5-8 or BRC1-8 proteins affects the Rad51 activities is underway. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands

20050173551 Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY USA Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Jepsen, Karl J.; Oct. 2004; 15 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0806 Report No.(s): AD-A433059; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Having a narrow tibia relative to body mass has been shown to be a major predictor of stress fracture risk and fragility. The reason for this phenomenon is not understood. Based on studies of genetically distinct inbred mouse strains, we found a reciprocal relationship between bone mass and bone quality, such that slender bones are associated with more damageable bone tissue. We postulate that a similar reciprocal relationship between bone mass and bone material properties exists in the human skeleton. The intriguing possibility that slender bones, like those we have demonstrated in animal models, may be composed of more damageable material than larger bones has not been considered. To test this hypothesis, we propose to determine whether whole bone geometry is a predictor of tissue fragility in the tibia from young male donors. Tissue damage ability will be assessed from biomechanical testing of compact bone samples and correlated with measures of bone slenderness. Specimens will be subjected to detailed analyses of bone microstructure, composition, and microdamage content. In the second set of experiments, these analyses will be repeated for female donors to test for gender differences in tissue fragility. Further, we will test whether fragility in cortical bone is a predictor of fragility in cancellous bone. Finally, we will conduct ultrasound measurements to identify an ultrasound parameter that is sensitive to the presence of damage and could be used for early diagnosis of stress fractures. DTIC Bones; Fractures (Materials); Fracturing; Risk

20050173552 Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC USA Periscopic Spine Surgery Cleary, Kevin R.; Jan. 2005; 15 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-04-1-0078 Report No.(s): AD-A433062; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The modern operating room requires an increasing number of new surgical instruments, monitoring and imaging devices, information systems, and communication networks. While these individual technologies are improving, attention must also be paid to integrating all of these resources so as to improve the quality and efficiency of surgical procedures. The OR2020 Workshop was organized by the ISIS Center at Georgetown University to identity the clinical and technical requirements for integrating advanced computer-assisted and robotic technologies into the next generation operating rooms and interventional suites. Five broad areas of technology requirements were identiﬁed: 1. Standards for devices and their use in the operating room (OR) are sorely needed. Every aspect of OR activity today is affected by their absence. 2. Interoperability of devices is essential for improved care and throughput. A ‘plug and play’ medial network is needed. 3. Surgical robotics continues to develop and will play a role. Improvements in surgical robotics that build on their unique capabilities are needed. 4. Surgery-speciﬁc image acquisition, processing, and display are needed. The two-dimensional (2D) static images typically used today are not sufficient. 5. Communications issues must be addressed and aim toward attaining a common language, training requirements, and protocols to enable telecollaboration. DTIC Medical Services; Rooms; Spine; Surgery; Telemedicine

213 20050173553 Health Research, Inc., Rensselaer, NY USA PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers Seegal, Richard F.; Jan. 2005; 24 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0173 Report No.(s): AD-A433063; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The major hypothesis is that prior occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) results in decrements in neuropsychological and neurological performance and that these deﬁcits are related to reductions in the number of dopamine (DA) terminals in the basal ganglia. In Albany, NY 248 former capacitor workers (62 per year) will undergo neuropsychological and neurological examinations, complete a comprehensive questionnaire, have blood drawn to measure serum thyroid hormone and PCB concentrations, and undergo a non-invasive test to determine bone-lead concentrations. This latter measure will allow us to control for exposure to lead--a potential confounder. In New Haven, CT 96 subjects (24 subjects per year) will be asked to undergo brain imaging at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders to determine if PCBs reduce the number of basal ganglia DA terminals. To date, 129 subjects have undergone testing in Albany and 39 have been imaged in New Haven, CT with an additional nine subjects scheduled for testing. Serum PCB concentrations are being analyzed at Mt. Sinai School of Medicine. Secure electronic databases have been created for all data. We anticipate no problems in continuing to recruit and test the number of subjects needed for studies in both Albany and New Haven to reach our annual goals. DTIC Dopamine; Neurology; Personnel; Polychlorinated Biphenyls

20050173554 TRUE Research Foundation, San Antonio, TX USA Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism of Disease Progression Sjogren, Maria H.; Oct. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0719 Report No.(s): AD-A433067; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy An estimated 4 million individuals in the USA are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus. Annually 8,000 to 10,000 of these subjects will die of liver-related complications and approximately 1,000 will require liver transplantation. The USA military nave rates of HCV infection similar to the general US population (1.6%). However, it is a younger population and its natural history of HCV infection has not been studied. Therefore, the clinical outcome of HCV-infected military subjects and risk factors contributing to disease progression are largely unknown. Such knowledge is essential for decisions regarding optimal management and prevention of the disease. This study focuses on active duty military subjects infected with HCV, who will be enrolled and observed prospectively over four years (48 months). Liver biopsies are to be performed at initiation if needed and at completion of study to observe for disease progression. Lab evaluation of virologic and biochemical indicators of the disease and detailed information about risk factors, and quality of life are collected by questionnaire every six months. Currently, 81 subjects have been enrolled and 71 subjects are being followed. It is too early to analyze the data in terms of disease progression and potential contributing factors to disease progression speciﬁc to this population, as no subjects have completed the study. Therefore, the data presented in this report will be conﬁned to descriptive statistics of the sample to date. DTIC Hepatitis; Liver; Viral Diseases; Viruses

20050173555 Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA Population Based Assessment of MHC Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Markers of Increased Risk for Development and Progression of Breast Cancer from Benign Breast Lesions Worsham, Maria J.; Raju, Usha; Abrams, Judith; Jan. 2005; 9 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-00-1-0288 Report No.(s): AD-A433069; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Despite advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapies, advanced breast cancer still carries a high mortality rate. The need for effective therapies is urgent. The overall aim of this research proposal is to recognize early markers of disease and their interaction with other epidemiological risk factors that can serve as risk indicators for subsequent development of breast cancer from precancerous lesions, and as prognostic markers for progression from primary to metastatic disease. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are found on the cell membrane of all cells in the body and are involved in intercellular communications and in complex interactions with the immune system. Cancer cells with reduced or aberrant MHC molecules have been shown to evade immune surveillance and become selected for cancer progression and spread of

214 disease to distant sites of the body. About half of all breast cancers have complete loss or reduced level of MHC class I molecules and this finding has been associated with increased tumor invasiveness and more aggressive cancers with poorer outcome. The outlined studies are expected to better define the clinical significance of abnormal MHC class I molecules in precancerous and invasive breast lesions as markers of immunological events that could affect survival, selection, and outgrowth of precancerous cells, and their subsequent progression to breast cancer. These MHC losses could also mark more aggressive tumors and thus contribute to selection of appropriate treatments in individual cases. DTIC Antigens; Breast; Cancer; Diseases; Epidemiology; Lesions; Mammary Glands; Markers; Populations; Risk

20050173556 Baylor Coll. of Medicine, Houston, TX USA Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Cell Death Songyang, Zhou; Nov. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-01-1-0145 Report No.(s): AD-A433098; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Studies have shown that apoptosis and survival pathways in response to DNA damage play a critical role in breast cancer development and progression. 90% of breast cancer cases are sporadic where mutations of BRCA1/2 have not been detected. Other breast cancer genes must exist. Our group has approached the issue in two ways, a genomic and a proteomic approach. We have established and utilized a novel retrovirus-based genetic screen system to search for genes that would confer resistance to DNA damage induced apoptosis. Multiple clones have been isolated from this genetic screen. Among the genes identiﬁed are both novel and known proteins that may be important in DNA-damage responses. To further elucidate the pathways mediated by BARD1, we looked for factors interacting with BARD1 using mass spec sequencing. Several factors have emerged from this study and are being examined. The information obtained from our studies should prove useful for developing new and effective screening strategies, drug targets, and treatment for breast cancer. DTIC Apoptosis; Breast; Cancer; Damage; Death; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Genes; Genetics; Mammary Glands

20050173557 Texas Univ., Dallas, TX USA The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto-Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular Determinants of Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients Lombardi, Donald P.; Aug. 2004; 29 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0559 Report No.(s): AD-A433099; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that gene amplification of HER-2/neu is associated with loss of expression of the tetraspanin metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1/CD82, in breast cancer cell lines and patients’ primary breast tumors. The scope is limited to breast cancer and mechanisms of metastasis. Results: 1) We identified three cell lines with gene amplification of HER-2/neu and negative KAI1/CD82 expression to serve as model systems and corroborated these results in primary breast tumors. 2) We found that CO-029, a tetraspanin metastasis promoter gene, was up-regulated in HER-2/neu+ lines. 3) We ectopically expressed HER-2/neu in MCF-7 cells and demonstrated that over-expression of HER-2/neu resulted in loss of expression of KAI1/CD82, but increased expression of CO-029. 4) Finally, we knocked down expression of HER-2/ neu by RNAi and demonstrated that KAI1/CD82 levels increased four-fold. Significance: HER-2/neu signaling regulates tetraspanin gene expression to promote metastatic potential. This novel mechanism may explain why women with gene amplification of HER-2/neu in their breast tumors are at higher risk for metastasis and death. This is the first demonstration of a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTX) that regulates tetraspanin metastasis genes, and this may be the first example of a broader paradigm linking RTK oncogenes to metastasis genes. DTIC Breast; Cancer; Genes; Mammary Glands; Metastasis; Oncogenes; Patients

20050173558 Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC USA Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer Screening in Chinese American Women Huei-Yu Wang, Judy; Sep. 2004; 151 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A433100; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A08, Hardcopy The purpose of this study is to develop and use culturally appropriate and stage-tailored Chinese language breast cancer brochures to promote older Chinese-American women’s intentions to obtain mammography. A three-year research plan is

215 designed to pursue this purpose. In Year 1, the brochures were developed and refined based on previous findings of cultural and language barriers to breast cancer screening in Chinese women. In Year 2, two-hundred and fifty Chinese women aged 50 and older in the Washington DC area completed a telephone interview regarding their previous screening experience, cultural views, and screening barriers. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group with stage-tailored brochures or a control group with standard brochures. In Year 3, we will mail the appropriate set of materials to participants. Participants will receive a second interview regarding their opinions about the brochures and intention to screening. Descriptive analyses showed that there was no difference in demographics, cultural views, and screening barriers between the two groups. Multivariate analyses will be conducted in the third year to examine effects of brochure intervention. This project has successfully proceeded as scheduled. Preliminary results from the baseline data was reported in this report and have presented in national conferences. DTIC Breast; Cancer; China; Females; Mammary Glands

20050173559 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, PA USA Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Life Issues Coyne, James C.; Jan. 2005; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-02-1-0125 Report No.(s): AD-A433101; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is increasingly prescribed to patients with prostate cancer and brings with it an array of adverse effects. Hot flashes are a common side effect of ADT and are believed to be qualitatively similar to hot flashes among women - receiving treatment for breast cancer. Currently no assessment protocols exist for objective assessments of hot flashes in prostate cancer patients, making it difficult to evaluate outcomes in clinical trials, educate clinicians and patients, or develop management and treatment strategies. This project will provide basic clinical epidemiological data concerning the nature, prevalence, and correlates of hot flashes among prostate patients receiving ADT, document the negative effects of hot flashes on sleep, fatigue, and quality of life, and compare the accuracy of alternative means of assessing hot flashes. The overarching goal is to not only understand the nature and importance of hot flashes, but to develop methodological standards for the assessment of hot flashes suitable to diverse applications. Results will have implications for the education of oncologists with respect to quality of life issues in prostate cancer, set standards for future research and clinical endeavors, and suggest directions for patient-oriented research to improve the well being of prostate cancer patients. DTIC Cancer; Deprivation; Hormones; Males; Patients; Prostate Gland; Social Factors; Therapy

52 AEROSPACE MEDICINE Includes the biological and physiological effects of atmospheric and space ﬂight (weightlessness, space radiation, acceleration, and altitude stress) on the human being; and the prevention of adverse effects on those environments. For psychological and behavioral effects of aerospace environments, see 53 Behavioral Sciences. For the effects of space on animals and plants see 51 Life Sciences.

20050173219 Texas Univ. Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non-Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses with Biological Systems Glickman, Randolph D.; Jul. 2004; 65 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-01-1-0211 Report No.(s): AD-A432408; UTHSCSA-OPH-01-05; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The original goal of this project was to determine the role of non-linear interactions underlying the bioeffects induced by ultrashort pulse laser pulses. As initially conceived, this line of investigation was to be principally directed at understanding the contribution of multiphoton absorption. This indeed was a major focus of the research project, but for various reasons the scope of the work was expanded to include identiﬁcation of the intracellular mechanisms that determine the cellular response to the absorption of optical radiation, and to develop and implement a non-invasive means for measuring the thermal gradients induced by the absorption of laser radiation in tissue. Both of these ancillary projects were successful in that (1) the transcription factor NF-B was found to be activated by visible laser exposure in a way that appeared to be dependent on the absorption of laser energy in the melanin granules of the retinal pigment epithelial cell, and (2) by exploiting the temperature-dependent nature of the proton resonance frequency (PRF), magnetic resonance thermography was successfully

216 used to measure temperature gradients induced in tissue phantoms during laser exposure, and these gradients closely followed the spatial distributions predicted by classical heat diffusion theory. DTIC Biological Effects; Laser Damage; Lasers; Nonlinear Systems; Nonlinearity; Pulsed Lasers; Retina

20050173511 Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA USA Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I for Assessing Military Operational Stress: Supporting Future Force Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battleﬁeld Nindl, B. C.; Tuckow, A. P.; Alemany, J. A.; Welsh, T. T.; Rarick, K. R.; Young, A. J.; Montain, S. J.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432995; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Military training and operational stress can compromise health and performance of Soldiers. The availability of a sensitive biomarker of nutritional and physiological strain would have tremendous utility for monitoring soldier readiness as well as assessing the effectiveness of intervention and recovery strategies. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is sensitive to underfeeding and malnutrition; falling 50-60% during operational stress. It is a stable marker, minimally affected by circadian rhythms. IGF-I can be measured rapidly using minimally invasive techniques. IGF-I monitoring offers the potential to reduce injury incidence and improve training effectiveness. DTIC Insulin; Markers

53 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Includes psychological factors; individual and group behavior; crew training and evaluation; and psychiatric research.

20050169643 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 GHz Near Grazing Incidence DeRoo, Roger D.; Ulaby, Fawwaz T.; El-Rouby, Alaa E.; Nashashibi, Adib Y.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 52-55; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Radar images appear noisy because radar is a coherent measurement process. Even in the absence of thermal noise, radar images exhibit speckle, the salt-and-pepper appearance that shades all of a radar image. An example of this speckle is shown in the Lincoln Lab 33.6 GHz SAR image. While some authors have found it possible to describe sea clutter with such distributions as the K-distribution, we have found that homogeneous terrain clutter is adequately described with the Rayleigh distribution, but that heterogeneous terrain clutter requires the Bayes approach to describe its distribution. This presentation will describe brieﬂy the nature of this speckle. The points presented include: Speckle from homogeneous clutter is Rayleigh distributed and is determined by a single parameter, the mean return. Speckle from heterogeneous clutter can be considered composed of a distribution of homogeneous clutter with varying mean returns. The Bayes rule can be employed to describe the distribution of speckle for heterogeneous clutter. The value of the mean returns found in nature are tied to the physical properties of the clutter and tend to fall within a certain range of values. Author Statistical Analysis; Heterogeneity; Terrain; Grazing Incidence; Rayleigh Distribution

54 MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT Includes human factors engineering, bionics, man-machine systems, life support, space suits and protective clothing. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 52 Aerospace Medicine.

20050169588 Illinois Univ., Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA An Integrated Online Environment for Antenna Education Fisher, S. E.; Michielssen, E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 78-81; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources By now, the beneﬁts of Web-assisted teaching techniques are recognized by many. On-line teaching provides students with a learning environment free from conventional time, physical, and geographical constraints [1]. Therefore, on-line

217 teaching approaches are highly scalable and cost effective [2]. In addition, the demand for on-line education is on the rise: continued education programs are becoming an integral part of many working environments and ‘formal education is becoming a lifelong endeavor’ [3]. Finally, beyond their utilitarian value, asynchronous learning systems have also been found to be resoundingly attractive to students and educators who implement them [2, 4]. Derived from text On-Line Systems; Cost Effectiveness; Education

20050169785 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Identify Cumulative Trauma Exposure Cornelius, K. M.; Turin, F. C.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105947; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Work in underground coal mines is repetitive and physically demanding. Workers commonly report a wide range of aches and pains. Management at one mine was concerned about increased reporting of aches and pains by roof bolting machine operators. An analysis of roof bolting tasks was conducted at this mine to identify early warning signs of cumulative trauma. Health and safety risk factors were identiﬁed and recommendations to reduce cumulative trauma exposure were provided. Recommendations addressed job procedures, equipment design, and worker awareness of risk factors. NTIS Mines (Excavations); Safety Factors; Risk

20050169839 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic Analysis Cornelius, K. M.; Turin, F. C.; Wiehagen, W. J.; Gallagher, S.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105946; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy An important part of initiating a site-wide ergonomics evaluation process is prioritizing jobs to be analyzed. While injury data is important, other factors such as worker discomfort and physical exertion requirements, should be considered. This paper describes the use of four sources of data (injury records, the Nordic Standardized Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, supervisor interviews, and management concerns) to prioritize jobs for ergonomics analysis. NTIS Human Factors Engineering; Tasks

20050170930 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seating Foam Mayton, A.; Merkel, R.; Gallagher, S.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-106051; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The prolonged exposure of equipment operators to shock and whole-body vibration (WBV) is linked to cumulative back, neck, and abdominal disorders. In low-coal mines, space restrictions make seat suspensions difficult to use in isolating operators from shock and WBV. Researchers at NIOSH, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, are responding to these issues by investigating viscoelastic foams. For the Full-load case, an ergonomic seat with viscoelastic foams isolated the shuttle car operator from shock at 15 hz. Researchers used results from additional foam testing with an analytical model to identify viscoelastic that provide shock isolatin at a frequency below 5 Hz. NTIS Coal; Mines (Excavations); Seats; Foams

20050170934 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Pittsburgh Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lumbar Spine Loading Gallagher, S.; Hamrick, C. A.; Cornelius, K. M.; Redfern, M. S.; 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105973; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Coal miners often handle heavy electrical power cables, weighing up to 10 kg per meter. These cables are manually lifted and attached to the mine roof to prevent damage from mobile underground equipment. Data suggest that workers who commonly perform cable-handling tasks experience a high rate of lost-time back injuries. In this study, six male underground

218 miners performed a total of twelve cable-hanging tasks in kneeling, standing, and stooping postures, during which kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected. NTIS Kinematics; Biodynamics

20050170935 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Effects of Posture on Back Strength and Lifting Capacity Gallagher, S.; Bobick, T. G.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105972; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of posture on back strength and Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift (MAWL) on six healthy male subjects. Six back strength measurements (3 static and 3 dynamic) were made while the subjects were kneeling and standing. The results of the tests of back strength and lifting capacity in these two postures provide useful information to consider in determining the physiological and psychophysiological stresses imposed by these work positions. NTIS Stress (Physiology); Psychophysiology; Posture

20050170936 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work Postures Gallagher, S.; Unger, R. L.; Rossi, E. W.; 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105970; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy The purpose of this study was to examine the lifting capacity of low-seam coal miners in four restricted work postures (roof heights of 36 inches, 40 inches, 44 inches, and 48 inches), investigate the associated metabolic costs, and to examine the electromyographic (EMG) data from eight trunk muscles during the lifting procedure. NTIS Biodynamics; Posture; Muscles

20050173341 Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab., Groton, CT USA Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Two New Non-Powered Technologies Norfleet, William; Horn, Wayne; Aug. 2003; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432680; NSMRL-TR-1228; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Current guidance for survivors aboard a disabled submarine (DISSUB) recommends the use of the ‘stir-and-fan’ method of carbon dioxide (CO2) scrubbing in which the contents of canisters of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) are dispersed onto horizontal surfaces. This technique is objectionable because it releases large quantities of fine, caustic LiOH dust and it utilizes LiOH inefficiently. This report presents the results of laboratory studies of the CO2 scrubbing capabilities of two new products that might improve on ‘stir-and-fan’, the Battelle Curtain (BC) and the Micropore Reactive Plastic Curtain (RPC). Experiments took place within a sealed hyperbaric chamber. CO2 was added to the chamber at a known mass flow that reproduced what might be encountered in a ‘worst-case’ DISSUB scenario. Natural convection alone circulated gas within the chamber. The mass of BCs or RPCs necessary to limit CO2 to 3% for about 2 days was determined. The total scrubbing capacity (mass of CO2 scrubbed per unit mass of agent) of the BC was 0.756 +/- 0.012 (mean +/- SD), and the comparable value for the RPC was 0.808 +/- 0.007. Both products provided a scrubbing capacity that is close to the stoichiometric limit of the reaction (0.919). Neither product released sufficient caustic dust to prevent handling by a trained individual wearing no personal protective equipment. DTIC Carbon Dioxide; Disabilities; Hydroxides; Life Support Systems; Lithium Compounds; Lithium Hydroxides; Scrubbers; Submarines; Survival Equipment; Washing

20050173388 Army Tank-Automotive Research and Development Command, Warren, MI USA High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Terrain Mechanics Modeling for Military Applications Involving Vehicle Dynamics and Mobility Analysis Nunez, Patrick; Jones, Randy; Shoop, Sally; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432776; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The US Army’s High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Terrain Mechanics Modeling (HGTM) Science and Technology

219 Objective (STO) is developing methods to facilitate the creation and application of high ﬁdelity, real-time, ground platform mobility and terrain models. The models are applicable to warﬁghter in the loop virtual experiments investigating methods of mitigating the effects of motion on soldier performance, for the development and evaluation of conceptual manned and unmanned ground platform dynamic performance and mobility, and as a component of embedded simulation and training systems. This paper provides an overview of the HGTM STO vehicle and terrain M&S technology development effort and a description of the application of the STO products. DTIC Man Machine Systems; Military Technology; Mobility; Models; Motion; Terrain

20050173398 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for Foreign Language and Speech Translation Technologies in a Coalition Military Environment Marshall, Susan L.; Mar. 2005; 81 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432796; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis presents Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for two speciﬁc automated language translation (ALT) devices, the P2 Phraselator and the Voice Response Translator (VRT). The CONOPS for each device are written as Appendix A and Appendix B respectively. The body of the thesis presents a broad introduction to the present state of ALT technology for the reader who is new to the general subject. It pursues this goal by introducing the human language translation problem followed by nine characteristic descriptors of ALT technology devices to provide a basic comparison framework of existing technologies. The premise is that ALT technology is presently in a state where it is tackled incrementally with various approaches. Two tables are provided that illustrate six commercially available devices using the descriptors. A scenario is then described in which the author observed the two subject ALT devices (depicted in the CONOPS in the Appendices) being employed within an international military exercise. Some unique human observations associated with the use of these devices in the exercise are discussed. A summary is provided of the Department of Defense (DOD) process that is exploring ALT technology devices, speciﬁcally the Language and Speech Exploitation Resources (LASER) advanced Concept Technology Demonstration ACTD. DTIC Human Factors Engineering; Languages; Military Technology; Translating; Voice Communication

20050173424 AuSIM, Inc., Mountain View, CA USA Concept and Technology Exploration for Transparent Hearing Chapin, William L.; Zurek, Patrick M.; Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara; Durlach, Nathaniel; Bolas, Mark; May 2003; 142 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33657-97-D-6004; Proj-2830 Report No.(s): AD-A432845; AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2004-0089; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Modern militaries are challenged to physically protect open-field personnel from a great variety of life and effectiveness threats, including chemical, biological, laser, ballistic, and percussive weapons. Many chemical and biological threats require covering all orifices, including the ears, to achieve minimal protection. Additionally, warfighting involves operating in very close proximity to loud equipment, from which the noise can degrade an individual 5 auditory perception, and over time can degrade general performance. Common hearing protection and occlusion isolates the warfighter from the environment, deflating situational awareness, confidence, and effectiveness, thus putting the warfighter at high risk and compromising his ability to detect and assess threats. Often, soldiers are so uncomfortable with the isolation of hearing protection that they will choose to go without hearing protection and expose themselves to painful and harmful noise, which can result in deafness and reduced effectiveness as warfighters. This effort includes a survey of relevant head-borne hear-through auditory systems, a selection of approaches to a transparent hearing solution, implementation of the approaches, and evaluation. DTIC Combat; Ear Protectors; Hearing; Transparence

20050173524 Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS USA Base Camp Protection and Survivability Demonstration Program Durst, Bart; Kinnebrew, Pam; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433011; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

220 Base camps and other forward deployed operating bases are highly vulnerable to conventional and asymmetric/terrorist attacks. The frequency of attacks against Allied Forces during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom indicate current and future force deployments face an increased probability of such attacks. The high casualty rates and disruption to operations emphasize the need for enhanced protection of deployed U.S. Forces. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL), is executing a 6.3-funded Base Camp Protection/Survivability (BCP/S) demonstration Program. The purpose of this demonstration is to provide rapid transition of 6.2-funded research products to the warﬁghter for enhanced protection of base camps and forward operating bases. This effort is divided into several thrust areas including protection of bed down areas, enhancements to entry control points, protective upgrades to conventional construction, improved protective positions/bunkers, decision aids for physical security sensors, and base camp protection planning and assessment software. The demonstration program is currently funded for execution in FY04-05. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the force protection products demonstrated and transitioned to the warﬁghter in the USA ERDC BCP/S demonstration Program and their contribution to the defensive posture of deployed U.S. Forces. DTIC Armed Forces (United States); Combat; Deployment; Protection; Terrorism

59 MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes general topics and overviews related to mathematics and computer science. For speciﬁc topics in these areas see categories 60 through 67.

20050169786 Argonne National Lab., IL, USA Local Search Strategies for Equational Satisfiability Keefe, K.; Aug. 2004; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834713; ANL/MCS-TM-269; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The search for models of an algebra is an important and demanding aspect of automated reasoning. Typically, a model is represented in the form of a matrix or a set of matrices. When a model is found that satisfies all the given theorems of an algebra, it is called a solution model. This paper considers algebras that can be represented by using a single operation, by way of the Sheffer stroke. The characteristic of needing only one operation to represent an algebra reduces the problem by requiring a search through all instances of a single matrix. This search is simple when the domain size is small, say 2, but for a larger domain size, say 10, the search space increases dramatically. Clearly, a method other than a brute-force, global search is desirable. Most modern model-finding programs use a global search; instead of checking every possible matrix, however a set of heuristics is used that allows the search space to be dramatically smaller and thus increases the likelihood of reaching a solution. An alternative approach is local search. This paper discusses several local search strategies that were applied to the problem of equational satisfiability. NTIS Algebra; Heuristic Methods; Theorems; Matrices (Mathematics); Iterative Solution

20050169787 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Second-Order Method for Interface Reconstruction in Orthogonal Coordinate Systems Colella, P.; Graves, D. T.; Greenough, J. A.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834475; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The authors present a second-order algorithm for reconstructing an interface from a distribution of volume fractions in a general orthogonal coordinate system with derivatives approximated using ﬁnite differences. The method approximates the interface curve by a piecewise-linear proﬁle. An integral formulation is used that accounts for the orthogonal coordinate system in a natural way. The authors present results obtained using this method for tracking a material interface between two compressible media in spherical coordinates. NTIS Algorithms; Spherical Coordinates; Derivation

221 20050170918 Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm, Sweden Symmetries for the Euclidean Non-Linear Schroedinger Equation and Related Free Equations Kolsrud, T.; Feb. 2004; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103073; TRITA-MAT-05-MA-03; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy We compare certain inﬁnite dimensional Lie algebras of conserved quantities for the free Newton equation q = 0, the free heat system and the euclidean non-linear Schridinger equation. There is a natural differential operator deﬁned for all polynomials of the conservation laws I(sub o),I(sub 1),... in the NLS hierarchy. We discuss the invariant polynomials and point out a connection to the free classical equation. The basic ingredient is the presence of an extra ‘Heisenberg’ element in addition to I(sub o),I(sub 1). NTIS Schroedinger Equation; Symmetry

20050170919 Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm, Sweden Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of View I Heden, O.; Jun. 06, 2003; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103072; TRITA-MAT-05-MA-02; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The dual code and the parity check matrix for linear perfect 1-error correcting binary codes are generalized to the case of non linear perfect codes. This approach seems to be useful in connection with the study of non linear 1-error correcting bi:2a,ry codes. By using this generalization we have been able to enumerate some classes of perfect 1-error correcting binary codes. We also are able to give an answer to a. problem of Avgustinovich wheather or not any kernel of a perfect 1-error correcting binary is contained in a Hamming code. Further an easy condition will show weather or not a perfect code is a VasiFev code. NTIS Binary Codes; Error Correcting Codes; Enumeration; Correction

20050170941 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden Intrusion Analysis in Military Networks--An Introduction Karresand, M.; Dec. 2004; 40 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103083; FOI-R-1463-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report gives an introduction to the intrusion analysis field, specifically studying military networks. The report presents the results from the first of three planned years of research in the ‘Warfare in the IT domain’ project. The state-of-the-art of some of the sub-fields, together forming the intrusion analysis field, are presented. A presentation of a practical implementation of a honeynet is included and two experiments are described. The honeynet has been used for studying the fundamentals of intrusion analysis, which are discussed in a separate chapter. There is also a chapter discussing some remaining issues to be solved in future work. NTIS Intrusion; Military Technology

20050171010 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden System IT Security Assessment Hallberg, J.; Hunstad, A.; Bond, A.; Peterson, M.; Pahlsson, N.; Dec. 2004; 88 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103082; FOI-R-1468-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy Information technology (IT) security is an issue of vital importance for all IT-based systems. As IT is penetrating the society, IT security becomes increasingly important. Unfortunately, IT security is intrinsically difficult to handle and motivate. Security assessment is a central ability in the striving for adequate levels of IT security in systems. In this report, an effort to enable system-wide IT security assessment is described. The presented results include: A study of current security evaluation methods; Terminology for the area of security assessment; A framework for system security assessment; A method for system security assessment; A framework for system component security assessment; A method for system component security assessment. NTIS Security; Information Systems; Warning Systems

222 20050171011 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Detection Tools for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Evaluation, Threat Analysis and Typical Cases Hansson, E.; Hansson, A.; Nov. 2004; 40 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103081; FOI-R-1374-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Intrusion detection systems for mobile ad hoc networks are still in their infancy. No products are available today. This sport presents an evaluation often wireless intrusion detection tools with regard to their suitability for tactical mobile ad hoc networks. These tools were evaluated according to proposed and identiﬁed requirements for mobile ad hoc network intrusion detection systems. The tools are discussed with regard to their usefulness, applicability and problems. To illustate the needed functionality of an intrusion detection tool, a tactical scenario is described. The scenario is an international mission by coalition forces from Canada, the Netherlands and Sweden. The coalition forces have established a mobile ad hoc network for communication, which is exposed to several types of IT-attacks. To further describe vulnerabilities in mobile ad hoc networks, the exploitable vulnerabilities of mobile ad hoc networks are compared with common tactical radio networks. Futhermore, vulnerabilities in wired and wireless networks are compared in order to demonstrate which threats the property of wireless gives rise to. In the report, a mobile ad hoc network is deﬁned by describing typical properties and also gives examples of mobile ad hoc networks. Thee typical cases are also described. NTIS Warning Systems; Detection

20050171014 Argonne National Lab., IL OpenAD: Algorithm Implementation User Guide Utke, J.; Apr. 2004; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834715; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Research in automatic differentiation has led to a number of tools that implement various approaches and algorithms for the most important programming languages. While all these tools have the same mathematical underpinnings, the actual implementations have little in common and mostly are specialized for a particular programming language, compiler internal representation, or purpose. This specialization does not promote an open test bed for experimentation with new algorithms that arise from exploiting structural properties of numerical codes in a source transformation context. OpenAD is being designed to ﬁll this need by providing a framework that allows for relative ease in the implementation of algorithms that operate on a representation of the numerical kernel of a program. Language independence is achieved by using an intermediate XML format and the abstraction of common compiler analyses in Open-Analysis. The intermediate format is mapped to concrete programming languages via two front/back end combinations. The design allows for reuse and combination of already implemented algorithms. NTIS Algorithms; Document Markup Languages; Compilers

60 COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE Includes hardware for computer graphics, ﬁrmware and data processing. For components see 33 Electronics and Electrical Engineering. For computer vision see 63 Cybernetics, Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Robotics.

20050173210 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH USA Representational and Inferential Requirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning in the Entity Re-Identiﬁcation Task Chandrasekaran, B.; Kurup, U.; Banerjee, B.; Jan. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0009 Report No.(s): AD-A432389; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Diagrammatic reasoning is ubiquitous in Army reasoning: situation understanding and planning in the Army both involve representing aspects of the situation and plans in the form of diagrams. We have been developing a general architecture to support diagrammatic reasoning for Army applications, and in an earlier report 1 we discussed an application in simple maneuver recognition. Our research strategy has been to investigate a variety of applications, each bringing additional requirements for perception and diagrammatic object creating capabilities that can assist the army. One such area is the army’s All Source Analysis System (ASAS) that is designed to automate the processing and analysis of intelligence data from all possible sources. One of its purposes is to keep track of various enemy assets, based on a variety of sensors and reports,

223 including direct sightings of entities. In order to maintain a coherent view, the system has to decide whether a new sighting refers to a new entity, a previously known entity that has since moved (re-identification) or is erroneous. This is the entity re-identification task. We have a built a system that uses an abductive reasoning process together with a diagrammatic reasoning system to solve this problem. In this paper, we look at some of the issues that the entity re-identification task poses for diagrammatic reasoning. DTIC Diagrams; Intelligence

20050173402 Advance Design Information, Inc., Sherman Oaks, CA USA Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation of Individual and Team Proficiencies Developed by the DARWARS Environments O’Neil, Harold F.; Baker, Eva L.; Wainess, Richard; Chen, Claire; Mislevy, Robert; Kyllonen, Patrick; Dec. 2004; 70 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-03-C-0357 Report No.(s): AD-A432802; DARWARS-0357; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The goal of this final report is to produce a first cut for a feasible, valid, and cost-sensitive evaluation plan to permit the development and application of metrics to assess the impact of participating in a DARWARS environment. DARWARS is a DARPA program whose goals have evolved over time due to changing requirements and technology opportunities. The original goal as reflected in the RFP was to transform military training by providing continuously available, on- demand, mission-level training for all forces at all echelons. DARPA proposed to create an environment where there will be a set of continuously available virtual training wars in which any unit or individual can participate via personal computer-based systems that will teach and exercise users in the cognitive and affective aspects of their warfare areas via electronic wargames. The current goal as reflected in documentation at the 2004 Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference is ‘to accelerate the development and deployment of the next generation of experiential training systems. These low-cost, web-centric, simulation-based systems take advantage of the ubiquity of the PC and of new technologies, including multiplayer games, virtual worlds, intelligent agents, and on-line communities. DARWARS training systems offer engaging practice environments for individuals and teams with on-target feedback for each student’ DTIC Abilities; Architecture (Computers); Knowledge Based Systems

20050173837 Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI USA A Low-Power Remotely Readable Sensor Steinbrecher, Donald H., Inventor; Feb. 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-D020193; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy A plurality of remotely readable sensor apparatus and reader systems for collecting data frames from all apparatus within the reader field of view. Each sensor apparatus converts one or more environmental observable into information signals, converts the information signals into digital data and appends other discriminating digital data as desired to form a digital data frame. The state of a diode, connected to an antenna with the digital data frame, is modulated and a timing apparatus controls the digital-data-frame start times. The modulated states of the diode connected to a sensor-apparatus antenna are chosen so the angle of the antenna reflection coefficient is modulated between two values separated by approximately 180 degrees, so a carrier signal received by the antenna effects a bi-phase modulated signal containing the digital data frame that is reflected by the sensor-apparatus antenna toward the reader receiver antenna. DTIC Data Acquisition; Readers; Remote Sensors

61 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE Includes software engineering, computer programs, routines, algorithms, and speciﬁc applications, e.g., CAD/CAM. For computer software applied to speciﬁc applications, see also the associated category.

20050169561 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, USA VARTM Model Development and Veriﬁcation Cano, Roberto J., Technical Monitor; Dowling, Norman E.; December 31, 2004; 229 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC1-01037; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A11, Hardcopy

224 In this investigation, a comprehensive Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process simulation model was developed and verified. The model incorporates resin flow through the preform, compaction and relaxation of the preform, and viscosity and cure kinetics of the resin. The computer model can be used to analyze the resin flow details, track the thickness change of the preform, predict the total infiltration time and final fiber volume fraction of the parts, and determine whether the resin could completely infiltrate and uniformly wet out the preform. Author (revised) Resin Transfer Molding; Computerized Simulation; Flow Visualization; Program Verification (Computers)

20050169625 Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL, USA Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Parallel MLFMA Velamparambil, S. V.; Schutt-Aine, J. E.; Nickel, J. G.; Song, J. M.; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 636-639; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0025; N00014-95-1-0872; NSF ECS-93-02145; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The second half of this decade has witnessed the development of two important concepts in computational sciences. First, the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) and its multilevel variants (MLFMA) have evolved into a powerful technique allowing researchers to solve large scale problems in electromagnetics [1]. The other is in the area of commodity parallel computing. The development of fast but inexpensive microprocessors, the evolution of Linux as a reliable and efficient operating system, and message passing standards (MPI) have prompted various researchers to construct inexpensive high performance parallel computers from commodity components. See [2] for an interesting discussion on the potential of such a system. Derived from text Electromagnetism; Multipoles; Parallel Processing (Computers)

20050169737 Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL, USA A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multipole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly Conducting Bodies Velamparambil, S. V.; Song, J. M.; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 648-651; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0025; N00014-95-1-0872; NSF ECS-93-02145; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) and its multilevel variants (MLFMA) have established themselves as one of the most powerful tools for solving electromagnetic scattering problems involving large objects. Industrial strength products, such as the Fast Illinois Solver Code (FISC), which use MLFMA for accelerating the solution time are now available. Using FISC, researchers have been able to solve problems of unprecedented sizes. As a continuation of the efforts towards the solution of very large scale problems_ we have been developing a parallel version of the MLFMA for message passing parallel computers and workstation clusters. The primary objective of this work is to develop a portable library of parallel MLFMA, which can be retroﬁtted into existing sequential programs to achieve very high degree of acceleration. In order to maintain the portability across various parallel computers, including network of workstations, the Message Passing Interface (MPI) was chosen as the communication library. Some of the preliminary results from this library, called the ScaleME, were reported in. In this paper, we report the development and performance of a Parallel Combined Field Integral Equation Solver, which uses ScaleME as its accelerator. Using this new code, we have been able to solve problems of a much bigger size than that was possible with previously available ones. Indeed, we have been able to solve a 3.1 million unknown problem using 8 nodes of an SGI Origin 2000 super computer. We have also been able to solve a 600,000 (at I.SGHz) unknowns problem on an Orion cluster of 16 personal computers runing Linux. Details of this work and the performance of the parallel library on this Linux cluster is reported in a companion paper. Derived from text Electromagnetic Scattering; Computer Programs; Parallel Computers; High Acceleration

20050169948 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Working with Planetary Coordinate Reference Systems Hare, T. M.; Kirk, R. L.; Archinal, B.; Tanaka, K. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Since the advent of satellite technologies for planetary research, images have been returned in a digital format. Researchers have always struggled to format this data into a usable format for their investigations. And now that digital cartographic programs including geographic information systems (GIS) and photogrammetric systems are widely used, the

225 disparate datasets must also be formatted such that they accurately overlay [1]. For a digital mapping package, this usually means that the data must be translated to the same map projection using a matching coordinate reference system (CRS). While planetary CRSs are well deﬁned [2], when mixing different map projections, datasets, and software packages, there are many potential pitfalls. Accurate documentation of the dataset s CRS and map projection is even more vital with the advent of on-line or streamed databases [1]. This abstract will try to list a few of the problematic issues in the current environment and also report on an emerging standard which may help software packages to interface more successfully, whether the software is locally run or via the Internet. Derived from text Planetary Systems; Coordinates; Computer Aided Mapping; Geographic Information Systems; On-Line Systems; Photogrammetry; Applications Programs (Computers)

20050169960 Alaska Univ., Fairbanks, AK, USA Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Program for Viewing Stereo Imagery and Editing Match Points Herrick, R. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A variety of recent and ongoing missions are producing stereo image pairs as a primary or secondary data product (e.g., Galileo, MOC, HRSC). Viewing of stereo anaglyphs can be an aid to geologic interpretation, and stereo-derived topography can be invaluable for quantitative analysis. Stereo Matching Tool (SMT), is freeware that allows stereo pairs to be viewed and match points for photogrammetry to be manually edited. A ﬁrst release of the software is available at http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ ~rherrick/smt/index.html. The software is IDL-based, requires that IDL be installed on the system, and runs on any IDL-supported platform. Stereo viewing is accomplished through the use of red green/blue anaglyphs, so any color monitor can be used. Derived from text Display Devices; Stereoscopy; Photogrammetry; Quantitative Analysis; Editing

20050170452 Texas A&M Univ., USA Fluid Film Bearing Code Development 1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The next generation of rocket engine turbopumps is being developed by industry through Government-directed contracts. These turbopumps will use fluid film bearings because they eliminate the life and shaft-speed limitations of rolling-element bearings, increase turbopump design flexibility, and reduce the need for turbopump overhauls and maintenance. The design of the fluid film bearings for these turbopumps, however, requires sophisticated analysis tools to model the complex physical behavior characteristic of fluid film bearings operating at high speeds with low viscosity fluids. State-of-the-art analysis and design tools are being developed at the Texas A&M University under a grant guided by the NASA Lewis Research Center. The latest version of the code, HYDROFLEXT, is a thermohydrodynamic bulk flow analysis with fluid compressibility, full inertia, and fully developed turbulence models. It can predict the static and dynamic force response of rigid and flexible pad hydrodynamic bearings and of rigid and tilting pad hydrostatic bearings. The Texas A&M code is a comprehensive analysis tool, incorporating key fluid phenomenon pertinent to bearings that operate at high speeds with low-viscosity fluids typical of those used in rocket engine turbopumps. Specifically, the energy equation was implemented into the code to enable fluid properties to vary with temperature and pressure. This is particularly important for cryogenic fluids because their properties are sensitive to temperature as well as pressure. As shown in the figure, predicted bearing mass flow rates vary significantly depending on the fluid model used. Because cryogens are semicompressible fluids and the bearing dynamic characteristics are highly sensitive to fluid compressibility, fluid compressibility effects are also modeled. The code contains fluid properties for liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, and liquid nitrogen as well as for water and air. Other fluids can be handled by the code provided that the user inputs information that relates the fluid transport properties to the temperature. Author Computer Programs; Computerized Simulation; Fluid Films; Turbulence Models

20050170459 PDF Solutions, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconﬁgurable Memory Circuits Ciplickas, Dennis J.; Li, Xiao-Lei; Vallishayee, Rakesh; Strojwas, Andrzej; Williams, Randy; Renfro, Michael; Nurani, Raman; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 1-6; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

226 This paper presents a novel approach to the modeling of defect related yield losses in reconﬁgurable memory circuits. The proposed approach is based on the critical area extracted from the memory layout and the in-line defect inspection data. A complete chip level yield model that takes into account the actual redundancy scheme, is presented with the demonstration of excellent accuracy between the model prediction and bitmap data from an actual Flash memory product manufactured by Intel Corporation. Author Memory (Computers); Prediction Analysis Techniques; Data Storage; Defects

20050170490 Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Development of a New Technology Guldi, R.; Watts, J.; PapaRao, S.; Catlett, D.; Montgomery, J.; Sacki, T.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 7-12; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In every generation of new technology development, yield management engineers face new challenges in the detection and modeling of physical defects and systematic yield inhibitors. This paper discusses several approaches to yield modeling that were useful during the initial development stage of 64M DRAM technology. These approaches combined electrical source defect analysis (ESDA) supplemented by end-of-line failure analysis (F/A) with inline defect monitoring of product using sensitive inspection recipes at frequent processing steps to identify and track the many systematic yield and particle issues that must be overcome. The initial stages of device development present a difficult challenge to yield management engineers not only because smaller random defects become important in limiting yield but especially because multiple systematic yield issues dominate the failure Paretos. These systematic problems are associated with process margin issues, such as patterning small features, layer integration issues, edge related problems, or the integrity of ancillary structures (alignment marks, test die features, etc). The onset of the yield ramp is controlled by the resolution of systematic yield issues. Several techniques are useful for identifying and tracking these issues. Conventional inline defect inspections reveal many problems, especially gross situations, but sensitive inspections are required to reveal subtle issues, such as marginal hole printing. End-of-line F/A on product wafers is also essential, since even the most sensitive inspections can not detect certain failure modes (e.g. thin microbridging). In general, as many as forty systematic issues must be solved before a new generation of memory technology begins its yield ramp. Additionally, a major redesign or shrink can add another ﬁfteen to twenty new systematic issues. In either case, approximately one-third of these are detectable using inline inspection, and another third are detectable by cross-sectioning after the appropriate fabrication step, but the remaining third require end-of-line F/A based on electrical fail signatures. Since these systematics may involve reticle changes, process structural changes, process redesign, or even new processing equipment, each one may take several months to complete. Hence it is critical to identify all issues as soon as possible so that they can be addressed in parallel. This is done by an aggressive inline defect inspection strategy, discussed. Author Memory (Computers); Systems Analysis; Random Access Memory; Failure Modes; Failure Analysis

20050173144 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Design, Implementation and Testing of a Software Interface Between the AN/ SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E Reconfigurable Computer Guthrie, Thomas G.; Mar. 2005; 83 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432233; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis outlines the development, programming, and testing a logical interface between a radar system, the AN/SPS-65(V)1, and a general-purpose reconfigurable computing platform, the SRC Computer, Inc. model, the SRC-6E. To confirm the proper operation of the interface and associated subcomponents, software was developed to perform basic radar signal processing. The interface, as proven by the signal processing results, accurately reflects radar imagery generated by the radar system when compared to maps of the surrounding area. The research accomplished here will allow follow on research to evaluate the potential benefits reconfigurable computing platforms offer for radar signal processing. DTIC Computer Programs; Detection; Radar Tracking; Reconfigurable Hardware; Target Acquisition

20050173151 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA An Analysis of the Feasibility of Implementing Ultra Wideband and Mesh Network Technology in Support of Military Operations Herzig, Joseph F., Jr; Mar. 2005; 79 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432242; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

227 This thesis analyzes the feasibility, functionality, and usability of Ultra Wideband technology as an alternative to 802.11 in wireless mesh networks for multiple DoD contexts. Ultra wideband and wireless mesh network technologies and applications are researched and analyzed through multiple ﬁeld and lab experiments for usability in current, real-world situations. Hardware and software investigations are conducted to determine any implementation issues between ultra wideband and wireless mesh networks. A detailed assessment is conducted of the various elements and operational constraints for developing an ultra wideband mesh network that can be utilized to improve situational awareness in network-centric operations. Through joint research with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, various hardware and software components are developed to create a test bed for tactical level ultra wideband and mesh networking experimentation in a highly mobile environment. This thesis also lays the groundwork into future ultra wideband and mesh networking applications. DTIC Broadband; Communication Networks; Computer Programs; Military Operations

20050173152 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Battle Command Metric Exploration in a Stimulated Combat Environment O’May, Janet F.; Heilman, Eric G.; Bodt, Barry A.; Feb. 2005; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432245; ARL-TR-3429; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Battle Command, or Command and Control, is a commander’s guidance of his/ her forces (command) to accomplish a goal or mission while monitoring the directed movements (control). The U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL) battlespace Decision Support Team (BDST) is exploring methods of evaluating the effectiveness of a commander’s course of action (COA) and resulting battle plan. Part of our research has involved the task of identifying metrics to rate a COA. Our experiment used the One Semi-Automated Forces Testbed Baseline to iterate an ARL-develop scenario more than 200 times. We captured battleﬁeld data supportive of COA analysis. BDST personnel used data mining techniques to extract critical elements germane to our goal of identifying variables that correctly classify battle outcome. Future applications of tools and techniques developed through this and other experiments will assist commanders as they plan asymmetric campaigns on complex terrain. DTIC Combat; Command and Control; Simulation

20050173162 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA An Evaluation of a Spoken Language Interface Henry, Paula P.; Mermagen, Timothy J.; Letowski, Tomasz R.; Apr. 2005; 29 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432271; ARL-TR-3477; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Speech recognition software has been proposed for inclusion in the Future Force Warrior system. DynaSpeak is a speech recognition software product developed by SRI International that has been shown to function well in quiet environments. However, the system has not yet been evaluated in noise environments representative of Army operational environments. This report summarizes a study that was conducted to evaluate the performance of the DynaSpeak software in the presence of two types of noise: steady state noise obtained from a tracked vehicle and impulse noise obtained from gunﬁre. Simultaneous recordings were made from 12 participants wearing two microphones: a Gentex noise-canceling boom microphone and a Temco HG-17 bone conduction microphone. The 12 participants verbalized call signs and commands which were analyzed by the speech recognition software. The results of the present study show that the DynaSpeak software functions well through the boom microphone in moderately high steady state noise (90 decibels A-weighted DBA) with error rates for words of 2% to 5%. However, the performance of the system with the same boom microphone in high steady state noise levels (110 dBA) or in moderately high impulse noise levels (90 dBA) does not meet the requirements for military applications. Error rates for words in these conditions ranged from 14% to 40%. If the DynaSpeak software is to be used in environments of impulse noise or high levels of steady state noise, the performance of the system must be enhanced. DTIC Computer Programs; Speech; Speech Recognition

20050173165 BAE Systems, Rome, NY USA Optimal Aide Security Information Search (OASIS) Kapadia, Chetna; Mar. 2005; 46 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-99-D-0001-0013; Proj-7820 Report No.(s): AD-A432274; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-93; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

228 The purpose of the Optimal AIDE Security Information Search (OASIS) effort was to investigate and prototype a tool that can assist the network security analyst in collecting useful information to defend the networks they manage. The resulting tool allows the collection of threat, vulnerability, and countermeasure data from multiple web sites that are further processed to eliminate duplication. The scope of the work encompasses the design and implementation of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to control the search and collection of data relating to user-deﬁned topics. This included the integration of a Government Off-The-Shelf (GOTS) tool to perform the actual search. The effort put forth on this project has demonstrated that it is feasible to support network security analysts with an automated tool to quickly collect, view, and act on information that can protect an information system network. DTIC Computer Networks; Data Acquisition; Information Retrieval; Oases; Security; Software Development Tools

20050173174 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Agent-Based Target Detection in 3-Dimensional Environments Correia, Joaquin S.; Mar. 2005; 63 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432287; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Visual perception modeling is generally weak for game AI and computer generated forces (CGF), or agents, in computer games and military simulations. Several tricks and shortcuts are used in perceptual modeling. The results are, under certain conditions, unrealistic behaviors that negatively effect user immersion in games and call into question the validity of calculations in ﬁne resolution military simulations. By determining what the computer-generated agent sees using methods similar to that used to generate the human players’ screen view in 3- D virtual environments, we hope to present a method that can more accurately model human visual perception, speciﬁcally the major problem of a entity ‘hiding in plain sight’ DTIC Computerized Simulation; Detection; Military Technology; Target Acquisition; Visual Perception

20050173178 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Unloading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Diego Billings, Roger L.; Mar. 2005; 58 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432306; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Tomahawk cruise missiles (TCM) cost over one million dollars and are in short supply. U.S. Navy ships require TCM and other conventional ammunition be loaded in appropriate amounts prior to deploying to sea. A typical deployment lasts for six months and, when completed, any remaining ammunition must be unloaded and made ready for other deploying ships. For ships under Commander, Naval Surface Force U.S. Paciﬁc Fleet (SURFPAC), about 3,500 tons of ammunition must be loaded and unloaded annually; this currently costs 14 million dollars for just pilots, tugboats and fuel. This thesis formulates and solves an integer linear program, Surface Navy Scheduler (SNSKED), to prescribe an ammunition load and unload schedule for San Diego homeported ships. SNSKED seeks a schedule with minimized costs subject to constraints on ships availability, port capabilities and support assets. We test SNSKED on a realistic quarterly scenario consisting of 19 combatant ships, three weapons stations, two ammunition ships, ﬁve mission types, two ammunition types, and three ways of loading ammunition. SNSKED provides optimal schedules that reduce costs by over 16 percent. We also use SNSKED to evaluate different operational policies, ammunition port utilization, and ammunition loading times. DTIC Ammunition; Navy; Scheduling; Unloading

20050173180 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the Recruiter Assessment Battery Briggs, John; Mar. 2005; 75 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432314; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Recruiter Assessment Battery (RAB) is a predictive test being developed by Navy Personnel Research Studies and Technology (NPRST) to aid in the selection of U.S. Navy recruiters. This thesis analyzes the predictive accuracy of the RAB. Data were gathered from Commander, Navy Recruiting Command (CNRC) and the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) for a sample of recruiters on duty in 2003. Data on the recruiters’ RAB score, monthly production, and Naval Recruiting District (NRD) characteristics were obtained from Commander, Navy Recruiting Command (CNRC). Demographic information on the recruiters was obtained from DMDC. Multivariate models were estimated to determine the effects of the RAB score on the average monthly production of recruiters. The results of the models showed that the RAB score is positively

229 correlated with recruiter productivity. The models also indicated that neither NRD characteristics nor personal demographic characteristics affected the relationship between the RAB score and recruiter production. The results of the study suggest that the RAB can be used to predict recruiter productivity. Further research should be conducted on implementing the RAB in the recruiter selection process. Additionally, the relationship of RAB score to recruiter productivity and personal demographic characteristics should be investigated more extensively. DTIC Accuracy; Electric Batteries; Predictions; Productivity

20050173198 Army Tank-Automotive Research and Development Command, Warren, MI USA Creation of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) Appearance Data From Geoclr Data Bylsma, Wesley; Nov. 2004; 12 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432364; TARDEC-TR-14350; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A process for converting Geoclr color files to generic ’.appearance’ files using the AWK programming language is presented, with the intent of future use in scene assembly into a Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)file. DTIC Programming Languages; Scene Generation; Virtual Reality

20050173200 Science Applications International Corp., Dayton, OH USA Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems View (J-IADS-VIEW) Sutton, Mike; Mar. 2005; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-99-D-0137/0008; Proj-3482 Report No.(s): AD-A432367; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-95; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) There is a lack of tools to enable the National Air Space and Intelligence Center (NASIC) and their clients to visualize foreign Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS) information. Current methods to disseminate IADS analysis are manually in nature and time intensive to produce meaningful reports. Analyst conduct foreign country studies to efficiently portray many aspects of foreign IADS. To expand the capability to disseminate critical IADS threat information in a quick and efficient manner, the Joint Integrated Air Defense System View (J-IADS-View) was developed over a two year span. J-IADS-View is an automated computer program that equips the information operations analyst with a tool to create dynamic and animated visual of foreign threat IADS information. J-IADS-View can be used for multiple tasks like pilot training and playback capability, report generation and dissemination, preparation of briefing slides and presentations. J-IADS-View allows the analysts to add audio tracks to their products. It includes the capability to edit scenes and refine them with the analyst creativity to shape the final product. DTIC Air Defense; Computer Programs; Data Processing; Systems Integration

20050173250 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA API Development for Persistent Data Sessions Support Pailom, Chayutra; Mar. 2005; 165 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432478; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis studies and discusses the development or the APT, called the persistency APT, for supporting the persistent data sessions. Without persistent session support, network applications often need to he restarted from the beginning hen intermittent physical connection Toss happens. Application programmers tan use the persistency APT to achieve the service continuity. The persistency APT provides the interface that allows a program to continue retrieve data from the Point the connection is lost after the Physical connection is restored. The rots or this thesis is to develop a generative Persistency APT that supports various types of applications. This thesis studies the Persistent session support for two types of transport protocols, TCP and UDP, which are used by major or network applications . An application that performs test ﬁle and ﬁle transfer is implemented to demonstrate the persistent data transfer sessions for TCP and UDP, respectively. The study shows that the proposed APTs can support the data transfer continuity in the reconnection process. DTIC Computer Networks; Computer Techniques; Protocol (Computers)

20050173260 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Analysis and Testing of a Digitized Application for U.S. Navy Officer Recruiting Reddy, Rajashaker G.; Mar. 2005; 97 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432510; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

230 This thesis describes the analysis, development, and testing of a new, digitized format for the Naval Nuclear Officer application. The methodology consisted of creating a beta officer application CD that was tested in the eight Naval Recruiting Districts (NRDs) within Region West. Online surveys were conducted with Navy recruiters at the NRD level to gauge satisfaction with the current application process and solicit feedback. The effectiveness of the application CD was analyzed using the responses of the surveys. The results indicate that most officer recruiters in Region West think the CD is an overall improvement over the current application format. The application CD format merits further exploration and development based on the positive results of the surveys and beta-testing. In the short term, Commander, Navy Recruiting Command (CNRC) should provide online support, including a Web site to aid officer application processing. Further, CNRC should seek to simplify and streamline the officer application forms. DTIC Evaluation; Navy

20050173264 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Locomotion in Virtual Environments and Analysis of a New Virtual Walking Device Onder, Murat; Mar. 2005; 79 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432517; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis investigates user interfaces for locomotion in virtual environments (VEs). It looks initially at virtual environments and user interfaces, then concentrates on locomotion interfaces, speciﬁcally on the Omni-Directional Treadmill (ODT) (Darken and Cockayne, 1997) and a new virtual walking device, LocoX, which was developed at the MOVES Institute, Naval Postgraduate School. It analyzes and compares the ODT and LocoX in terms of the application of human ability requirements (HARs). Afterwards, it compares the results of the analysis of the ODT and LocoX to real-world locomotion. The analysis indicates that LocoX, a new way of exploring virtual environments (VEs) , provides a close match to real locomotion on some subtasks in VEs-- compared to the ODT--and produces relatively closer representation on some subtasks of real world locomotion. This thesis concludes that LocoX has great potential and that the locomotion provided is realistic enough to simulate certain kinds of movements inherent to real-world locomotion. LocoX still requires maturation and development, but is nonetheless a viable locomotion technique for VEs and future game-based simulations. DTIC Locomotion; Real Variables; Treadmills; Virtual Reality; Walking

20050173282 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Information Technology Management: Management of Information Technology Resources Within DoD Bartoszek, Thomas; Gay, Barry; Huddleston, John; Mitchell, James; Rodriguez, Alejandra; Sain, Vicky; Scrabis, Christopher; Truex, Kathryn; Jan. 2005; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432557; IG/DOD-D-2005-029; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Federal Information Security Management Act. The E-Government Act of 2002, Public Law 107-347, title III, Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), requires Federal agencies to develop, document, and implement an agencywide information security program and report annually to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Congress on the adequacy and effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices. FISMA requires that each agency develop and maintain an inventory of its major information systems to support information resource management (resource management). Resource management is the way in which an agency manages its information resources, including information and related resources such as personnel, equipment, funds, and information technology (IT), to achieve the agency’s mission. FISMA also cites speciﬁc resource management actions in existing legislation that include: inventorying information resources, planning, budgeting, acquiring, and managing IT, and monitoring, testing, and evaluating information security controls. DTIC Data Management; Information Systems; Law (Jurisprudence); Policies; Resources Management; Security; System Effectiveness

20050173298 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, Australia A Tracker Assessment Tool for Comparing Tracker Performance Colegrove, S. B.; Davcy, S. J.; Cheung, B.; Mar. 2005; 41 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432575; DSTO-TR-1694; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This technical report describes a method for assessing the performance of automatic tracking systems against various

231 metrics. These metrics are grouped in the categories of track establishment, track maintenance, track error and false tracks. A desired performance level is deﬁned for each metric, and the probability that a particular track will meet this performance level is empirically approximated from archived sensor data. The individual metric probabilities are combined using a weighted average to produce an overall tracker rating. An important feature of the approach is that absolute truth is assumed to be unavailable, and output of the trackers under test is instead compared with incomplete truth. The incomplete truth is produced by manual inspection of the data and through editing the output of the best available tracking algorithm. This report also discusses an implementation of the assessment method for Over-the-Horizon Radar. This software package is referred to as the Tracker Assessment Tool, and is used to compare four alternative tracking algorithms. DTIC Automatic Control; Tracking (Position)

20050173311 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Developing Dependable Software for a System-of-Systems Caffall, Dale S.; Mar. 2005; 264 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432614; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Capturing and realizing the desired system-of-systems behavior in the traditional natural language development documents is a complex issue given that the legacy systems in a system-of-systems exhibit independent behaviors. As a result of a development strategy of interconnecting systems, the emergent behavior of the system-of-systems cannot be predicted. In our consideration of dependable software for a system-of-systems, we used our case study of the Ballistic Missile Defense System to study the development of architectural views, distributed-system and real-time design considerations, components, contract interfaces, and the application of formal methods in system-of-systems specifications. We developed a prototype of a battle manager and demonstrated a slice of the formal model of the battle manager. Given the technical contributions of this research, we conclude that it is possible to develop an architecture from which we can reason about the controlling software for a system-of-systems. Furthermore, we can realize the controlling software for a system-of-systems through the concepts of component-based software engineering. Finally, we can apply formal methods in the design and development of the controlling software for a system-of-systems by specifying the requirements for the software components with assertions and employing a runtime-verification tool to verify the desired behavior as specified by the assertions. DTIC Architecture (Computers); Computer Programs; Software Engineering

20050173312 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Propagation Modeling of Wireless Systems in Shipboard Compartments Chaabane, Adnen; Mar. 2005; 115 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432615; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In today’s navy, it is becoming more and more important to reach all areas onboard a ship with key technical resources. In order to accomplish this goal, the already existing physical networks need to be complemented with wireless capability. A sophisticated Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can provide that vital connectivity to the ship’s network resources from almost anywhere on the ship. It would allow sailors to access critical information and immediately communicate with others throughout the ship from any standard wireless device (PDA, laptop and many other hand-held devices). In addition, WLANs greatly mitigate problems due to physical damage to wires or fiber optic cables that are used today. Because the navy’s emphasis is on building ships with reduced manning, advanced technology, and lower cost in mind, the idea of a WLAN, which has a deep impact on all those areas, has been of a growing interest to the Navy. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, model, and simulate a wireless environment on board a variety of naval ship compartments, using the Urbana code. Starting from known inputs (frequency, ship compartment geometry, material properties, propagation computation model, and antenna type), analytical results reflecting the propagation mechanisms, coverage area, and security posture of the WLAN are presented. Variable inputs can then be optimized to achieve a desired signal distribution and to meet security requirements for a specific shipboard environment. DTIC Compartments; Local Area Networks; Radiotelephones; Security; Wireless Communication

232 20050173315 Information Systems Labs., Inc., Vienna, VA USA Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statistic to Remove Ground Target Returns from the Training Data for STAP Applications Teixeira, Christopher M.; Bergin, Jameson S.; Techau, Paul M.; Dec. 2004; 35 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432618; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper presents an adaptive thresholding algorithm that can be used in conjunction with the multi-pass GIP-based editing method to adaptively eliminate ground moving target returns (‘non-homogeneities’) from the training data used for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) applications such as adaptive radars. The algorithm exploits a property of the generic structure of the ordered GIP statistic the origins of which have been theoretically developed by the authors and a single adjustable parameter related to the Type I error of incorrectly excising target-free training data to adaptively determine the thresholds for excising target-contaminated training data. An iterative application of the method improves the distinction between non-homogeneities and background clutter which increases the number of target-contaminated training bins excised. Moreover, the editing method has been extended to reduced degree-of-freedom (DoF) STAP implementations such as multi-bin post-Doppler STAP. As a consequence the method is practically implementable for realistic scenarios with very limited a priori knowledge (i.e. only the number of DoFs is required). DTIC Adaptation; Clutter; Data Acquisition; Education; Ground Tests; Targets

20050173387 Army Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection and Embedding of Palindrome and Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in Simulated Chemical and Biological Image Data Robbins, Ronny C.; Dec. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432775; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Electronic watermarks are used everyday to protect copyrighted materials on the web. But watermarks can also be used to inform the viewer of data (such as photographs and images) as to important aspects of the image such as ownership, location and environmental conditions during the image’s creation. This paper examines the use of palindrome images, images in which the data can be flipped in the left-right direction and leave the image untouched. This is similar to words such as RADAR which when flipped left right is still RADAR. An emordnilap image forms a totally different image when flipped. This is similar to words such as STOP which when flipped left right gives the new word POTS. Emordnilap is palindrome spelled backwards. This paper explores the use of MATLAB algorithms in the rapid detection and embedding of palindrome and emordnilap electronic watermarks in simulated chemical and biological Image Data. DTIC Algorithms; Chemical Properties; Detection; Embedding; Images

20050173404 Advance Design Information, Inc., Sherman Oaks, CA USA Final Report: Assessment in Team Games O’Neil, Harold F.; Wainess, Richard; Dec. 2004; 24 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-04-M-0088 Report No.(s): AD-A432806; ADI0001; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The purpose of this study was to conduct a feasibility study for an assessment in team games. The logic for both individual and team assessment is outlined in a companion report to ONR (O’Neil, Baker, Wainess, Chen, Mis levy, & Kyllonen, 2004). The goal of the research in general was to produce an analysis to permit the development and application of metrics to assess the impact of participating in a team game environment The game environment provides an opportunity to assess key attributes of learning in teams. These include both process and outcome skills for teams. Another form of impact involves the development of social capital among the players. A literature review and frameworks for the measurement of team skills and social capital are included. Finally, a discussion of several issues related to the relationship of DARWARS to combat readiness completes the report. DTIC Architecture (Computers); Combat; Education; Games; Learning; Recreation

233 20050173417 Military Academy, West Point, NY USA Determining Simulation Requirements and Identifying a Course of Action to More Efficiently Support Acquisition Decision-Making for the Current and Future Force Infantry Warrior Boylan, G. L.; Tollefson, E. S.; Kwinn, M. J., Jr.; Martin, P. G.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432832; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Maintaining an edge during this time of unprecedented technological growth requires that the Army field Infantry soldier systems quickly. However, the risk of doing so without some assessment of utility is quite high. Accordingly, the acquisition community must develop its ability to predict the operational effectiveness and benefits of proposed systems with an ever-increasing degree of accuracy. To this end, the Army has resorted to combat simulations. However, the representation of the individual soldier within the context of such simulations has evolved at a markedly slower pace than other representations. In this paper, we will discuss the unique simulation requirements we developed to represent the Infantry soldier in adequate detail, the alternative we recommended to fulfill those requirements and to support acquisition decision-making, as well as the first phase of implementation of that recommendation and how it will impact the current and future force. DTIC Acquisition; Combat; Decision Making; Identifying; Personnel; Requirements; Simulation

20050173441 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Hardware Interface to Connect an AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E reconfigurable Computer King, Timothy L.; Mar. 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432886; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A hardware interface is designed, developed, constructed, and tested to interface a naval radar to the SRC-6E reconfigurable computer. The U.S. Navy AN/ SPS-65 radar provides in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels along with the AGC voltage to the hardware interface in analog form. The hardware interface receives a sampling clock from the SRC-6E and in turn performs the requisite attenuation and digital conversion before presenting the signals to the SRC-6E through its CHAIN port. The results show that the SRC-6E can effectively generate a sampling clock to drive the analog-to-digital converters and that real-time radar data can be brought into the SRC-6E via its high speed CHAIN port for performing high speed digital signal processing DTIC Analog to Digital Converters; Computer Programs; Detection; Digital Computers; Radar Tracking; Reconfigurable Hardware; Target Acquisition

20050173454 Army High Performance Computing Research Center, Minneapolis, MN USA Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target HPC Simulations for Lethality and Survivability Kanapady, R.; Sha, D.; Zhou, X.; Tamma, K. K.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAH04-96-C-0086; DAAD19-01-2-0014 Report No.(s): AD-A432908; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Objective Force concept requires technology advantage over the adversaries to design, develop, model and simulate weapon systems that are strategically responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal and survivable. As the Army transforms there is a renewed interest in the concept designs of new projectile-target weapons systems. As the modular systems are developed, optimized and ultimately integrated into the continuously evolving FCS, there is a critical need for next generation state-of-the-art computer modeling and simulation tools. In addition, there is also a critical need for a single, validated, maintainable high performance computing (HPC) code which captures the physics of short term dynamic events to drastically reduce simulation times. In this paper, we present a new and advanced HPC based multi-scale in time projectile-target simulation environment for lethality and survivability that is useful for FCS design concepts. Illustrative examples are considered that demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. DTIC Computerized Simulation; Lethality; Projectiles; Simulation; System Effectiveness; Targets; Weapon Systems

20050173473 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Supercomputer on a Chip) Granacki, John J.; Feb. 2005; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432944; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

234 The MONARCH project is sponsored by DARPA under the Polymorphous Computer Architecture Program. MONARCH is developing a revolutionary chip distinguished from other PCA systems by unifying two radically different architectures into a single ﬂexible VLSI device. MONARCH architecture combines the DIVA PIM architecture, developed by USC/ISI as part of the DARPA-sponsored Data Intensive Program, and HPPS (High Performance Processing System) developed by Raytheon with IRAD funds. We previously presented the motivation for merging these two architectures (HPEC 2002). We have since developed the detailed speciﬁcations for the micro architecture of the MONARCH chip and also the software environment, run time system and on-chip communication network. Furthermore, we have completed the evaluation of several benchmarks and we have shown that the MONARCH architecture is capable of achieving a very high stability factor that allows the MONARCH architecture to process data at near peak throughput speeds. DTIC Architecture (Computers); Chips; Computer Programs; Supercomputers

20050173494 Hampshire Coll., Amherst, MA USA Multi-Type Self Adaptive Genetic Programming for Complex Applications Spector, Lee; Mar. 2005; 39 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-01-2-0507; DARPA ORDER-K545; Proj-DAML Report No.(s): AD-A432974; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-94; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The focus of this project was the development of new forms of genetic and evolutionary computation and their application to problems in the automatic development and programming of multi-agent systems. This report summarizes the project’s methods, assumptions, procedures and results, and also provides links to related publications and software packages that were produced during the project. DTIC Computer Programs; Genetics

20050173502 State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY USA Integrated Environment for Control Software Engineering Smolka, Scott A.; Stark, Eugene; Cleaveland, Rance; Apr. 2005; 6 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0003 Report No.(s): AD-A432985; ARO-40026.1-C1; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Significant scientific progress has been made during the final year of the grant. We have continued the development of PIOAL, the process-algebraic specification language for Probabilistic I/O Automata that forms the basis for our tool integration effort. We have also developed a Monte Carlo model checking algorithm a Hybrid-automaton model of cardiac; and a safety-liveness semantics for UML 2.0 Sequence Diagrams. We have moreover pursued the development of mathematical formalisms for the combined modeling of functional and performance aspects of systems, and for software architecture specification. DTIC Computer Programming; Environmental Control; Software Engineering

20050173527 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Virtual Experiments to Determine Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Analysis Prakash, Anand; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433014; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) When a projectile perforates the armor of a vehicle, the residual projectile entering the vehicle is accompanied by a much wider cloud of behind-armor debris (BAD) generated by stress wave interactions. BAD plays an important role in the evaluation of survivability of crew and components in a vehicle under fire. Survivability and vulnerability analysis codes (e.g., MUVES) require an input of BAD characteristics of the armor for each threat projectile. This data is currently generated by conducting laboratory experiments in a standard set-up in which each threat projectile is fired on the actual armor and the BAD pattern is captured on witness plates. Conducting survivability analyses of vehicles in the design phase, before the armor is actually built, poses a challenging problem. To solve this problem, we have come up with an innovative approach to determine BAD characteristics by conducting virtual experiments of the standard set-up. We do this by conducting physics-based three-dimensional (3-D) computer simulations with the CTH wave code. We obtain BAD characteristics for impacts of kinetic energy rods and shaped charges on metal and ceramics plates, including some yawed rod impacts. An additional advantage of these simulations is that they provide important details of the debris field that are difficult to obtain in laboratory

235 experiments. The expected impact of this work would be to improve the timeliness, accuracy, and cost of survivability analyses for Army’s decision makers. DTIC Armor; Computerized Simulation; Debris; Kinetic Energy; Military Vehicles; Projectiles; Vulnerability

20050173529 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Applications Linderman, Richard W.; Sep. 2004; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433016; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) CONTRIBUTION of Moore’s Law to Improvements of Embedded Systems: * Price/ Performance: Gigaflops/$M affordability * Memory Capacity: programming simplifications * Steep memory hierarchy: programming inefficiencies and complexities * New flexibilities: e.g., reconfigurable hardware * New complexities: software and parallelism * Dramatic new system capabilities. DTIC Computer Programs; Embedding; Exponential Functions

62 COMPUTER SYSTEMS Includes computer networks and distributed processing systems. For information systems see 82 Documentation and Information Science. For computer systems applied to speciﬁc applications, see the associated category.

20050169863 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management Jette, M. A.; Yoo, A. B.; Grondona, M.; Apr. 03, 2003; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003520; UCRL-JC-147996; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A new cluster resource management system called Simple Linux Utility Resource Management (SLURM) is developed and presented in this paper. SLURM, initially developed for large Linux clusters at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), is a simple cluster manager that can scale to thousands of processors. SLURM is designed to be ﬂexible and fault-tolerant and can be ported to other clusters of different size and architecture with minimal effort. We are certain that SLURM will beneﬁt both users and system architects by providing them with a simple, robust, and highly scalable parallel job execution environment for their cluster system. NTIS Unix (Operating System); Computer Systems Design

20050173138 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Evaluation of the Embedded Firewall System Rumelioglu, Sertac; Mar. 2005; 97 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432226; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The performance aspect and security capabilities of the Embedded Firewall (EFW) system are studied in this thesis. EFW is a host-based, centrally controlled firewall system consisting of network interface cards and the Policy Server software. A network consisting of EFW clients and a Policy Server is set up in the Advanced Network Laboratory at the Naval Postgraduate School. The Smartbits packet generator is used to simulate realistic data transfer environment. The evaluation is performed centered on two main categories: performance analysis and security capability tests. TTCP program and a script written in TCL are used to perform throughput and packet loss tests respectively. The penetration and vulnerability tests are conducted in order to analyze the security capabilities of EFW. Symantec Personal Firewall is used as a representative application firewall for comparing test results. Our study shows that EFW has better performance especially in connections with high amounts of encrypted packets and more effective in preventing insider attacks. However, current implementation of EFW has some weaknesses such as not allowing sophisticated rules that application firewalls usually do. We recommend that EFW be used as one of the protection mechanisms in a system based on the defense-in-depth concept that consists of application firewalls, intrusion detection systems and gateway protocols. DTIC Computer Networks; Security

236 20050173168 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA USA Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment and Defense Gao, Lixin; Mar. 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-03-2-0008; Proj-AIPT Report No.(s): AD-A432277; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-102; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The goal of this Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment and Defense Project was to develop models for characterizing the worse-case scenarios for the Internet’s routing infrastructure. In addition, sub-goals were to propose counter-measures to these vulnerabilities, implement, and experiment the proposed counter-measures, and evaluate their potential impact. DTIC Countermeasures; Vulnerability

20050173331 Mitre Corp., McLean, VA USA An Alternative Paradigm for Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Stine, John A.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432644; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We propose a new paradigm for routing in ad hoc networks based on the collection and dissemination of node states. This paradigm assumes nodes have location awareness and can measure the received signal strength of incoming transmissions. Thus, nodes can discover the pathloss in their environment. This information along with other information relevant to the node is combined into a node’s state that is disseminated throughout the network. This state information not only supports all nodes discovering the network’s topology but provides the very information that makes network management, network engineering, traffic engineering, and spectrum management feasible. This contribution of this summary is a brief description of how node state routing (NSR) paradigm enables these management and engineering capabilities. DTIC Networks; Wireless Communication

20050173334 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA The Dark Fruit of Globalization: Hostile Use of the Internet Megill, Todd A.; Mar. 2005; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432655; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) One of the goals of the current National Security Strategy is to expand world economic activity and prosperity. This goal for economic prosperity is linked to globalization and this information technologies that tie the world’s economics and occupants together. A primary means of communication and information sharing is the Internet. The USA (US) is currently the world’s largest user and proponent of the Internet. The massive sharing of information is crucial for US economic development and expansion and is in line with the American concept of itself. However the Internet as a method of sharing information has a dark side. The information accessible level of communications linkages and sheer interconnectiveness of the World-Wide-Web leaves the US vulnerable to violent non-state actors using the Internet. These groups will use the Internet and its architecture to command & control collect information target possibly attack access and disseminate the results of their activities with minimal exposure to traditional means of national intelligence collection and detection. The architecture is allowing violent non-state actors to attack the US over its own systems and designs. This paper will look at this phenomenon the scope of the problem draw conclusions and make some recommendations. DTIC Fruits; Internets; Security

20050173349 Telcordia Technologies, Inc., Piscataway, NJ USA Secure Service Provision for Reliable Server Pooling in MANET Di Crescenzo, Giovanni; Ge, Renwei; Arce, Gonzalo R.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0011 Report No.(s): AD-A432693; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The unique characteristics of battleﬁeld mobile ad hoc networks bring severe security challenges to the application of reliable server pooling (rSerPool). This paper uses a novel threshold signature scheme with the features of ad hoc sever selection and dynamic group membership to secure the service provision phase of the rSerPool application in MANET. Our distributed and survivable threshold signature scheme can tolerate single point of failure and Byzantine attacks. Its ad hoc

237 server selection increases service availability and decreases service latency. Our signature scheme provides essential authentication service in rSerPool and can be further used as part of distributed certiﬁcate authority in MANET. DTIC Client Server Systems; Communication Networks; Reliability; Security; Signatures

20050173350 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Identity-Based Random Key Predistribution for Army MANETs Carman, D. W.; Cirincione, G. H.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0011 Report No.(s): AD-A432694; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We address a challenge to developing the Future Force -- Army tactical networks require cryptographic keys to implement security services such as encryption and authentication, but current pairwise key establishment approaches using interactive public key techniques are too time-consuming. This paper describes identity-based cryptographic solutions that enable strong security and signiﬁcantly reduce bandwidth consumption and latency, and provides three main contributions: (a) a description of how identity-based random key predistribution (IBRKP) can be used as a secure and efficient component within an Army tactical mobile ad hoc network (MANET) key management infrastructure; (b) a description of an attack on IBRKP resulting from targeted node compromises as opposed to random node compromises; and (c) a technique that creates grainy pool keys that increases security against targeted and random node compromise attacks. DTIC Communication Networks; Cryptography; Identities; Military Operations; Security

20050173354 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD USA Domain Formation and Maintenance in Large Ad hoc Networks Chandrashekar, Karthikeyan; Morera, Raquel; McAuley, Anthony; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0011 Report No.(s): AD-A432699; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The stability and performance of domains or clusters in MANETs is determined by the election metrics used to generate and maintain these domains. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the distributed Beacon protocol as the topology changes and as a function of the election metric under various conditions. We propose the ‘domain age’ as the primary election metric to maintain more stable domains than ‘lowest ID’, yet requires no more information be collected. We quantify the increased stability using OPNET simulations. We believe that a combination of domain age, node degree and domain strength will provide the Beacon protocol with the ability to maintain good domains in future battleﬁeld networks. DTIC Communication Networks; Maintenance; Protocol (Computers); Topology

20050173369 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA A Case Study of Internet Protocol Telephony (IPT) Implementation at USA Coast Guard Headquarters Patton, Mark B.; Mar. 2005; 205 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432727; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Recent advances in information technology communications have brought about increases to bandwidth and processing speeds to encourage the growth or Internet protonic Telephony (TPT), a method of transmitting voice conversations over data networks. Many organizations are replacing portions of their traditional phone systems to gain the beneﬁt of cost savings and enhanced feature sets through the use of IPT. The Coast Guard has an interest in exploiting this technology, and has taken its ﬁrst steps by implementing IPT at Headquarters Support command in Washinton D. C. This thesis investigates the successful implementation practices and security policies of commercial, educationa, and goverment organizations in order to create recommendations for IPT security policies recommendations for IPT security policies and implementation practices relevant to the Coast Guard. It includes the discussion of the public switched telephone network, an overview of IPT, IPT security issues, the safeguards available to counter security threata, the tradeoffs (e.g., voice quality, cost) reguired to mitigate security risks, and current TPT security policy and implementation guidance. It is supported by the study and analyaia of the IPT system at Coast Guard Headguarters. The Coast Guard gains an understanding ci the advantages, limitations, and security issues that it will face as it considers further implementation of IPT. DTIC Coasts; Internets; Protocol (Computers); Telephony; United States

238 20050173380 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Implementation of the Federal Information Security Management Act for Information Technology Training and Awareness Davis, Sarah; Mitchell, James; Palmer, Kevin A.; Riggins, Liyang; Truex, Kathryn; Williams, Zachary; Dec. 2004; 47 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432754; IG/DOD-2005-025; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The overall audit objective was to assess DoD implementation of title III, section 301, ‘Federal Information Security Management Act,’ of the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-347). Speciﬁcally, we evaluated whether all agency employees, including contractors, received IT security training and awareness and whether employees with signiﬁcant IT security responsibilities were properly trained for their level of responsibility. DTIC Contractors; Education; Information Management; Information Systems; Management Information Systems; Personnel; Security

20050173468 Army Command and General Staff Coll., Fort Leavenworth, KS USA Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Spectrum Dominance and Network Centric Warfare? Moses, Bruce D.; Jan. 2004; 82 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432929; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This monograph examines whether the Army’s information collection efforts are supporting the goal of full spectrum dominance and whether these are in harmony with the concepts of network centric warfare. Full spectrum dominance and network centric warfare are central themes in Department of Defense and Army transformation literature and both require information collection and an understanding of the role of cognition empowered by networking for success. More speciﬁcally, it examines whether Army collection efforts are focusing too heavily on collection for combat operations and leaving it unable to fully exploit the access to adversary systems during stability operations. This study found that the institutional Army is not fully supporting the goal of full spectrum dominance or network centric warfare but is still myopically investing heavily in efforts to defeat the adversary’s conventional capabilities with standoff collection technology and is not creating the organizational, systems and technical architectures necessary to leverage the power of a fully networked force. DTIC Communication Networks; Dominance; Intelligence; Military Operations; Spectra; Warfare

63 CYBERNETICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS Includes feedback and control theory, information theory, machine learning, and expert systems. For related information see also 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.

20050169772 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using Matlab Portmann, G.; Mar. 1999; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-7377; LBNL-43030; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The third generation Advanced Light Source (ALS) produces extremely bright and ﬁnely focused photon beams using undulatory, wigglers, and bend magnets. In order to position the photon beams accurately, a slow global orbit feedback system has been developed. The dominant causes of orbit motion at the ALS are temperature variation and insertion device motion. This type of motion can be removed using slow global orbit feedback with a data rate of a few Hertz. The remaining orbit motion in the ALS is only 1-3 micron rms. Slow orbit feedback does not require high computational throughput. At the ALS, the global orbit feedback algorithm, based on the singular valued decomposition method, is coded in MATLAB and runs on a control room workstation. Using the MATLAB environment to develop, test, and run the storage ring control algorithms has proven to be a fast and efficient way to operate the ALS. NTIS Light Sources; Storage Rings (Particle Accelerators); Algorithms; Feedback Control; Control Simulation

239 20050170449 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA Real-Time System Verification by Kappa-Induction Pike, Lee S.; April 2005; 66 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-063-30-RF Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213751; L-19110; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy We report the first formal verification of a reintegration protocol for a safety-critical, fault-tolerant, real-time distributed embedded system. A reintegration protocol increases system survivability by allowing a node that has suffered a fault to regain state consistent with the operational nodes. The protocol is verified in the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory (SAL), where bounded model checking and decision procedures are used to verify infinite-state systems by k-induction. The protocol and its environment are modeled as synchronizing timeout automata. Because k-induction is exponential with respect to k, we optimize the formal model to reduce the size of k. Also, the reintegrator’s event-triggered behavior is conservatively modeled as time-triggered behavior to further reduce the size of k and to make it invariant to the number of nodes modeled. A corollary is that a clique avoidance property is satisfied. Author Real Time Operation; Program Verification (Computers); Fault Tolerance

20050170456 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA EWB: The Environment WorkBench Version 4.0 1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The Environment WorkBench EWB is a desktop integrated analysis tool for studying a spacecraft’s interactions with its environment. Over 100 environment and analysis models are integrated into the menu-based tool. EWB, which was developed for and under the guidance of the NASA Lewis Research Center, is built atop the Module Integrator and Rule-based Intelligent Analytic Database (MIRIAD) architecture. This allows every module in EWB to communicate information to other modules in a transparent manner from the user’s point of view. It removes the tedious and error-prone steps of entering data by hand from one model to another. EWB runs under UNIX operating systems (SGI and SUN workstations) and under MS Windows (3.x, 95, and NT) operating systems. MIRIAD, the unique software that makes up the core of EWB, provides the flexibility to easily modify old models and incorporate new ones as user needs change. The MIRIAD approach separates the computer assisted engineering (CAE) tool into three distinct units: 1) A modern graphical user interface to present information; 2) A data dictionary interpreter to coordinate analysis; and 3) A database for storing system designs and analysis results. The user interface is externally programmable through ASCII data files, which contain the location and type of information to be displayed on the screen. This approach provides great flexibility in tailoring the look and feel of the code to individual user needs. MIRIADbased applications, such as EWB, have utilities for viewing tabulated parametric study data, XY line plots, contour plots, and three-dimensional plots of contour data and system geometries. In addition, a Monte Carlo facility is provided to allow statistical assessments (including uncertainties) in models or data. Derived from text Computer Systems Programs; Workstations; Systems Integration; Spacecraft Environments

20050170917 Swedish Defence Research Establishment, Linkoeping, Sweden Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks File Systems and Logging Vidstroem, A.; Persson, M.; Karresand, M.; Dec. 2004; 40 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103074; FOI-R-1518-SE; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy This report presents a study of the technical aspects of four file systems, NTFS. FAT32, Ext2, and Ext3. Their structure on disk and organization of data, files, and directories is described at a level enabling further research of the field. This report does, however, not describe how writing, changing, and deleting files is done in the respective file system. Apart from file systems the report also covers the basics of logging and different tools for doing system integrity checking. The report is concluded with a chapter presenting suggested future work sprung from the file system and logging studies. NTIS Intrusion Detection (Computers); Deletion

20050173213 Army Tank-Automotive Research and Development Command, Warren, MI USA Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan Smuda, W. J.; Freiburger, L.; Rogan, S.; Gerhart, G.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432400; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

240 Recent activities in Iraq and Afghanistan have shown the importance of robotic technology as a force multiplier and a tool for moving soldiers out of harms way. Early user involvement in innovative and aggressive development and acquisition strategies are the key to moving robotic and associated technology into the hands of the user. This paper updates activity associated with rapid development of the Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) robot for under vehicle inspection and reports on our ﬁeld experience with robotics in Iraq and Afghanistan. DTIC Afghanistan; Iraq; Robotics; Robots; Warfare

20050173253 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA USA Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Development, Training, and Fielding of Man-Portable UGVs Ebert, Kenneth A.; Stratton, Benjamin V.; Jan. 2005; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432485; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Robotic Systems Pool (RSP), sponsored by the Joint Robotics Program (JRP), is an inventory of small robotic systems, payloads, and components intended to expedite the development and integration of technology into effective. supportable. fielded robotic assets. The RSP loans systems to multiple users including the military, first- responders, research organizations, and academia. These users provide feedback in their specific domain, accelerating research and development improvements of robotic systems. which in turn allow the joint warfighter to benefit from such changes more quickly than from traditional acquisition cycles. Over the past year, RSP assets have been used extensively for pre-deployment operator and field training of joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams, and for the training of Navy Reservist repair technicians. These Reservists are part of the Robotic Systems Combat Support Platoon (RSCSP), attached to Space and Naval Warfire Systems Center, San Diego. The RSCSP maintains and repairs RSP assets and provides deployable technical support for users of robotic systems. Currently, a small team from the RSCSP is deployed at Camp Victory repairing and maintaining man-portable unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) used by joint EOD teams in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The focus of this paper is to elaborate on the RSP and RSCSP and their role as invaluable resources for spiral development in the robotics community by gaining first-hand technical feedback from the warfighter and other users. DTIC Education; Portable Equipment; Robotics

20050173286 Voltage Security, Inc., Palo Alto, CA USA Voltage Identify Based Encryption (VIBE) Schertler, Mark J.; Koppula, Prashanth; Mar. 2005; 36 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA8750-04-C-0217; DARPA ORDER-8702; Proj-S702 Report No.(s): AD-A432563; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-96; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Invented by Dr. Dan Boneh and Dr. Matt Franklin in 2001, Identity-Based Encryption, or IBE, is a breakthrough in cryptography that, for the first time, enables users to simply use an identity, such as an email address, to secure business communications. This replaces the digital certificates that a traditional X.509 based public key infrastructure (PKI) relies on. Moreover, unlike existing security solutions, secure communication based on IBE technology can be conducted online as wall as offline, from anywhere in the world, without the complexity of certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) and other costly infrastructure. IBE is transparent to end users, easy to deploy and manage, and can scale to millions of users on the internet. Contract FA8750-04-C-0217 was awarded to Voltage Security, Inc., to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology developed to implement the Boneh-Franklin IBE. This contract provided for the necessary hardware and software needed to demonstrate the Voltage technology, as well as necessary supporting services needed to implement the technology. DTIC Cryptography; Electric Potential; Identities

20050173307 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Self-Organizing Networks (SONets) with Application to Target Tracking Sinno, Dana; Mar. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432609; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The growing interest in large arrays of deployable sensors is not only the result of recent advances in technology that make cheap expendable sensors readily available, but is also due to the limitations of current large expensive assets in some applications of timely importance such as urban warfare and complex terrain surveillance. Large distributed arrays of deployable conﬁgurable sensors cooperating to achieve system-level goals may provide the solution for such problems

241 whether acting as independent networks or as agents gathering localized information to aid large assets. The primary challenge of dynamic allocation of network assets (DANA) is the cost of computation and communication of global optimization and real-time conﬁguration of individual sensors. Scaling of network size generally yields an exponential increase in optimization computation and a prohibitive need for communication bandwidth for scheduling of individual sensors making such approaches of limited real-time use. This paper presents the novel methodology of Self-Organizing Networks (SONets) where small sensors with local decision capabilities and overall system performance knowledge yield an emergent behavior aimed at maximizing system information in a communication-constrained architecture while eliminating (or reducing) the need for sensors to be actively scheduled. Preliminary results demonstrate promising performance in a multi-target/ multi-sensor environment. The SONets methodology is based on sensors making local decisions on which mode to operate in including data collection broadcast, etc. based on perceived value of expected return and thresholding with the capability of adaptively self-organizing Sensors update learning indices (adaptive weights) based on expected return and observation of overall system knowledge. The result is an emergent behavior that may be supervised and altered through general broadcasts from a centralized unit. DTIC Targets; Tracking (Position)

20050173329 ElanTech, Inc., Greenbelt, MD USA Focused Knowledge for the Battlefield Emmerman, Philip J.; Allen, Swati D.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432635; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The USA Army is in the midst of a major transformation. The Future Force must be highly mobile, agile, and lethal to ensure its dominance in the future battlefield. This dominance is reliant on the ability to see and understand first (situational awareness). Persistent and pervasive sensing and processing, coupled with greatly increased speed of information flow, information assimilation, and decisive action, at and between all levels of our force, are necessary to fulfill this requirement. The USA Army is most vulnerable in urban terrain. This highly constrained, complex environment presents a significant challenge to US forces, particularly dismounted infantry and military intelligence because opposing force activity is readily masked or obscured by background noise (commerce, schools, religious activity etc.). This paper proposes an intelligent interaction between the digitized dismounted units and military intelligence, for the significant benefit to both. DTIC Intelligence; Personnel; Pulse Communication; Situational Awareness; Warfare

20050173414 Redlands Univ., CA USA Sustaining the Army Training Mission by Re-Thinking Decision Support Systems: Shifting from Decision-Making Individuals to Sense-Making Agents Ekbia, Hamid R.; Dec. 2004; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432829; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Decision Support Systems (DSS), as computerized systems that implement and support complex decision processes, have evolved signiﬁcantly during the last four decades. However, this evolution has been dominantly bottom-up and technology- driven, with new emerging technologies supporting the traditional concept of decision making as a basically rational process. In an effort to reconceptualize decision making, this paper follows a top-down approach, starting with a new conceptual framework and then exploring the technologies and tools that can support it. To this end, the paper proposes four major conceptual shifts: a pragmatic shift from problems in the mind to problematic situations in the world, a constructive shift from passive decision making to active sense making, a normative shift from accuracy and certainty to plausibility and transparency, and a technical shift in our understanding of technology as enabler to technology as transformer of human activity. These shifts are in harmony with current theoretical trends in DSS and related disciplines, e.g., the growing emphasis on multiple perspectives in DSS, on multi-agent systems in Artiﬁcial Intelligence, on distributed cognition in psychology, and on sense making in organization science. By focusing our attention on the collective, distributed, and constructive character of cognition, the framework that results from these shifts provides a useful way of thinking about DSS. Furthermore, ideas from science and technology studies portray a tightly interwoven picture of technologies and their social and organizational context, which is very different from the traditional view of technologies as mere tools. Brought to the realm of DSS, this calls for a fresh look at the relationship between information technologies and decision-making processes. DTIC Decision Making; Decision Support Systems; Education

242 20050173438 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA Robust Path Planning With Imperfect Maps Ferguson, Dave; Stentz, Anthony; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0012 Report No.(s): AD-A432878; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We describe an efficient method for path planning in environments for which prior maps are plagued with uncertainty. Our approach processes the map to determine key areas whose uncertainty is crucial to the planning task. It then incorporates the uncertainty associated with these areas using the recently developed PAO* algorithm to produce a fast, robust solution to the original planning task. We present results from a simulated outdoor navigation scenario. DTIC Algorithms; Autonomous Navigation; Planning; Trajectory Planning

20050173446 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA Market-Based Complex Task Allocation for Multirobot Teams Zlot, Robert; Stentz, Anthony; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0012 Report No.(s): AD-A432898; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In order for a team of autonomous robots to perform a complex mission effectively, an efficient assignment of tasks to robots must be determined. Existing multirobot task allocation algorithms treat tasks as simple, indivisible entities. However, when dealing with complex tasks, the structure and semantics of the tasks can be exploited to produce more efficient team plans by giving individual robots the ability to come up with new ways to perform a task, or by allowing multiple robots to cooperate by sharing the subcomponents of a task, or both. In this paper we detail a method for efficiently allocating a set of complex tasks to a robot team. The advantages of explicitly modeling complex tasks during the allocation process is demonstrated by a comparison of our approach with existing task allocation algorithms in an area reconnaissance scenario. An implementation on a team of outdoor robots further validates our approach. DTIC Allocations; Robots

20050173449 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA Computational Neuromechanics: Programming Work in Biological Systems *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Koditschek, Daniel E.; Jan. 2004; 9 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-98-1-0747; N66001-00-C-8026 Report No.(s): AD-A432902; PG-C080469; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy Most legged animals whose running has been studied exhibit mass center trajectories closely resembling those of a pogo-stick. Over the course of our ﬁve year DARPA/ONR/SPAWAR sponsored project in Computational Neuromechanics and its application to robotics, we have begun to answer the questions, how, why, and when, in a mathematically rigorous and biologically testable manner. Addressing these simple questions has simultaneously helped advance animal motion science as well as accelerated progress in the design and control of useful legged robots. DTIC Animals; Computer Programming; Locomotion; Motion; Robotics

20050173459 Army Tank-Automotive Research and Development Command, Warren, MI USA Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Voronoi Classifier Methods Overholt, J.; Hudas, G.; Fiorani, G.; Skalny, M.; Tucker, A.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432915; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper details the development of a dynamic waypoint navigation method which introduces and utilizes Voronoi classifiers as the control mechanism for an autonomous mobile robot. A Voronoi diagram may be generated by any finite set of points in a plane. For mobile robot control each point in the plane represents a Voronoi classifier. The classifiers are used to generate Voronoi regions. As a robot comes into a Voronoi region the classifier will act as a control input; providing a new waypoint for the vehicle to follow. The robot moves towards the new waypoint unless interrupted by an obstacle or wall. The robot will get a new waypoint from the classifier in the robot’s current Voronoi region. This process continues until the robot has terminated at a desired position (goal) or runs out of power. DTIC Autonomous Navigation; Classifications; Classifiers; Control; Navigation; Robots

243 64 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Includes iteration, differential and difference equations, and numerical approximation.

20050169579 Naples Univ., Italy A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Surfaces Franceschetti, Giorgio; Iodice, Antonio; Migliaccio, Maurizio; Riccio, Daniele; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 518-521; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper a Kirchhoff-based model is employed to determine the scattering from natural surfaces. Natural (rough) surfaces are described by means of the fractional Brownian motion (fBm) model since this has been demonstrated to be particularly suitable. The theoretical model is presented and illustrated also by means of comparisons with classical ones. Author Brownian Movements; Mathematical Models; Scattering; Kirchhoff Law of Radiation

20050169582 Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL, USA Error Analysis for the Truncation of Multipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Functions Song, J. M.; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 628-631; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-95-1-0872; NSF ESC-93-02145; F49620-96-1-0025; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The recent advent of fast algorithms in computational electromagnetics has permitted the solution of integral equations with an unprecedented number of unknowns. This is the consequence of the development of the fast multipole algorithms (FMA) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithms (MLFMA). Such algorithms allow a matrix-vector multiplication to be performed in O(N log N) operations or less for many scattering problems. Moreover, the memory requirements of these methods are O(N log N), or almost matrix free. Using the fast matrix-vector multiplications in an iterative solver, problems for integral equations involving millions of unknowns have been solved recently. One of most important mathematical formulas in FMA is the addition theorem. In the numerical implementation of the addition theorem, the inﬁnite series should be truncated. The error analysis for the truncation error in the scalar Green’s functions has been done by many researchers. In this paper, the error analysis for the truncation error in the multipole expansion of vector Green’s functions is given. Author Error Analysis; Truncation Errors; Multipoles; Expansion; Vectors (Mathematics); Green’s Functions

20050169594 Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algorithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accuracy with Low Resolution El-Raouf, Hany E.; El-Diwani, Esam A.; Ammar, El-Hadi; El-Hefnawi, Fatma M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 196-199; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A second order in time fourth order in space modified finite difference time domain algorithm for 3D electromagnetic problems is presented. The algorithm enables the numerical phase error to be minimized, so that it leads to high accuracy with low resolution grids. Good results for long distance propagation in the case of radiation from time harmonic elementary dipole show the advantage of this method with low resolution compared to the previous finite difference time domain methods. Derived from text Time Domain Analysis; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Finite Difference Theory; Phase Error; Algorithms

20050169603 Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix Transformations for the Solution of Integral Equations Quan, W.; Ciric, I. R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 328-331; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Application of wavelets for the solution of electromagnetic ﬁeld integral equations yields sparse matrix equations which can be solved efficiently by using sparse matrix techniques. The implementation of orthogonal wavelets with inﬁnite support width, such as the Battle-Lemari6 wavelets and the Meyer wavelets, requires a truncation operation which is associated with a certain solution error [1]. In contrast, the Daubechies orthogonal wavelets (DOW) which are compactly supported can be used without any truncation. The efficiency of the DOW for the solution of integral equations was analyzed in [2] for the

244 scattering by conducting cylinders. The resulting sparse matrix equations were solved by using the conjugate gradient (CG) method with storage space required only for the nonzero entries of the sparse matrix. The semi-orthogonal wavelets (SOW) were also applied to the solution of integral equations [3] and their performance was compared with that of the Battle-Lemari_ orthogonal wavelets in [4], where the matrix entries had been evaluated by numerical integrations. The SOW were also compared with the DOW in [5], where a matrix transformation was implemented to reduce the computational effort necessary to perform numerical integrations. It has been reported that the use of the SOW yields more highly sparse matrices and a better solution accuracy when a direct solver is adopted than the use of orthogonal wavelets [4], [5]. However, the efficiency of the iterative solution methods for the sparse matrix equations obtained by using the SOW has not been investigated. Derived from text Wavelet Analysis; Iterative Solution; Integral Equations; Electromagnetic Fields

20050169604 Politecnico di Turin, Turin, Italy Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equation Analysis of Printed Antennas Pirinoli, P.; Vecchi, G.; Garino, M. Sereno; Matekovits, L.; Orefice, M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 352-355; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this work, a new approach is presented for the Integral Equation analysis of printed structures, based on the definition of multiresolution vector functions with properties similar to those of the scalar wavelets; in particular, they both posses spatial and spectral resolution. The resulting MoM impedance matrix shows strongly improved features, and especially a good conditioning, that makes the matrix stable against sparsification and the use of iterative methods convenient for the solution of the linear system. Numerical results for a recess-fed patch and an array of monolithically fed rectangular patches are presented. Derived from text Iterative Solution; Wavelet Analysis; Linear Systems; Integral Equations; Spectral Resolution

20050169605 Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for the Solution of Integral Equations Quan, W.; Ciric, I. R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 360-363; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The application of wavelets for the solution of integral equations for ﬁeld problems has been recently investigated by a number of researchers. The classical method of moments (MoM) leads to dense matrix equations, whose numerical solution is expensive for large matrix orders. The main reason for using wavelets is that it yields sparse MoM matrices. Wavelets have been implemented for the solution of integral equations in two ways. One is to employ them directly both as basis functions and as weighting functions in the MoM, with the entries of resulting matrices being evaluated numerically. Consequently, a large amount of computational work is required to perform numerical integrations. The computational cost is substantially reduced by implementing wavelet matrix transformations. In this approach, the MoM matrix equation is ﬁrst obtained by using some local basis functions and weighting functions, and then a matrix transformation is applied, with the transform matrices constructed by using wavelets. In general, the transformed matrices are highly sparse after thresholding. Derived from text Matrices (Mathematics); Orthogonality; Wavelet Analysis

20050169615 Naples Univ., Italy Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approximation in Electromagnetic Scattering from Gaussian Surfaces: A Comparison Franceschetti, Giorgio; Migliaccio, Maurizio; Riccio, Daniele; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 514-517; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A comparison between the classical approach and a new general one to verify the applicability of the Kirchhoff Approximation (KA) in electromagnetic scattering from random surfaces is presented. The analysis is conducted under the theoretical, numerical and operative viewpoints. Particular emphasis is posed to the small surface slope regime. Author Electromagnetic Scattering; Autocorrelation; Slopes; Functions (Mathematics)

20050169626 Middle East Technical Univ., Ankara, Turkey Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Approximation Koc, S.; Chew, W. C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 640-643; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

245 The ‘Discrete Dipole Approximation’ (DDA) developed by Purcell and Pennyparker is a powerful and quite general method to calculate the scattering from arbitrary particles and has been applied to a variety of problems such as calculations of the scattering from graphite grains and porous dust particles. In the DDA, a continuum target is replaced by an array of point dipoles which interact with each other and a consistent solution is sought. Direct inversion of the matrix is not feasible for most problems due to the huge number of unknowns and iterative solutions become inevitable. Iterative solutions require O(N2) operations per matrix-vector multiplication as compared to O(N3) operations for the direct inversion. Even iterative methods can exhaust the computer resources as the scatterer size increases and it becomes necessary to exploit the special structure of the coefficient matrix in order to decrease the problem complexity. One approach is to use the FFT method which results in O(N log N) complexity for relatively uniform distribution of dipoles. For nonuniform distributions, the complexity is more like O(N2). In this work, the multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA), is used. The FMA was successfully used for different problems, and the complexity of MLFMA is O(N) for densely packed particles, and O(N log N) for sparse and/or nonuniform distribution of particles, for any prescribed degree of accuracy. This is clearly an improvement over the FFT method. Author Algorithms; Discrete Functions; Dipoles; Approximation; Computation; Scattering; Graphite; Grains

20050169627 University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electromagnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Approximate Iteration Jun, Hu; Zaiping, Nie; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 656-659; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Recently. the research about efficient integral equation method (IEM) for solving scattering from complex object, especially from complex conductive object with large electrical size (such as airplane, missile, tank. car et al.), is attended extensively. Fast multiple method (FMM) developed by V. Rokhlin is an efficient method to expedite matrix-vector multiplication in the iterative method. It reduces the complexity of matrix vector multiplication to O(N(sup 1.5)), N is the number of unknown. A multilevel method of FMM has also been developed by J.M. Song etc., attaining the complexity of O(N log N). Derived from text Effectiveness; Three Dimensional Models; Vectors (Mathematics); Iteration; Scattering; Approximation

20050169663 Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than-Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD Grid Schneider, John B.; Kruhlak, Robert J.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 184-187; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The numerical dispersion relation governing the propagation of homogeneous plane waves in the Yee ﬁnite-difference time-domain (FDTD) grid is well known [1]. In this paper we present the dispersion relation governing inhomogeneous plane waves and show that the homogeneous dispersion relation is a special case of this more general relation. It is found that, unlike in the physical world, constant amplitude planes are not necessarily orthogonal to constant phase planes for inhomogeneous plane waves in lossless materials. However, the inhomogeneous dispersion relation does converge to the exact one in the limit as the discretization goes to zero. Additionally, we show that, for very coarsely resolved ﬁelds, homogeneous waves will experience exponential decay as they propagate and they may propagate faster than the speed of light. Bounds are established for the speed of propagation within the grid, as well as the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength that can be coupled into the grid. Derived from text Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Wave Dispersion; Plane Waves; Finite Difference Theory

20050169664 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Analysis of the FDTD Method via the Discrete Oscillator Schutt-Aine, Jose E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 188-191; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The analysis of the FDTD method is usually performed by assuming an e(sup j(omega)t) time dependence for the ﬁeld quantities as the response due to a steady-state monochromatic wave excitation. This continuous dependence, when combined with the discrete nature of the Yee grid leads to solution errors and dispersion relations that do not describe accurately the propagation properties in the grid for all frequencies [1]. In this work, the discrete oscillator is introduced and used to study

246 the numerical properties of the FDTD method. Formulas are derived for the propagation characteristics in the one- and two-dimensional cases. Derived from text Computational Grids; Finite Difference Theory; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Oscillators; Wave Dispersion

20050169667 Fujitsu Ltd., Chiba, Japan A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE Wave Namiki, Takefumi; Ito, Koichi; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 192-195; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper, a new ﬁnite-difference time-domain algorithm, which is based on an alternating direction implicit method, is proposed in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy condition restraint. It is shown that the new algorithm is quite stable numerically even when the CFL condition is not satisﬁed. Therefore, if the cell size in the computational domain is locally much smaller than the wavelength, this new algorithm is more efficient than conventional FDTD schemes in terms of computer resources such as central processing unit (CPU) time. Derived from text Algorithms; Alternating Direction Implicit Methods; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Finite Difference Theory; Constraints

20050169670 Tel-Aviv Univ., Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Function as a Boundary Condition for Three Dimensional Waveguide Problems Holtzman, R.; Kastner, R.; Heyman, E.; Ziolkowski, R. W.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 172-175; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources With the advent of newly-introduced Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABC’s) for mesh truncation in the context of the Finite-Difference-Time-Domain (FDTD) computations, it has been recognized that the boundaries of the computational domain can be defined in close proximity to scatterers, and yet produce very small reflections. The most successful methods can be categorized under the two following titles: (a) approximations to the continuous one way wave equation at the boundary e.g. the Engquist-Majda-Mur conditions, and (b) the use of artificial or physical absorbing materials near the boundary, such as the PML. The ABC’s, applied at the boundaries of the computational domain, are initially formulated in the continuous world, and then discretized for use in the FDTD scheme. It is now recognized that typically more than 10 PML layers must be employed for sufficiently accurate results. This extra computational region imposes additional burden on the computational resources, compared with simpler methods that only require a small stencil close to the boundary. Author Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Absorbents; Boundary Conditions; Green’s Functions; Three Dimensional Models; Waveguides

20050169671 Idaho Univ., Moscow, ID, USA The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog Integrators for Maxwell’s Equations Young, Jeffrey L.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 176-179; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0469; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper, we address issues related to high-order integrator development and propose an extended leap-frog methodology that can achieve temporal accuracy to any even order desired. Such an integrator is compatible with either explicit spatial differencing or with compact differencing; in this paper we will consider the former. To limit the discussion, only the fourth-order and eighth-order integrators are presented. The chief attributes of these integrators are that the computational memory requirements are small and the algorithmic complexity is not increased, with respect to the classical FDTD method. To validate many of the theoretical claims made herein, numerous studies on the rectangular waveguide are considered. These studies clearly demonstrate the effect of accuracy on data quality. Author Integrators; Accuracy; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Maxwell Equation

20050169672 Helsinki Univ. Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singularities in Waveguide Problems Juntunen, Jaakko S.; Tsiboukis, T. D.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 464-467; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): EU-ERBFMBICT-983462; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

247 In modern micro- and millimeter wave technology, there exist many different devices based on microstrip lines. These include coplanar waveguides, patch antennas, filters, power dividers, directional couplers etc. In this work, a simple and computationally advantageous extension to a standard 2D polynomial finite element basis is introduced to cope with wedge singularities in uniform cylindrical structures. To enhance the computation, variable-order elements are used. For the propagation mode analysis, the longitudinal components of the fields behave have as r(sup 1/2) in the most singular case. Unfortunately, polynomials can poorly approximate these fields close to the singularity, especially in the sense of H(sup 1) norm. It will be shown, that the error of the eigenmodes in just H(sup 1)-norm is critical. A modification of the finite element basis is presented to incorporate the singular behavior. Modifications of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are also presented for the same purpose. The field is assumed to be expanded into asymptotic series. The elements touching the wedge tip are modified to have the correct asymptotic form in the radial coordinate. In this case the angular variation is not asymptotically accurate. Unfortunately, no quantitative results are given to evaluate the impact of the modification. The present extension is constructed such that a few additional basis functions are joined into a high-order hierarchic polynomial basis. The extension has the correct asymptotic form in both radial and angular coordinates. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Singularity (Mathematics); Waveguides; Wedges

20050169674 Compaq Computer Corp., Maynard, MA, USA Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Convex Object-Conformable Boundaries Ramahi, Omar M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 472-475; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) are essential elements for solving open region radiation or scattering problems because they allow limiting the computational domain to a ﬁnite size. Several ABCs were developed for outer boundaries that form canonical shapes. Most practical radiation or scattering problems have geometrical shapes that do not conform to a box, circle or sphere. Hence, when using any of these shapes as outer boundaries for mesh termination, the white space around the scatterer might be unnecessarily large resulting in costly simulation in terms of both memory and run time. To address this problem, ABCs were developed that can be applied to boundaries that conform, as close as practicable, to the radiating geometry. In all of these previous ABC constructions, the outer boundary had to be positioned few wavelengths from the nearest surface of the structure to obtain practical levels of accuracy. In a total departure from‘the philosophy employed earlier, Kreigsman et al. applied the BT operator directly on the surface of the scatterer, while assuming that the origin of waves is at the center of the osculating circle at each outer boundary node. The result of the application of Kreigsman et al. was not very satisfactory because it was only possible to apply only second-order BT operators. The novelty, however, of using local scattering centers in the work of Kreigsman et al. lead others to extend the concept of the local scattering center to outer boundaries that are positioned at a distance from the structure’s surface. Derived from text Boundary Conditions; Convexity; Operators (Mathematics)

20050169678 Syracuse Univ., NY, USA Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale Moment Method for Analysis of Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Plate Su, Chaowei; Sarkar, Tapan K.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 344-347; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Two-dimensional adaptive multiscale moment method(AMMM) is presented for discussing the scattering ﬁ’om the thin, perfectly conducting plates. The EFIE is directly discretized based on the tensor product of the triangular basis by Galerkin method. We present the formula of the linear equations for the two-dimensional multiscale basis. From one scale to another scale, the initial guess can be predicted according to the properties of the multiscale technique. AMMM can reduce automatically the size of the linear equation so as to improve the efficiency of the conventional moment method. Several numerical results are presented, which demonstrate that AMMM is a useful method to analyze the scattering problems from perfectly conducting plates. Author Method of Moments; Linear Equations; Scattering; Galerkin Method

20050169683 Compaq Computer Corp., Maynard, MA, USA Finite Element Implementation of Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave Equation Ramahi, Omar M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 488-491; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

248 The finite element solution of the vector Helmholtz equation is more difficult than that of the scalar one. Absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) that were developed earlier for the vector wave equation were complex. In factGamma the mmerical implementations of second-order ABCs were the only that were reported in the literature because ABCs of order three or higher were immensely difficult to implement in a finite element numerical code. Second-order operators were found to yield satisfactory solutions only when the outer boundary was positioned one or more wavelengths away from the scattererGamma thus increasing the computational cost substantially. Absorptive materialF on the other handF sub as the perfectly matched layer (PML)Gamma promises perfect matching in the analytic domain onlyGamma and the performance when incorporated into a discrete system might not be very satisfactory. The development of PML for three-dimensional spherical coordinates has recently been reported. In this workGamma we develop a series of simple operators for the finite element solution of the three-dimensional vector wave equation. Unlike the methodologies adopted earlierGamma namelyGamma that of developing operators by manipulating the vector fieldGamma and this obtaining boundary conditions that involve the vector field itselfGamma we develop operators that can be applied on the scalar field components of the vector field. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Wave Equations; Three Dimensional Models; Operators (Mathematics); Boundary Conditions; Vectors (Mathematics)

20050169684 Compaq Computer Corp., Maynard, MA, USA Frequency-Domain Complementary Operators for Finite Elements Simulation Ramahi, Omar M.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 492-495; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper presented the development of frequency-domain complementary operators. The application requires two independent solutions of the problem. Despite this, however, computer memory and execution time can be saved by positioning the outer mesh-truncating boundary closer to the conductor than what would be required when using other techniques. Derived from text Finite Element Method; Frequency Domain Analysis; Simulation; Operators (Mathematics); Approximation

20050169698 National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan, Province of China Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering Problems Leou, Jeng-Long; Huang, Jiunn-Ming; Jeng, Shyb-Kang; Li, Hsueh-Jyh; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 368-371; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Publications on numerical methods of electromagnetic filed problems have shown a marked preference for real-valued wavelets. This is probably because the original wavelets, which were widely used for signal/image processing, were primarily real valued. Among these commonly used wavelets, especially, real-valued Daubechies wavelets are concerned most frequently owing to their finite support and orthogonality properties. Nevertheless, it does not mean that they are the only choice to solve the problem. They are just one genus of wavelets within the Daubechies family. Various genus of wavelets can be constructed, real-valued or complex-valued, by means of adjusting the selection strategy of zeros in the Daubechies polynomial. As is generally recognized, in real-valued wavelet family, symmetric or antisymmetric, compactly supported and orthogonal scaling functions and wavelets are not available except for Haar wavelets. One of the properties mentioned above must be released if the other two properties are required. In the meantime, orthogonality and finite support wavelets are most preferred and lead to asymmetric real-valued wavelets. However, this is not to say symmetric property is not important for solving electromagnetic problems. The purpose here is to explore a little further into the symmetric or antisymmetric wavelets with compact supports and orthogonal behavior. Since there are many wavelets genus can be obtained, either real-valued or complex-valued, we need a reasonable criterion to choose the most suitable basis for the application at hand. In this paper, a new selection criterion based on the time-localization measure of scaling functions and wavelets is proposed to investigate the relationship between the localization of wavelets and the sparsity of the resultant MoM matrix equation. Derived from text Numerical Analysis; Scattering; Wavelet Analysis; Electromagnetism

249 20050169700 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA Efficient Representation of Electromagnetic Integral Equations Using Pre-defined Wavelet Packet Basis Deng, Hai; Ling, Hao; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 336-339; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-10025; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Wavelet-like basis has been widely applied to sparsify moment matrix for the fast solution of electromagnetic integral equations [1-3]. It has been found that the application of wavelet basis functions in electrodynamic problems can result in a very sparse moment matrix, but the number of above-threshold elements in the transformed matrix still grows nearly as O(N(sup 2)) [3]. As a result, the computational complexity of solving electromagnetic integral equations is not reduced using the conventional wavelet basis. More recently there is research to adaptively choose the best wavelet packet basis for the maximum sparsification of the transformed moment matrix [4,5]. It was reported that the above threshold elements grows at the rate of O(N(sup 1.4)) in the adaptive wavelet packet transformed moment matrix. However, the adaptive packet method requires additional computational cost to fred the best transform basis, and the basis found may deviate from the optimum when the problem size is large. In this work we define a class of pre-designed wavelet packet bases for the efficient representation of moment equations. The new basis is designed from the wavelet packet decomposition tree that grows along the free-space wave number 1%. Simulation results show that the non-zero elements in the transformed matrix grow at a rate of about O(N(sup 1.3) for small problem sizes, and the rate tends to O(NlogN) for large problem sizes. Derived from text Integral Equations; Method of Moments; Wavelet Analysis; Matrices (Mathematics)

20050169702 Hewlett-Packard Labs., Palo Alto, CA, USA Optimal Grouping of Basis Functions Baharav, Zachi; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 340-343; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The Method of Moments (MoM) is widely used for the solution of scattering problems, but one of its greatest limitations is the resulting large and dense impedance matrix. This imposes constraints both in terms of storage and solution-complexity of the impedance matrix. Most of the methods to relieve these constraints are concerned with rendering the matrix sparse, or otherwise exploit its structure. An approach relevant to this paper is that of using special basis functions such that the resulting impedance matrix will have only small number of dominant terms. Thresholding the matrix will lead to a sparse matrix, with yet almost no degradation in the result. An example is the use of wavelets as basis functions. In the category of selecting special basis functions also falls the Impedance Matrix Localization (IML) method of Canning. In the IML one performs a basis-transformation in order to transform the impedance matrix into one with only a few dominant terms, and then performs a threshold operation to arrive at a sparse matrix. A different point of view was recently suggested in the Impedance Matrix Compression (IMC) method. In the IMC one seeks to use basis functions such that the resulting solution vector is sparse. This, in turn, enables the use of a much smaller (in dimensions) impedance matrix, which is much easier to solve than the original impedance matrix. In this work we will look into the question of which basis functions should be used for the IMC, in order to have the most possible sparse solution vector. We will start by formulating more precisely the problem at hand, and will then proceed to description of possible solutions and numerical examples. Author Scattering; Matrix Methods; Wavelet Analysis

20050169704 Chiba Univ., Chiba, Japan Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral Equations Guan, Ning; Yashiro, Kenichiro; Ohkawa, Sumio; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 364-367; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A large class of electromagnetic problems can be formulated by integral equations with their relevant Green’s functions as integral kernel. Conventional method of moments (MoM), when applied directly to the integral equations, leads to dense matrix equations which require a computation cost of O(N3) with N unknowns. Recently, a wavelet matrix transform approach has been used to reduce the original equations to sparse ones and hence dramatically reduce the computing time. Z. Xiang and Y. Lu have proposed a construction method for orthonormal or non-orthonormal wavelet matrices and compared the effect of using the cardinal spline wavelet bases with that of using Daubechies’ wavelet bases in the wavelet matrix transform approach, where the advantages of using the former bases have been demonstrated from matrix compression rate and accuracy point of view. However, the computation cost was not discussed there. R. L. Wagner and W. C. Chew have studied not only the sparsiﬁcation of matrices but also the cost of matrix-vector multiplication (MVM) which was reported as O(N2). W. L. Golik

250 has applied a discrete wavelet packet and saved the cost of the MVM to O(N(sup p)) with p less than 2. However, the real run-time of solving the resulting sparse matrix equations was not concerned with in these papers. In addition, the number of vanishing moments of the vavelet was ﬁxed at 8. This value should be optimized from the computation cost consideration. Derived from text Wavelet Analysis; Matrices (Mathematics); Method of Moments; Multiplication

20050169705 National Taiwan Univ. of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Province of China Simulations and Measurements for Indoor Wave Propagation through Periodic Structures Yang, Chang-Fa; Wu, Boau-Cheng; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 384-387; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Scattering properties of periodic structures have been studied by many investigators for analyzing antennas, frequency- selected surfaces, absorber designs, wave propagation... etc. [1-3]. Particularly, a periodic method for material bodies [1] has been applied in [3] to evaluate the scattering from a concrete block wall, which is modeled as a periodically-distributed material structure for determining the effects of periodicity in wireless communications. On the other hand, ray-tracing techniques have been employed to evaluate the reflections, transmissions and diffractions from electrically-large bodies for indoor/outdoor wave propagation. [4-6] In this paper, a hybrid approach, combining the ray-tracing method shown in [6] and the periodic moment method (PMM) for material objects reported in [2], is developed to study the indoor wave propagation, penetrations, and also the scattering due to periodic structures in buildings. The PMM is applied to evaluate the specular and grating transmission and reflection coefficients of the periodic structures. Those data are then used in the ray-tracing program to find specular and grating ray tubes for each ray tube illuminating one of the periodic structures. Those excited ray tubes are continuously traced to determined their contributions to receiving antennas. Measurements and simulations for waves propagating inside a staircase will be compared and discussed, where the stairs are modeled as singly-periodic wedges having material properties similar to those of the reinforced concrete (RC) wall. Derived from text Composite Materials; Method of Moments; Periodic Variations; Wave Propagation; Buildings; Scattering

20050169706 Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation Using Wavelet-Like Basis Functions Cogollos, S.; Vidal, A.; Esteban, H.; Boria, V. E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 356-359; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Wave theory is becoming a very useful tool to characterize electromagnetic structures due to the excellent properties of wavelet families for the accurate representation of functions and operators. Up to now, wavelet theory has been applied successfully to electromagnetic integral equations solved through Moment Methods. However, in this paper, the computation of the modal behavior of rectangular waveguides strongly perturbed by axial cylindrical conducting objects is taken via the Nystrom method, which is an elegant and simple procedure for solving integral equations. In order to improve the efficiency, wavelet-like bases are used to expand the unknown electric current. Therefore, memory requirements and computational costs are reduced dramatically. Author Method of Moments; Wavelet Analysis; Rectangular Waveguides; Electric Current; Integral Equations

20050169714 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field Iterative Physical Optics Approach Zahn, Daniel; Sarabandi, Kamal; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 530-533; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The application of a fast far-field iterative Physical Optics (FIPO) method in conjunction with a Monte Carlo simulation for characterizing the bistatic scattering coefficient of random rough surfaces is examined in this paper. The FIPO method offers decreased memory and computation time restrictions compared to the standard n,merical methods such as the Method of Moments (MoM), and decreased computation time compared to an exact iterative PO method. Results from the FIPO method are compared to the standard electric field integral equation (EFIE), the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), a complete iterative PO (IPO), as well as the existing theoretical solutions for rough surfaces. It is demonstrated that memory requirements and computation time is significantly decreased while providing fairly accurate results for surfaces with moderate to low tins slope. Author Numerical Analysis; Scattering; Surface Roughness; Far Fields; Method of Moments

251 20050169717 City Univ. of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Integral Equation Formulation for Iterative Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Rough Surfaces Li, S.Q.; Chan, C. H.; Tsang, L.; Li, Q.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 526-529; In English; See also 20050169565 Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-96-1-0075; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Iterative solution of rough-surface scattering problems has several advantages over traditional solution using matrix factorization. Iterative procedures are O(N(sup 2)) versus O(N(sup 3)) for factorization, where N is the number of unknowns to be found, so iteration can be much more efficient computationally for large systems. Moreover, the matrix interaction elements can be recalculated as needed in an iterative approach, eliminating the need to store the entire interaction matrix (which can exceed the memory capabilities of the computer system for the largest problems). Earlier the use of iterative techniques to ﬁnd the scattering from perfectly conducting surfaces was examined. It was shown that recently introduced iterative schemes are mathematically equivalent to existing stationary approaches whose convergence properties depend strongly on the conditioning of the interaction matrix, and that non-stationary approaches can be more robust. Here the application of iterative routines to ﬁnite-conductivity surfaces is considered. In particular, an integral equation formulation that yields rapid convergence for horizontally polarized scattering from one-dimensionally rough surfaces without loss of accuracy is examined. Derived from text Integral Equations; Surface Roughness; Iterative Solution; Magnetic Fields; Lossy Media; Scattering

20050169723 Motorola, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL, USA Numerical Study of Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for Different Inhomogeneous Walls Stratis, Glafkos; Demetriou, Demetrakis; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 590-592; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Analytical expressions such as Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients have been extensively used in most of the ray-tracing simulation tools for the last few years. Although these tools predict the field accurately for simple homogeneous wall structures, it is difficult, if not impossible, to extend such an analysis to find reflection and transmission coefficients for walls composed of dielectric and imperfectly conducting materials. In the past we demonstrated the successful application of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to numerically obtain reflection and transmission coefficients for pure homogeneous layered wails. We also compared measurements with the FDTD method for a certain type of inhomogeneous wall [2] with satisfactory results. In this paper we further extend the FDTD approach to analyze the transmitted and reflected fields from 2-D inhomogeneous walls which represent practical wall structures, in order to identify the importance of the various paran_ters such as thickness, permittivity, and presence or absence of metallic rebars. Author Computerized Simulation; Reflectance; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Dielectrics; Ray Tracing

20050169729 Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Iterative Network Models to Predict the Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Antennas and Networks Borja, C.; Puente, C.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 652-655; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Two simple, fast numerical models to predict the input parameters of antennas and networks whose topologies are that of the Sierpinski Gasket and Carpet fractal shapes, are introduced. These models are based on the same recursive principle used to generate fractal structures. Author Mathematical Models; Iterative Networks; Performance Prediction; Fractals

20050170460 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA Statistical Methodology for Yield Enhancement via Baseline Reduction Fridgeirsdottir, Kristin; Akella, Ram; Li, Mien; McNally, Peter; Mittal, Sanjiv; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 77-81; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In this paper we introduce a DOE-Regression based methodology to identify which tools, in a segment of a fab line between two inspection stations, are defect generating. The approach estimates how much the yield could increase by repairing each of the tools. Furthermore, the tools can be ordered for repair according to this potential yield increase. The estimate of

252 the yield increase includes an evaluation of the power of the statistical test performed to identify the defect generating tools, as well as the kill ratio. By identifying the problem prone tools and repairing them in the order given by the estimated yield increase the baseline of the process can be lowered in an effective manner and the yield increased. Author Statistical Analysis; Yield; Statistical Tests; Inspection; Identifying; Defects

20050170467 California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Process Control Approach Nasongkhin, Ruj; Shanthikumar, J. George; Nurani, Raman K.; McIntyre, Mike; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 13-18; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources We describe the multivariate statistical process control approach which uses a weighted average metric as a metric plotted on a control chart. We show that the optimal weighted coefficient is a function of mean-shift vector and covariance matrix of metrics of interest. The control chart constructed by this optimal weighted average metric will have the highest signal to noise ratio and the lowest alpha and beta errors. The numerical example using the actual data from a fab is also provided. Author Multivariate Statistical Analysis; Matrices (Mathematics); Errors

20050170491 Motorola, Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA Yield Analysis and Data Management Using Yield Manager (trademark) Lee, Fourmun; Smith, Shawn; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 19-30; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A yield management system (YMS) is an essential component in the tool set of a modem wafer fab. The YMS provides the tools to analyze and manage the immense volume of process and electrical test data generated by process metrology, in-line inspection monitoring, and electrical test operations. The intent of the system is to provide fab personnel with near-real time access to all data required to support the wafer manufacturing process. Typical yield enhancement (YE) activities within the semiconductor manufacturing process include in-line defect reduction, yield excursion control, failure analysis, and baseline yield analysis. Each of the above mentioned YE activities typically focus on a speciﬁc data type and/or a speciﬁc set of analysis techniques to achieve the desired result of increasing yield. Providing a solution which integrates various data types and analysis techniques with a common client/server interface is key to achieving the level of YE support needed to establish world class semiconductor manufacturing yields. This paper describes our experiences with using the Knights Technology Yield Manager(TM) (Knights YM)as a fabwide data integration and analysis tool. The Knights YM system is designed around a client-server architecture, with separate servers to service database management and data analysis tasks. The system provides: (1) a single interface for extracting multiple types of data generated during device fabrication and testing, and (2) tools to visualize, analyze, and correlate the data. All database and analysis functions can be accessed remotely via any terminal, workstation, or desktop PC which support x-terminal functions. At Motorola, the Knights YM system is being used to facilitate the collection, management, and analysis of fab data. Examples of how the Knights YM system is being used to improve analysis capability, productivity, and response time are presented as case studies. Author Yield; Data Management; Data Base Management Systems; Wafers

20050173164 Schafer Corp., Arlington, VA USA Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design and Photonics-Based Receiver Technologies Program SETA Support Cestaro, Ronald; Howard, Jack; Mar. 2005; 7 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): MDA972-01-D-0002-0018; ARPA ORDER-Q383 Report No.(s): AD-A432273; LRS-05-0404; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy This is the ﬁnal report for the Schafer Corporation Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design and Photonics-Based Receiver Technologies Program support under delivery order No. 0018 covering the period of August 2003 through December 2003. This report covers the work accomplished by Team Schafer (Schafer Corporation and Booz Allen Hamilton). Team Schafer supported DARPA with programmatic, technical, and ﬁnancial assistance support. DTIC Algorithms; Genetic Algorithms; Photonics; Receivers; Systems Engineering

253 20050173203 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD USA An Efficient and Robust Human Classification Algorithm Ran, Yang; Weiss, Isaac; Zheng, Qinfen; Davis, Larry S.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432371; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper describes an object classification algorithm for infrared videos. Given a detected and tracked object, the goal is to analyze the periodic signature of its motion pattern. We propose an efficient and robust solution similar to frequency estimation techniques in speech processing. Periodic reference functions are correlated with the video signal. In order to capture the frequency response at a given set of period, we explore a local version of DFT. By estimating the periodicity at every pixel, we obtain the overall response for the object, which helps us to make decision robustly. Experimental results for both infrared and visible videos acquired by ground-based as well as airborne moving sensors are presented. DTIC Algorithms; Classifications; Frequency Response

20050173204 Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL USA Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autonomous Ground Vehicle Localization Sensors Lu, Ying; Collins, Emmanuel G., Jr.; Selekwa, Majura F.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432374; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper considers fault detection, isolation and reconfiguration (FDIR) for the localization sensors, including the dead reckoning and external sensors, of an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) designed for use in highly unstructured outdoor environments. Ten sensors are considered in this research. None of these sensors are identical, but subsets of them do have the ability to measure or calculate (based on simple algebra) the same kinematical parameters. To improve the localization accuracy, selected sensor outputs are fused using Kalman filters. The fused data and selected sensor measurements are then combined into a set of linearly independent parity equations, which leads to the generation of a bank of residuals. A fault in any one of the ten sensors causes a unique subset of these residuals to grow, which allows the fault to be detected and isolated. This allows a control scheme based on these sensors to reconfigure itself so that only the non-faulty sensors are used for localization. The effectiveness of this FDIR scheme is demonstrated in the context of a recently developed algorithm for maneuvering an AGV in cluttered environments. DTIC Autonomy; Fault Detection; Isolation; Parity; Position (Location)

20050173227 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA USA ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Adjoint Models: Testing and Applications Miller, Arthur J.; Cornuelle, Bruce D.; Jan. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-99-1-0045 Report No.(s): AD-A432421; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) LONG-TERM GOALS: Our long-term technical goal is to produce a tested tangent linear model (TLM) and adjoint model (ADM) for ROMS/TOMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System/Terrain-Following Ocean Modeling System) that is suitable for general use by the ROMS/TOMS community and to develop computational platforms based on the TLM and ADM for 4D variational data assimilation (4DVar), ensemble forecasting and sensitivity analysis. Our long-term scientiﬁc goal is to model and predict the mesoscale circulation and the ecosystem response to physical forcing in the various regions of the world ocean through state estimation. DTIC Ocean Models; Oceans; Tangents; Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

20050173228 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record No. 213 Overbay, Larry; Archiable, Robert; McClung, Christina; Robitaille, George; Jan. 2005; 48 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432426; ATC-8836; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This scoring record documents the efforts of the Naval Research Laboratories (NRL) to detect and discriminate inert unexploded ordnance (UXO) utilizing the YPG Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Blind Grid. The scoring record was coordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO technology Demonstration Site Site Scoring

254 Committee. Organizations on the committee include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security Technology Certiﬁcation Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis, the U.S. Army Environmental Center, and the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center. DTIC Ammunition; Discriminant Analysis (Statistics); Scoring; Standardization

20050173270 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Salisbury, Australia Approximation of Integrals via Monte Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Calculating Radar Detection Probabilities Weinberg, Graham V.; Kyprianou, Ross; Mar. 2005; 39 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432535; DSTO-TR-1692; DODA-AR-013-341; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The approximation of deﬁnite integrals using Monte Carlo simulations is the focus of the work presented here. The general methodology of estimation by sampling is introduced, and is applied to the approximation of two special functions of mathematics: the Gamma and Beta functions. A signiﬁcant application, in the context of radar detection theory, is based upon the work of Shnidman 1998. The latter considers problems associated with the optimal choice of binary integration parameters. We apply the techniques of Monte Carlo simulation to estimate binary integration detection probabilities. DTIC Integrals; Monte Carlo Method; Probability Theory; Radar Detection; Radar Equipment

20050173271 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, Australia Simultaneous Localisation and Map Building Using the Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker Davey, Samuel; Mar. 2005; 47 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432536; DSTO-TR-1691; DODA-AR-013-343; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report presents an algorithm for efficiently solving the Simultaneous Localisation and Map Building (SLAM) problem. The SLAM problem requires both the dynamic estimation of the sensor location and the tracking of features of interest in the environment using the sensor measurements. The problem is difficult because the unknown sensor and feature locations are coupled through the sensor measurement. It has been shown that under linear Gaussian conditions, a Kalman Filter solution converges to a solution relative to the unknown starting location. However, this approach does not scale well with the number of features in the scene, and is unfeasible for large maps. The algorithm introduced here is based on the Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker (PMHT) and exploits a factorisation of the problem to reduce the computational requirements of the Kalman Filter approach. The new algorithm is demonstrated on a benchmark data set recorded in Victoria Park. DTIC Algorithms; Hypotheses; Kalman Filters; Mapping; Position (Location); Radar Maps

20050173287 Eagle Aeronautics, Inc., Newport News, VA USA Life Analysis Development and Verification. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tolerance Application of Multiple Through Cracks in Plates With and Without Holes Harter, James A.; Taluk, Deviprasad; Oct. 2004; 185 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33615-94-D-3212-0012; Proj-A04Z Report No.(s): AD-A432564; AFRL-VA-WP-TR-2004-3112; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report documents the details of new stress intensity solutions for two independent through-the-thickness cracks in plates with and without holes. The solutions include both curve fits to detailed finite element models, and in some cases, used table lookup solutions for more complex cases. The solutions include the following: Two internal through cracks; Edge crack and an internal crack in a plate; Unequal edge cracks in a plate with unconstrained bending; Unequal edge cracks in a plate with constrained bending; Unequal through cracks at a hole; Through crack growing toward a hole; and Edge crack growing toward a hole. DTIC Cracks; Curve Fitting; Damage; Finite Element Method; Stress Intensity Factors; Tolerances (Mechanics)

255 20050173358 Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ USA Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets Pairing Application Bogdanowicz, Zbigniew; Coleman, Norman; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432705; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In this paper we propose and study the performance of optimizing weapons/ targets pairing based on an auction algorithm. The weapons/targets pairing problem can be considered as an assignment optimization problem in mathematics. Hence, there are number of optimal algorithms that can solve it. We show that for practical weapons/targets pairing a well-known in the literature auction algorithm should be considered as a preferred choice. DTIC Algorithms; Optimization; Targets

20050173418 Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC USA Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Terrain and its Implications for Terrain Modeling by L1 Splines Lavery, John E.; Fang, Shu-Cherng; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432833; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This paper presents the first step in establishing a link between the heavy-tailed nature of terrain and a new terrain modeling technique, L1 splines, that is, splines based on minimizing the L1 norm rather than the square of the L2 norm. To establish this link, we focus on the heavy-tailed nature of the second derivatives that occur in the L1 spline minimization principles. For one urban-terrain data set (Baltimore, Maryland) and two natural-terrain data sets (Killeen, Texas), the second derivatives behave asymptotically rather than like exponential functions. Similar results for first derivatives minus first differences are presented. The distributions investigated here are not directly related to the spatial frequency spectra that have been the topic of most previous investigations of the heavy-tailed nature of terrain. The heavy-tailed nature of the frequency spectra of terrain has not resulted in any major impact on modeling of large terrain datasets (although it has had significant positive impact on modeling of vehicle-terrain interaction, where the data sets are local and smaller). The investigation of the heavy-tailed nature of the derivatives of terrain will have significant impact by providing the theoretical underpinnings for the current observation that L1 splines provide better terrain modeling than alternative techniques. DTIC Splines; Statistical Distributions; Terrain

20050173420 Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC USA Starting Errors in Numerical Approximations to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas Model Davis, Stephen F.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432836; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Discontinuous initial data can generate spurious waves in the numerical solution of some systems of hyperbolic partial differential equations. In this paper we study a particular model of a dusty gas that appears to be especially susceptible to this type of starting error. Using a combination of analysis and numerical computation, we identify the source of the error and propose remedies. The method of analysis should be applicable to other systems. DTIC Approximation; Dust; Errors; Gases; Numerical Analysis

20050173421 Army High Performance Computing Research Center, Minneapolis, MN USA Scalable Parallel Approximate Formulations of Multidimensional Spatial Auto-Regression Models for Spatial Data Mining Shekhar, Shashi; Kazar, Baris M.; Lilja, David J.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0014 Report No.(s): AD-A432837; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The spatial auto-regression (SAR) model is a popular spatial data analysis technique which has been used in many applications with geo-spatial datasets. However, exact solutions for estimating SAR parameters are computationally expensive due to the need to compute all the eigen-values of a very large matrix. Therefore, serial solutions for the SAR model do not scale up to map sizes of interest to the Army. Thus, we developed the parallel approximate SAR models which can now be used by the Army to increase the accuracy and usefulness of maps, better analyze the impact of weather on the battleﬁeld,

256 make near-future predictions of the locations of enemy units, and increase the lethality of missiles. DTIC Data Mining; Information Retrieval

20050173429 Army Aviation and Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, AL USA Accelerated Concept Exploration of Future Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms and Enterprise Software Griffin, Joseph; Hester, Jeff; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432852; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Army R&D labs have played a crucial role in the evaluation of emerging systems that equipped the war ﬁghter with superior lethality. The Future Combat System’s (FCS) aggressive acquisition strategy of conventional (armor, munitions, propulsion) and non-conventional (unmanned sensors, robotics) technologies place a greater demand on labs for rapid and accurate analysis of potential weapon systems. A combination of validated engineering analysis codes, Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) and Enterprise Commercial Off the Shelf Software (COTS) can greatly accelerate the evaluation of candidate systems. Traditional Modeling and Simulation (M&S) activities are not well suited for today’s acquisition environment. In particular, they suffer from: premature design commitment, a failure to quickly identify dominant design factors and adapt to changing design requirements. Many of these problems stem from a lack of human engineering concurrency and communication. A partial solution to this problem is to enable virtual collaboration among a lab’s modeling and simulation codes. Genetic Algorithms (GA), a subset of EA’s, are an ideal catalyst for multidisciplinary concept exploration. GA’s mimic the selection process that occurs among biological species in nature, but to various engineering disciplines they provide an excellent focal point in determining a weapon system’s optimal conﬁguration based on a set of given mission parameters. The organizational and cultural impact of setting up this type of virtual cooperation is far reaching and cannot be overstated. Concept exploration engines have been around for a number of years; an outstanding example is the Integrated Hypersonic Aeromechanics Tool (IHAT) used at Naval Air Command, China Lake to design hypersonic air breathing vehicles in the Mach 4-8 regime. Likewise, the Aviation and Missile Command has adopted a multidisciplinary approach through its Army Missile Collaborative Design Environment (AMCODE). DTIC Accelerated Life Tests; Algorithms; Combat; Forecasting; Technology Assessment; Weapon Systems

20050173465 RD Instruments, San Diego, CA USA A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Error Accounting for System Model Mismatch Xu, Wen; Richmond, Christ D.; Bell, Kristine L.; Baggeroer, Arthur B.; Dec. 2004; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432923; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In typical array processing problems the signal observation is a function of the parameter set to be estimated as well as some background system model assumed known. The modeled background could differ from the true one, leading to biased estimates even at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To analyze this system model mismatch problem, a Ziv-Zakai-type lower bound on the mean-square error is developed based on the mismatched likelihood ratio test (MLRT). At high SNR, the bound incorporates the increase in mean-square error due to estimation bias; at low SNR, it includes the threshold effect due to estimation ambiguity. The kernel of the bound’s evaluation is the error probability associated with the MLRT. A closed-form expression for this error probability is derived under a data model typical of the array problem assuming random signal embedded in random noise, both of which can be spatially correlated and potentially mismatched. The development is applied to plane-wave bearing estimation with array shape mismatch and matched-ﬁeld source localization with channel parameter mismatch. Examples demonstrate that the developed bound describes the simulations of the maximum likelihood estimate well, including the sidelobe-introduced threshold behavior and the bias at high SNR. DTIC Error Analysis; Errors; Mean Square Values

20050173517 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time FPGA Systems Jackson, Preston A.; Chan, Cy P.; Scalera, Jonathan E.; Rader, Charles M.; Vai, M. M.; Feb. 2005; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-00-C-0002 Report No.(s): AD-A433002; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

257 MIT Lincoln Laboratory has recently developed a new systolic FFT architecture for FPGAs. This architecture utilizes a parallel design to provide high throughput and excellent numerical accuracy. Using this design, an 8192-point real-time FFT, operating at 1.2 billion samples per second and performing 78 Gops with 70 dB of accuracy, ﬁts on a single Xilinx Virtex II 8000. DTIC Architecture (Computers); Fast Fourier Transformations; Field-Programmable Gate Arrays; Real Time Operation; Systolic Arrays

20050173525 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA A Generalized Method for the Computational Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Detonation of an Explosive Clarke, Jerry; Namburu, Raju; Gupta, Aaron; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433012; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A generalized method for generating the necessary load curves for the finite element input from CTH has been developed at ARL by using the Interdisciplinary Computing Environment (ICE). While others have successfully coupled CTH with finite element codes in the past, this method accurately represents the finite element model’s geometry on the Eulerian mesh and can be applied to any code with a pressure vs. time element loading capacity. An accurate representation of the finite element model is inserted into the CTH mesh even if the model contains shell elements. DTIC Blast Loads; Detonation; Explosions; Finite Element Method; Hulls (Structures); Mines (Ordnance); Shapes

20050173531 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA USA The Second Path: The Role of Algorithms in Maintaining Progress in DSP Richards, Mark A.; Sep. 2004; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433018; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Digital Signal Processing is ’...That discipline which has allowed us to replace a circuit previously composed of a capacitor and a resistor with two anti-aliasing ﬁlters, an A-to-D and a D-to-A converter, and a general purpose computer (or array processor) so long as the signal we are interested in does not vary too quickly.’ - Prof. Tom Barnwell, Georgia Tech DTIC Algorithms; Digital Systems; Embedding; Exponential Functions; Integrated Circuits; Progress; Signal Processing

65 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Includes data sampling and smoothing; Monte Carlo method; time series analysis; and stochastic processes.

20050170478 INTEL Ireland Ltd., Leixlip, Ireland Statistical Methods for Measurement Reduction in Semiconductor Manufacturing Babikian, Richard; Engelhard, Curt; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 212-215; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Measurement reduction in wafer fabrication represents a signiﬁcant opportunity for cost reduction and improvement in operational efficiency. This translates into savings on test wafers, metrology equipment, technician time and throughput time. With ever increasing process complexities and move to 300 mm technology the measurement cost are increasingly becoming an area of focus to improve manufacturing efficiency. At Intel statistical methodologies and management systems where developed to facilitate the reduction of measurements to reduce measurement costs. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Manufacturing; Statistical Analysis; Management Systems; Wafers; Fabrication

20050170519 Motorola, Inc., Austin, TX, USA Matching Automated CD SEMs in Multiple Manufacturing Environments Allgair, John; Ruehle, Dustin; Miller, John; Elliott, Richard; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 252-258; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Increasingly stringent critical dimension design rules for semiconductor manufacturing have driven manufacturers of

258 automated CD SEMs to develop systems with improved linewidth measurement repeatability and reproducibility [1]. However, in a multiple tool manufacturing environment, the technical performance of CD SEMs is as much a function of consistent and tight operational controls as it is a function of the fundamental capability of the system. Efficient and strict methods for the characterization and monitoring of the measurement performance of the systems, and in particular system matching, are required to preserve proper operation. We describe a practical CD SEM control procedure, using a standard daily monitor wafer, that tracks the major system components that impact CD SEM performance. A statistical analysis of this monitor data is presented which allows system matching to be verified immediately rather than requiring tests that span several days. This procedure tracks tool stability, provides a common CD SEM length reference, and enables the seamless use of multiple CD SEMs within a single manufacturing environment or between separate manufacturing environments, without significantly increasing the tool qualification time. Critical matching of six automated CD SEMs in two separate manufacturing environments is demonstrated using this technique on a variety of layers. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Statistical Analysis; Wafers; Manufacturing

20050173215 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Developing a Markov Model to be Used as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy Nurse Corps Kinstler, Daniel P.; Johnson, Raymond W.; Mar. 2005; 133 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432402; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A Markov Model was used to determine the number of nurses the Navy must gain each year in order to maintain desired end strength. Significant characteristics affecting career progression of individuals in the Navy Nurse Corps were identified. The characteristic of primary concern, accession source, was determined to be significant. Markov models were created to identify personnel flow from ENS through LCDR. The models end-strength projections for 2006-2009 were then compared to Nurse Corps targeted end-strengths for this same period. Several scenarios were run to minimize overages and underages in rank distribution. Optimization was achieved by changing both the distribution of accession sources and the distribution of recruited ranks. Optimal distribution of accession source and rank are dependant upon the degree of acceptable deviation from these targets. As stated above we were not able to acquire this information limiting our ability to accurately forecast optimized distribution of accession source or rank. The Markov Model demonstrated that the Nurse Corps current business practices optimize accessions for two year projections. Increasing variation between the current force structure plan and our models projections suggest that greater efficiency could be obtained in the out-years. This Markov Model provides a tool for improving extended forecasts. DTIC Manpower; Markov Processes; Mathematical Models; Medical Personnel; Navy

20050173220 Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA USA Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Immersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Management Xu, Xiaojiang; Santee, William; Berglund, Larry; Gonzalez, Richard; Jan. 2004; 5 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432410; MISC-04-07; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Due to low heat conductivity of body tissue, head surface cooling methods for management of the brain temperature during medical treatments often have limited utility. As blood ﬂow rates and surface-to-volume ratios are generally high in the extremities, heat exchange between the body and the environment through the extremities is an important path for heat exchange. This study examines the effects of cold-water extremity immersion on brain temperature by simulation modeling. The work is based on a six-cylinder thermoregulatory model that predicts human thermoregulatory responses to heat, cold, and water immersion. An arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA) response algorithm was added to the base model. Arteriovenous anastomoses are assumed to be controlled by a combination of core and skin temperatures. Our series of simulation scenarios consists of resting in a hot environment (40 degrees C, 75% relative humidity) until the brain temperature rises to 39 degrees C, then continuing the rest for 1 h under one of the following treatments: (A) no cooling; (B) hands immersed in 10 degrees C; (C) feet immersed in 10 degrees C water; (D) hands/feet immersed in 10 degrees C water. The simulation results indicate that within the ﬁrst 30 min, the hands, feet, or hands/feet immersion cooling resulted in brain temperature drops of 1.7 degrees C, 2.4 degrees C, and 3.3 degrees C, respectively, which correspond to cooling rates of 0.03 degrees C/min, 0.04 degrees C/min, and 0.05 degrees C/min. The predicted values show that extremity immersion cooling is a viable mechanism for simple and effective control of brain temperature. DTIC Blood Circulation; Body Temperature; Brain; Cooling; Submerging

259 20050173359 NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Bellevue, WA USA Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and Characterization Using DNS and LES Werne, Joseph; Nov. 2004; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-02-C-0037; Proj-1010 Report No.(s): AD-A432709; AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1201; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) During the last 12 months we have conducted focused analysis of our DNS solutions, explored new gravity-wave breaking simulations (including quantifying the turbulent Prandtl number), evaluated the numerics used in our LES code, conducted new work on optimal perturbation of stratified shear flows, extended verification comparisons between our DNS solutions and recent aircraft measurements (an found excellent agreement), and developed a Bayesian hierarchical methodology for deducing unresolved turbulent motions in mesoscale model simulations of stratified flows. In addition we also helped write a successful DoD HPCMO proposal for challenge status for the computer work associated with this project and a successful DOD Golden Opportunity Capability Applications Projects (CAP) proposal that will provide an additional 1 to 2 million hours of computer time on newly delivered MPP systems before they are made generally available to DoD users. The CAP program benefits the DoD HPCMO by having new systems rigorously tested by experienced users. DTIC Boundary Layers; Characterization; Direct Numerical Simulation; Large Eddy Simulation; Planetary Boundary Layer; Turbulence

20050173382 Connecticut Researve Technologies, LLC, Stow, OH USA Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Computational Issues Associated with Parameter Estimations Duffy, Stephen F.; Baker, Eric H.; Apr. 2005; 36 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD17-02-P-0503; Proj-622618H80 Report No.(s): AD-A432759; ARL-CR-0560; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Two test specimen geometries obtained from circumferentially machined, tubular components have been proposed to investigate different flaw populations that might be present in a ceramic gun barrel. C-ring specimens tested in compression will generate maximum tensile stress states at the outer surface of the barrel. This stress state will activate critical flaws that are oriented parallel to the long axis of the tube. The sectored flexure bar specimen tested in four-point flexure will activate flaws aligned circumferentially around the tube. There is a need to take failure data from these tests and transform the information so that material characteristic strengths can be computed for subsequent Weibull analyses conducted on the gun barrel component. In order to compute the material characteristic strengths, the requisite Weibull effective area and/or effective volume parameters must be obtained. The procedure for numerically computing the Weibull effective area and effective volume for C-ring and sectored flexural test specimens is detailed in this article. DTIC Ceramics; Estimates; Guns (Ordnance); Independent Variables; Parameter Identification

20050173406 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contemporary or Inflexible? Jobst, Mark; Palmer, Jeffrey; Mar. 2005; 278 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432811; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this thesis is threefold. Firstly, to attempt to provide validity for the two-sided matching process; secondly, analyze FITREP attributes to determine their suitability for a weighted criteria evaluation system and; thirdly, compare the USMC promotion and assignment process with contemporary human resource management practices. Using data from the USMC Officer Accession Career file (MCCOAC), a logit model is used to estimate the effects of TBS preference and other officer characteristics on retention to the seven year mark. Findings indicate that there was little difference in the probability of retention throughout most preference levels except for the bottom sixth. Using USMC FITREP data, an ordinary least squares model is used to estimate the effects of rank and MOS on FITREP scores across all attributes. Multiple comparison tests demonstrated that there are statistical differences at the 0.05 level between the means of the MOSs. Additionally, reporting creep is continuing across all attributes. Surveys were also conducted. The first survey indicated that USMC officers believe the FITREP attributes were not all equally important within, and across each MOS - although the USMC assesses them as such. The second survey indicated that the USMC promotion and assignment process can be strengthened through a clearly defined HRM plan that extends beyond ‘faces’ and ‘places’, and provides very clear links to the organizational strategy. Based on the findings it is recommended that the USMC review its HRM processes and conduct further analyses on the FITREP data

260 for: (1) correlation, (2) longitudinal analysis as a predictor for success and, (3) relevance and relationship to MOS characteristics, position descriptions, and organizational strategy. DTIC Least Squares Method; Personnel Management; Tasks

20050173497 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN USA Advanced Physiological Monitoring of FCS Soldiers Hively, L. M.; Protopopescu, V. A.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432978; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We quantify dynamical change in nonlinear time-serial data via dissimilarity measures between statistical distribution functions. These new measures are superior to traditional nonlinear measures and give robust and timely forewarning of normal-to-abnormal transitions in physiological regimes. These novel measures also provide rapid quantitative assessment of physiological change such as alertness, soldier readiness and bioagent exposure. DTIC Military Personnel; Nonlinearity; Physiology

20050173507 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold Region Performance Prediction and Its Probability of Resolution Richmond, Christ D.; Dec. 2004; 60 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432991; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Capon-MVDR algorithm exhibits a threshold effect in mean-squared error (MSE) performance 1. Below a specific threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) the MSE of signal parameter estimates derived from the Capon algorithm rises rapidly. Prediction of this threshold SNR point is clearly of practical significance for system design and performance. Via an adaptation of an interval error-based method referred to herein as the method of interval errors (MIE) 2, 3 the Capon threshold region MSE performance is accurately predicted. The exact pairwise error probabilities for the Capon (and Bartlett) algorithm derived herein are given by simple finite sums involving no numerical integration and include finite sample effects for an arbitrary colored data covariance. Combining these probabilities with the large sample MSE predictions of Vaidyanathan and Buckley 4 MIE provides accurate prediction of the threshold SNRs for an arbitrary number of well-separated sources circumventing the need for numerous Monte Carlo simulations. A new two-point measure of the Capon probability of resolution is a serendipitous by-product of this analysis that predicts the SNRs required for closely spaced sources to be mutually resolvable by the Capon algorithm. These results represent very valuable design and analysis tools for any system employing the Capon-MVDR algorithm. Potential to characterize performance in the presence of mismatch is briefly considered. DTIC Algorithms; Monte Carlo Method; Performance Prediction; Prediction Analysis Techniques; Probability Theory

20050173550 Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Telescopes Dichter, Bronislaw K.; Woolf, Stanley; Dec. 2003; 5 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A433053; AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1137; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy A proton scattering process resulted in damage to one of the Chandra X-ray telescope’s focal plane detectors. In this process, incident protons were transmitted, by scattering off the telescope mirrors, to the focal plane. We identify the proton population responsible for the damage and, using a proper grazing angle formalism, we show that the standard calculations of grazing angle scattering will signiﬁcantly under predict the expected proton ﬂux at the focal plane. DTIC Detectors; Grazing; Proton Scattering; Protons; Radiation Damage; Telescopes; X Ray Telescopes

66 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH Includes mathematical modeling of systems; network analysis; mathematical programming; decision theory; and game theory.

20050172128 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastructure: A Systems Analysis of Design Root Causes and Effects McCleskey, Carey M.; Apr. 2005; 264 pp.; In English Report No.(s): NASA/TP-2005-211519; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A12, Hardcopy

261 This NASA Technical Publication explores and documents the nature of Space Shuttle operations and its supporting infrastructure and addresses fundamental questions often asked of the Space Shuttle program why does it take so long to turnaround the Space Shuttle for ﬂight and why does it cost so much? Further, the report provides an overview of the cause-and effect relationships between generic ﬂight and ground system design characteristics and resulting operations by using actual cumulative maintenance task times as a relative measure of direct work content. In addition, this NASA TP provides an overview of how the Space Shuttle program’s operational infrastructure extends and accumulates from these design characteristics. Finally, and most important, the report derives a set of generic needs from which designers can revolutionize space travel from the inside out by developing and maturing more operable and supportable systems. Author Space Shuttles; Systems Engineering; Spacecraft Design; Systems Analysis

20050173190 Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier, Quebec Canada OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of Software-Intensive Systems Lizotte, M.; Rilling, J.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432336; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Opening-up architectures of software-intensive systems includes, as a key element, reverse engineering software, up to a simple component level. This paper introduces the Oasis project, which aims at decreasing comprehension time of existing systems to be used in a system-of-systems. The problem to be addressed and the vision are presented and current tool deﬁciencies are described. DTIC Reverse Engineering; Software Development Tools; Software Engineering

20050173223 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modulation Classification Methods for Digital Communication Signals Su, Wei; Kosinski, John A.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432416; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Automated modulation classification is a fundamental requirement for electronic support measures. Existing automated classifiers use a variety of different modulation recognition techniques. This paper reviews the category of decision-theoretic approaches and discusses the relationships between decision-theoretic methods and other statistical modulation classification methods. DTIC Classifications; Decision Theory; Modulation; Pulse Communication

20050173313 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Underwater Acoustic Networks: Evaluation of the Impact of Media Access Control on Latency, in a Delay Constrained Network DOS Santos Coelho, Jose; Mar. 2005; 187 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432616; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis presents an evaluation of the performance, in terms of throughput and latency, of two Media Access Control (MAC) mechanisms in Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs), using a model designed in the COTS simulation tool OPNET 10.5. The carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance is the predominant approach for implementing the MAC mechanism in UANs. However, the underwater acoustic environment is characterized by extreme propagation delays and limited bandwidth, which suggests that an Aloha-like scheme may merit consideration. The performance of these two schemes was compared with respect to two topologies: tree and grid. The results showed that an Aloha-like scheme that does not segment messages outperforms the contention-based scheme under all load conditions, in terms of both throughput and latency, for the two topologies. This thesis is the ﬁrst to establish that Aloha-like MAC mechanisms can be more than a limited alternative for lightly loaded networks; more speciﬁcally, they can be the preferred choice for an environment with large propagation delays. DTIC Access Control; Networks; Underwater Acoustics

262 20050173316 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA Power Variable Training STAP Griesbach, Jacob D.; Krich, Steven I.; Pulsone, Nicholas B.; Rader, Charles M.; Mar. 2004; 31 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432619; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) For GMTI radar processing space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a standard technique to mitigate clutter while preserving moving targets. STAP relies on an accurately estimated covariance matrix which is traditionally computed from localized training around the range gate under test. This presentation suggests a new approach to covariance training. Power variable training combines phase-selective covariance training which restricts range gate training to the most powerful range gates that lie on the clutter ridge and a new technique that scales the covariance matrix power to prevent over-nulling. The new algorithm exhibits improved minimum detectable velocity (MDV) and fewer false alarms from clutter discretes as well as increased performance with extended-range targets. The proposed technique is demonstrated and compared to localized training on Tuxedo data. DTIC Adaptation; Clutter; Education

20050173322 Princeton Univ., NJ USA Multiuser MIMO Systems Poor, H. V.; Mar. 2004; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432628; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Communication systems with multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver (i.e. MIMO systems) have shown considerable promise in providing high-rate high-quality wireless links. This talk will discuss implications of using MIMO systems in multiple-access networks. The main focus of the talk will be on receiver signal processing for such systems and in particular on multiuser detection and related issues. Complexity reduction techniques that use turbo processing or adaptive implementations will also be described. Finally some related issues concerning the spectral efficiencies of such systems will be discussed. DTIC Communication Networks; MIMO (Control Systems); Multiple Access; Signal Processing; Telecommunication

20050173351 Alphatech, Inc., Burlington, MA USA Root Locus Properties of Adaptive Beamforming and Capon Estimation for Uniform Linear Arrays Steinhardt, Allan; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432695; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In this paper we explore properties of the zeroes of the transfer function (Z transform) of the weight vector arising in adaptive beamforming and direction of arrival estimation (Capon) using sample matrix inversion. Our analysis sheds insights on properties of diagonal loading, as well as high-resolution properties of Capon’s estimate. The analysis also provides hints at how to extend these properties to nonuniform array manifolds. Speciﬁcally we prove the following theorem. Root locus theorem for ULAs: Let w be the clairvoyant weight vector of dimension N for a length N uniform linear array (ULA), given by w = R(exp-1)v, where v is the steering vector to the target, and R is the (ensemble) covariance matrix. Then all N-1 zeroes of the Z transform of w lie on the unit circle. (Note, since the sample matrix yields an unbiased estimator, the root locus for the adaptive beamformer has mean root loci on the unit circle as well) . We then discuss three applications of this theorem: (I) Diagonal loading: We show that the roots of the weight vector follow a trajectory (root locus) from the quiescent pattern to the interference angles as the interference-to-noise ratio grows. Diagonal loading can then be viewed as a regularization process that relaxes the root loci along this trajectory. (II) Capon: The spectrum dynamic range is maximized when the zeroes are all on the unit circle; therefore, our result provides an alternative insight into the high-resolution properties of Capon estimation. (III) Non-ULA extensions: We ﬁnd in our proof that the root locus behavior results from symmetry properties of the MVDR objective function. This suggests guidelines for successful approaches to generalizing Capon estimation and diagonal loading to non-ULA settings. DTIC Adaptation; Beamforming; Linear Arrays; Loci

263 20050173353 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA USA Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Channel: Performance Characterization and Robust Equalizers Preisig, James; Dec. 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432698; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Channel-estimate-based equalizers are adaptive coherent equalizers for which observations of the received signal are used to estimate channel parameters and these estimates are used to calculate the equalizer filter weights. Traditional channel-estimate- based equalizers calculate filter weights assuming that the estimates of the channel parameters are perfect. This work presents a common framework for evaluating both the performance of channel-estimate- based equalizers when the channel estimates are perfect (i.e. the minimal achievable error of the equalizer) and the degradation in performance of these equalizers due to errors in the channel estimates (i.e. the excess error). For the three type of equalizers considered (DFE Linear MMSE and Passive Time Reversal) the expressions for minimal achievable error take the form of the results from classical estimation theory for estimation error achieved by MMSE and matched filter estimators. These expressions are interpreted to give insights into the characteristics of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ channels. For the case when the channel estimates are MMSE estimates of the channel-impulse response, the excess error is shown to be proportional to the 2-norm of the calculated feedforward filter weight vector of the equalizer. This result is analogous to the ‘white noise gain’ result characterizing the sensitivity of adaptive array processors to mismatch. This result is used to evaluate the relative sensitivity of all three types of equalizers to environmental mismatch. The analytic predictions of equalizer performance are compared with observed performance using data from several field experiments in different underwater acoustic environments. The expressions for minimal achievable error and excess error give insights into potential methods of improving the robustness to channel mismatch of adaptive equalizers such as the DFE. Several of these methods are implemented and evaluated. DTIC Acoustic Properties; Acoustics; Characterization; Equalizers (Circuits); Sound Transmission; Time; Underwater Acoustics; Variations

67 THEORETICAL MATHEMATICS Includes algebra, functional analysis, geometry, topology, set theory, group theory and number theory.

20050173323 Ottawa Univ., Ontario Canada Quadratic Forms on Complex Random Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Capacity Ratnarajah, Tharmalingam; Vaillancourt, R.; Mar. 2004; 14 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432629; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Quadratic forms on complex random matrices and their joint eigenvalue densities are derived for applications in information theory. These densities are represented by complex hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments which can be expressed in terms of complex zonal polynomials. The derived densities are used to evaluate the most important information-theoretic measures the so-called ergodic channel capacity and capacity versus outage of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh-distributed wireless communication channels. Both correlated and uncorrelated channels are considered and the corresponding information-theoretic measure formulas are derived. It is shown how channel correlation degrades the communication system capacity. DTIC Channel Capacity; Matrices (Mathematics); Telecommunication

70 PHYSICS (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to mechanics, kinetics, magnetism, and electrodynamics. For speciﬁc areas of physics see categories 71 through 77. For related instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography; for geophysics, astrophysics, or solar physics see 46 Geophysics, 90 Astrophysics,or92 Solar Physics.

20050169624 Vigo Univ., Vigo, Spain An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large Two-Dimension Scattering Problems Obelleiro, F.; Landesa, L.; Rodriguez, J. L.; Pino, M. R.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 632-635; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

264 In this work we propose a novel and efficient solution for the Generalized Multipolar Technique (GMT).The solution is obtained throughout an iterative process, solving each multipolar origin separately, which avoids the inversion of the full impedance matrix. This implies a signiﬁcant reduction of the computational and storage cost, enhancing the scope of application of the GMT method to larger problems. Author Multipoles; Electromagnetic Scattering

20050169748 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Brookhaven Technology Group, Inc., Stony Brook, NY, USA, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, CA, USA Simulation, Generation, and Characterization of High Brightness Electron Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Srinivasan-Rao, T.; Schill, J.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Batchelor, K.; Farrell, J. P.; Mar. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770914; BNL-66464; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This paper describes computer simulations and measurements on an electron bunch from a pulsed, high gradient gap. MAFIA and PBGUNS were used to calculate the emittance, brightness and energy spread of the electron beam for peak currents ranging from 10 A to 1 kA and pulse durations ranging from 0.3 ps to 10 ps. Under optimum conditions, normalized emittance of 10(sup -7) (pi) m-rad, beam brightness of 3 x 10(sup 15) A/(m-rad)(sup 2) and energy spread of 0.15% were obtained. A pulsed high voltage with 1 MV amplitude, and (approx) 1 ns duration was applied to the diode with an interelectrode gap ranging from 2 mm to 0.5 mm. Copper cathodes with three different surface preparations, diamond polished, diamond turned and chemically cleaned, have been tested for their voltage hold-off properties under this high gradient and the Fowler-Nordheim plots were generated. The diamond polished OFC class II copper was shown to consistently produce lower dark current and higher hold-off voltage. Photoemission studies have been made using light from a KrF excimer. The ﬁeld enhancement factor for photoemission was calculated to be 5, an order of magnitude smaller than the dark current beta for a similar surface. NTIS Accelerators; Brightness; Electron Sources

20050169749 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon Cooling RF Cavities Corlett, J.; Li, D.; Rimmer, R.; Holtkamp, N.; Moretti, A.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770913; BNL-66463; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The authors present a high power RF coupler design for an interleaved (pi)/2 805 MHz standing wave accelerating structure proposed for a muon cooling experiment at FNAL. The coupler, in its simplest form, is a rectangular waveguide directly connected to an accelerating cell through an open slot on the cavity side-wall or end-plates. Two of such couplers are needed to feed the interleaved cavities. Current high power RF test requires the coupler to be at critical coupling. Numerical simulations on the coupler designs using MAFIA is presented. NTIS Accelerators; Muons

20050169750 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial Operation Witkover, R. L.; Michnoff, R. J.; Geller, J. M.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770911; BNL-66461; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The RHIC Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) System is designed to prevent beam loss quenching of the superconducting magnets, and acquire loss data. Four hundred ion chambers are located around the rings to detect losses. The required 8-decade range in signal current is compressed using an RC pre-integrator ahead of a low current ampliﬁer. A beam abort may be triggered if fast or slow losses exceed programmable threshold levels. A micro-controller based VME module sets references and gains and reads trip status for up to 64 channels. Results obtained with the detectors in the RHIC Sextant Test and the prototype electronics in the AGS-to-RHIC (AtR) transfer line are presented along with the present status of the system. NTIS Accelerators; Monitors

20050169751 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY UAL-Based Simulation Environment for Spallation Neutron Source Ring Malitsky, N.; Smith, J.; Wei, J.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770909; BNL-66442; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

265 This paper outlines the major activities and applications of the Uniﬁed Accelerator Library environment for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Ring. NTIS Neutron Sources; Spallation

20050169752 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Precision Magnetic Elements for the SNS Storage Ring Danby, G.; Jackson, J.; Spataro, C.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770908; BNL-66441; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Magnetic elements for an accumulator storage ring for a 1 GeV Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) have been under design. The accumulation of very high intensity protons in a storage ring requires beam optical elements of very high purity to minimize higher order resonances in the presence of space charge. The parameters of the elements required by the accumulator lattice design have been reported. The dipoles have a 17 cm gap and are 124 cm long. The quadrupoles have a physical length to aperture diameter ratio of 40 cm/21 cm and of 45 cm/31 cm. Since the elements have a large aperture and short length, optimizing the optical effects of magnet ends is the major design challenge. NTIS Storage Rings (Particle Accelerators); Spallation; Magnets

20050169755 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent Screen for Proton Beams Brown, K. A.; Gassner, D. M.; 1999; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770894; BNL-66027; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In the search for a better luminescent screen material, the authors tested pieces of mono-crystalline chromium doped aluminum oxide (more commonly known as a ruby) using a 24 GeV proton beam. Due to the large variations in beam intensity and species which are run at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), they hope to ﬁnd a material which can sufficiently luminesce, is compatible in vacuum, and maintain its performance level over extended use. Results from frame grabbed video camera images using a variety of neutral density ﬁlters are presented. NTIS Proton Beams; Ruby; Doped Crystals

20050169756 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Module Kerner, T.; Conkling, C. R.; Oerter, B.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770895; BNL-66028; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The V123 Synchronous Encoder Module transmits events to distributed trigger modules and embedded decoders around the RHIC rings where they are used to provide beam instrumentation triggers. The RHIC beam synchronous event link hardware is mainly comprised of three VMEbus board designs, the central input modules (V201), and encoder modules (V123), and the distributed trigger modules (V124). Two beam synchronous links, one for each ring, are distributed via fiberoptic and fanned out via twisted wire pair cables. The V123 synchronizes with the RF system clock derived from the beam bucket frequency and a revolution fiducial pulse. The RF system clock is used to create the beam synchronous event link carrier and events are synchronized with the rotation fiducial. A low jitter RF clock is later recovered from this carrier by phase lock loops in the trigger modules. Prioritized hardware and software triggers fill up to 15 beam event code transmission slots per revolution while tracking the ramping RF acceleration frequency and storage frequency. The revolution fiducial event is always the first event transmitted which is used to synchronize the firing of the abort kicker and to locate the first bucket for decoders distributed about the ring. NTIS Accelerators; Radio Frequencies

20050169757 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, USA, Saint Joseph’s Coll., IN, USA Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Production Target for Muon Colliders King, B. J.; Weggel, R. J.; Mokhov, N. V.; Moser, S. S.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770897; BNL-66326; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

266 A conceptual design is presented for a high power cupronickel pion production target. It forms a circular band in a horizontal plane with approximate dimensions of: 2.5 meters radius, 6 cm high and 0.6 cm thick. The target is continuously rotated at 3 m/s to carry heat away from the production region to a water cooling channel. Bunches of 16 GeV protons with total energies of 270 kJ and repetition rates of 15 Hz are incident tangentially to arc of the target along the symmetry axis of a 20 Tesla solenoidal magnetic capture channel. The mechanical layout and cooling setup are described. Results are presented from realistic MARS Monte Carlo computer simulations of the pion yield and energy deposition in the target. ANSYS ﬁnite element calculations are beginning to give predictions for the resultant shock heating stresses. NTIS Accelerators; Muons; Pions

20050169758 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Muon Colliders: The Ultimate Neutrino Beamlines King, B. J.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770898; BNL-66237; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge It is shown that muon decays in straight sections of muon collider rings will naturally produce highly collimated neutrino beams that can be several orders of magnitude stronger than the beams at existing accelerators. We discuss possible experimental setups and give a very brief overview of the physics potential from such beamlines. Formulae are given for the neutrino event rates at both short and long baseline neutrino experiments in these beams. NTIS Muons; Accelerators; Neutrino Beams

20050169759 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Studies for Muon Colliders at Center-of-Mass Energies of 10 TeV and 100 TeV King, B. J.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770899; BNL-66238; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Parameter lists are presented for speculative muon colliders at center-of-mass energies of 10 TeV and 100 TeV. The technological advances required to achieve the given parameters are itemized and discussed, and a discussion is given of the design goals and constraints. An important constraint for multi-TeV muon colliders is the need to minimize neutrino radiation from the collider ring. NTIS Muons; Accelerators

20050169760 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radiation at Muon Colliders King, B. J.; Jan. 1999; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770900; BNL-66239; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge High energy muon colliders, such as the TeV-scale conceptual designs now being considered, are found to produce enough high energy neutrinos to constitute a potentially serious off-site radiation hazard in the neighborhood of the accelerator site. A general characterization of this radiation hazard is given, followed by an order-of-magnitude calculation for the off-site annual radiation dose and a discussion of accelerator design and site selection strategies to minimize the radiation hazard. NTIS Accelerators; Radiation Hazards; Muons

20050169761 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY ICOOL: A Simulation Code for Ionization Cooling of Muon Beams Fernow, R. C.; Mar. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770901; BNL-66240; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Current ideas for designing a high luminosity muon collider require significant cooling of the phase space of the muon beams. The only known method that can cool the beams in a time comparable to the muon lifetime is ionization cooling. This method requires directing the particles in the beam at a large angle through a low Z absorber material in a strong focusing magnetic channel and then restoring the longitudinal momentum with an rf cavity. We have developed a new 3-D tracking code ICOOL for examining possible configurations for muon cooling. A cooling system is described in terms of a series of longitudinal regions with associated material and field properties. The tracking takes place in a coordinate system that follows

267 a reference orbit through the system. The code takes into account decays and interactions of (approx)50-500 MeV/c muons in matter. Material geometry regions include cylinders and wedges. A number of analytic models are provided for describing the field configurations. Simple diagnostics are built into the code, including calculation of emittances and correlations, longitudinal traces, histograms and scatter plots. A number of auxiliary files can be generated for post-processing analysis by the user. NTIS Ionization; Cooling Systems; Accelerators

20050169762 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Targetry for a Mu+Mu- Collider Kirk, H. G.; Mar. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770902; BNL-66253; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The requirement for high luminosity in a (mu)(sup +)(mu)(sup -) collider o leads one to conclude that a prodigious source of pions is needed followed by an efficient capture/decay channel. Significant targetry issues are raised by these demands. Among these are (1) the best target configuration to tolerate a high-rep rate, high-power proton beam ((approx) 10(sup 14) ppp at 15 Hz), (2) the pion spectra of tie produced pions and (3) the best configuration for maximizing the quantity of captured pions. In this paper, the current thinking of the (mu)(sup +)(mu)(sup -) collider collaboration for solutions to these issues is discussed. In addition, we give a description of the R&D program designed to provide a proof-of-principle for a muon capture system capable of meeting the demands of a future high-luminosity machine. NTIS Accelerators; Targets; Muons

20050169763 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL, USA, Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS, USA RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Cooling Experiment Corlett, J.; Green, M.; Li, D.; Holtkamp, N.; Moretti, A.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770903; BNL-66254; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The ionization cooling of muons requires longitudinal acceleration of the muons after scattering in a hydrogen target. In order to maximize the accelerating voltage, they propose using linear accelerating structures with cells bounded by thin beryllium metal foils. this produces an on-axis field equivalent to the maximum surface field, whereas with beam-pipes the accelerating field is approximately half that of the peak surface field in the cavity. The muons interact only weakly with the thin foils. A (pi)/2 interleaved cavity structure has been chosen, with alternate cells coupled together externally, and the two groups of cells fed in quadrature. At present they are considering an operating temperature of 77K to gain a factor of at least two in Q-value over room temperature. They will describe the design of the (pi)/2 interleaved cavity structure, design of an alternative (pi)-mode open structure, preliminary experimental results from a low-power test cavity, and plans for high-power testing. NTIS Accelerators; Muons

20050169764 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a Muon Collider Experiment Weggel, R. J.; Mokhov, N. V.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770904; BNL-66256; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Muon Collider Collaboration is proposing a pion-capture experiment that employs BNL’s Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, a liquid metal target, and a pulse solenoid precooled by liquid nitrogen. This paper compares the yield with various target diameters, orientations and magnetic field profiles. To equalize costs, all magnets have the same mass, 12 metric tons. The magnet has two nested shells, energized sequentially. The outer set of coils, energized at 4 MVA, generates (approx) 1/3 of the field in the target, most of the field downstream from it, and stores (approx) 21 MJ, from which to energize the inner coil. The computer code MARS predicts that the meson yield 5 meters from the target can be (approx) 0.35 per 16-GeV proton. This is with a mercury target of 20 mm diameter and 0.3 m length, tilted 100 mr from the field axis. The magnet field is 20 T, averaged over the target, ramping downward as (1 + 5z)(sup -1) overa3mlength, while the bore increases inversely with the square root of the field. NTIS Computer Programs; Liquid Metals; Liquid Nitrogen; Magnetic Fields

268 20050169765 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and Solenoids Parsa, Z.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770905; BNL-66258; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge For a muon collider, to obtain the needed luminosity, the phase space volume must be greatly reduced within the muon life time. The ionization cooling is the preferred method used to compress the phase space and reduce the emittance to obtain high luminosity muon beams. Alternating solenoid lattices has been proposed for muon colliders, where the emittance are large. They present an overview, discuss formalism, transfer maps for solenoid magnets and beam dynamics. NTIS Accelerators; Muons; Solenoids; Ionization

20050169766 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Princeton Univ., NJ, USA Instrumentation Channel for the MUCOOL Experiment Kahn, S. A.; Guler, H.; Lu, C.; McDonald, K. T.; Prebys, E. J.; Jan. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770907; BNL-66304; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The MUCOOL facility is proposed to examine cooling techniques that could be used in a muon collider. The solenoidal beam channel before and after the cooling test section are instrumented to measure the beam emittance. This instrumentation channel includes a bent solenoid to provide dispersion and time projection chambers to measure the beam variables before and after the bend. The momentum of the muons is obtained from a measurement of the drift of the muon trajectory in the bent solenoid. The timing measurement is made by determining the phase from the momentum of the muon before and after it traverses RF cavities or by the use of a fast Cherenkov chamber. A computer simulation of the muon solenoidal channel is performed using GEANT. This study evaluates the resolution of the beam emittance measurement for MUCOOL. NTIS Accelerators; Emittance

20050169780 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in (175)Lu Garrett, P. E.; Archer, D. E.; Becker, J. A.; Bernstein, L. A.; Hauschild, K.; Oct. 01, 2003; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009734; UCRL-TR-200316; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Rotational bands in (sup 175)Lu have been extended through investigation with the (n,n(prime)(gamma)) reaction. Spallation neutrons bombarded Lu samples, and the resulting (gamma) rays were detected in a large-scale Compton- suppressed Ge detector array. Prompt- and delayed-(gamma)(gamma) coincidences have been used to extend most of the existing known bands, and to tentatively assign a new band, based on the 7/2(sup -)(523) conﬁguration, from its band head to spin 13/2. The 3-quasiparticle K(sup (pi)) = 19/2(sup +) isomer is conﬁrmed and its half life determined to be 984 (+-) 13(stat.) (+-) 30(sys.) (micro)s, in agreement with previous results. NTIS Isomers; Rotational States; Lutetium Isotopes

20050169789 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Phenomenology and Cosmology of Weak Coupled String Theory Gaillard, M. K.; May 1998; 30 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834915; LBNL-41802; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The weakly coupled vacuum of E(sub 8) (circle-times) E(sub 8) heterotic string theory remains an attractive scenario for phenomenology and cosmology. The particle spectrum is reviewed and the issues of gauge coupling uniﬁcation, dilaton stabilization and modular cosmology are discussed. A speciﬁc model for condensation and supersymmetry breaking, that respects known constraints from string theory and is phenomenologically viable, is described. NTIS Cosmology; Phenomenology; String Theory; Supersymmetry

20050169790 California Univ., Irvine, CA, USA Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Kleinfelder, S.; Bichsel, H.; Bieser, F.; Matis, H. S.; Rai, G.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834920; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

269 Integrated CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) arrays have been fabricated and tested using X-ray and electron sources. The 128 by 128 pixel arrays, designed in a standard 0.25 micron process, use a approximately 10 micron epitaxial silicon layer as a deep detection region. The epitaxial layer has a much greater thickness than the surface features used by standard CMOS APS, leading to stronger signals and potentially better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). On the other hand, minority carriers conﬁned within the epitaxial region may diffuse to neighboring pixels, blur images and reduce peak signal intensity. But for low-rate, sparse-event images, centroid analysis of this diffusion may be used to increase position resolution. Careful trade-offs involving pixel size and sense-node area verses capacitance must be made to optimize overall performance. The prototype sensor arrays, therefore, include a range of different pixel designs, including different APS circuits and a range of different epitaxial layer contact structures. The fabricated arrays were tested with 1.5 GeV electrons and Fe-55 X-ray sources, yielding a measured noise of 13 electrons RMS and an SNR for single Fe-55 X-rays of greater than 38. NTIS Pixels; CMOS

20050169844 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a Magnetization and Space Charge Dominated Beam Chang, X.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Kewisch, J.; 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009926; BNL-73192-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In order to obtain sufficient cooling rates for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) electron cooling, a bunched beam with high bunch charge, high repetition frequency and high energy is required and it is necessary to use a ‘magnetized’ beam, i.e., an electron beam with non-negligible angular momentum. Applying a longitudinal solenoid field on the cathode can generate such a beam, which rotates around its longitudinal axis in a field-free region. This paper suggests how a magnetized beam can be accelerated and transported from a RF photocathode electron gun to the cooling section without significantly increasing its emittance. The evolution of longitudinal slices of the beam under a combination of space charge and magnetization is investigated, using paraxial envelope equations and numerical simulations. We find that we must modify the traditional method of compensating for emittance as used for normal non-magnetized beam with space charge to account for magnetization. The results of computer simulations of successful compensation are presented. Alternately, we show an electron bunch density distribution for which all slices propagate uniformly and which does not require emittance compensation. NTIS Electron Beams; Space Charge

20050169845 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Higher Order Hard Edge End Field Effects Berg, J. S.; Jul. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009923; BNL-73189-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In most cases, nonlinearities from magnets must be properly included in tracking and analysis to properly compute quantities of interest, in particular chromatic properties and dynamic aperture. One source of nonlinearities in magnets that is often important and cannot be avoided is the nonlinearity arising at the end of a magnet due to the longitudinal variation of the field at the end of the magnet. Part of this effect is independent of the longitudinal of the end. It is lowest order in the body field of the magnet, and is the result of taking a limit as the length over which the field at the end varies approaches zero. This is referred to as a ‘hard edge’ end field. This effect has been computed previously to lowest order in the transverse variables. This paper describes a method to compute this effect to arbitrary order in the transverse variables, under certain constraints. NTIS Accelerators; Magnets

20050169846 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accelerator Keil, E.; Berg, J. S.; Sessler, A. M.; Jul. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009924; BNL-73190-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Parameters are derived for the lattice and RF system of an electron model of a non-scaling FFAG ring for accelerating muons. The model accelerates electrons from about 10 to about 20 MeV, and has about 15 m circumference. Magnet types

270 and dimensions, spacing, half apertures, about 12 mm by 20 mm, and number of cells are presented. The tune variation with momentum covers several integers, similar to that in a full machine, and allows the study of resonance crossing. The consequences of misaligned magnets are studied by simulation. The variation of orbit length with momentum is less than 36 mm, and allows the study of acceleration outside a bucket. A 100 mm straight section, in each of the cells, is adequately long for an RF cavity operating at 3 GHz. Hamiltonian dynamics in longitudinal phase space close to transition is used to calculate the accelerating voltage needed. Acceleration is studied by simulation. Practical RF system design issues, e.g. RF power, and beam loading are estimated. NTIS Accelerators; Muons; Electrons

20050169848 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Model for Determining Dipole, Quadrupole, and Combined Function Magnet Costs Palmer, R. B.; Berg, J. S.; Jul. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009921; BNL-73187-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge One of the most important considerations in designing large accelerators is cost. This paper describes a model for estimating accelerator magnet costs, including their dependences on length, radius, and ﬁeld. The reasoning behind the cost model is explained, and the parameters of the model are chosen so as to correctly give the costs of a few selected magnets. A comparison is made with earlier formulae. Estimates are also given for other costs linearly dependent on length, and for 200 MHz superconducting RF. NTIS Magnets; Dipoles; Superconductivity; Radio Frequencies

20050169849 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG Lattices for Muon Acceleration Berg, J. S.; Palmer, R. B.; Jul. 2004; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009922; BNL-73188-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Fixed Field Gradient (FFAG) accelerators are a promising idea for reducing the cost of acceleration for muon accelerators as well as other machines. This paper presents an automated method for designing these machines to certain speciﬁcations, and uses that method to ﬁnd a minimum cost design. The dependence of this minimum cost on various input parameters to the system is given. The impact of the result on an FFAG design for muon acceleration is discussed. NTIS Cost Effectiveness; Cost Reduction; Muons; Particle Accelerators

20050169854 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Design Considerations for Low Field Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun with High Charge Electron Bunch Chang, X.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Kewisch, J.; 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009927; BNL-73193-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The RF field and space charge effect in a low field RF gun is given. The cell lengths are modified to have maximum accelerating efficiency. The modification introduces an extra RF field slice emittance. The phase space evolution of the following emittance compensation system is presented taking into account the chromatic effect. The emittance compensation mechanics for RF field and chromatic effect induced emittance is similar to that of compensating the space charge induced emittance. But the requirements are different to have best compensation for them. The beam waist is far in front of linac entrance to have best compensation for the RF field and chromatic effect induced emittance. For low field RF gun with high charge electron bunch this compensation is more important. NTIS Electron Bunching; Electron Guns

20050169856 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Perry, R.; Thompson, R.; Gross, J.; Schneberk, D.; Feb. 02, 2004; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009773; UCRL-TR-202117; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge At the request of Jose Hernandez we performed some feasibility DR/CT scanning of BSTRA Balls of different sizes. To this point we have scanned all the specimens on a single system, HECAT. This particular system employs a 9 meV LINAC

271 as the x-ray source and a THALES 12 x 16 inch 14-bit Amorphous Silicon panel as the detector. In this report we describe the system, detail some of its properties, describe the scans performed and present the data. NTIS Spheres; Structural Members

20050169866 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA AGS Resonant Extraction with High Intensity Beams Ahrens, L.; Brown, K.; Glenn, J. W.; Roser, T.; Tsoupas, N.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770873; BNL-65978; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Brookhaven AGS third integer resonant extraction system allows the AGS to provide high quality, high intensity 25.5 GeV/c proton beams simultaneously to four target stations and as many as 8 experiments. With the increasing intensities (over 7 x 10(sup 13) protons/pulse) and associated longer spill periods (2.4 to 3 seconds long), they continue to run with low losses and high quality low modulation continuous current beams. Learning to extract and transport these higher intensity beams has required a process of careful modeling and experimentation. They have had to learn how to correct for various instabilities and how to better match extraction and the transport lines to the higher emittance beams being accelerated in the AGS. Techniques employed include ‘’RF’’ methods to smooth out momentum distributions and ﬁne structure. They will present results of detailed multi-particle tracking modeling studies which enabled them to develop a clear understanding of beam loss mechanisms in the transport and extraction process. They report on their status, experiences, and the present understanding of the intensity limitations imposed by resonant extraction and transport to ﬁxed target stations. NTIS Proton Beams; Momentum; Emittance

20050169867 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the BNL-AGS Synchrotron Tsoupas, N.; Ahrens, L.; Brown, K. A.; Glenn, J. W.; Gardner, K.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770874; BNL-65980; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge During the acceleration cycle of the AGS synchrotron, eddy currents are generated within the walls of the vacuum chambers of the AGS main magnets. The vacuum chambers have elliptical cross section, are made of inconel material with a wall thickness of 2 mm and are placed within the gap of the combined-function main magnets of the AGS synchrotron. The generation of eddy currents in the walls of the vacuum chambers, creates various magnetic multipoles, which affect the optics of the AGS machine. In this report these magnetic multipoles are calculated for various time interval starting at the acceleration cycle, where the magnetic field of the main magnet is (approx)0.1 T, and ending before the beam extraction process, where the magnetic field of the main magnet is almost constant at (approx) 1.1 T. The calculations show that the magnetic multipoles generated by the eddy-currents affect the optics of the AGS synchrotron during the acceleration cycle and in particular at low magnetic fields of the main magnet. Their effect is too weak to affect the optics of the AGS machine during beam extraction at the nominal energies. NTIS Eddy Currents; Synchrotrons; Vacuum Chambers; Optics

20050169868 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam Transport Line of BNL-AGS Booster Tsoupas, N.; Brown, K. A.; Cullen, J. R.; Lee, Y. Y.; McNerney, A. J.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770875; BNL-65981; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge An experimental facility, to irradiate materials with energetic ion beams, has been proposed to be built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The BAF facility will mainly consist of the AGS-Booster slow extraction, of a beam transport line, and a target room. The beam transport line will transport the slow extracted beam of the AGS-Booster to the target location for the irradiation of various materials and specimens. A variety of ion beams like (p, (sup 28)Si, (sup 56)Fe, (sup 63)Cu, (sup 197)Au) in the energy range of 0.04 to 3.07 GeV/nucleon will be transported by the BAF line which is designed to provide variable beam spot sizes on the BAF target with sizes varying from 2.0 cm to 20. 0 cm in diameter. The beam spot sizes will include 95% of the beam intensity with the beam distributed normally (Gaussian) on the target area. It is also possible by introducing magnetic octupoles at speciﬁed locations along the beam transport line, to modify the distribution on the BAF

272 target and provide well conﬁned beams with rectangular cross section and with uniform distribution on the target. NTIS Ion Beams; Irradiation

20050169870 Rutherford Appleton Lab., Chilton Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer Description Explains Neutron Compton Scattering Anomaly Gidopoulos, N. I.; Jan. 20, 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-103029; RAL-TR-2004-038; Copyright; Avail: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Several neutron Compton scattering experiments reveal an apparent drop of the proton cross-section when the collision time Tq, is around 1 fs. Such small Tq corresponds to a large energy spread of the proton wave packet after collision, allowing it to access excited electronic levels. This non-adiabatic excitation of electrons leads to a distortion of the shape of the neutron scattering response function with some redistribution of intensity at energies higher than the nuclear recoil energy and a slight shift of the main neutron intensity peak to lower energies. NTIS Anomalies; Electron Energy; Electron Scattering

20050169877 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at BNL Ptitsyn, V.; Ahrens, L.; Anderson, D.; Bai, M.; Jul. 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009928; BNL-72168-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The authors review recent progress in the design of eRHIC, a proposed high luminosity, polarized electron-ion collider which would make use of the existing RHIC machine. The eRHIC collider aims to provide collisions of electrons and positrons on ions and protons in the center-of-mass energy range of 30-100 GeV, with a luminosity of 10(sup 32)-10(sup 34) cm(sup -2)s(sup -1) for e-p and 10(sup 30)-10(sup 32) cm(sup -2)s(sup -1) for e-Au collisions. An essential design requirement is to provide longitudinally polarized beams of electrons and protons (and, possibly lighter ions) at the collisions point. An eRHIC ZDR has been prepared which considers various aspects of the accelerator design. An electron accelerator, which delivers about 0.5A polarized electron beam current in the electron energy range of 5 to 10 GeV, would be constructed at BNL, near the existing RHIC complex and would intersect an ion ring in at least one of the available ion ring interaction regions. In order to reach the luminosity goals, some upgrades in the ion rings would also be required. NTIS Electron Accelerators; Electron Beams; Storage Rings (Particle Accelerators)

20050169879 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Mesoscale Radiography Bench, G.; Felter, T.; Martz, H. E.; Antolak, A.; Dec. 24, 2003; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009759; UCRL-TR-201617; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The power of sufficiently-energetic proton beams to penetrate high atomic number (Z) metals, together with the potential for high-dynamic-range measurements, enabled by the roughly linear energy loss mechanism in the material, makes ion beam imaging complementary to x-ray techniques and, in many cases, it is superior. Speciﬁcally, x-ray imaging is poor in an object that contains both low- and high-Z materials. This is because the energetic x-rays required to penetrate high-Z material(s) interact weakly with the low-Z materials and therefore provide poor image contrast. Protons, on the other hand, are less sensitive to Z; thus they penetrate the high-Z material, yet are sufficiently inﬂuenced by the low-Z material as to provide useful contrast and information. Each proton ‘measures’ the total electronic density of material that it traverses by its gradual and continuous energy loss as it passes through the object. Measuring the energy loss of a proton beam that has traveled through the target provides information about the line integral of the areal electron density in the material in a single measurement. Repeating this measurement across the target thus provides an electron-density map of the target; reconstructing multiple maps can lead to full 3-D tomographic renderings. The use of proton beams as an imaging probe with micron-scale spatial resolution in spatially extended (mm) targets can be hindered by positional and energy blurring known as straggling. This blurring is caused by the beam’s strong interactions with the electrical charge distribution of the material through which it travels. NTIS Radiography; Proton Beams; Mesoscale Phenomena; Feasibility Analysis

273 20050169887 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Gas Lasers for Strong-Field Applications Pogorelsky, I. V.; Sep. 2004; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009931; BNL-73206-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Atomic, molecular, and excimer-gas lasers employ variety of pumping schemes including electric discharge, optical, or chemical reactions and cover a broad spectral range from UV to far-IR. Several types of gas lasers can produce multi-kilojoule pulses and kilowatts of average power. Among them, excimer- and high-pressure molecular lasers have sufficient bandwidth for generating pico and femtosecond pulses. Projects are underway and prospects are opening up to bring ultrafast gas laser technology to the front lines of advanced accelerator applications. NTIS Gas Lasers; Accelerators; Molecular Gases

20050169888 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy Ion Sources Alessi, J. G.; 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009952; BNL-73247-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge There are many accelerator applications for high intensity heavy ion sources, with recent needs including dc beams for RIA, and pulsed beams for injection into synchrotrons such as RHIC and LHC. The present status of sources producing high currents of high charge state heavy ions is reviewed. These sources include ECR, EBIS, and Laser ion sources. Beneﬁts and limitations for these type sources are described. Possible future improvements in these sources are also mentioned. NTIS Accelerators; Synchrotrons; Ion Sources; Cyclotron Resonance

20050169889 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imaging Vanier, P.; Oct. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009965; BNL-73280-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Objects of various shapes, with some appreciable hydrogen content, were exposed to fast neutrons from a pulsed D-T generator, resulting in a partially-moderated spectrum of backscattered neutrons. The thermal component of the backscatter was used to form images of the objects by means of a coded aperture thermal neutron imaging system. Timing signals from the neutron generator were used to gate the detection system so as to record only events consistent with thermal neutrons traveling the distance between the target and the detector. It was shown that this time-of-ﬂight method provided a signiﬁcant improvement in image contrast compared to counting all events detected by the position-sensitive (sup 3)He proportional chamber used in the imager. The technique may have application in the detection and shape-determination of land mines, particularly non-metallic types. NTIS Fast Neutrons; Hydrogen; Targets; Detection

20050169890 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Large-x Resummations in QCD Vogelsang, W.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009966; BNL-73216-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We give a brief introduction to the resummation of a class of large logarithmic perturbative corrections to partonic hard-scattering cross sections. These corrections occur in deeply-inelastic structure functions at high Bjorken-x, and near partonic threshold in cross sections for large produced invariant mass or transverse momentum, such as the Drell-Yan process or hadronic prompt-photon production. They are associated with soft and/or collinear gluon emission. NTIS Quantum Chromodynamics; Scattering Cross Sections

20050169891 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY RHIC Performance and Future Plans Fischer, W.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009976; BNL-73151-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

274 The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, consisting of two 3.8 km long superconducting rings, was commissioned in 1999. Since then the machine collided fully stripped gold ions at ﬁve different energies, up to 100 GeV/u, deuterons with gold ions at 100 GeV/u, and protons at 100 GeV with a beam polarizations of up 45%. Over four operating periods the heavy ion luminosity has increased by two orders of magnitude, and now exceeds the design value by a factor of 2. Another factor of 2 is targeted for the next 4 years, as well as a more than 10-fold increase in the proton luminosity and a 2-fold increase in the polarization. Possible further upgrades include an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), stochastic and electron cooling, and an electron ring to form an electron-ion collider (eRHIC). NTIS Electron Beams; Ion Sources; Superconductivity

20050169892 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Theory Summer Program on RHIC Physics Kharzeev, D.; Kretzer, S.; Teaney, D.; Tuchin, K.; Venugopalan, R.; 2004; 144 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009964; BNL-73263-2004; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We are presently in a very exciting and important phase of the RHIC era. A huge body of data. has been gathered in heavy-ion collisions that provides very convincing evidence for the formation of a quark. gluon plasma in central collisions. Recently, studies of nuclear modification factors in forward dAu collisions have shown tantalizing signatures that may be understood most naturally in terms of a, universal form of matter controlling the high energy limit of strong interactions, the Color Glass Condensate. Finally, important advances have also been made in spin physics, where first measurements of single-transverse and double-longitudinal spin asymmetries have been presented, marking a qualitatively new era in this field. The wealth of the new experimental data called for a workshop in which theorists took stock and reviewed in depth what has been achieved, in order to give guidance as to what avenues should be taken from here. This was the idea behind the workshop ‘Theory Summer Program on RHIC Physics’. We decided to invite a fairly small number of participants--some world leaders in their field, others only at the beginning of their careers, but all actively involved in RHIC physics. Each one of them stayed over an extended period of time from two to six weeks. Such long-terms stays led to particularly fruitful interactions and collaborations with many members of the BNL theory groups, as well as with experimentalists at BNL. They also were most beneficial for achieving the main goal of this workshop, namely to perform detailed studies. NTIS Plasmas (Physics); Ionic Collisions

20050169893 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Distinguishing Spontaneous Fission Neutrons from Cosmic-ray Background Forman, L.; Aug. 2004; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009977; BNL-73303-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We have measured the neutron spectra of cosmic-rays and a spontaneous fission emitting source (Cf-252) using a neutron double scatter spectrometer. The energy range of measurements was 0.1-10 MeV where the spectrometer efficiency is determined to be up to 8.7% depending on the separation between detection planes. Our cosmic-ray neutron spectrum measurement is in good agreement with the sea-level data reported by Goldhagen and his co-workers. In the energy range 0.1-1.0 MeV, the cosmic-ray and Cf-252 spectra are different and separable. This difference is expected from the applicable models that describe the phenomena, ‘equilibrium slowing down’ (cosmic-rays) and ‘Maxwellian kinetic temperature’ emission (spontaneous fission). We show that \g80% of Cf-252 neutrons and \h25% of cosmic-ray related neutrons are emitted in this energy range of measurement, and conclude that neutron spectroscopy provides effective ways to distinguish a fission source from the cosmic-ray background. NTIS Fast Neutrons; Time Measurement

20050171012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY, USA Transition Form Factors of the Proton at Higher Momentum Transfer Stoler, P.; 2004; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-829659; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Recently there have been promising developments in bridging the high and low Q(sup 2) extremes with a QCD quark-parton description of exclusive reactions. In this approach the perturbative hard part of the reaction, which is calculable, is isolated from the non-perturbative soft, physics which is parameterized in terms of off-forward parton distributions (OFPD),

275 generically illustrated in a figure. An attractive aspect of this is that the same OFPD’s are common to different exclusive reactions which involve the same set of hadrons. In the limit of forward scattering it is shown that the OFPD become the usual inclusive parton distribution functions, as illustrated for the case of virtual Compton scattering in a figure. A figure illustrates how they are related specifically to baryon elastic and transition form factors. NTIS Momentum Transfer; Protons; Form Factors; Quantum Chromodynamics

20050172057 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, USA, California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Towards Advanced Electron Beam Brightness Enhancement and Conditioning Kim, K. J.; Carlsten, B.; Dowell, D.; Floettmann, K.; Jensen, K.; Feb. 2004; 66 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834030; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The importance of developing higher-brightness electron beam sources forfuture accelerators was emphasized during the DOE-BESAC Subcommittee Meeting on the BES 20-Year Facility Roadmap held in Washington on February 20, 2003 (1). The Subcommittee made a strong recommendation foran R&D program for high-brightness gun development. Spurred by this recommendation, a workshop was organized at Argonne National Laboratory on September 22-26, 2003 under the auspices of the ANL Theory Institute.About thirty experts in electron gun physics came for a week of intense discussion, reviewing the current state of the art and exploring ways to improve the performance of laser-driven rf photocathode guns, in particular whether an order of magnitude improvement of the beam brightness is feasible. Presentations given during the workshop can be found on the Internet at http://www.aps.anl. gov/asd/theory/presentations-online.html. This white paper grew out of the Argonne workshop. Its aim is to provide a summary of the ANL workshop and to propose an R&D program to develop advanced electron sources with an order of magnitude higher brightness than currently feasible. The budget for the R&D program for this purpose, discussed in Section 4, is estimated to be about $10M per year for ten years with an additional onetime start-up cost of $10M. Although expensive, the expenditure is well worthwhile in view of the tremendous beneﬁts the higher brightness gun will bring in future accelerator development, in particular a fourth-generation light source based on x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) technology and a future linear collider,which together will cost about $10B. Facilities capable for general accelerator-based R&D have been and are constructed as a part of larger accelerator complexes for research in various scientiﬁc disciplines, generally without provision for their use for research in advancing accelerator science. Sophistication in accelerator devices has become such that it is now necessary to promote accelerator research in its own right to be pursued with strong participation by university groups. NTIS Electron Beams; Brightness; Accelerators

20050172058 Department of Energy, Washington, DC Radiation Dose Measurements of the Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic Film Dosimeters Alderman, J.; Semones, E.; Job, P. K.; Feb. 09, 2004; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834029; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Advanced Photon Source (APS) uses Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets in the insertion devices to produce x-rays for scientific research. Earlier investigations have exhibited varying degrees of demagnetization of these magnets due to irradiation from electron beams, (sup 60)Co (gamma)-rays, and high-energy neutrons. Radiation-induced demagnetization has been observed in the APS insertion devices and was first measured in December of 2001. Partial demagnetization has also been observed in insertion devices at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), where Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets are also used. Growing concern for the lifetime of APS insertion devices, as well as the permanent magnets that will be used in next-generation, high-power light sources, like the FEL, resulted from the partial demagnetization observations made at both facilities. This concern in relation to radiation-induced demagnetization spurred a long-term project to measure and analyze the absorbed doses received by the APS insertion devices. The project required a reliable photon high-dose dosimetry technique capable of measuring absorbed doses greater than 10(sup 6) rad, which was not readily available at the APS. Through a collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), one such technique using radiachromic films was considered, tested, and calibrated at the APS. This consequently led to the implementation of radiachromic film dosimetry for measuring the absorbed doses received by the insertion devices for each of the APS runs. NTIS Light Sources; Dosage; Irradiation

276 20050172060 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA, USA Hiqh Q at Low and Medium Field Ciovati, G.; 2004; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-833420; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The surface resistance of a bulk niobium superconducting rf cavity as function of the surface magnetic field is often characterized by three peculiar dependencies at low, medium and high field. Understanding the causes and the physics behind these anomalous behaviors is important to improve the performance of superconducting cavities used in particle accelerators. In this paper attention will be focused on low and medium field regions by presenting experimental results of several cavity test series and reviewing the models that try to explain these non-linearities of the surface resistance. NTIS Superconductivity; Particle Accelerators; Niobium

20050172065 Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, Newport New, VA, USA, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Frascati, Italy, La Sapienza Univ., Rome, Italy Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Summary Report Bisognano, J.; Gianfelice, E.; Palumbo, L.; 2004; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-829645; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The impact of collective phenomena on the performance and operational flexibility of the recirculating linacs was evaluted for preliminary design concepts. At this state of conceptual design where the lattice, operational scenarios, and hardware are not firmly specified, estimates of these current dependent effects can only be approximate. However, scaling arguments applied to well-known machiens such as the SLAC linac and to heavily modeled designs such as the CEBAF linac allowed a number of solid conclusions to be drawn. In particular, there have been extensive measurements and numerical calculations of the transverse and longitudinal wakefields (impendances) of the 5-cell CEBAF/Cornell 1500 MHZ cavity which can be simply scaled (the relevant R/Q per cell being independent of frequency) to provide good estimates of the wakefields of a 500 MHz cavity. Simulations of both single and multiple bunch beam breakup had been performed for the CEBAF configuration for current regimes which then could be scaled to that proposed for the quark factory/nuclear physics facility which was the subject of this workshop. These results together with analytic estimates carried out at the workshop provide the basis for the group’s conclusions. Clearly, more thorough modeling including wakefield calculations of the actual cavity proposed and lattice configuration chosen (which was not possible or appropriate at a week-long workshop) should be pursued. The conclusions of the working group are summarized. NTIS Linear Accelerators; Nuclear Physics

20050172066 Oregon Univ., Eugene, OR, USA, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, USA, Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Top Quark Physics: Future Measurements Frey, R.; Gerdes, D.; Jaros, J.; Vejcki, S.; Berger, E. L.; 2004; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-16099; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We discuss the study of the top quark at future experiments and machines. Top’s large mass makes it a unique probe of physics at the natural electroweak scale. We emphasize measurements of the top quark’s mass, width, and couplings, as well as searches for rare or nonstandard decays, and discuss the complementary roles played by hadron and lepton colliders. NTIS Quarks; Theoretical Physics

20050172069 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA, USA Unraveling the Structure of Hadrons with Effective Field Theories of QCD Stewart, I.; Jun. 08, 2004; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-825001; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Effective Field theory is a powerful framework based on controlled expansions for problems with a natural separation of energy scales. This technique is particularly important for QCD, the theory of strong interactions, due to the vast diversity of phenomena that it describes. Stewart and collaborators have invented a new class of effective theories that can be used in processes with energetic hadrons. These Soft-Collinear Effective Theories provide a uniﬁed framework for describing

277 hadronic processes which involve hard probes or the release of a large amount of energy. Many interesting issues about hadronic physics can be addressed with the soft-collinear effective theory. Examples include the size and shape of hadronic form factors, the universality of hadronic distribution functions for a plethora of processes, and the importance of subleading corrections at intermediate energy scales. Effective ﬁeld theories allow these issues to be addressed using only the underlying symmetries and scales in QCD. Understanding these issues also has a direct impact on other areas of physics, such as on devising clean methods for the measurement of CP violation in the decay of B-mesons. Current progress on the soft-collinear effective theory and related methods is discussed in this report. NTIS Hadrons; Quantum Chromodynamics

20050172070 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Legnaro, Italy Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response Folkard, M.; Michael, B. D.; Prise, K. M.; Chatterjee, A.; 2004; 38 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-821082; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The extended abstracts which are submitted here present a summary of the proceedings of the 6th International Workshop/12th LH Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response, held at St. Catherine’s College, University of Oxford, UK on March, 29th-31st, 2003. In 1993 the 4th LH Gray Workshop entitled ‘Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response’ was held at the Gray Cancer Institute in Northwood. This was organized by Prof BD Michael, Dr M. Folkard and Dr KM Prise and brought together 40 participants interested in developing and applying new microbeam technology to problems in radiation biology (1). The workshop was an undoubted success and has spawned a series of subsequent workshops every two years. In the past, these workshops have been highly successful in bringing together groups interested in developing and applying micro-irradiation techniques to the study of cell and tissue damage by ionizing radiations. Following the ﬁrst microbeam workshop, there has been a rapid growth in the number of centres developing radiobiology microbeams, or planning to do so and there are currently 15-20 worldwide. Much of the recent research using microbeams has used them to study low-dose effects and ‘non-targeted’ responses such bystander effects, genomic instability and adaptive responses. The goal of the 6th workshop was to build on our knowledge of the development of microbeam approaches and the application to radiation biology in the future with the meeting stretching over a 3 day period. Over 80 participants reviewed the current state of radiobiology microbeam research worldwide and reported on new technological developments both in the ﬁelds of physics and biology. NTIS Radiobiology; Abstracts

20050172081 Jefferson (Thomas) Lab. Computer Center, Newport News, VA, USA Many-body Theory of Deep Inelastic Scattering Paris, M.; May 25, 2004; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834552; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We employ a simple, exactly solved model of confined Dirac particles to understand spin structure in hadrons. Specifically, we study the Bjorken x (or Nachtmann xi) dependence of the virtual photon spin asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from longitudinally polarized protons and neutrons. We use a relativistic potential model of the hadron, treating the constituents as independent massless Dirac particles confined to an infinitely massive force center. The importance of the p-wave components of the Dirac wave function is demonstrated. Comparisons are made to the observed data on protons and neutrons by taking into account the observed flavor dependence of the valence quark distributions. NTIS Inelastic Scattering; Electron Scattering; Asymmetry

20050173161 Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH USA Characterization of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Lake and River Ice Iliescu, Daniel; Baker, Ian; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-1-0110 Report No.(s): AD-A432269; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

278 This ongoing study focuses on the effects of the microstructure and impurities on the mechanical behavior of both seasonal lake and river ice. Ice was collected yearly over a 4-year period (2001-2004) from the same locations, from Lower Baker Pond, Orford, NH and the Connecticut River near Hanover, NH. Mechanical testing coupled with microstructural analysis of the texture of lake and river ice revealed that fracture models and strengths inferred from test performed on S2 lab ice can be used to provide strength estimates for river ice but their use for lake ice is problematic. DTIC Ice; Lake Ice; Lakes; Mechanical Properties; Microstructure; Rivers

20050173184 Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH USA In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Petrenko, Victor F.; Higa, Michiya; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-1-0078 Report No.(s): AD-A432325; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We present a new approach for calculating liquid water content in growing atmospheric ice (LWCi) from in-situ measurements of both capacitance and conductance. Computer simulations and experimental data analysis of the four different connections between liquid and solid parts of atmospheric ice show that a combination of series and parallel connections is the most appropriate model for Calculating LWCi. Assuming this combination model, and using in-situ measurements of both capacitance and conductance, we were able to accurately determine the time-variation of LWCi. DTIC Capacitance; Ice; In Situ Measurement; Moisture Content

20050173206 HyPerComp, Inc., Westlake Village, CA USA Physics-Based High Performance Computing Using Higher-Order Methods for Broadband Applications in Compu- tational Electromagnetics (CEM) Shankar, Vijaya; Kabakian, Adour; Rowell, Chris; Sahely, Touraj; Hall, William; Goldman, Geoffrey H.; Pizzillo, Thomas J.; Jan. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432377; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Under sponsorship from various Department of Defense (DoD) organizations and a cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the U.S. Research Development and Engineering Command, Army Research Laboratory (RDECOM-ARL) HyPerComp has significantly advanced the state of the art of time-domain, and broad band electromagnetic simulations. The TEMPUS (Time-Domain ElectroMagnetic Parallel Unstructured Simulator) environment is a complete self contained code suite that includes computer aided design (CAD) geometry creation and repair unstructured gridding for fell-scale targets with general materials scalable parallel code architecture higher-order accurate discontinuous Galerkin solvers for Maxwell’s equations and post processing utilities for solution visualization and exaction of final results like bistatic and monostatic radar cross section (RCS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and high-range-resolution (HRR) profiles. The high-performance TEMPUS environment is well suited for modeling a variety of targets and electromagnetic problems of interest to the U.S. Army such as: 1) high- speed projectiles with subtle surface discontinuities ridges and/or fins 2) ground-based targets such as tanks and scud missile launchers and 3) foliage penetration and ground interaction for target under trees (TUT). Some of the physics-based phenomenological features that govern the electromagnetic response of general targets are: a) specular reflection b) creeping waves c) traveling waves) slow moving surface waves e) edge diffraction f) singular currents at surface discontinuities g) resonating gaps and cavities and h) general material response. DTIC Broadband; Computational Electromagnetics

20050173280 Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS USA Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthening Using Electrokinetic Techniques Moreﬁeld, Sean W.; McInerney, Michael K.; Hock, Vincent F.; Marshall Jr, Orange S.; Malone, Philip G.; Weiss Jr, Charles A.; Sanchez, Joan; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432553; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Army has a requirement to develop methods of strengthening soil to support rapid runway and roadway construction. A study was undertaken on the use of DC current applied to soil to form cementing phases in the soil. Preliminary work was on the use of zinc. aluminum. and iron in a variety of granular materials. Metal ions primarily form soft metal hydroxide gels

279 that produce no immediate soil strengthening. Passing current through soil mixed with an alkali-reactive silicate produces rapid hardening with strength to 2,000 psi. DTIC Electrokinetics; Soils

20050173300 Raytheon Electronic Systems, Sudbury, MA USA Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Daum, Frederick E.; Dec. 2004; 38 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432577; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Adaptive arrays and tracking share many concepts mathematical tools, practical issues, and algorithms. For example, ill-conditioning of the sample covariance matrix for adaptive arrays and ill-conditioning of the covariance matrix in a Kalman filter are both serious problems that can be mitigated by the same set of about a dozen methods, including Tychonoff regularization (called ‘diagonal loading’ in adaptive arrays), factorization of the covariance matrix, using principal coordinates or approximately principal coordinates, etc. The basic mathematics of Kalman filters and adaptive arrays includes linear algebra and probability Theory, but more specifically, Kalman filters and adaptive arrays use essentially the same matrix inversion formula. Multiple hypothesis tracking is the method of choice nowadays in tracking, and it could be applied to adaptive arrays and STAP for different types of jamming, clutter, and targets. In particular, there is no reason these days to settle for only one adaptive antenna pattern, but rather we could have a bank of ten or more such adaptive antenna patterns for the same batch of data combined adaptively using standard Bayesian methods. Sample covariance matrix estimation in adaptive arrays could benefit from robust multiple hypothesis algorithms developed for tracking. Adaptive array design and STAP can be viewed as nonlinear estimation problems, which suggest that adaptive arrays could profit by using the powerful and elegant exponential family of probability densities, which includes the multivariate Gaussian density as a special case. In particular, exact nonlinear filters, which generalize the Kalman filter, have been developed using the exponential family over the last two decades Markov random fields, which are relevant to adaptive arrays, also correspond to the exponential family, according to the Hammersley-Clifford Theorem. DTIC Adaptation; Antenna Arrays; Antenna Radiation Patterns; Monopulse Antennas

20050173309 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on Intraseasonal Variability of Large-Scale Circulations Over the Western North Pacific Burton, Kenneth R., Jr; Mar. 2005; 113 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432612; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This study examines Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude wave variations connected to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) to establish connections with the 15- to 25-day wave activity in the western North Pacific monsoon trough region. The AAO index defined from the leading empirical orthogonal functions of 700 hPa height anomalies led to seven distinct circulation patterns that vary in conjunction with the 15- to 25-day monsoon trough mode. For nearly one half of the significant events the onset of 15- to 25-day monsoon trough convective activity coincided with a peak negative AAO index and the peak in monsoon trough convection coincided with a peak positive index. The remaining events either occur when the AAO is not significantly varying or when the AAO-related Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude circulations do not match 15- to 25-day transitions. When a significant connection occurs between the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude circulations related to the AAO and the 15- to 25-day wave activity in the western North Pacific monsoon trough, the mechanism is via equatorward Rossby-wave dispersion. When wave energy flux in the Southern Hemisphere is directed zonally, no connection is established between the AAO and the alternating periods of enhanced and reduced convection in the western North Pacific monsoon trough. DTIC Antarctic Regions; Oscillations; Southern Hemisphere; Variability

20050173376 Naval Research Lab., Bay Saint Louis, MS USA Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model During 1998-2001 Barron, Charlie N.; Kara, A. B.; Hurlburt, Harley E.; Rowley, C.; Smedstad, Lucy F.; Dec. 2004; 19 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432742; NRL/JA/7320--03-0112; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

280 A 1/8 degree global version of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), operational at the Naval Oceanographic OffIce (NAVOCEANO), is used for prediction of sea surface height (SSH) on daily and monthly time scales during 1998-2001. Model simulations that use 3-hourly wind and thermal forcing obtained from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System are performed with/without data assimilation to examine indirect/direct effects of atmospheric forcing in predicting SSH. Model-data evaluations are performed using the extensive database of daily averaged SSH values from tide gauges in the Atlantic, Paciﬁc, and Indian Oceans obtained from the Joint Archive for Sea Level (JASL) center during 1998-2001. Model-data comparisons are based on observations from 282 tide gauge locations. an inverse barometer correction was applied to SSH time series from tide gauges for model-data comparisons, and a sensitivity is undertaken to assess the impact of the inverse barometer correction on the SSH validation. A set of statistical metrics that includes conditional bias, root-mean-square difference, correlation coefficient, and nondimensional skill score is used to evaluate the model performance. It is shown that global NCOM has skill in representing SSH even in a free-running simulation, with general improvements when SSH from satellite altimetry and sea surface temperature from satellite IR are assimilated via synthetic temperature and salinity proﬁles derived from climatological correlations. DTIC Coasts; Navy; Ocean Models; Ocean Surface

20050173386 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA USA RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Wooding, Christine M.; Furey, Heather H.; Pachece, Marguerite A.; Jan. 2005; 44 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432771; WHOI-TR-2005-02; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report and its accompanying web page (http://www.whoi.edu/science/PO/ rafos/) describe the processing steps for RAFOS floats, from subscribing to Service Argos to plotting the final data for a data report. The MATLAB-based tracking software ARTOA-II is described in detail. ARTOA-II allows the user to convert raw hexidecimal data to decimal format, calculate float clock drifts, edit raw data, and use the time-of-arrival data to calculate float trajectories. The intention is that this report will provide a handy reference and it will be kept from becoming out-of-date by updates to the relevant web pages. DTIC Image Processing; Oceanography

20050173392 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Hoppe, Jeff; Duvak, Daniel; Palafox, George; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432788; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The purpose of this antenna optimization study is to perform antenna placement optimization for the Blue Force Tracking (BFT), Iridium, and International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) antennas on the proposed Mounted Battle Command On The Move (MBCOTM) Stryker system. The MBCOTM Stryker system uses the Stryker Command Vehicle (CV) as its baseline. Engineering analysis of the Stryker CV points out a number of challenges with the antenna integration. First and foremost, the BFT, INMARSAT, and Iridium share the same operational frequency bands. This presents a large potential for co-site interference on the Stryker platform. A second challenge is the degradation of antenna performance when located in close proximity to large metallic obstructions such as the weapon, hatch covers, ammo boxes and other antennas. Without proper antenna placement, these obstructions can have a significant impact on the antenna gain (Fig1,2). To optimize these communication systems on the MBCOTM Stryker system, this study will evaluate the current (baseline) antenna placements for both co-site interference and antenna gain. This study will also develop and evaluate an alternate configuration with the objective of increased antenna gain pattern performance and decreased co-site interference. This study uses Computational Electromagnetic Modeling (CEM), specifically the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, to model and simulate effects of antenna placement on the Stryker. The traditional design method for antenna placement was based solely on engineering experience and empirical test data. CEM provides many additional measurable statistics to evaluate antenna placements. This study integrates CEM analysis and statistics into the traditional design method to optimize antenna performance. DTIC Antennas; Combat; Finite Difference Theory; Finite Difference Time Domain Method; Optimization; Satellite Communication

281 20050173445 North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC USA Room Temperature Devices of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors El-Masry, Nadia A.; Bedair, S. M.; Apr. 2005; 12 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0715 Report No.(s): AD-A432896; ARO-42541.1-EL; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We report on the dependence of ferromagnetic properties of MOCVD grown GaMnN ﬁlms on carrier transfer across adjacent layers. We found that the magnetic properties of GaMnN, as a part of GaMnN/GaN:Mg heterostructures depends on the thickness of both the GaMnN ﬁlm and the adjacent GaN:Mg layer and on the presence of a wide bandgap barrier at this interface. These results are explained based on the occupancy of the Mn energy band and how the occupancy can be altered due to carrier transfer at the GaMnN/GaN:Mg interfaces. DTIC Ferromagnetism; Room Temperature; Semiconductors (Materials)

20050173482 National Defense Univ., Washington, DC USA Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a True Clausewitzian Analysis Lecroy, Jessica; Jan. 2000; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432957; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In mid-September the Washington Post carried a three-installment review on the conduct of the Kosovo conflict entitled ‘The Commanders’ War.’ 1 It alleged a telling division over military strategy between Lt. General Michael Short, USAF, operational air commander of the Allied air campaign, and General Wesley Clark, USA, NATO’s chief military commander (SACEUR). The reported Short-Clark disagreement usefully exposed the dilemma of defining the enemy s ‘center of gravity.’ For Short, a veteran airman, the center of gravity rested in Belgrade with Milosevic and strategic targets. For Clark, a former ground commander, the center of gravity resided with the fielded Serbian forces in Kosovo and operational targets. Dozens of articles have since appeared in military journals to reinforce this simplistic interpretation of the disagreement between the two generals. The analysis below attempts to show such a dichotomy is, at best, facile; at worst, it shows a lack of understanding of the framework for military strategy. What the generals’ reported disagreement actually unveiled was the kind of complex political constraints that can be, and generally are, imposed upon military strategists. The imperative of maintaining cohesion among the 19-nation alliance, fears of civilian and allied casualties, etc., skewed a purely rational and comprehensive (read: clean-cut) approach to the conflict. It is this political skewing that explains the apparent center of gravity schizophrenia highlighted in ‘The Commanders’ War,’ just as it also explains why the allies prosecuted a limited, incremental air-only campaign. DTIC Center of Gravity; Eccentricity; Schizophrenia; Warfare

20050173499 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA The North Atlantic Oscillation Inﬂuence on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An Extreme Wave Event Analysis Semedo, Alvaro A.; Mar. 2005; 106 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432981; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Waves in the North Atlantic are strongly seasonal, and peak in the winter season. The west coast of Portugal is exposed to winter swell, generated by wind associated with North Atlantic extratropical cyclones. The track of these storms, generated near the North America east coast, is strongly inﬂuenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). When the NAO is in its positive phase they normally track northeast and reach Western Europe well north of the Iberian Peninsula, in the British Islands or Scandinavia. However, in the negative NAO situation, the track of the storms is more zonal and south than usual, due to a weakened NAO. The characteristics of wave regime in Portugal are shown to be strongly related to the NAO phase and corresponding storm tracking. Positive NAO storms, tracking northeast towards the north of Europe, drive longer period swell from the northwest, whereas negative NAO storms have associated shorter period swell arriving to Portugal from a more westerly direction. The relation between the NAO phase and the storm tracks and the characteristics of the wave regime is investigated with ten year observations from four directional waverider coastal buoys, located off the coast of Portugal. DTIC Atlantic Ocean; Ocean Surface; Oscillations; Storms; Water Waves

282 71 ACOUSTICS Includes sound generation, transmission, and attenuation. For noise pollution see 45 Environment Pollution. For aircraft noise see also 02 Aerodynamics and 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power.

20050170450 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Construction of Facilities Modifications Booth, Earl R., Jr.; Henderson, Brenda S.; April 2005; 31 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-781-30-12 Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213752; L-19114; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy The NASA Langley Research Center Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel is a premier facility for model-scale testing of jet noise reduction concepts at realistic flow conditions. However, flow inside the open jet test section is less than optimum. A Construction of Facilities project, scheduled for FY 05, will replace the flow collector with a new design intended to reduce recirculation in the open jet test section. The reduction of recirculation will reduce background noise levels measured by a microphone array impinged by the recirculation flow and will improve flow characteristics in the open jet tunnel flow. In order to assess the degree to which this modification is successful, background noise levels and tunnel flow are documented, in order to establish a baseline, in this report. Author Aeroacoustics; Low Speed Wind Tunnels; Wind Tunnel Tests; Jet Aircraft Noise; NASA Programs; Background Noise; Test Facilities

20050171020 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA, Lockheed Martin Corp., USA, McDonnell-Douglas Corp., USA Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed and Tested Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Acoustic blankets are used in the payload fairing of expendable launch vehicles to reduce the fairing’s interior acoustics and the subsequent vibration response of the spacecraft. The Cassini spacecraft, to be launched on a Titan IV in October 1997, requires acoustic levels lower than those provided by the standard Titan IV blankets. Therefore, new acoustic blankets were recently developed and tested to reach NASA’s goal of reducing the Titan IV acoustic environment to the allowable levels for the Cassini spacecraft. Author Aeroacoustics; Acoustic Attenuation; Fairings; Cassini Mission; Vibration Damping

20050172099 Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, USA Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Studied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The NASA Lewis Research Center has been studying mixing processes in ejector nozzles for its High Speed Research (HSR) Program. This work is directed at finding ways to minimize the noise of a future supersonic airliner. Much of the noise such an airplane would generate would come from the nozzle, where a hot, high-speed jet exits the engine. Several different nozzle configurations were used to produce nozzle systems with different acoustical and aerodynamic characteristics. The acoustical properties were measured by an array of microphones in an anechoic chamber, and the aerodynamics were measured by traditional pressure and temperature instruments as well as by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), a technique for visualizing the airflow pattern without disturbing it. These measurements were put together and compared for different configurations to examine the relationships between mixing and noise generation. The mixer-ejector nozzle with the installed flow-visualization windows (foreground), the optical equipment and the supporting structure for the Laser Doppler Velocimetry flow visualization (midfield), and the sound-absorbing wedges used to create an anechoic environment for acoustic testing (background) is shown. The High Speed Research Program is a NASA-funded effort, in cooperation with the U.S. aerospace industry, to develop enabling technologies for a future supersonic airliner. One of the technological barriers being addressed is noise generated during near-airport operation. The mixer-ejector nozzle concept is being examined as a way to reduce jet noise while maintaining thrust. Ambient air is mixed with the high-velocity engine exhaust to reduce the jet velocity and hence the noise generated by the jet. The model was designed and built by Pratt & Whitney under NASA contract.

283 The test, completed in June 1995, was conducted in Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory. Author (revised) Aeroacoustics; Ejectors; Jet Aircraft Noise; Mixing; Nozzle Design; Propulsion System Conﬁgurations

20050173134 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA USA Cetacean Distributions Relative to Ocean Processes in the Northern California Current System Tynan, Cynthia T.; Ainley, David G.; Barth, John A.; Cowles, Timothy J.; Sep. 2004; 24 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-03-1-0330 Report No.(s): AD-A432216; WHOI-CONTRIB-11035; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Associations between cetacean distributions, oceanographic features, and bioacoustic backscatter were examined during two process cruises in the northern California Current System (CCS) during late spring and summer 2000. Line-transect surveys of cetaceans were conducted across the shelf and slope, out to 180 km offshore from Newport, Oregon (44.6 degrees N) to Crescent City, California (41.9 degrees N), in conjunction with multidisciplinary mesoscale and ﬁne-scale surveys of ocean and ecosystem structure. Occurrence patterns (presence/absence) of cetaceans were compared with hydrographic and ecological variables (e.g., sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature, thermocline depth, halocline depth, chlorophyll maximum, distance to the center of the equatorward jet, distance to the shoreward edge of the upwelling front, and acoustic backscatter at 38, 120, 200 and 420 kHz) derived from a towed, undulating array and a bioacoustic system. Using a multiple logistic regression model, 60.2% and 94.4% of the variation in occurrence patterns of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangllae during late spring and summer, respectively, were explained. Sea surface temperature, depth, and distance to the alongshore upwelling front were the most important environmental variables during June, when humpbacks occurred over the slope (200-2000 m). During August, when humpbacks concentrated over a submarine bank (Heceta Bank) and off Cape Blanco, sea surface salinity was the most important variable, followed by latitude and depth. Humpbacks did not occur in the lowest salinity water of the Columbia River plume. For harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena, the model explained 79.2% and 70.1% of the variation in their occurrence patterns during June and August, respectively. DTIC Backscattering; Bioacoustics; California; Marine Mammals; Ocean Currents; Ocean Surface; Oceans

20050173187 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sensor in Minefield Transit Toh, Eng Y.; Mar. 2005; 103 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432329; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Simulation is used to study the effectiveness of mine avoidance sonar (MAS) use on safe minefield transit by a ship. A MAS is able to detect mine-like objects but currently cannot classify the detected object as a mine or a non-mine mine-like bottom object (nombo). The tactic is to avoid all detected objects. The minefield is represented by a finite grid of fixed width and length. The representation of ship maneuvering in the simulation is similar to that of a wall tracing algorithm for a computer mouse going through a maze. The simulation results indicate that the use of the mine avoidance sonars can increase the probability of successful transit. The probability of successful transit increases as the probability of detection increases for minefield object densities less than 50% of the field. However, the probability of successful transit is sensitive to the mine and NOMBO (NOn-mine Mine-like Bottom Object) density. The probability of successful transit can be increased if the density of mine-like objects is decreased. Some suggestions on mine avoidance tactics are made from the results obtained to show the limitations and effectiveness of the MAS with regards to the open waters, narrow channels, ports and harbors. DTIC Avoidance; Countermeasures; Mine Detectors; Sonar

20050173205 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA USA Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment (LOAPEX) Mercer, James; Andrew, Rex; Howe, Bruce; Colosi, John; Apr. 2005; 123 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-03-1-0181 Report No.(s): AD-A432375; APL-UW-TR-0501; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This report documents the Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation Experiment (LOAPEX) cruise aboard the R/V Melville conducted between 10 September and 10 October 2004. The LOAPEX cruise was coordinated with two other experiments, BASSEX led by Art Baggeroer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and SPICEX led by Peter Worcester

284 of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In addition to suspending an acoustic source from the R/V Melville at several locations in the eastern Pacific, LOAPEX utilized the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) assets that were installed by APL-UW during the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) demonstration. LOAPEX has three primary scientific objectives: 1. to study the evolution, with distance (range), of the acoustic arrival pattern and in particular the range and frequency dependence of the spatial and temporal coherence 2. to determine the effects of the ocean bottom near the NPAL acoustic source located near Kauai, HI 3. to produce a thermal map of the Northeast Pacific Ocean DTIC Acoustic Propagation; Oceanographic Parameters; Oceans; Underwater Acoustics

20050173229 Mitre Corp., McLean, VA USA Sensors to Support the Soldier Callan, C.; Goodman, J.; Cornwall, M.; Fortson, N.; Henderson, R.; Katz, J.; Long, D.; Muller, R.; Ruderman, M.; Vesecky, J.; Feb. 2005; 106 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432428; JSR-04-210; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The charge, which was proposed by JASON itself and approved by Dr. Steve Lubard (Technical Director, S&T, ONR) read as follows: Ever in the vanguard of our nation’s military forces, the Marine Corps must ﬁght to secure the peace in nontraditional terrain, such as urban areas, often under restrictive rules of engagement. Such operations demand sophisticated sensors and surveillance so that threats may be countered with force appropriate to the environment. JASON will review ongoing programs and promising technologies that may meet these needs’. The JASON study focused on the following topic areas: squad-level communications; location, navigation, and maps; sensing through walls; countering snipers; and uses for UAVs. We will now summarize our principal ﬁndings and conclusions in each of these areas. DTIC Acoustics; Signal Detectors

20050173303 Metron, Inc., McLean, VA USA Detection and Tracking as a Seamless Process Stone, Lawrence; Mar. 2004; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432583; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Detection and tracking are normally considered separate processes. First the signal processing system associated with a sensor examines the signal to determine whether to call detection. Once detection is called, it is converted to an estimate of one or more of the components of the target’s kinematic state, e.g., bearing, position, or velocity. This estimate (contact) is sent to a tracking system that determines whether the contact should be associated with an existing track or used to generate a new one. This process works well in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) situations but sacrifices performance in low ones. The tracking community is making progress toward seamless detection and tracking and recovering some of this lost performance. In this talk, we present a method called likelihood ratio detection and tracking (LRDT) that is a step toward providing an integrated approach to detection and tracking. We provide examples of the application of LRDT to sonar and radar detection and tracking LRDT is a recursive Bayesian version of track-before-detect. In LRDT one specifies a surveillance region that has a prior probability less than one of containing a target. There is a probabilistic motion model that specifies target motion within the region as well as the possibility of transiting into and out of the region. As sensor information is received, it is converted into a measurement likelihood ratio function and combined with the prior likelihood ratio surface to produce a posterior surface. Peaks in this surface are used to determine whether a target is present and to provide an estimate of its state (track). The process is recursive with the posterior surface from one time period being updated for target motion to become the prior for the next measurement likelihood ratio function. DTIC Detection; Likelihood Ratio; Signal Processing; Signal to Noise Ratios; Tracking (Position)

20050173317 Science Applications International Corp., Falmouth, MA USA Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Acoustic Channel Kilfoyle, Daniel; Freitag, Lee; Dec. 2004; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432620; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication channels are an active area of research for terrestrial wireless applications. The natural bandwidth limitations of the underwater acoustic channel (UAC) combined with the potential for a rich spatial propagation structure suggest the ocean may be another useful application area for MIMO techniques. An

285 underwater acoustic communications experiment was conducted in the waters surrounding Elba, Italy, using spatially modulated signals. Two frequency regimes (9.5-14.5 kHz and 25-35 kHz) were explored over ranges up to 5 km using vertical line arrays suspended from drifting ships. The UAC had an average depth of 100 m. One-way communication links were established at two sites with one site having a rocky (reverberant) bottom and the other having a muddy (absorbent) bottom. The waveform comprised a single data stream with concatenated codes providing error control. The inner code was a high rate BCH code Trellis-coded modulation was used as the basis for the outer code. Successive coded symbols were multiplexed across the available transducer elements. This coding approach effectively maintains the inherent bandwidth efficiency of MIMO signaling. The receiver was an adaptive recursively updated multichannel decision feedback equalizer operating in conjunction with a digital phase-locked loop A packet-based, transport architecture was used and included a training sequence. A Viterbi algorithm was integrated with the equalizer that supported simultaneous tap-weight update and trellis transversal, thereby affording the decision-directed update partial error control. Using appropriate assumptions, channel capacity using a single transducer was estimated to be 5.4 bits/channel use at the soft bottom site. Capacity was maximized at 15.9 bits/channel use using four transducers. More detailed results will be presented along with performance predictions based on both propagation models and measured channel transfer functions7 DTIC Acoustics; Channels (Data Transmission); Modulation; Sound Transmission; Underwater Acoustics; Underwater Communication

20050173367 Brown Univ., Providence, RI USA Active Control of Turbulent Boundary Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Naval Applications Breuer, Kenneth; Jan. 2005; 31 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-01-1-0177 Report No.(s): AD-A432725; MFL-TR-2005-1; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Lorentz Force actuators were developed and characterized. They were used to measure the effect of lorentz force control on the drag of a fully turbulent channel ﬂow. Approximately 15% drag reduction was achieved DTIC Active Control; Actuators; Channel Flow; Drag Reduction; Noise Reduction; Turbulent Boundary Layer

20050173378 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA USA Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Time Reversal Mirror Song, Hee-Chun; Hodgkiss, William S.; Kuperman, William A.; Kim, S.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432746; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The major problem for active sonar systems operating in shallow water is the detection of target in the presence of severe bottom reverberation. The focusing capability of a time reversal mirror (TRM) suggest two different approaches to this problem. First, a TRM focuses acoustic energy on a target enhancing the target echo while shadowing the boundaries below and above the focus in an acoustic waveguide, thereby reducing reverberation. The resulting echo-to-reverberation enhancement has been demonstrated experimentally in the 3-4 kHz band in shallow water. The second approach is reverberation nulling to enhance target detectability since focusing and nulling are complementary. The idea is to minimize the acoustic energy incident on the corresponding scattering interface by applying an excitation weight vector which is orthogonal to the time-gated reverberation focusing vector. Both numerical simulations and experimental results illustrate the potential of reverberation nulling using a time reversal mirror. DTIC Adaptation; Mirrors; Reverberation; Sonar

20050173463 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Performance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Scanlon, Michael V.; Young, Stuart H.; Hillis, David B.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432920; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) As the Army transforms to the Future Force, particular attention must be paid to operations in Complex and Urban Terrain. because our adversaries realize that we don’t have battleﬁeld dominance in the urban environment, and because population growth and migration to urban environments is still on the increase, our adversaries will continue to draw us into operations in the urban environment. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing technology to equip our soldiers for the urban

286 operations of the future. Sophisticated small robotic platforms with diverse sensor suites will be an integral part of the Future Force, and must be able to collaborate not only amongst themselves but also with their manned partners. ARL has developed a Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) sensor payload for integration onto small robotic vehicles (Packbots), larger robotic scout vehicles (M-Gators), manned soldier transports (ATVs), and on a tethered aerial platform (aerostat). The RSTA sensor payload is equipped with an acoustic array that will detect and localize on an impulsive noise event, such as a sniper’s weapon firing. Additionally, the robot sensor head is equipped with visible and thermal camera for operations both day and night. The Packbot can be deployed from the soldier’s ATV to enhance their situational awareness in the urban environment, while keeping them out of harms way. The information from one Packbot can then be fused with other sensors as part of a sensor network. Sensor equipped mobile platforms provide an awesome capability to the future dismounted infantry soldier during warfighting and peacekeeping operations in complex and urban terrain by enhancing their situational awareness and improving their survivability. ARL demonstrated networked acoustic detection and localization of mortar, sniper fire, gunfight, and vehicle tracking at the August 11, 2004 Horizontal Fusion - Warrior’s Edge (WE) demonstration at the at Fort Benning, Ge7 DTIC Acoustic Measurement; Acoustics; Arrays; Signal Detectors; Warfare

72 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Includes atomic and molecular structure, electron properties, and atomic and molecular spectra. For elementary particle physics see 73 Nuclear Physics.

20050169774 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster Injection Zhang, S. Y.; Ahrens, L. A.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770748; BNL-66000; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Gold beam injection efficiency decreases in proportional to the beam loss in the AGS Booster. A close look shows that large number of electrons, ions, and neutral particles are created when the gold beam scrapes wall. To investigate the neutral particle production due to the beam loss, local vacuum measurement was made during the 1998 run. It shows that the pressure created by the Booster Au(sup 31+) beam loss at injection has a 35 ms decay time constant. The beam loss created pressure bump in the ring is about 20 meters long. When 3 x 10(sup 9) Gold ions scrapes wall, a pressure higher than 10(sup -7) Torr was created. The beam lifetime calculated using these parameters is in agreement with the observed one. NTIS Ion Beams; Beam Injection; Particle Accelerators; Particle Decay; Gold; Heavy Ions

20050173526 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of Biological Material Guicheteau, Jason A.; Gonser, Kristina; Christesen, Steven D.; Dec. 2004; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433013; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In light of recent world events, an emphasis has been placed firmly on the development of rapid biological threat detection techniques for the military as well as for homeland security. Vibrational spectroscopic methods such as Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provide rapid detailed fingerprint information about the molecular composition of biomaterial in a non-destructive manner. The technology and methodology to acquire and interpret biological Raman spectra has seen tremendous advances over the past several decades. The problem of tissue fluorescence, which overwhelms the Raman signal of most biological samples upon excitation in the visible region, has been largely overcome by instrumentation operating in the near-IR region of the spectrum. In addition, treatment of biomaterials with silver nanoparticles not only enhances the normal Raman signal by several orders of magnitude but also further reduces the fluorescence backgrounds via interaction between the analyte and the metal SERS substrate. This work presents a study into the applicability of qualitative Raman spectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA) and surface enhanced Raman for quantitative analysis of the biological threat materials associated with the Rapid Agent Aerosol Detection (RAAD) project. DTIC Aerosols; Biological Effects; Detection; Molecular Structure; Raman Spectra; Raman Spectroscopy

287 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS Includes nuclear particles; and reactor theory. For space radiation see 93 Space Radiation. For atomic and molecular physics see 72 Atomic and Molecular Physics. For elementary particle physics see 77 Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields. For nuclear astrophysics see 90 Astrophysics.

20050169788 Argonne National Lab., IL Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gadolinium Smith, A. B.; Jul. 2004; 44 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834717; ANL/NDM-157; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Reports in the Argonne National Laboratory Nuclear Data and Measurement Series present results of studies in the ﬁeld of microscopic nuclear data. The primary objective of the series is the dissemination of information in the comprehensive form required for nuclear technology applications. This Series is devoted to: (a) measured microscopic nuclear parameters, (b) experimental techniques and facilities employed in measurements, (c) the analysis, correlation and interpretation of nuclear data, and (d) the compilation and evaluation of nuclear data. Contributions to this Series are reviewed to assure technical competence and, unless otherwise stated, the contents can be formally referenced. This Series does not supplant formal journal publication, but it does provide the more extensive information required for technological applications (e.g., tabulated numerical data) in a timely manner. NTIS Fast Neutrons; Gadolinium; Nuclear Interactions; Nuclear Physics; Nuclear Reactions

74 OPTICS Includes light phenomena and the theory of optical devices; for speciﬁc optical devices see also 35 Instrumentation and Photography. For lasers see 36 Lasers and Masers.

20050169858 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Readout Friedrich, S.; Drury, O.; Bechstein, S.; Henning, W.; Momayezi, M.; Jan. 01, 2003; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003381; UCRL-JC-151987; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The authors are developing fast digital signal processors (DSPs) to read out superconducting high-resolution X-ray detectors with on-line pulse processing. For superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detector read-out, the DSPs offer on-line ﬁltering, rise time discrimination and pile-up rejection. Compared to analog pulse processing, DSP readout somewhat degrades the detector resolution, but improves the spectral purity of the detector response. They discuss DSP performance with the 9-channel STJ array for synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. NTIS Signal Processing; X Ray Detectors

20050173310 Science Applications International Corp., Fairfax , VA USA Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beamforming for a Dynamic Long Towed-Array Lee, Yung P.; Freese, Herbert; Lee, William W.; Dec. 2004; 28 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432613; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In the fast time-varying shallow water environment the phone-space adaptive processing using sample-matrix-inversion (SMI) approach outperforms the iterative least-mean-squared (LMS) approach due to its rapid convergence. The SMI approach uses singular-value-decomposition (SVD) to decompose a sample-matrix into a set of spatial eigenvectors and their associated eigenvalues Adaptive beamforming is applied by matching the steering vectors with the spatial eigenvectors weighted by their eigenvalues. When a long towed-array undergoes signiﬁcant maneuvering the array shape and/for the target-to-array relative geometry changes rapidly within a processing interval. A signal in the phone-space sample-matrix is split into more than one eigenvector resulting in signal mismatch in the subsequent beamforming. Its power is split into many eigenvalues resulting in signal loss in the processing. In subarray beam-space adaptive beamforming (SABS ABF) a beam-space sample-matrix is formed at each search cell by focusing subarrays to a cell using the dynamically updated array shape at each time step. The SMI adaptive beamforming then is done by decomposing the beam-space sample-matrix and matching the beam-eigenvectors with a unity steering vector. The beam-space sample-matrix has a lower rank than the

288 phone-space sample-matrix so that a stable estimation can be reached with fewer time samples. The dynamic array shape compensation in SABS ABF makes a signal in the beam-space sample- matrix less likely to be split by the SVD. The subsequent processing after the SVD experiences less signal mismatch and signal loss. A dynamic cable model is used to simulate a long towed-array going through turns in a measured shallow water current ﬁeld. Simulations show that signiﬁcant signal loss in phone-space SMI processing is recovered in SABS ABF processing. DTIC Beamforming; Shallow Water; Targets

20050173332 Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detection in Foliage Ding, Kung-Hau; Schindler, John K.; Kim, Kristopher T.; Perlovsky, Leonid I.; Poirier, J. L.; Tichovolsky, Elihu J.; Weijers, Bertus; Jan. 2004; 65 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-2304 Report No.(s): AD-A432646; AFRL-SN-HS-TR-2005-003; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) In this report we have demonstrated the properties of precursor-like waveforms that are important if these waveforms are to be considered for radar detection of targets embedded in foliage. These properties are: (1) Precursor-like waveforms are greatly attenuated in comparison with the excitation signal due to the fact that the precursor formation medium must be highly dispersive and has a rapidly increasing attenuation with frequency. The precursor-like waveforms are formed from sideband energy of the excitation signal in a medium that has greatly attenuated the carrier frequency and upper sideband energy. (2) Precursor-like behavior is exhibited only after propagating through several skin depths of the medium at the carrier frequency of excitation. This insures that the carrier and upper sidebands of the excitation are greatly attenuated. (3) Precursor-like behavior of the response waveform persists with target scattering when the target is embedded in a dispersive. Debye medium. Target scattering attenuates low frequency portions of the spectrum due to Rayleigh scattering from the target at very low frequencies. As long as there remains a substantial portion of the response spectrum that is equalized over a band between the Rayleigh scattering and the carrier frequency, the precursor-like behavior of the time response will be observed. In this case, the duration of the precursors will be increased due to the low frequency bandwidth limitations imposed on the spectrum by the target Rayleigh scattering. (4) Foliage is weakly dispersive when compared to water and results in weak or negligible precursor formation in the coherent or ensemble average waveform at reasonable foliage depths. According to the experimental observations of trees and their wood ﬁbers, as modeled by Brown and Curry, wood conductivity due to the ionic conductivity of salts and minerals in the tree sap dominates Debye losses. DTIC Broadband; Detection; Foliage; Signal Processing; Target Acquisition

20050173352 Texas Univ., Austin, TX USA Spherical Linear Interpolation for Transmit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM systems with Limited Feedback Choi, Jihoon; Heath Jr, Robert W.; Dec. 2004; 36 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432697; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Transmit beamforming with receive combining is a simple approach to exploiting the significant diversity provided by multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and this technique can be easily extended to frequency selective MIMO channels by employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Optimal beamforming requires channel state information in the form of the beamforming vectors corresponding to all the OFDM subcarriers. When the uplink and downlink channels are not reciprocal this information must be conveyed back to the transmitter. To reduce the amount of feedback information a new approach to transmit beamforming is proposed that combines limited feedback and beamformer interpolation. Because the length of the OFDM cyclic prefix is designed to be much less than the number of subcarriers to increase spectral efficiency the neighboring subchannels of a MIMO-OFDM system are substantially correlated. Thus the beamforming vectors determined by the subchannels are also significantly correlated. To reduce the feedback information using the correlation between beamforming vectors the receiver of the proposed scheme sends back only a fraction of information about the optimal beamforming vectors to the transmitter. Then the transmitter evaluates the beamforming vectors for all subcarriers through interpolation of the conveyed beamforming vectors. Since a beamforming vector is phase invariant and has unit norm a new spherical linear interpolator is proposed that exploits additional parameters for phase rotation. These parameters are determined at the receiver in the sense of maximizing the minimum channel gain or capacity and they are sent

289 back to the transmitter along with the beamforming vectors through the feedback channel. DTIC Beamforming; Feedback; Frequency Division Multiplexing; Interpolation; MIMO (Control Systems)

20050173381 IDELIX Software, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia Canada Enhancing Situational Awareness Using Fisheye Lenses Shoemaker, Garth; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432758; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Advances in C4I technology are constantly increasing the amount and quality of information available to command personnel. This brings to the fore the challenge of managing, navigating, and comprehending this information as a requirement for making correct and timely decisions. We discuss the use of ﬁsheye lenses, also known as detail-in-context lenses, to aid in geo-spatial and imagery data presentation and interaction on computer displays with the goal of increasing comprehension, efficiency, and ultimately the quality of decisions. A framework is laid for the use of ﬁsheye lenses, including the fusing of data from multiple sources, and the direct coupling of lenses with data. DTIC Display Devices; Lenses; Multisensor Fusion; Satellite Imagery; Situational Awareness

20050173452 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Combustion Fronts Produced by Enhanced Blast Explosives McNesby, Kevin L.; Homan, Barrie E.; Lottero, Richard E.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432905; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) High brightness imaging (HBI) has been used to study the structure of the leading shock, particles immediately behind the leading shock, and the following contact surface of combustion front (i.e., the ‘fireball’) produced during testing of enhanced blast explosives (two kg main charge weight) in real time. These measurements are preliminary, as only six different explosives formulations were tested. However, results show that HBI can provide valuable information regarding the manner in which enhanced blast explosives differ from each other, and function in general. In particular, the high brightness imaging technique described here shows that some formulations produce particles ahead of the fireball, while others do not. Also, the distance between the leading shock and the fireball varies by formulation. Finally, for those formulations that produce particles in the space between the leading shock and the fireball, it appears that at later times the fireball expansion velocity (measured at the leading edge of the fireball) decelerates less than other formulations. For the six formulations tested thus far using HBI, we report leading shock velocities, leading shock thickness, particle images (or lack thereof), and fireball leading edge velocities. DTIC Brightness; Combustion; Explosives; Image Processing; Imaging Techniques; Real Time Operation; Shock Fronts; Time Measurement; Wave Fronts

75 PLASMA PHYSICS Includes magnetohydrodynamics and plasma fusion. For ionospheric plasmas see 46 Geophysics. For space plasmas see 90 Astrophysics.

20050169746 Princeton Univ., NJ Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction and Isoﬂux Control of Plasma Shape and Position in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) Mueller, D.; Gates, D. A.; Menard, J. E.; Ferron, J. R.; Sabbagh, S. A.; Aug. 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-829664; PPPL-3996; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The implementation of the rtEFIT-isoﬂux algorithm in the digital control system for NSTX has led to improved ability to control the plasma shape. In particular, it has been essential for good gap control for radio-frequency experiments, for control of drsep in H-mode studies, and for X-point height control and (kappa) control in a variety of experiments. NTIS Plasmas (Physics); Algorithms; Control

290 20050173291 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Scramjets Jacobsen, Lance S.; Carter, Campbell D.; Baurie, Robert A.; Jackson, Thomas A.; Oct. 2003; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432568; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Air Force plasma ignition program is assessing the prospect of main-fuel ignition with plasma generating devices in a supersonic flow. As the study progresses baseline conditions of operation are being established such as the required operational time of the device to initiate a combustion shock train. The two plasma torches currently under investigation consist of a DC constricted-arc design from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and an AC unconstricted-arc design based on a modified spark-plug from Polytechnic University. The plasma torches are realistic in size and operate within current power constraints while differing substantially in orifice geometry. In order to compare the potential of each concept the flow physics of each part of the igniter/fuel-injector/combustor system are being studied. In each step of the program, we utilize CFD and experiments to help define and advance the ignition process. To understand the constraints involved with ignition process of a hydrocarbon fuel jet an experimental effort to study gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons is underway, involving the testing of ethylene and JP-7 fuels with nitrogen and air plasmas. Results from the individual igniter studies have shown the plasma igniters to produce hot pockets of highly excited gas with peak temperatures up to (and in some cases above) 5000 K at only 2-kW total input power. In addition ethylene and JP-7 flames with a significant level of OH as determined by OH PLIF were also produced in a Mach-2 supersonic flow with a total temperature and pressure of 590 K and 5.4 atm respectively. DTIC Ignition; Plasmas (Physics); Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Engines

20050173363 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Determination of the Basis for Temperature Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Propellant Guns Pesce-Rodriguez, R. A.; Beyer, R. A.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432717; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) A series of experiments and reanalysis of previously published results has led to the discovery of the key interaction between the plasma of an electrothermal igniter and the gun propellant in large caliber cannon. It has been shown that the intense visible and near infrared light from the plasma discharge create a greatly enhanced surface area for a limited fraction of the propelling charge. This extra surface area, promptly ignited by the plasma, causes the rapid pressurization of the gun breech. The remainder of the charge is unaffected by the plasma radiation and burns according to usual interior ballistics design. this provides a mechanism for compensation for the lower burning rates of cold propellants, which would otherwise result in decreased performance. DTIC Igniters; Ignition; Solid Propellants; Temperature Compensation

76 SOLID-STATE PHYSICS Includes condensed matter physics, crystallography, and superconductivity. For related information see also 33 Electronics and Electrical Engineering; and 36 Lasers and Masers.

20050169753 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Processing and Analysis of the Measured Alignment Errors for RHIC Pilat, F.; Hemmer, M.; Ptitsin, V.; Tepikian, S.; Trbojevic, D.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770882; BNL-66008; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge All elements of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have been installed in ideal survey locations, which are defined as the optimum locations of the fiducials with respect to the positions generated by the design. The alignment process included the presurvey of all elements which could affect the beams. During this procedure a special attention was paid to the precise determination of the quadrupole centers as well as the roll angles of the quadrupoles and dipoles. After installation the machine has been surveyed and the resulting as-built measured position of the fiducials have been stored and structured in the survey database. They describe how the alignment errors, inferred by comparison of ideal and as-built data, have been processed and analyzed by including them in the RHIC modeling software. The RHIC model, which also includes individual

291 measured errors for all magnets in the machine and is automatically generated from databases, allows the study of the impact of the measured alignment errors on the machine. NTIS Particle Accelerators; Quadrupoles

20050169754 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Application of the SXF Lattice Description and the UAL Software Environment to the Analysis of the LHC Fischer, W.; Pilat, F.; Ptitsin, V.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770883; BNL-66009; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A software environment for accelerator modeling has been developed which includes the UAL (Uniﬁed Accelerator Library), a collection of accelerator physics libraries with a Perl interface for scripting, and the SXF (Standard Exchange Format), a format for accelerator description which extends the MAD sequence by including deviations from design values. SXF interfaces have been written for several programs, including MAD9 and MAD8 via the doom database, Cosy, TevLat and UAL itself, which includes Teapot++. After an overview of the software they describe the application of the tools to the analysis of the LHC lattice stability, in the presence of alignment and coupling errors, and to the correction of the ﬁrst turn and closed orbit in the machine. NTIS Particle Accelerators; Data Bases; Computer Programs

20050169767 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Commissioning of the Superconducting ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 GHz Leitner, D.; Abbott, S. R.; Dwinell, R. D.; Leitner, M. A.; Taylor, C.; 2004; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834232; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge During the last year, the VENUS ECR ion source was commissioned at 18 GHz and preparations for 28 GHz operation are now underway. During the commissioning phase with 18 GHz, tests with various gases and metals have been performed with up to 2000 W RF power. The ion source performance is very promising. VENUS (Versatile ECR ion source for Nuclear Science) is a next generation superconducting ECR ion source, designed to produce high current, high charge state ions for the 88-Inch Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. VENUS also serves as the prototype ion source for the RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) front end. The goal of the VENUS ECR ion source project as the RIA R&D injector is the production of 240e(micro)A of U(sup 30+), a high current medium charge state beam. On the other hand, as an injector ion source for the 88-Inch Cyclotron the design objective is the production of 5e(micro)A of U(sup 48+), a low current, very high charge state beam. To meet these ambitious goals, VENUS has been designed for optimum operation at 28 GHz. This frequency choice has several design consequences. To achieve the required magnetic conﬁnement, superconducting magnets have to be used. The size of the superconducting magnet structure implies a relatively large plasma volume. Consequently, high power microwave coupling becomes necessary to achieve sufficient plasma heating power densities. The 28 GHz power supply has been delivered in April 2004. NTIS Charged Particles; Superconductivity

20050169771 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Impact of Superbends at the ALS Nishimura, H.; Robin, D.; Mar. 1999; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-7375; LBNL-43004; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge To satisfy a demand for high energy, high brightness x-ray sources at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), a plan is in place to replace three 1.3 Tesla normal conducting bending magnets with three 5 Tesla superconducting magnets (superbends) in the year 2001. In this paper they discuss the impact of the superbends on the ALS beam parameters and particle dynamics. In particular they show the effect on the emittance, energy spread, and lifetime. They ﬁnd that by adjusting the dispersion to be positive in the straight section they are able to largely restore the horizontal emittance. The vertical emittance can be adjusted independently to control the lifetime. The particle dynamics are investigated through particle tracking with a frequency analysis postprocessor. They ﬁnd that by placing the three superbends symmetrically around the ring there is ample dynamic aperture for injection and lifetime. NTIS Particle Accelerators; Superconducting Magnets; X Rays

292 20050169783 Argonne National Lab., IL Practical Superconductor Development for Electrical Power Applications 2004; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834707; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This is a multiyear experimental research program that focuses on improving relevant material properties of high-critical temperature (Tc) superconductors and developing fabrication methods that can be transferred to industry for production of commercial conductors. The development of teaming relationships through agreements with industrial partners is a key element of the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) program. NTIS Fabrication; High Temperature Superconductors; Electric Power

20050169784 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY RHIC Injection System Fischer, W.; Glenn, J. W.; MacKay, W. W.; Ptitsin, V.; Robinson, T. G.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770881; BNL-66006; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The RHIC injection system has to transport beam from the AGS-to-RHIC transfer line onto the closed orbits of the RHIC Blue and Yellow rings. This task can be divided into three problems. First, the beam has to be injected into either ring. Second, once injected the beam needs to be transported around the ring for one turn. Third, the orbit must be closed and coherent beam oscillations around the closed orbit should be minimized. They describe their solutions for these problems and report on system tests conducted during the RHIC Sextant test performed in 1997. The system will be fully commissioned in 1999. NTIS Injection; Storage Rings (Particle Accelerators); Beam Injection

20050169836 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the Advanced Light Source Decking, W.; Robin, D.; Mar. 1999; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-8694; LBNL-42971; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A large dynamic aperture for a storage ring is of importance for long lifetimes and a high injection efficiency. Measurements of the dynamic aperture of the third generation synchrotron light source Advanced Light Source (ALS) using beam excitation with kicker magnets are presented. The experiments were done for various accelerator conditions, allowing us to investigate the inﬂuence of different working points, chromaticities, insertion devices, etc. The results are compared both with tracking calculations and a simple model for the dynamic aperture yielding good agreements. This gives us conﬁdence in the predictability of the nonlinear accelerator model. This is especially important for future ALS upgrades as well as new storage ring designs. NTIS Apertures; Light Sources; Synchrotrons

20050169850 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Smart Nanostructures from Computer Simulations Grossman, J. C.; Williamson, A. J.; Feb. 13, 2004; 78 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009786; UCRL-TR-202391; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge This project had two main objectives. The ﬁrst major goal was to develop new, powerful computational simulation capabilities. It was important that these tools have the combination of the accuracy needed to describe the quantum mechanical nature of nanoscale systems and the efficiency required to be applied to realistic, experimentally derived materials. The second major goal was to apply these computational methods to calculate and predict the properties of quantum dots--initially composed of silicon, but then of other elements--which could be used to build novel nanotechnology devices. The driving factor of our purpose has been that, through the development and successful application of these tools, we would generate a new capability at LLNL that could be used to make nanostructured materials ‘smarter’, e.g., by selectively predicting how to engineering speciﬁc, desired properties. NTIS Silicon; Computerized Simulation; Nanotechnology; Nanostructures (Devices)

293 20050169857 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Level Densities and Radiative Strength Functions in (56)Fe and (57)Fe Tavukcu, E.; Dec. 10, 2002; 162 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003346; UCRL-LR-151365; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Understanding nuclear level densities and radiative strength functions is important for pure and applied nuclear physics. Recently, the Oslo Cyclotron Group has developed an experimental method to extract level densities and radiative strength functions simultaneously from the primary (gamma) rays after a light-ion reaction. A primary (gamma)-ray spectrum represents the (gamma)-decay probability distribution. The Oslo method is based on the Axel-Brink hypothesis, according to which the primary (gamma)-ray spectrum is proportional to the product of the level density at the final energy and the radiative strength function. The level density and the radiative strength function are fit to the experimental primary (gamma)-ray spectra, and then normalized to known data. The method works well for heavy nuclei. The present measurements extend the Oslo method to the lighter mass nuclei (sup 56)Fe and (sup 57)Fe. The experimental level densities in (sup 56)Fe and (sup 57)Fe reveal step structure. This step structure is a signature for nucleon pair breaking. The predicted pairing gap parameter is in good agreement with the step corresponding to the first pair breaking. Thermodynamic quantities for (sup 56)Fe and (sup 57)Fe are derived within the microcanonical and canonical ensembles using the experimental level densities. Energy- temperature relations are considered using caloric curves and probability density functions. The differences between the thermodynamics of small and large systems are emphasized. NTIS Probability Density Functions; Nuclear Physics

20050169860 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum Critical Surface Chapline, G.; Santiago, D. I.; Nov. 20, 2002; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003386; UCRL-ID-151190; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The logical inconsistency of quantum mechanics and general relativity can be avoided if the relativity principle fails for length scales smaller than the quantum coherence length for the vacuum state. Ordinarily this corresponds to energies near the Planck energy, but recently it has been pointed out that near to the event horizon of a black hole the coherence length can be much larger and Planck scale physics can take over at macroscopic distances from the event horizon. This has dramatic consequences for the phenomenology of black holes. If we assume that at the Planck scale elementary particles interact via a universal 4-point interaction and baryon number conservation is violated, then the rest mass of a star hitting the event horizon of a large black hole would be rapidly converted into a burst of gamma rays followed by a pulse of hard X-rays whose duration is on the order of the light transit time across the black hole. Predictions for the gamma ray spectra are strikingly similar to those observed for cosmic gamma ray bursts. NTIS Gamma Ray Bursts; Quantum Mechanics; Black Holes (Astronomy)

20050169865 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Experimental Evidence for Topological Doping in the Cuprates Tranquada, J. M.; 1999; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770813; BNL-66434; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Some recent experiments that provide support for the concept of topological doping in cuprate superconductors are discussed. Consistent with the idea of charge segregation, it is argued that the scattering associated with the ‘resonance’ peak found in YBa(sub 2)Cu(sub 3)O(sub 6+x) and Bi(sub 2)Sr(sub 2)CaCu(sub 2)O(sub 8+(delta)) comes from the Cu spins and not from the doped holes. NTIS Additives; Copper Oxides; Cuprates; Doped Crystals; Superconductors (Materials)

20050169871 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Landau Scenario of Chaotization for Beam Distribution Parsa, Z.; Zadorozhny, V.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770811; BNL-66257; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We examine a problem in nonlinear dynamics in which both regular and chaotic motions are possible. Thus we deal with some of the fundamental theoretical problem of accelerator physics, mathematics theory of dynamical systems, and other ﬁelds

294 of physics. The focus is on the appearance of chaos in a beam distribution. A study of the problem is based on two observations. The First observation is that using Lyapunov method and its extension we obtain solutions of partial differential equations. Using this approach we discuss the problem of ﬁnding a solution of Vlasov-Poisson equation, i.e., some stationary solution where we consider magnetic ﬁeld as some disturbance with a small parameter. Thus the solution of Vlasov equation yields an asymptotic series such that the solution of Vlasov-Poisson equation is the basis solution for one. The second observation is that physical chaos is weakly limit of, well known, the Landau bifurcation’s. This fact we have proved using ideas on the Nature of Turbulence. NTIS Partial Differential Equations; Vlasov Equations; Poisson Equation; Particle Accelerators; Beams (Radiation)

20050169872 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Surface Reactions Studied by Synchrotron Based Photoelectron Spectroscopy Hrbek, J.; 1999; 70 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770789; BNL-66043; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The goal of this article is to illustrate the use of synchrotron radiation for investigating surface chemical reactions by photoelectron spectroscopy. A brief introduction and background information is followed by examples of layer resolved spectroscopy, oxidation and sulﬁdation of metallic, semiconducting and oxide surfaces. NTIS Chemical Reactions; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Surface Reactions; Synchrotron Radiation

20050169873 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA, Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL, USA Investigation of Coherent Emission from the NSLS VUV Ring Carr, G. L.; Kramer, S. L.; Murphy, J. B.; La Veigne, J.; Lobo, R. P. S. M.; Mar. 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770804; BNL-66994; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Bursts of coherent radiation are observed from the NSLS VUV ring near a wavelength of 7mm. The bursts occur when the electron beam current exceeds to threshold value which itself varies with ring operation conditions. Beyond threshold, the average intensity of the emission is found to increase as current squared. With other parameters held nearby constant the threshold current is found to increase quadratically with the synchrotron frequency, indicating a linear dependence on momentum compaction. It is believed that the coherent emission is a consequence of micro-bunching of the electron beam due to the microwave instability. NTIS Coherent Radiation; Synchrotrons; Synchrotron Radiation; Ultraviolet Radiation

20050169875 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Blaskiewicz, M.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770762; BNL-65933; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The 2MW Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) will have a D.C. beam current of 40 A at extraction, making it one of the worlds most intense accelerators. Coherent instabilities are a major concern and efforts to predict beam behavior are described. NTIS Neutron Sources; Spallation; Stability; Particle Accelerators

20050169876 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Flying Wire System in the AGS Huang, H.; Buxton, W.; Mahler, G.; Marusic, A.; Roser, T.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770758; BNL-65923; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge As the AGS prepares to serve as the injector for RHIC, monitoring and control of the beam transverse emittance become a major and important topic. Before the installation of the flying wire system, the emittance was measured with ionization profile monitors in the AGS, which require correction for space charge effects. It is desirable to have a second means of measuring profile that is less dependent on intensity. A flying wire system has been installed in the AGS recently to perform this task. This paper discusses the hardware and software setup and the capabilities of the system. NTIS Emittance; Wire; Synchrotrons

295 20050169878 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Design of a Resonant Extraction System for the AGS Booster Brown, K.; Cullen, J.; Glenn, J. W.; Lee, Y. Y.; McNerney, A.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770771; BNL-65976; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The Booster Application Facility (BAF) will employ heavy ion beams of many different ion species and at beam energies ranging from 0.04 to 3.07 GeV/nucleon. Resonant extraction is required in order to deliver a continuous stream of particles. In this report they describe the beam requirements and the system design. The basic design is a third integer resonant extraction process which employs a single thin magnetic septum and a thick septum ejector magnet. The expected extraction efficiency is about 85%, based on the thin septum thickness and the predicted step size of the resonant beam at the septum. This is more than sufficient for the low intensity low energy heavy ion beams needed for the BAF. In this report they present a detailed discussion of the design of the various elements and a discussion of the detailed modeling of resonant extraction from the AGS Booster. The extraction process was modeled using a BNL version of MAD which allowed them to interactively observe detailed particle tracking of the process. This was a key tool to have in hand which permitted them to pose and answer various questions in a very short period of time. NTIS Extraction; Ion Beams; Structural Design

20050169883 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Collimator Systems for the SNS Ring Ludewig, H.; Simos, N.; Walker, J.; Thieberger, P.; Aronson, A.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770754; BNL-66594; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The requirements and performance goals for the collimators are to reduce the uncontrolled beam loss by 2 x 10(sup -4), absorb 2 kW of deposited heat, and minimize production and leakage of secondary radiation. In order to meet these requirements a self-shielding collimator conﬁguration consisting of a layered structure was designed. The front layers (in the direction of the proton beam) are relatively transparent to the protons, and become progressively less transparent (blacker) with depth into the collimator. In addition, a high density (iron) shield is added around the outside. The protons will be stopped in the center of the collimator, and thus the bulk of the secondary particles are generated at this location. The conceptual design described, the method of analysis discussed, and preliminary performance parameters outlined. NTIS Collimators; Proton Beams

20050169884 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Optimization of the Parameters in the RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collimation Biryukov, V. M.; Chesnokov, Y. A.; Kotov, V. I.; Trbojevic, D.; Stevens, A.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770753; BNL-69593; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In the framework of the project to design and test a collimation system prototype using bent channeling crystal for cleaning of the RHIC heavy ion beam halo, the authors have studied the optimal length and bending angle of a silicon (110) single crystal proposed to be a primary element situated upstream of the traditional heavy amorphous collimator. Besides the matters of the channeling and collimation efficiency, they also looked into the impact the crystal may have on the non-channeled particles that go on circulating in the ring, so as to reduce the momentum offset of the particles scattered of the crystal. NTIS Collimation; Particle Accelerators

20050169885 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY Design of an AC-Dipole for use in RHIC Parker, B.; Bai, M.; Jain, A.; McIntyre, G.; Meth, M.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770751; BNL-66578; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The authors present two options for implementing a pair of AC-dipoles in RHIC for spin ﬂipping, measuring linear optical functions and nonlinear diagnostics. AC-dipoles are magnets that can be adiabatically excited and de-excited with a continuous sine-wave in order to coherently move circulating beam out to large betatron amplitudes without incurring emittance blow up. The AGS already uses a similar device for getting polarized proton beams through depolarizing resonances. By placing the magnets in the IP4 common beam region, two AC-dipoles are sufficient to excite both horizontal and vertical motion in both

296 RHIC rings. While they initially investigated an iron-dominated magnet design, using available steel tape cores; they now favor a new air coil plus ferrite design featuring mechanical frequency tuning, in order to best match available resources to demanding frequency sweeping requirements. Both magnet designs are presented here along with model magnet test results. The challenge is to make AC-dipoles available for year 2000 RHIC running. NTIS Particle Accelerators; Betatrons; Continuous Radiation

20050169886 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact Analysis and Compensation Ptitsin, V.; Tepikian, S.; Wei, J.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770749; BNL-66506; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Superconducting magnets built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory will reinstalled in both the Insertion Region IP2 and IP8, and the RF Region of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular, ﬁeld quality of these IR dipoles will become important during LHC heavy-ion operation when the (beta)* at IP2 is reduced to 0.5 meters. This paper studies the impact of the magnetic errors in BNL-built magnets on LHC performance at injection and collision, both for proton and heavy-ion operation. NTIS Particle Accelerators; Superconducting Magnets

20050169951 Lafayette Coll., Easton, PA, USA Volumetric and Optical Studies of High-Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with Applications to Europa and Mars Hogenboom, D. L.; Dougherty, A. J.; Kargel, J. S.; Mushi, S. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We report the first measurements and images obtained using a new high-pressure volumetric cell with sapphire windows to study phase equilibria in a 17 wt.% sample of MgSO4 in H2O. Magnesium sulfate was chosen for study because it is regarded as among the most likely constituents of Europa’s ocean and icy shell and constitutes key salts on Mars. The 17 wt.% composition is close to the eutectic. The new data, when combined with data from our earlier study of the density vs. pressure and temperature of MgSO4 solutions, will enable us to identify the phases with greater certainty and describe the phase transitions with greater precision. For example, we observe that the process of solidification of the supercooled sample involves a sequence in which a fine-grained structure forms rapidly, followed by the generation of liquid and then slower growth of large-grained crystals. The addition of visual images to our capability to track the changes in sample volume is also valuable to assess both stable and reversible phase changes and metastable phase transitions. Metastability has proven a key aspect of this system in the lab and in nature. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Magnesium Sulfates; Water; Volumetric Analysis; High Pressure; Phase Stability (Materials)

20050170464 SEMATECH, Austin, TX, USA The Quantitation of Surface Modiﬁcations in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Processing with an Automated Contact Angle System Carpio, Ronald; Hudson, David; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 272-277; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Contact angle measurement, using advanced instrumentation, is assuming an increased role in monitoring those semiconductor manufacturing processes which modify the surface characteristics of wafers. Such measurements can provide rapid, nondestructive, and spatially as well as time resolved data in an automated mode. This information can be related to processing uniformity and can in many cases provide information on the chemical state of the surface. Illustrations are provided in the wafer cleaning, lithography, and interconnect areas. New application areas illustrated include measuring the uniformity of UV photostabilization processes, measurement of contrast curves, and determination of receding and advancing contact angles of processed copper wafers. Author Quantitative Analysis; Surface Defects; Wafers; Automatic Control

297 20050170468 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Fabricator Maynard, Daniel N.; Rosner, Raymond J.; Kerbaugh, Michael L.; Hamilton, Richard a.; Bentlage, James R.; Boye, Carol A.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 34-42; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Successful semiconductor manufacturing is driven by wafer-level productivity. Increasing profits by reducing manufacturing cost is a matter of optimizing the factors contributing to wafer productivity. The major wafer productivity components are chips per wafer (CPW), wafer process or fabricator yield (WPY) and wafer final test WFT) or functional yield. CPW is the count of product chips fitting within the useable wafer surface, and is dependent upon the chip size, dicing channel (kerf) space, and wafer-field size. WPY yield is the percentage of wafers successfully exiting the line; losses include scrap for broken wafers and failed-wafer specifications. WFT yield is the percent of chips that meet all final parametric functional electrical test specifications. Derived from text Wafers; Productivity; Optimization; Chips

20050170471 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to Production ADC Matching Performance Blais, Jennifer; Fischer, Verlyn; Moalem, Yoel; Saunders, Matthew; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 86-92; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) tool matching requires that consistent quality images captured on all tools. Image metrics have been developed and the variance of these metrics have been correlated to classifier matching. It is shown that in order to maintain matching, image color balance, focus, and shadowing need to be monitored and maintained at acceptable values. Of these metrics, inappropriate color balance has the greatest affect on matching. Author Image Analysis; Defects; Classifications

20050170476 Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., South Portland, ME, USA In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process Flow Carbone, Thomas A.; Solomon, Gary; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 174-180; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A method of depositing the gate oxide and electrode in a single chamber for BiCMOS processing is discussed. The advantages of the deposition of in-situ gate electrode (DIGE), over the conventional two step oxidation and polycrystalline silicon deposition is related to cycle time and increased gate oxide integrity. TEM images and a correlation to metrology measurements are presented. Author Deposition; Oxides; Gates (Circuits); Electrodes

20050170492 Analog Devices, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis Tools Fitzpatrick, Sean; ODonoghue, Geoffrey; Cheek, Gary; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 31-33; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The application of Critical Area Analysis has become more mainstream in the semiconductor industry. The critical area of a circuit is a measure of the sensitivity of a product layout to defects, which is subsequently used in accurate yield models. Intuitively, if a circuit is more dense, the defect sensitivity is higher than a less dense circuit. Only recently, have commercial tools become available to measure critical area. Several approaches have been developed to measure layout critical area, a short summary of each approach is described, as well as a brief description of how critical area is incorporated into a yield model. The results of applying critical area analysis are then described. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Defects; Layouts

298 20050170495 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA, USA Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in Plasma Etching Using Neural Networks Zhang, Ben-Yong; May, Gary S.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 61-65; In English; See also 20050170458 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSF DDM-93-58163; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Abstract - As the IC industry moves further into submicron fabrication technology, optimal utilization of fabrication equipment is essential. Timely and accurate equipment malfunction identification can be a key to success. It is also desirable to predict malfunctions well in advance of their actual occurrence. In this paper, we use neural networks to model time series data extracted from a three-step plasma etch process for defining active areas in a CMOS ASIC circuit. The data consists of real-time measurements from the three-step etch process for 40,000 silicon wafers collected over a six-month per’rod from a Drytek plasma etcher. Two types of anomalies were present in this data: 1) constant or slowly advancing time (indicating the presence of a machine fault); and 2) missing steps (indicating something unexpected happened during the etch). Data preprocessing is carried out to eliminate any data acquisition errors in the original data and to correctly separate the total time sequence into three sub-sequences (one for each etch step). A pattern recognition technique is used to determine the process step number for each record. The classification results and the prediction error demonstrate accurate determination of the etch step number from the chamber state. Dynamic neural network models are then constructed for each step. We initially focus on modeling the time series associated with chamber pressure. The time series of pressure data is modeled as a function of its previous values and the current time. We use this approach to construct time series models of the pressure variations in the etching system using only an initial condition and the time value as inputs. Author Real Time Operation; Fault Detection; Plasma Etching; Neural Nets; Pattern Recognition

20050170497 Cypress Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, CA, USA Development of New Methodology and Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Improvement Wong, K.; Mitchell, P.; Nulty, J.; Carpenter, M.; Kavan, L.; Jin, B.; McMahon, G.; Seams, C.; Fewkes, J.; Gordon, A.; Sandstrom, C.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 82-86; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A focus in region yield is demonstrated to improve the systematic yield from 75% to upper 90% to achieve quick learning curve in Defect Density on new products. A learning curve to drive both the Random and Systematic yield simultaneously are important to accelerate the yield learning on new products as well as existing products. This paper showed the systematic yield improvement from a module integration issue to an equipment setup and capability issue. A new methodology has been deﬁned to look at the edge region of the wafer, and is used to address wafer edge issue with systematic approaches to drive yield improvement. The process variability on the center of the wafer is low, but as one approach the edge of the wafer, large process variations arise which depress the yield at the edge of the wafers. This decrease in yield can be caused by technology architecture, process uniformity, wafer misalignment and mark alignment scheme issues. Author Yield; Defects; Learning Curves; Technology Assessment

20050170498 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Productivity through an Integrated and Automated Line Monitoring Strategy Pilon, Tom; Burns, Mark; Fischer, Verlyn; Saunders, Matthew; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 93-102; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper describes an Intelligent Line Monitor system and highlights the features which make it superior to conventional line monitor systems. By citing examples from an IBM 0.25 microns technology fabricator, we show that an inte_ated and automated line monitoring strategy reduces time-to-results, provides a low cost-of-ownership, and delivers a short time to return-on-investment. The natural expansion and growth possibilities of such as system are also explored. Author Monitors; Smart Structures; Automatic Control

20050170512 Analog Devices, Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA Manufacturing and Reliability Improvements in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - MOMCAPs Lowell, Larry; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 181-186; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

299 Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors, MOMCAPs, have historically demonstrated less than optimal leakage and breakdown characteristics and yields. Additionally, the Cpk for capacitance is low. Any previous work done to improve the die!__tric uniformity has resulted in further degradation of the capacitor characteristics. In this paper we will show that the parametric and reliability characteristics are very dependent on the bottom plate material. Our standard Ti bottom plate interacts with the capacitor dielectric resulting in degraded performance. That interaction renders a more uniform dielectric ﬁlm unusable. We have developed a MOMCAP using TiW as the bottom plate electrode, which minimizes those interactions and improves capacitor characteristics. Author Manufacturing; Mom (Semiconductors); Reliability; Capacitors

20050170522 KLA-Tencor Corp., Orlando, FL, USA Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Results To Observe Grain Structure for OPO Film Stacks Robinson, Tod E.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 278-288; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources One signiﬁcant, but potentially variable, parameter in the deposition and subsequent processing of polysilicon is its microstructure. The purpose of this work was to correlate the model parameters, in this case, percent volume fraction of phase components of polysilicon, generated by regression of model dispersion using Bruggerman Effective Media Approximation to data acquired by the Spectroscopic Ellipsometry technique. Several samples are prepared consisting of SiO2/Undoped Poly Si / SiO2 ﬁlm stacks in order to measure their as-deposited average grain sizes. Ellipsonometric data is obtained for the center site of each sample which are then compared to AFM results from similar samples. Various grain geometry approximations are applied along with the assumption that the polysilicon structure may be modeled to consist of three components; crystalline Si in a continuous Amorphous Si matrix, and voids. A mathematical relation is established between the percent concentration of crystalline Silicon and the mean grain size for the two cases of equiaxed and columnuar microstructures. Results indicate there to be good correlation with AFM measured grain sizes Additional work is required to further demonstrate the correlation, and develop software applications to enable in-line product monitoring. Author Ellipsometry; Grain Size; Silicon Polymers; Microstructure; Mathematical Models

20050170523 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Methodology for Costing Wafer Processing Miraglia, Stephanie; Miller, Peter; Richardson, Thomas; Blunt, Gregory; Blouin, Cathy; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 289-293; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Classical cost-of-ownership data provides detailed cost data of equipment assets but does not provide wafer processing costs. Starting with a cost-of-ownership model, a wafer processing cost model was developed and validated. This cost-of-processing model provides wafer processing cost data from raw wafer through ﬁnal passivation and parametric testing. This new model goes beyond classical cost-of-ownership data and captures more than just equipment costs-- process, product, and fabricator costs are also captured. These costs are then causally spread to wafers via various algorithmic methodologies. In order to do this, some historical cost problems had to be addressed, such as how to properly weight equipment usage and account for dedicated equipment requirements, deal with measurement sampling, incorporate idle time and contingency, and account for different photolithographic ﬁeld sizes. Output from the model was fully validated against actual spending and tied to accounting data in order to assure a full dollar capture. The model is currently being used for product costing, decisionmaking, and cost reduction activities at the IBM Microelectronics Division Manufacturing Facility in Essex Junction, Vermont. Author Cost Reduction; Cost Analysis; Data Processing Equipment; Wafers; Technology Assessment

20050170524 Tefen Ltd., Foster City, CA, USA Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in a Semiconductor Facility Foster, Bryce; Meyersdorf, Doron; Padillo, Jose M.; Brenner, Raﬁ; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 298-302; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources A discrete event simulation methodology was developed to assist in managing test wafer usage in semiconductor fabs.

300 The purpose of modeling test wafer usage is to predict the number of new test wafers required, test wafer WIP levels, and how to downgrade test wafers to reduce costs of purchasing new test wafers. The test wafer simulation methodology is a detailed yet accurate way to predict test wafer consumption. The methodology has been implemented in a 200mm development facility resulting in considerable cost savings by reducing the overall WIP levels of test wafers. Author Technology Assessment; Wafers; Performance Tests; Models

20050170525 UniSil Corp., Santa Clara, CA, USA Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Carrier Lifetime Through The Implementation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Cleaning Process Martines, Larry; Wang, Charley; Hardenburger, Tom; Barker, Nancie; Shomers, Brian; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 303-307; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In recent years, to meet the device maker’s continuously smaller device geometry, the requirement of silicon wafer quality has become more and more stringent. Now the silicon wafer minority carrier lifetime, or diffusion length has become one routinely required parameter. It is well known that, in addition to the crystal growth, metal contamination is one of the major limiting factors for the minority carrier lifetime in silicon wafers. It is very critical to optimize the silicon wafer manufacturing process ﬂow to minimize metal contamination sources during the silicon wafer processing. Author Silicon; Wafers; Carrier Lifetime; Minority Carriers; Cleaning

20050170526 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Semiconductor Manufacturing Excellence Wilcox, R.; Forhan, T.; Starkey, G.; Turner, D.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 308-313; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper reviews measures of manufacturing excellence and presents a design-for-manufacturability (DFM) program organized around early design and manufacturing teamwork and the economic analysis of design options. Typical measures of manufacturing excellence for a semiconductor fabricator are expressed in terms of either operational or economic results. Those expressed in terms of operational results are independent of the product mix in the fabricator while those expressed in terms of economic results integrate both fabricator and product design attributes into a single parameter like revenue/wafer. Improvements in the operational measures of manufacturing excellence focus upon increases in capacity and throughput, defect density reductions, and cost containment. Improvements in the economic measures of manufacturing excellence must focus on both fabricator processing efficiency and the productivity of the design. Design-for-manufacturability practices can improve design productivity, time-to-market, and product performance and reliability by closely coupling semiconductor fabrication knowledge with product requirements during the initial phase of a product design. Every design decision produces both technical and economic consequences; understanding these consequences and using this knowledge in the design process to optimize product productivity and proﬁtability is key to achieving manufacturing excellence for that product. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Manufacturing; Design Analysis; Economic Analysis

20050170527 Siemens, France Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Structures in a MERIE Etcher Graf, W.; Basso, C.; Gautier, F.; Martin, J. M.; Sabouret, E.; Skinner, G.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 314-319; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This study is on oxide etch selective to nitride using a C4F8/CO/Ar/O2 chemistry in a RIE chamber. It has been tested in a manufacturing environment on several applications for 16 and 64 megabit DRAM. chips. Film stacks tested included a BPSG/nitride Self-Aligned Contact type of application and a BPSG/nitride/oxide application. Aspect ratios ranged from 4:1 to 8:1. Critical dimensions were typically 0.4 microns and 0.3 microns, but for one application, oxide etch had to ﬁnally occur in a 0.09 microns wide space. Process development started with a Design of Experiment on patterned wafers in order to understand the major trends of the chemistry. The wafers were analysed using a SEM. Fine tuning of processes for each

301 application involved Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and electrical test yield analysis. Author Oxides; Nitrides; Etching; Wafers; Manufacturing; Chips

20050173487 South Carolina Univ., Columbia, SC USA WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development and Scale Up for RF/Microwave-Millimeter Wave Devices Khan, M. A.; Simin, G.; Shur, M.; Gaska, R.; May 2005; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-02-1-0236 Report No.(s): AD-A432964; 15530FA16; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The project aimed at significant improvement of the III-nitride based epitaxial materials and device design and fabrication for high-power heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs). The key innovative approaches implemented in this program include novel pulsed atomic layer epitaxy (PALE) technique to grow the buffer layer with low defect density, improved epitaxial uniformity in multi-wafer MOCVD reactor, growing HFET wafers with the sheet resistance below 300 Ohm/square. Design improvements include double-heterostructure devices (DHFET) with InGaN electron confinement layer, insulated gate design using SiO2 gate insulator (MOSDHFETs) and innovative field-plate design. These new devices demonstrated high RF powers 15-20 W/mm at a drain bias of 50-65 V, and good parameter stability at 19 W/mm CW powers as confirmed by 100+ hours testing. DTIC Aluminum Gallium Arsenides; Epitaxy; Microwave Equipment; Millimeter Waves; Radio Frequencies; Semiconductors (Materials)

77 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS Includes quantum mechanics; theoretical physics; and statistical mechanics. For related information see also 72 Atomic and Molecular Physics, 73 Nuclear Physics, and 25 Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry.

20050169773 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY RHIC Data Correlation Methodology Michnoff, R.; D’Ottavio, T.; Hoff, L.; MacKay, W.; Satogata, T.; 1999; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-770722; BNL-66031; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge A requirement for RHIC data plotting software and physics analysis is the correlation of data from all accelerator data gathering systems. Data correlation provides the capability for a user to request a plot of multiple data channels vs. time, and to make meaningful time-correlated data comparisons. The task of data correlation for RHIC requires careful consideration because data acquisition triggers are generated from various asynchronous sources including events from the RHIC Event Link, events from the two Beam Sync Links, and other unrelated clocks. In order to correlate data from asynchronous acquisition systems a common time reference is required. The RHIC data correlation methodology will allow all RHIC data to be converted to a common wall clock time, while still preserving native acquisition trigger information. A data correlation task force team, composed of the authors of this paper, has been formed to develop data correlation design details and provide guidelines for software developers. The overall data correlation methodology will be presented in this paper. NTIS Data Acquisition; Particle Accelerators; Data Correlation

20050169775 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Electroweak Precision Constraints Chen, M.; Dawson, S.; 2004; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009978; BNL-873293-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We present in this talk the one-loop electroweak precision constraints in the Littlest Higgs model, including the logarithmically enhanced contributions from both fermion and scalar loops. We ﬁnd the one-loop contributions are comparable to the tree level corrections in some regions of parameter space. A low cutoff scale is allowed for a non-zero triplet VEV. Constraints on various other parameters in the model are also discussed. The role of triplet scalars in constructing a consistent renormalization scheme is emphasized. NTIS Fermions; Scalars; Electroweak Model

302 20050169843 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, USA Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark-Antiquark Pair Petrov, K.; 2004; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15009925; BNL-73191-2004-CP; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge We study the singlet part of the free energy of a static quark anti-quark (Q(bar Q)) pair at ﬁnite temperature. The model is three ﬂavor QCD with degenerate quark masses using N(sub (tau)) = 4 and 6 lattices with Asqtad staggered fermion action. We look at thermodynamics of the system around phase transition and study its scaling with lattice spacing and quark masses. NTIS Free Energy; Quarks; Thermodynamics; Antiparticles

20050171013 Jefferson (Thomas) Lab. Computer Center, Newport News, VA, USA Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors de Jager, K.; 2004; 34 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834525; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge Although nucleons account for nearly all the visible mass in the universe, they have a complicated structure that is still incompletely understood. The first indication that nucleons have an internal structure, was the measurement of the proton magnetic moment by Frisch and Stern (1933) which revealed a large deviation from the value expected for a point-like Dirac particle. The investigation of the spatial structure of the nucleon, resulting in the first quantitative measurement of the proton charge radius, was initiated by the HEPL (Stanford) experiments in the 1950s, for which Hofstadter was awarded the 1961 Nobel prize. The first indication of a non-zero neutron charge distribution was obtained by scattering thermal neutrons off atomic electrons. The recent revival of its experimental study through the operational implementation of novel instrumentation has instigated a strong theoretical interest. Nucleon electro-magnetic form factors (EMFFs) are optimally studied through the exchange of a virtual photon, in elastic electron-nucleon scattering. NTIS Nucleons; Form Factors; Neutrons; Protons

20050173407 Oxford Univ., Oxford, UK An Investigation of Certain Thermodynamic Losses in Minature Cryocoolers Reed, Jaime; Jan. 2005; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA8655-04-1-3011 Report No.(s): AD-A432813; EOARD-SPC-04-3011; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Stirling cycle cryocoolers developed at Oxford have typically been designed using a second order methods whereby the ideal Stirling efficiency is degraded by a number of discrete loss mechanisms. In all cases the eventual machines perform less well than expected, and it always appears as if an additional thermodynamic loss is acting. This empirically calibrated loss is therefore included as part of the normal design procedure and there is anecdotal evidence that this is an approach taken by other manufactures. Although this loss might be caused by imperfect heat transfer, existing theories do not agree with its magnitude. A project was therefore started to measure the losses in the simplest possible geometry, a linear compressor with a plain ‘top-hat’ cylinder head. It was hoped that by characterizing the losses in this geometry and applying them to full machines these called ‘compression loss’ could be explained. Since the loss is quite large it could allow significant improvements to be made for future machines. A well calibrated measurement system was developed and a linear compressor commissioned. To enable a sufficiently good energy balance to be produced electromagnetic motor losses and windage were measured. It immediately became clear that these were more significant than had been assumed previous studies. In fact it appeared as if a significant proportion of the ‘compression loss’ might be explained by these new measurements. With the losses expected from analytic analyses. Agreement was not perfect, however, and this is thought to be due to the incompleteness of the heat transfer theory, particularly with regard to the flow through the clearance seal. Future possibilities for work are suggested and it is hoped that these measurements can be used as a baseline for testing theoretical work which will enable efficiencies to be increased not just in Stirling type coolers, but also in pulse tubes and linear alternators. DTIC Coolers; Cryogenic Cooling; Thermodynamics

303 80 SOCIAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to sociology; educational programs and curricula. For speciﬁc topics in these areas see categories 81 through 85.

20050169645 Utah State Univ., Logan, UT, USA Making a World of Difference Recruitment of Undergraduate Students at USU Furse, Cynthia; Price, Jana; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 70-73; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This paper describes two creative methods that are used to recruit undergraduate students at Utah State University. The ﬁrst is ‘Engineering State’, a four.day hands- on immersement in a wide array of engineering disciplines, and the second is a slide show ca/led ‘Maldag a World of Difference - Women in Engineering’ that was created by a woman engineering student to provide an uplifting, upbeat look at the difference a woman can make in the world if she becomes an engineer, and to encourage young women to take a second look at the opportunities engineering presents for them. The Engineering State program has been in place since 1992 and has had clear, measurable beneﬁts in the recruitment of students to USU engineering programs. One of the goals of Engineering State is to attract women and minorities to consider an engineering career. The engineering students who have seen the preliminary portions of the new slide show have excited comments, smiles on their faces, and a renewed positive outlook. It is hoped that this exposure will provide much-needed role models, success studies, and a new look at engineering as the people-oriented profession that it can be. This slide show is available free to interested faculty, and is downloadable in Power Point format from the web. Author Universities; Students; Education; Occupation

20050169648 Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT, USA Microwave Engineering Design Laboratories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Radar Systems Jensen, Michael A.; Arnold, David V.; Crockett, Donald E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1; [1999], pp. 82-85; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources National trends appear to indicate that student and faculty interest in electromagnetic principles and practices is waning. Ironically, given the current industrial emphasis on high-frequency communications, high-speed computational systems, and high-bandwidth interconnection requirements, we ﬁnd ourselves in a situation where increasing numbers of engineers need to have a grasp of high-frequency fundamentals. To address this need, we have re-focused the electromagnetic teaching laboratories in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Brigham Young University to provide students with relevant, motivational design experiences with microwave systems. Our current laboratories are based on a 6 GHz Doppler radar in our Junior-level course, and a 6 GHz Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in the Senior-level course. These laboratories focus on taking students through the entire design process, beginning with system-level engineering and moving through computer-aided design, fabrication, and testing. Because the end product is a functional, useful system, students can directly see the relevance of the experience as well as the associated theory taught in the accompanying course. We have observed a signiﬁcant increase in student motivation since original inception of the revised laboratory experience. Author Microwaves; Electrical Engineering; C Band; Synthetic Aperture Radar; Doppler Radar

20050170455 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003-2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Program Caton, Randall H.; Ricles, Shannon S.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Legg, Amy C.; Lambert, Matthew A.; May 05, 2005; 55 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-079-99-OE Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213756; L-19120; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The NASA SCI Files is an Emmy award-winning series of instructional programs for grades 3-5. Produced by the NASA Center for Distance Learning, programs in the series are research-, inquiry-, standards-, teacher- and technology-based. Each NASA SCI Files program (1) integrates mathematics, science, and technology; (2) uses Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to enhance and enrich the teaching and learning of science; (3) emphasizes science as inquiry and the scientiﬁc method; (4) motivates students to become critical thinkers and active problem solvers; and (5) uses NASA research, facilities, and personnel to raise student awareness of careers and to exhibit the ‘real-world’ application of mathematics, science, and technology. In April 2004, 1,500 randomly selected registered users of the NASA SCI Files were invited to complete a survey

304 containing a series of questions. A total of 263 surveys were received. This report contains the quantitative and qualitative results of that survey. Author NASA Programs; Education; Telecommunication; Science; Engineering; Mathematics

81 ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT Includes management planning and research.

20050170461 Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Boeblingen, Germany Automated Lot Tracking and Identification System Rohrer, Ulrich; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. -; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Meeting exactly the agreed upon delivery dates and product volumes is an essential part of the relationship between semiconductor manufacturers and their customers. Especially in the ASIC business with a multitude of part-numbers and yet small lot sizes, this has become a major criteria for ,,customer satisfaction’. Worldwide competition is the driving force to reduce manufacturing cycle time, especially for design verification or product qualification using express or RTAT lots. To supply these high priority lots in the least possible time to the proper manufacturing equipment is a critical factor towards achieving short overall cycle times. Derived from text Application Specific Integrated Circuits; Automatic Control; Manufacturing; Tracking (Position)

20050170469 Motorola, Inc., Mesa, AZ, USA Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher Daily Clean Welp, Kevin; Fisher, Paul; Holden, Joan; Wang, Ping; Gunn, Mynetta; Franco, Jennie; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 50-54; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In semiconductor manufacturing, continuously increasing production capacity to meet customer demands is a challenge for many mature fabs. Purchasing new equipment or building additional fabrication areas are rarely the options. Therefore, new ways to improve capacity using existing resources must be explored. Motorola’s Bipolar 3 fab has done this in the case of Applied Materials 8110 Reactive Ion Etchers (RIE). Derived from text Semiconductors (Materials); Manufacturing

20050170472 Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA The Effect of Performance Based Incentive Plans Ingersoll, Tim; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 115-118; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources This report describes a method to simultaneously achieve and maintain production and quality goals through Performance Based Incentive Plans. Historically, at Texas Instruments’ DMOS IV wafer fab, the focus on one metric resulted in a loss of another. Achievement or failure to achieve Fab goals had no noticeable impact on production specialists, Throughout this time incentive plans were tried, but their metrics were complicated and not easily recognized by direct labor because they were outside of their immediate line of sight. By modifying, improving, and evolving our incentive program to meet business goals, DMOS IV experienced seven record output quarters over 2 years while improving in all other industry established metrics. Author Industrial Management; Personnel Management; Production Management; Management Methods; Human Performance; Incentives

20050170473 Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA Rewards, Structure and Alignment Affect Goal Attainment Gentleman-Ingersoll, Janet; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 128-132; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

305 To compete in today’s global market requires creative solutions and ideas that surpass those any individual alone can conceive or achieve. Organizations will only succeed when employee’s work together, leverage diverse ideas and unite their efforts in focused direction. This paper presents a strategy to create an environment where individual contributors, teams or organizations want to work collectively to accomplish a common goal. This paper addresses alignment, structure and rewards that both encourage and support collaborative effort. Author Teams; Organizations

20050170493 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA The Advantages of Using Short Cycle Time Manufacturing (SCM) Instead of Continuous Flow Manufacturing (CFM) Martin, Donald P.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 43-49; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Abstract - Over the past two decades continuous ﬂow manufacturing (CFM) has been the principle operational tool to help manage and improve the utilization of manufacturing assets. As the name connotes, the key focus of CFM is to measure and manage the throughput of tools/toolsets that comprise the manufacturing line. To this end, there have been a variety of systems proposed to help manage throughput (e.g., PUSH , PULL, theory of constraints) with their attendant control methodologies (e.g., MRP, KANBAN, drum-buffer-rope, etc.). This paper explores how the X-factor (normalized cycle time) rather than throughput is used as the prime line control and line analysis parameter; hence, the name short cycle time manufacturing (SCM). Because manufacturing lines have both throughput and X-factor commitments, it is essential to understand the fundamental relationships between throughput, capacity and X-factor. This paper also demonstrates that X-factor is a much more sensitive indicator of capacity problems than throughput, because X-factor increases rapidly as the throughput approaches the effective capacity. This sensitivity in X-factor can be used as a powerful diagnostic tool to uncover unanticipated capacity issues. Short cycle time manufacturing (SCM) allows each tool/toolset to be analyzed depending on its demonstrated X-factor and capacity versus target to determine which tools/toolsets need improvement, since the overall X-factor of the line is just the weighted sums of the component toolset X-factors. In addition, this paper analyzes the impact of mix and volume with a cycle time constraint on the capacity of tools that are affected by batch or train size. Thus, SCM provides signiﬁcant advantages over CFM in helping to manage and improve manufacturing asset utilization. Author Time Dependence; Manufacturing; Flow Charts

20050170494 University Coll., Cork, Ireland Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting Goals or Increasing Opportunities? Sattler, Linda; Schlueter, Robert; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 55-60; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In order to improve semiconductor manufacturing performance, companies typically utilize various metrics such as cycle time, throughput and yield. By tracking the progress of one or more of these metrics and setting achievement goals, many companies are able to make significant metric improvements. However, metric improvement is only beneficial if it results in actual manufacturing improvement. Metrics may be influenced by forces outside of manufacturing, they may conflict with other metrics, or they may actually increase undesirable outcomes in the lab. This paper highlights some of the current problems with metric utilization in semiconductor fabs. Examples from industry and results using data from the Competitive Semiconductor Manufacturing Study at the University of California at Berkeley are given. We present some practical solutions highlighting the Overall Equipment Effectiveness Teams at Texas Instruments which have been designed to minimize many of the semiconductor metric problems. Author Semiconductors (Materials); Manufacturing; Improvement

20050170496 INTEL Ireland Ltd., Leixlip, Ireland A80 A New Perspective on Predictable Factory Performance Cunningham, Calum; Babikian, Richard; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 71-76; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Predictable output performance that maximizes asset utilization is the cornerstone of successful volume manufacturing. The Theory of Constraints uses the principles of covariance and dependent events to describe how equipment or operations that dominate factory performance should be managed. In practice the ‘true constraint’ is elusive and is seldom the designed

306 constraint. This paper introduces a new statistically based equipment performance management methodology called A80 which focuses on equipment or operation performance variability to rapidly identify and improve the performance of the ‘true constraint’. The A80 methodology initially developed at Intel’s Fab 10 facility and subsequently adopted by all Intel 200mm facilities rejects the traditional use of average availability as a primary indicator of equipment performance and capacity because it provides no indication of stability thus invariably fails to prompt the correct response to performance inconsistencies. This paper will describe the A80 concept, tools and methods developed in Fabl0 and will use data and case study materials to show how the methodology is Author Management Planning; Statistical Analysis; Performance Prediction; Equipment

20050170504 Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., South Portland, ME, USA Enhancing Fab Performance Under Team Council Methodology Dupuis, Ronald N., Jr.; Gervais, John; Park, Steven; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 119-121; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The objective of this paper is to outline and describe the process of developing Team Councils in a Fab Organization. At ﬁrst we will present an historical background and why we thought this type of approach was necessary to achieve high performance from all levels of the Organization. A Road Map to success as well as a Task Level Migration matrix will describe different levels of responsibility needed to achieve the results described in the conclusion of this paper. Though this process is still evolving and developing in South Portland, the paper describes the necessary steps to implement this process. Author Matrices (Mathematics); Migration

20050170505 Motorola, Inc., Austin, TX, USA Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation McCay, Todd; DePinto, Gary; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 122-127; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources In the semiconductor industry, companies must be prepared to effectively respond to emergency situations that threaten their employees’ safety and their manufacturing sites. Most emergencies are small incidents with minor impact; however, the potential human and fmancial loss resulting from a large scale emergency can be very great. Prior experience had shown that although the Motorola and City of Austin emergency response groups operate effectively on an independent basis, cross-group communication and coordination needed improvement. To assist with this, a large-scale, multiple emergency drill involving all groups was conducted. A forty-two member simulation team was organized to design and implement a scenario using Dynamic Simulation in order to make the drill as realistic as possible. A five hour drill was successfully completed without interruption to manufacturing with approximately eighty responders at eight different, simultaneous activity areas across a 245 acre campus containing five manufacturing facilities. Several opportunities to improve and refine the processes of preplanning, response, follow-up and drill implementation were identified. Annual drills of this magnitude and style will be institutionalized as part of how each group manages risk and protects their employees and other assets. Author Industrial Safety; Safety Management; Industrial Plants; Emergencies; Drills

20050170506 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manufacturing Line Pollitt, Clinton; Matthews, John; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 133-137; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Even on a base of total time, staffing related capacity loss is one of the major contributors to underperforming tools. The loss of capacity caused by staffing, whether planned or unplanned, has the potential of being the single most signiﬁcant operational detractor in a semiconductor line. A number of issues related to staffing strategies and operational methodologies for a semiconductor line will affect capacity loss. On the one hand, there is the need to be cost competitive by reducing staffing and increasing productivity. On the other, the cost of idle equipment and loss of tool capacity because of insufficient staffing must be considered. Many issues are involved in determining accurate capacity loss because of staffing and identifying the components of that loss. This paper discusses ways to determine capacity loss and other concerns related to staffing on various tool sets in a semiconductor manufacturing line using the techniques of multiobservation study (MOS) and data analysis.

307 Additionally, it describes the link between the quantity and main contributing factors that result in a given loss. Finally, it examines some strategies for reducing the effect of staffing on capacity. Author Personnel Management; Losses; Industrial Management; Assembling

20050170507 Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX, USA Filling the Technology Gap through Balanced Joint Development Projects and Contracted Independent Research Providers Runnels, Scott; Miceli, Frank; Kim, Inki; Easter, BIll; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 138-141; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Over the past several years, a noticeable amount of the semiconductor manufacturing industry’s overall R&D burden has shifted from chip manufacturer to equipment supplier. However, it is difficult for equipment suppliers to support the permanent dedicated research staff required to bear their increasing R&D burden. Likewise, their counterparts inside the chip manufacturer are urged to focus on current process development, integration, and efficiency issues. This shift in the R&D burden has been widely recognized in the supplier community, which has referred to it as the ‘Technology Gap.’ This paper describes one way of dealing with that technology gap. A successful joint development project (JDP) between SpeedFam Corporation and Lucent Technologies is described and used to exemplify how the R&D burden can be properly balanced by allowing each organization to focus on their core competency. Key to the success of the JDP was the use of private, independent R&D supplied under contract by Southwest Research Institute, which also helped facilitate the balance through preliminary self-funded R&D. The paper explains how issues regarding intellectual property protection and ownership were successfully resolved and will brieﬂy describe the technology produced from the project. Author Intellectual Property; Research; Manufacturing

20050170509 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA Dynamic Capacity Modeling Mercier, James R.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 148-150; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Today’s semiconductor fabricators often experience large part number variations and short product lives which can lead to capacity shortfalls. Fluctuation in part number mix can lead to multiple pinch points in the production process. To contain wafer starts, new process qualiﬁcation must be quickly implemented. However, this may introduce ‘risk’ into the line work in process (WIP). In addition, any production pinch points will hamper the fabricator’s ability to maintain adequate line cycle time. This paper demonstrates a methodology that can be used to relate part number variation in the fabricator to the available tool capacity in various process sectors. This methodology allows for real time analysis, and is primarily intended for proactive management of capacity-constrained production sectors. Author Industrial Management; Dynamic Models; Fabrication; Management Methods; Manufacturing

20050170510 Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Cost of LSI Manufacturing System Nakamae, Koji; Chikamura, Akihisa; Fujioka, Hiromu; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 151-155; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources The effect of lot size change on the current ﬁnal test process efficiency and cost due to the transition of from conventional 5 or 6 inches to 300mm (12 inches) in wafer size is evaluated through simulation analysis. Results show that a high test efficiency and a low test cost are maintained regardless of lot size in the range of 300ram wafer from one sheet to 25 sheets by using an appropriate dispatching rule and a small processing and moving lot size close to the batch size of testing equipment in the ﬁnal test process. Author Wafers; Low Cost; Manufacturing; Size Distribution

20050170515 JEOL System Technology Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Yield Management for Development and Manufacture of Integrated Circuits Koyama, Hiroshi; Inokuchi, Masayuki; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 208-211; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

308 The purpose of this paper is to outline a strategic element of yield management methodologies for the development and fabrication of advanced Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) circuits. Fundamental ideas regarding knowledge conversion and a detailed yield management system are described. Author Management Systems; Large Scale Integration

82 DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE Includes information management; information storage and retrieval technology; technical writing; graphic arts; and micrography. For computer program documentation see 61 Computer Programming and Software.

20050169840 Aspen Systems Corp., Silverspring, MD, USA What Works in Partnership Building for HMIS: A Guide for the Los Angeles/Orange County Collaborative Apr. 30, 2003; 40 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-105941; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy To inform its implementation of a countywide homeless information management system, the Los Angeles/Orange County (LA/OC) Collaborative is interested in identifying and understanding successful models for collaboration on information technology. This document presents descriptions of how other jurisdictions around the country have implemented an HMIS in their communities. The document highlights What Works in each community examples of decisions and practices that can help inform the LA-OC HMIS decision-making process. The LA/OC Collaborative is comprised of the Cities of Glendale, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona and Santa Monica and Los Angeles and Orange counties. NTIS Information Management; Management Systems; Identifying

20050170924 American Geological Inst., Alexandria, VA, USA National Geoscience Data Repository System. Phase III: Implementation and Operation of the Repository. Semiannual Progress Report. 1st Half FY001 (Report for October 2000-March 2001) Apr. 2001; 24 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834777; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The NGDRS has attained 72% of its targeted goal for cores and cuttings transfers, with over 12M linear feet of cores and cuttings now available for public use. Additionally, large-scale transfers of seismic data have been evaluated, but based on the recommendation of the NGDRS steering committee, cores have been given priority because of the vast scale of the seismic data problem relative to the available funding. The rapidly changing industry conditions have required that the primary core and cuttings preservation strategy evolve as well. A Steering Committee meeting held on November 30, 2000 focused on current achievements, how the situation in the petroleum industry affects the NGDRS activities, and the nature of the study by the National Research Council on data preservation. NTIS Geology; Data Base Management Systems

20050170925 American Geological Inst., Alexandria, VA, USA National Geoscience Data Repository System. Phase III: Implementation and Operation of the Repository. Semiannual Progress Report. 2nd Half FY02. (Report for April 2002-October 2002) Oct. 2002; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834768; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The NGDRS has facilitated 85% of cores, cuttings, and other data identiﬁed available for transfer to the public sector. Over 12 million linear feet of cores and cuttings, in addition to large numbers of paleontological samples and are now available for public use. To date, with industry contributions for program operations and data transfers, the NGDRS project has realized a 6.5 to 1 return on investment to Department of Energy funds. Large-scale transfers of seismic data have been evaluated, but based on the recommendation of the NGDRS steering committee, cores have been given priority because of the vast scale of the seismic data problem relative to the available funding. The rapidly changing industry conditions have required that the primary core and cuttings preservation strategy evolve as well. NTIS Geology; Data Base Management Systems; Geophysics

309 20050172075 American Geological Inst., Alexandria, VA, USA National Geoscience Data Repository System Phase III: Implementation and Operation of the Repository Apr. 2000; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-834609; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge In the past six months the NGDRS program has continued to engaged new contacts, identify additional data transfer targets, and improve the metadata catalog for both easier use and long-term maintainability. With industry conditions continuing to rapidly change and evolve, the primary core and cuttings preservation strategy has evolved as well. With the severe lack of available public data repository space and the establishment of a major national geoscience data repository facility unlikely in the near future, the focus is on increasing public awareness and access to nonproprietary company data holdings that remain in the public and private sector. Efforts still continue to identify and facilitate the entry of new repository space into the public sector. Additionally, AGI has been working with the National Academy of Sciences Board on Earth Sciences and Resources staff to initiate a study and workshop to develop a policy recommendation on geoscience data preservation and prioritization of efforts. NTIS Data Bases; Geology; Geophysics

20050173127 Army Medical Dept. Activity, Heidelberg, Germany Developing a Strategic Information Systems Plan for the Heidelberg US Army Medical Department Activity Walker, Dennis W.; Apr. 2004; 74 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432039; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The Heidelberg Military Healthcare System does not have a strategic information systems plan for the future. The hospital is operating in a turbulent environment on an aging information system structure. The Heidelberg hospital recently underwent significant changes and is anticipating more within the next three to five years. This study consists of a qualitative analysis of the information systems for the Heidelberg healthcare system. Using a six-step customized planning methodology; the study develops four recommended information management goals, aligns these goals with the organization’s strategic goals and objectives, defines the information technology architecture, and identifies some resource requirements. Using the recommended strategic information systems plan, the hospital must create a strategic control action plan developing measurements and committing capital resources. DTIC Biomedical Data; Hospitals; Information Systems

20050173132 National War Coll., Washington, DC USA The Encryption Export Policy Controversy: Searching for Balance in the Information Age Miller, Marcus S.; Jan. 2000; 25 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432212; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Information Age challenges old paradigms and severely tests the government’s ability to devise appropriate and effective national policies. The federal government s encryption export policy highlights a complex information age issue involving seemingly insurmountable conﬂicts between national security, law enforcement, privacy, and business interests. Encryption employs mathematical algorithms, implemented in either hardware or software, to encode or scramble a sequence of data. Although cryptography has been used for centuries, the rise of the Internet and electronic commerce pushed the issue of encryption control to the forefront of public debate during the 1990s. Formerly the near-exclusive domain of governments, the majority of today’s encryption products ﬂow from private industry backed by private funding for use in the private sector. While encryption rose to increasing importance in cyberspace to secure communications and establish trustworthiness, the federal government continued to follow the traditional national security paradigm of export controls. A series of policy decisions by the Clinton Administration on encryption export controls during the 1990s ignited a heated public discourse and a continuing search for a balance between competing interests. The Administration s pursuit of balance apparently reached its end-state with an announcement on September 16, 1999 to reverse US export restrictions on strong encryption, a radical departure from previous reliance on export controls. The federal government’s search for balance among competing interests in its encryption export policy illustrates the substantial difficulties facing policy makers in the Information Age. While the search for policy balance appears to prove the ultimate adequacy of the Constitutional framework and the policy making process to deal with complex issues in cyberspace, it clearly highlights the imperative for national policy makers to recognize Information Age realities. 7 DTIC Cryptography; International Trade; Policies

310 20050173133 Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD USA Alternative Approaches to Improve Physiological Predictions Oleng, Nicholas; Reifman, Jaques; Berglund, Larry; Hoyt, Reed; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432214; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Recent advancements in technology have resulted in new biosensors and information processing capabilities that permit on-line, real-time measurement of physiological variables. This has, in turn, given rise to the possibility of developing soldier-specific, data-driven predictive models for assessing physiological status in the battlefield. This paper explores how the accuracy of a predictive model based on first principles physiology can be enhanced by data-driven ‘black box’ techniques of modeling and predicting human physiological variables. Such hybrid techniques are employed here in the prediction of core temperature. Preliminary results show that the mean square error of prediction can be reduced by up to fifty percent for prediction horizons of up to 30 minutes. DTIC Biological Effects; Data Processing; Detection; Physiology

20050173172 Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier, Quebec Canada Capturing and Modeling Knowledge Objectives: The Sacot Project Auger, Alain; Jan. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432283; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) One of the strategic objectives for Information and Knowledge Management (IKM) in Canadian Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) consists in investigating and advancing knowledge creation and discovery techniques through which information is collected and processed to support situation analysis and gain sufficient situational awareness to be able to project possible future courses of action or trends with conﬁdence. In 2001, the Future Army Capabilities report (DND, 2001) pointed out that without some fundamental change, current army ISR1 will be incapable of providing the degree of knowledge that will be required by future commanders. Therefore all relevant data, information and knowledge must be available at all levels, but managed in a way that produces a current, rapid and coherent understanding of the battlespace, while at the same time allowing the various levels of command to process the relevant material for their speciﬁc purposes. DTIC Command and Control; Information Management; Information Systems

20050173181 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Analysis of Career Progression and Job Performance in Internal Labor Markets: The Case of Federal Civil Service Employees Spyropoulos, Dimitrios; Mar. 2005; 87 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432317; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The objective of this thesis is to investigate various factors that inﬂuence the job performance and promotion of DOD civilian workers. The data used in this study were drawn from the Department of Defense Civilian Personnel Data Files provided by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC). The initial data was restricted to employees who were initially hired in 1995 and stayed in service until 2003 and were paid under the General Schedule (GS) pay system. Three general performance measures were used: compensation (salary), annual performance ratings and promotions. Multivariate models were speciﬁed and estimated for each of these performance measures. The results indicate that females receive lower annual and hourly compensation and are less likely to be promoted than men even though they receive better performance ratings. The results also indicate that minorities are paid less and are less likely to be promoted than majority workers while veterans are paid more, perform better, and are more likely to become supervisors. The models also reveal that performance rating is a weak measure of productivity and that more highly educated employees are paid more and more likely to be promoted more even if they are not always the best performers. DTIC Human Performance; Labor; Manpower; Occupation; Personnel; Personnel Management

20050173183 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD USA Distributed Domain Generation Based on the Network Environment Characteristics for Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks Manousakis, Kyriakos; Baras, John S.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-2-01-0011 Report No.(s): AD-A432323; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

311 Ad hoc networks are very important for scenarios where there is not ﬁxed network infrastructure. These scenarios may appear both in the military and the commercial world. Even though there is much advancement in the area of these networks, the main drawback is that ad hoc networks do not scale well because the existing protocols (e.g., MAC, routing, security) cannot tolerate their dynamics. A remedy to this problem could exist if these protocols were applied in hierarchical manner. The hierarchy generation in these dynamic environments can be advantageous since the numerous topological changes can be tolerated easier and the various protocols can perform better when dealing with smaller groups of nodes. On the other hand, hierarchy has to be generated carefully in order to be beneﬁcial for the network otherwise it may harm it, because of the imposed maintenance overhead. The weakness of the existing network clustering algorithms is that they do not take into consideration the dynamics of the network environment, so in cases of increased mobility their overhead may deteriorate network performance instead of improving it. In this paper we present a new dynamic distributed clustering (DDC) algorithm. The basic characteristic of this algorithm is that it takes into consideration the network dynamics for the generation of robust and efficient clusters. DDC can be applied in highly mobile networks and we show that it presents better scalability and robustness characteristics from well known existing clustering algorithms. DTIC Communication Networks; Hierarchies

20050173189 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Requirements Analysis and Course Improvements for EO3502 Telecommunications Systems Engineering Wagner, Michael D.; Turner, Nathan L.; Mar. 2005; 115 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432333; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This thesis evaluated the requirement and provides course improvement recommendations for Telecommunications Systems Engineering EO3502 taught at the Naval Postgraduate School. Other graduate programs in Information Technology Management were evaluated to determine the standard for telecommunications engineering expected from some of the most respected academic institutions. Graduates of NPS’s Information Technology Management (ITM) and Information Systems and Operations (ISO) curriculums were surveyed to determine how important telecommunications engineering is for their follow-on assignments. In addition, lesson topic vignettes were developed to provide ﬂeet/ﬁeld examples to reinforce the relevance if individual topics. Finally, recommendations were provided for improving EO3502 and the ITM curriculum in general. DTIC Information Systems; Systems Engineering; Telecommunication

20050173209 L-3 Communication Government Services, Inc., Rome, NY USA Open Radio Communications Architecture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Software Users Manual Gudaitis, Mike; Hallatt, Dave; Bagdasarova, A.; Yax, Mike; Feb. 2005; 159 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-01-C-0205; Proj-APAW Report No.(s): AD-A432385; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-59-VOL-1; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This document describes software developed to support the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) program. The software implementation includes a Core Framework (CF) and sample applications that are based on the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) v2.2. The software was designed for a desktop computer running the Linux operating system (OS). It was developed in C++, uses ACE/TAO for CORBA middleware, Xerces for the XML parser, and Red Hat Linux for the Operating System. The software is referred to as, Open Radio Communication Architecture Core Framework, OrcaCF (formerly known as LinuxFC), this document describes version 1.1.0 of the OrcaCF. This Software User Manual (SUM) tells a hands-on software user how to install and use the OrcaCF v1.1.0 subsystem. The architecture and requirements are based on the JTRS SCA v2.2. DTIC C (Programming Language); Computer Programs; Manuals; Radio Communication; User Manuals (Computer Programs)

20050173234 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Family Status on Retention, Promotion, and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Marine Corps Officers Cerman, Guray; Kaya, Bulent; Mar. 2005; 140 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432436; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

312 This thesis investigates the effect of marital and family status on the performance and job productivity of male U.S. Marine Corps officers. The analysis includes evaluation of fitness reports, retention, and promotion to O-4 and O-5 ranks as performance measures. The primary goal is to examine the existence of any marriage premium on officers’ performance and productivity and to investigate potential causal hypotheses. The personnel database used for the analysis includes more than 27,000 male Marine officers who entered the Marine Corps between FY 1980 and 1999. After controlling for selection, estimating fixed effects and using panel data in order to capture timely-varying effects, this study finds that there is a marriage premium for all performance measures. The thesis rejects the explanation that such premiums are due to supervisor favoritism. Moreover, married male officers obtain higher fitness report scores, higher promotion probabilities, and higher retention probabilities than single officers. Each additional year spent in marriage increases fitness report scores and retention probabilities. Having additional non-spousal dependents increase fitness report scores and retention probabilities. On the other hand, being a currently single but ‘to-be-married’ officer yields higher premium, as married officers, for all productivity and performance indicators. This supports selectivity into marriage as a partial explanation of the source of the marriage premium. DTIC Data Bases; Males; Military Personnel; Personnel Management; Productivity

20050173243 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Publishing: Academic Information Sources on the Internet Ramalho Correia, Ana Maria; Teixeira, Jose C.; Dec. 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432461; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) No abstract available Data Processing; Electronic Publishing; Information Systems; Internets

20050173272 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisitions and Technology), Washington, DC USA Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force On Information Warfare -Defense (IW-D) Nov. 1996; 206 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432539; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The national security posture of the USA is becoming increasingly dependent on U.S. and international infrastructures. These infrastructures are highly interdependent, particularly because of the inter-netted nature of the information components and because of their reliance on the national information infrastructure. The information infrastructure depends, in turn, upon other infrastructures such as electrical power. Protecting the infrastructures against physical and electronic attacks and ensuring the availability of the infrastructures will be complicated. These infrastructures are provided mostly (and in some cases exclusively) by the commercial sector; regulated in part by federal, state, and local governments; and signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced by market forces. Commercial services from the national information infrastructure provide the vast majority of the telecommunications portion of the Defense Information Infrastructure (DII). These services are regulated by Federal and state agencies. Local government agencies regulate the cable television portion of the information infrastructure. Power generation and distribution are provided by very diverse activities-the Federal government, public utilities, cooperatives, and private companies. Interstate telecommunications are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission, interstate telecommunications by the state public utilities commissions. Interstate power distribution is regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, interstate power generation and distribution by the state public utilities commissions. DTIC Security; Warfare

20050173273 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Surveillance System at Navy and Marine Corps MTFs Melcer, T.; Bohannan, B.; Burr, R.; Leap, T.; Reed, C.; Jeschonek, B.; Apr. 2003; 54 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-M2332 Report No.(s): AD-A432540; NHRC-03-14; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Recent Department of Defense (DoD) directives call for joint medical surveillance. Joint Vision 2010-2020 states the goals of Information Superiority and Full Spectrum Dominance. In addition, the emphasis on early detection of chemical and biological attacks makes it imperative to conduct rigorous testing and evaluation (T&E) of medical informatics technologies under development to enhance joint force protection. The Medical Data Surveillance System (MDSS) is a Web-based automated surveillance and data analysis tool intended to integrate medical information for surveillance of deployed forces

313 and patient populations in the USA. The present study evaluated MDSS version 3.1, focusing on its functioning and utility for end users at Navy and Marine Corps MTFs. DTIC Data Systems; Evaluation; Medical Services; Navy; Surveillance; System Effectiveness

20050173299 Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA USA Science and Technology Metrics Kostoff, Ronald N.; Jan. 2005; 979 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432576; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) This document describes the rationale for, and implementation of, the expanded use of the proper metrics in the evaluation of science and technology (S&T). The document starts with an Executive Overview and Conclusions regarding the application of metrics to the entire S&T development cycle, including its key role in setting incentives for S&T development. Then, after describing how the evolution of S&T has influenced the present burgeoning interest in quantitative S&T metrics, this monograph defines different types of S&T metrics, followed by the main principles of high quality metrics-based S&T evaluations. After a broad overview of quantitative approaches to research assessment, the document focuses on the main approaches of bibliometrics and econometrics, including a novel section on bibliometric collaboration indicators. It then describes the bibliometrics-related family of approaches known as co-occurrence phenomena, describes a network modeling approach to quantifying research impacts, and ends the main text body with a description of a metrics-based expert systems approach for supporting research assessment. There are a substantial number of Appendices that make the present document essentially a self-contained monograph. Appendix 12 contains extensive data describing the infrastructure of the S&T metrics literature (including the seminal documents in S&T metrics), and it is followed by a very extensive Bibliography that contains over 7500 key references in S&T metrics. The Bibliography includes both those specific references identified in the body of this document’s text, and suggestions for further reading in this broad technical area. DTIC Cost Analysis; Cost Effectiveness; Research and Development; Technologies; Technology Assessment

20050173338 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the Global War on Terrorism Huntley, Henry L.; Mar. 2005; 35 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432672; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) On 12 September 2001 the day after the horrible attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Towers the USA Government (USG) and the American military officially began the global war on terrorism (GWOT). In a response to the overwhelming ﬂow of compassion from the International Arab and Muslim Communities President Bush quickly reached out to America and the rest of the world to make the USG’s case to respond quickly to the terrorist activity around the world. Proposing a global war on terrorism (GWOT) he would deliver an eloquent but stern message successfully framing why America and the freedom-loving citizens around the world needed to unit to ﬁght the war on terrorism. Almost two years later as America faced a second war with the brutal government of Iraq the USG again engaged the international community to state its case for war. This time engaging too slowly America’s positive support gained through public diplomacy and public affairs would quickly dissipate. Thus making it very difficult to convince the world and the Arab and Muslim Communities that America and the coalition were doing the right thing by in going to war with Iraq for a second time. This SRP will examine the importance of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. It will review the current USG policy on public diplomacy and the military’s role of public affairs. Further the paper will discuss world opinion of USG policy assess whether the U.S. military should carry the burden of public diplomacy to win the hearts and minds and provide a recommendation for improving the USG Pubic Diplomacy posture in our current global war on terrorism. DTIC Public Relations; Terrorism; United States; Warfare

20050173343 Geological Survey, Reston, VA USA Electronic Collection Management and Electronic Information Services Cotter, Gladys; Carroll, Bonnie; Hodge, Gail; Japzon, Andrea; Dec. 2004; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432684; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) No abstract available Data Management; Electronic Publishing; Information Management; Information Systems; Libraries; Management Information Systems; Pulse Communication; User Requirements

314 20050173345 Information International Associates, Inc., Havertown, PA USA Metadata for Electronic Information Resources Hodge, Gail; Dec. 2004; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432686; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) No abstract available Data Management; Electronic Publishing; Indexes (Documentation); Information Management; Metadata; Security; Subjects

20050173356 General Hospital (121st) APO, New York, NY USA Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Giraud, Roger S.; Apr. 2004; 54 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432702; AMDCS-35-04; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy The USA Forces Korea has continued to deter North Korean aggression and the l2l St. General Hospital (121 St. GH) has provided health care support during this period. The 121st GH pharmacy is an integral piece in the provision of health care in Korea. The purpose of the study is to determine the indicators of effective pharmacy support and determine if our current pharmaceutical logistics practice is efficient. The study reports an innovative application of multivariate approaches to predict order ship time (OST). The sample consists of 122 days of pharmaceutical requisitions. Pharmaceutical logistics data are used to estimate a multiple regression model of OST for demand satisfaction and accommodation, requisition cost and volume and source of supply. Multivariate correlations among ﬁve independent variables and the dependent variable, OST, are calculated. The average OST is 6.99 days. Demand satisfaction, requisition volume and source of supply measures make statistically signiﬁcant contributions to the shared variance in overall OST, and yield an R(exp 2) of .225 (F(5, 116)= 6.72; p \h .0001). The study’s results, its usefulness for enhancing leadership’s ability to evaluate pharmaceutical logistics, and its implications for current systems are discussed. By improving pharmaceutical logistics, the 121st General Hospital may deliver better health care on the Korean peninsula. DTIC Drugs; Hospitals; Korea; Logistics; Logistics Management; Management Systems; Medical Services; Pharmacology

20050173394 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA Evaluation of Information Assurance Requirements in a Net-Centric Army Miller, Scot; Mar. 2005; 31 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432792; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Network centric capabilities are a key enabler for the transformational army and planned employment of Units of Action in the future. Information Assurance refers to the security and assurance of the information that is being passed within the myriad networked systems at multiple data rates and security classiﬁcations. This paper will examine the requirements and concurrent capabilities necessary for this key strategic imperative of future Army operations as part of a joint and coalition force. DTIC Information; Information Transfer; Military Operations; Security; User Requirements

20050173396 Texas Univ., Austin, TX USA Future Force and First Responders: Building Ties for Collaboration and Leveraged Research and Development O’Brien, William J.; Hammer, Joachim; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): CMS-0075407; CMS-0122193 Report No.(s): AD-A432794; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Visions for the information needs and operational capabilities of the Future Force are similar to those for First Responders who comprise the backbone of Homeland Security personnel. There is also an increasing role for collaboration between Future Force warriors and First Responders in response to both domestic incidents and internationally through peacekeeping and related operational roles (US Army 2001; US Army 2004). The purpose of this position paper is to summarize the information environment of First Responders from the perspective of the IT/C4ISR community, seeking to highlight areas for collaboration, extension of research, and opportunities for leveraged R&D. DTIC Medical Personnel; Security

315 20050173408 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Planning for Success: Constructing a First Responder Planning Methodology for Homeland Security Jankowski, Thaddeus K., Sr; Mar. 2005; 103 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432814; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The planning methodologies used today by most U.S. fire departments are excellent for traditional missions, but wholly inadequate for the threats posed by terrorism. Planning in the fire service and the rest of the first responder community historically has relied on a one-dimensional approach that uses a scenario-based planning (SBP) methodology. This thesis argues that the fire service and others in the first responder community will be able to contribute to homeland security missions much more effectively, and efficiently, by switching to specially adapted versions of capabilities-based planning. This thesis proposes a new integrated planning methodology that combines the planning strengths of scenariobased planning, threat-based planning, and capabilities-based planning. The new method identifies capabilities that could be used to manage and mitigate the consequences of the different types of contingencies within the various response spectrums. It allows an organization to perform analysis and efficiency studies to evaluate the different spectrums of contingencies against existing capabilities and create a menu of capabilities necessary for the first responder to respond to all its missions, including immediate threats and terrorism, in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. DTIC Cost Effectiveness; Security; Terrorism; Transponders

20050173419 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA Urban Combat Data Mining Bodt, Barry A.; Heilman, Eric G.; Kaste, Richard C.; O’May, Janet F.; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432834; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) We describe an approach and its implementation involving simulation and data mining for improved understanding of the potential relationships among battle parameters and battle outcomes in an urban setting. DTIC Combat; Data Mining; Information Retrieval; Simulation; Terrain; Warfare

20050173440 Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN USA Molecular Database Construction and Mining: A General Approach to Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures Pang, Yuan-Ping; Dec. 2004; 4 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0322 Report No.(s): AD-A432883; ARO-42295.1-LS; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) One general approach to unconventional pathogen countermeasures is to use specific inhibitors to cripple enzymes such as proteases that are pivotal to pathogen invasions. For example, botulinum toxins can be detoxified by inhibitors targeting the zinc endopeptidase located in the light-chain region of botulinum toxins, and anthrax can be detoxified by inhibitors targeting anthrax’s lethal factor which is a zinc protease. The generality of this approach rests on the fact that all pathogen invasions are enzyme-dependent. Furthermore, viral and bacterial enzymes have high substrate specificity and can therefore be inhibited by specific inhibitors without interfering with other enzymes required for normal functions. This approach has been conceptually validated by the clinical use of protease inhibitors for treating various pathogen invasions. It is, however, not suitable for military use in its present form, because typically ten years are required to develop an effective protease inhibitor. Here we propose to use the advanced supercomputing technology to shorten the drug discovery process. DTIC Construction; Countermeasures; Data Bases; Information Retrieval; Microorganisms; Pathogens

20050173471 Singapore Inst. of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Natural Environments Ibanez-Guzman, J.; Jian, X.; Malcolm, A.; Gong, Z.; Chen, Chun Wah; Tay, Alex; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432934; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The deployment of an autonomous and teleoperated vehicle in tropical environments presents numerous challenges due to the extreme conditions encountered. This paper presents the transformation of a M113 Armored Personnel Carrier into an autonomous and teleoperated vehicle for operation in jungle-like conditions. The system was partitioned into functional

316 systems: Vehicle Control/ Mobility, Piloting, Visual Guidance, Teleoperation and Communications. Details of the system architecture and major components are included. Emphasis is made on the perception mechanisms developed for visual guidance, the vehicle conversion into a computer-controlled system and the implementation of navigation algorithms for localization and path planning. A suite of onboard active and passive sensors is used in the visual guidance system. Data fusion is performed on the outputs of the different types of the sensors. The fusion result fed to the path planner that generates heading and speed commands to maneuver the vehicle towards the desired position. The vehicle controller executes the speed and heading commands and ensures the vehicle fast and safe response. The results from ﬁeld trials completed in tropical forest conditions that are unique to the region are included. DTIC Architecture (Computers); Personnel; Tracked Vehicles; Unmanned Ground Vehicles

20050173478 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA FPGA Acceleration of Information Management Services Linderman, Richard W.; Linderman, Mark H.; Lin, Chun-Shin; Feb. 2005; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432952; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are widely known for their ability to accelerate ‘number crunching’ applications, such as filtering for signal and image processing. However, this paper reports on the ability of FPGAs to greatly accelerate non-numerical applications, particularly fundamental operations supporting publish subscribe information management environments. The specific core service accelerated by FPGAs is the brokering of XML metadata of publications against the XPATH logical predicates expressing the types of publications that the subscribers wish to receive. The acceleration is not achieved solely by the FPGA, but by its close coordination with a programmable processor within a Heterogeneous, HPC architecture (HHPC). Two subtasks addressed by the FPGA are the parsing of the ASCII XML publication metadata into an exploitable binary form, followed by the partial evaluation of up to thousands of subscription predicates, with results reported back to the programmable processor. On the first subtask, the FPGA implements a state machine the parses 1 ascii character per clock cycle, presently with a 50 MHz clock on 6M gate Xilinx Virtex II FPGAs. This reduces parse time typical information object metadata from 2 milliseconds to around 50 microseconds (40X speedup). Once the data is parsed, the fields broadcast to parallel logic, which evaluates the subscription predicates. The FPGA synthesis tools do a surprising effective job of optimizing the logic to evaluate these XPATH predicates. In one typical case, 2000 predicates compiled down to only require 2.9% of the 6M gate FPGA resources. DTIC Computer Programming; Field-Programmable Gate Arrays; Information Management; Information Systems

20050173483 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, CA USA Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile Robots Sights, B.; Everett, H. R.; Pacis, E. B.; Kogut, G.; Thompson, M.; Jan. 2005; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432959; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) High-level intelligence allows a mobile robot to create and interpret complex world models, but without a precise control system, the accuracy of the world model and the robot’s ability to interact with its surroundings are greatly diminished. This problem is amplified when the environment is hostile, such as in a battlefield situation where an error in movement response may lead to destruction of the robot. As the presence of robots on the battlefield continues to escalate and the trend toward relieving the human of the low-level control burden advances, the ability to combine the functionalities of several critical control systems on a single platform becomes imperative. DTIC Autonomy; Robotics; Robots

20050173532 Objective Interface Systems, Inc., Herndon, VA USA High-Assurance Security/Safety on HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Beckwith, Bill; Vanﬂeet, W. M.; Feb. 2005; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A433019; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) To address the need for security in high performance systems, an architecture-based on a small separation, or partitioning, kernel was proposed. This architecture, termed the MILS (Multiple Independent Levels of Security) architecture classiﬁes the

317 components of a system into three layers, the Partitioning Kernel, the Middleware layer (which includes many operating system functions commonly found combined with an OS kernel, as well as code more traditionally termed middleware), and the Application layer. This approach can be implemented and used effectively in high performance systems. In MILS, basic, general purpose security policies are enforced at lower levels by the Partitioning Kernel and middleware layer. Enforcement of these basic security policies permits the top layer to implement other, application-speciﬁc security policies-such as Bell-LaPadula (BLP), Biba, Community of Interest, etc.-with conﬁdence that the code that implements these policies will have the characteristics of a reference monitor: Non-bypassable, Evaluatable, Always-invoked and Tmper-roof (NEAT). The ability of these systems to transfer data at high speed is not compromised by a MILS design. These concepts are extended to a collection of MILS nodes called an enclave. The PCS (Partitioning Communication System) provides the high-assurance secure communication between the MILS nodes in the enclave. The PCS was designed with HPEC systems in mind. The PCS includes zero-copy semantics for secure communications. Like the Partitioning Kernel, the PCS requires formal methods and mathematical models to assure correctness. The presentation will describe the performance impact and optimizations of the PCS on HPEC environments. DTIC Information Transfer; Safety; Security

20050173543 Kentucky Univ., Lexington, KY USA The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Multiple Perspectives De Jong, Marla J.; Moser, Debra K.; Hall, Lynne A.; Dake, Marcia A.; May 2005; 13 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A433038; AFIT-CI04-1065; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy In the dissertation process, the doctoral candidate designs, conducts, and presents scholarly research that is intended to generate new knowledge. The traditional dissertation generally consists of several chapters, including an introduction, review of literature, methods, results, and discussion, But far more dissertations remain unpublished than published. This practice does a disservice to all who participated directly or indirectly in the research including the graduate, dissertation committee and advisor, individuals or organizations and the funding agency. An alternate format, the manuscript option dissertation, is becoming more popular at universities throughout the USA and consists of a series of manuscripts that are either published or ready for journal submission. The University of Kentucky College of Nursing adopted the manuscript option for the dissertation in 2002, leaving the decision regarding that option versus a traditional dissertation open to the student and advisor. This paper describes our experience with the manuscript option dissertation from the perspectives of the program director, the advisor, the doctoral candidate, and the journal editor. Program Director’s Perspective DTIC Medical Science; Theses

83 ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS Includes cost effectiveness studies.

20050170513 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA New Business Models for Standard and ASIC Products in the Semiconductor Industry: Competing on Cost and Time-to-Market Akella, Ram; Kleinknecht, Jochen; Gillespie, Jaysen; Kim, Byunggyoo; Frederick, Al; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 190-196; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Many semiconductor companies in the ASIC business struggle with the new competitive environment, which requires better and better operational performance. We detail ways of improving their current business model in order to become more responsive to customers’ orders and more proﬁtable at the same time. Based on a study of customer change order behavior, we motivate why these companies should base their business and operations on unit volume and not on the degree of standardization of their products. Furthermore, we suggest to device new contract schemes and introduce the concept of delayed product differentiation. Author Industrial Management; Management Methods; Economic Factors; Commerce; Market Research

318 88 SPACE SCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to the natural space sciences. For speciﬁc topics in space sciences see categories 89 through 93.

20050170974 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Genesis: Removing Contamination from Sample Collectors Lauer, H. V.; McNamara, K. M.; Westphal, Andrew; Butterworth, A. L.; Burnett, D. S.; Jurewicz, A.; Woolum, D.; Allton, J. H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Genesis mission returned to Earth on September 8, 2004, experiencing a non-nominal reentry. The parachutes which were supposed to slow and stabilize the capsule throughout the return failed to deploy, causing the capsule to impact the desert ﬂoor at a speed of nearly 200 MPH. Both the science canister and the major components of the SRC were returned before nightfall on September 8 to the prestaged cleanroom at UTTR , avoiding prolonged exposure or pending weather changes which might further contaminate the samples. The majority of the contaminants introduced as a result of the anomalous landing were in the form of particulates, including UTTR dust and soil, carbon-carbon heat shield material, and shattered collector dust (primarily silicon and germanium). Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Genesis Mission; Cleaning; Decontamination; Impact; Accidents; Accumulators; Samplers

89 ASTRONOMY Includes observations of celestial bodies; astronomical instruments and techniques; radio, gamma-ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared astronomy; and astrometry.

20050169817 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Constrained by High Resolution Spectroscopy of the Zodiacal Light Ipatov, S. I.; Kutyrev, A. S.; Madsen, G. J.; Mather, J. C.; Moseley, S. H.; Reynolds, R. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-12265; NSF AST-02-04973; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have developed a set of self-consistent dynamical models of the Zodiacal cloud, following the orbital evolution of dust particles. Three populations were considered, originating from the Kuiper belt, asteroids and comets. Using the models developed, we investigated how the solar spectrum is changed by scattering by the zodiacal cloud grains and compared the obtained spectra with the observations. Derived from text Clouds (Meteorology); Zodiacal Light; Solar Spectra; Kuiper Belt; Dust

20050169859 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA Progress in Horizontal and Slant-Path Imaging Using Specking Imaging Carrano, C. J.; Jan. 30, 2003; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2004-15003385; UCRL-JC-150217-R1; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge The difficulty in terrestrial imaging over long horizontal or slant paths is that atmospheric aberrations and distortions reduce the resolution and contrast in images recorded at high resolution. This paper will describe the problem of horizontal-path imaging, brieﬂy cover various methods for imaging over horizontal paths and then describe the speckle imaging method actively being pursued at LLNL. We will review some closer range (1-3 km range) imagery of people we have already published, as well as show new results of vehicles we have obtained over longer slant-range paths greater than 20 km. NTIS Atmospheric Turbulence; Imaging Techniques; Slopes

319 20050170582 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA Implications of Internal Fragmentation on the Structure of Comets Kadish, Jon; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Visual observations of comet splittings support the view that comets are composed of cometesimals whose size scale is roughly an order of magnitude lower than that of the nucleus [1]; the most famous example of which is the disruption of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 during its close encounter with Jupiter. However, it is shown that a monolith can become internally fractured due to a perturbation in its stress ﬁeld. The resulting breakup can produce the fragmentation observed during the splitting of comets. Derived from text Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet; Fragmentation; Perturbation; Visual Observation; Stress Distribution

20050170583 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Radiation and Shock-Thermal Parameters of Pallasites: Resulting from Different Compaction History? Kalinina, G. V.; Kashkarov, L. L.; Ivliev, A. I.; Skripnik, A. Ya.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFFI-04-05-64930; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In order to test cosmic radiation condition and shock-thermal history of the pallasites, four meteorites of this class were selected for study. Olivine crystals from the Brenham, Eagle Station, Marjalahti and Omolon were examined by the track and thermoluminescence (TL) methods. The Brenham pallasite is unusual in the two main aspects: (1). Although this meteorite nominally classiﬁed as a pallasite, it has a solar type gases rich fraction [1] that was not observed in any other meteorites of this class. (2) Olivine crystal microstructure of the Brenham, probably, reﬂects the process of brectiation. Derived from text Olivine; Crystals; Cosmic Rays; Microstructure; Thermoluminescence; Meteorites

20050170593 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary Dust Keller, L. P.; Messenger, S.; Christoffersen, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RTOP 344-31-40-07; RTOP 624-13-AA; RTOP 344-31-72-08; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) of cometary origin contain abundant materials that formed in the early solar nebula. These materials were transported outward and subsequently mixed with molecular cloud materials and presolar grains in the region where comets accreted [1]. GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) grains are a major component of these primitive anhydrous IDPs, along with crystalline Mg-rich silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, carbonaceous material, and other trace phases. Some GEMS grains (~5%) are demonstrably presolar based on their oxygen isotopic compositions [2]. However, most GEMS grains are isotopically solar and have bulk chemical compositions that are incompatible with inferred compositions of interstellar dust, suggesting a solar system origin [3]. An alternative hypothesis is that GEMS grains represent highly irradiated interstellar grains whose oxygen isotopic compositions were homogenized through processing in the interstellar medium (ISM) [4]. We have obtained the first quantitative X-ray maps (spectrum images) showing the distribution of major and minor elements in individual GEMS grains. Nanometer-scale chemical maps provide critical data required to evaluate the differing models regarding the origin of GEMS grains. Derived from text Interplanetary Dust; Comets; Cosmic Dust; Glass; Embedding; Solar Nebula; Molecular Clouds; Imaging Techniques

20050170963 European Space Agency, Darmstadt, Germany The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential of the New Horizons Mission During Interplanetary Cruise Landgraf, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document When the Pioneer 10 spacecraft entered the interplanetary space beyond Jupiter s orbit, it detected an almost constant ﬂux

320 of impacts by dust particles (Humes, 1980) larger than 10 m. This was unexpected, as the dust from comets, which were the only potential sources of dust known at the time, is believed to be less concentrated at larger heliocentric distances. At the time, an exotic distribution of cometary orbits had to be introduced in order to explain the Pioneer data. Dust from outside the solar system can not explain the constant flux detected by the Pioneer experiments, because the interstellar flux of dust particles large enough to be detectable by the Pioneer instruments is at least an order of magnitude lower than the detected flux (Landgraf et al. , 2000). The discovery of objects in the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt (EKB) (Jewitt & Luu, 1993) offered the possibility for another dust source: The objects in the EKB should produce dust by mutual collisions and by collisions with interstellar dust particles (Yamamoto & Mukai, 1998), forming a disk of dust around the Sun. Modelling the evolution of the orbits of dust grains from the EKB Landgraf et al. (2002) showed, that indeed the Pioneer data can only be explained by dust migrating in from the EKB under the influence of the Poynting-Robertson drag. Derived from text Cosmic Dust; Sun; Interstellar Matter; Pioneer 10 Space Probe; Poynting-Robertson Effect; Temporal Distribution; Comets; Interplanetary Space

20050170994 California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA December 27th Magnetar Event Observations by Mars Global Surveyor Lillis, R. J.; Brain, D. A.; Halekas, J. S.; Mitchell, D. L.; Lin, R. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document At 21:30 UT on December 27th, 2004, the largest ever gamma ray burst was observed by a number of spacecraft, including SWIFT, WIND, GOES, RHESSI, and others. At Mars, the Electron Reflectometer (ER) experiment onboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) also observed the event near 21:13 UT. It was characterized by a very short intense spike of counts at high energies, characteristic of penetrating radiation. Twenty minutes later, an unusual response was observed in the Martian ionosphere. A significant enhancement was seen at low energies (\h500 eV), coincident with a dropout in flux at higher energies (\g1 keV). We will present an overview of the event as observed by the MGS ER. As more detailed spacecraft ephemeris information becomes available, we will look in more detail at the time history, energy spectrum, and angular distribution of the initial spike and the subsequent ionospheric response. We will also compare the timing of the event with that observed by spacecraft at Earth, and compare and contrast the ionospheric response with that at Earth. Addition information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Gamma Ray Bursts; Magnetars; Mars Global Surveyor

20050171023 Trevecca Nazarene Univ., Nashville, TN, USA A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Henry, Stephen M.; Gillman, Amelie r.; Henry, Gregory W.; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; NRI 2005, 10-14 Apr. 2005, Boulder, CO, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-511; NSF HRD-97-06268; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only Tennessee State University operates several automatic photometric telescopes (APTs) at Fairborn Observatory in southern Arizona. Four 0.8 m APTs have been dedicated to measuring subtle luminosity variations that accompany magnetic cycles in solar-type stars. Over 1000 program and comparison stars have been observed every clear night in this program for up to 12 years with a precision of approximately 0.0015 mag for a single observation. We have developed a transit-search algorithm, based on ﬁtting a computed transit template for each trial period, and have used it to search our photometric database for transits of unknown companions. Extensive simulations with the APT data have shown that we can reliably recover transits with periods under 10 days as long as the transits have a depth of at least 0.0024 mag, or about 1.6 times the scatter in the photometric observations. Thus, due to our high photometric precision, we are sensitive to transits of possible short-period Neptune-mass planets that likely would have escaped detection by current radial velocity techniques. Our search of the APT data sets for 1087 program and comparison stars revealed no new transiting planets. However, the detection of several unknown grazing eclipsing binaries from among our comparison stars, with eclipse depths of only a few millimags, illustrates the success of our technique. We have used this negative result to place limits on the frequency of Neptune-mass planets in close orbits around solar-type stars in the Sun’s vicinity. Author Extrasolar Planets; Planet Detection; Stellar Luminosity; Astronomical Photometry

321 20050173195 Naval Observatory, Washington, DC USA Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Objects Johnston, Kenneth J.; Boboltz, David; Fey, Alan L.; Gaume, Ralph A.; Zacharias, Norbert; Jan. 2005; 4 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A432357; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) The Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Objects Key Science program will investigate the underlying physics of SIM grid objects. Extragalactic objects in the SIM grid will be used to tie the SIM reference frame to the quasi-inertial reference frame deﬁned by extragalactic objects and to remove any residual frame rotation with respect to the extragalactic frame. The current realization of the extragalactic frame is the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) . The ICRF is deﬁned by the radio positions of 212 extragalactic objects and is the IAU sanctioned fundamental astronomical reference frame. This key project will advance our knowledge of the physics of the objects which will make up the SIM grid, such as quasars and chromospherically active stars, and relates directly to the stability of the SIM reference frame. The following questions concerning the physics of reference frame tie objects will be investigated. DTIC Astrophysics; Coordinates

20050173326 Naval Observatory, Washington, DC USA Long-Term Evolution of Orbits about a Precessing Oblate Planet: 1. The Case of Uniform Precession Efroimsky, Michael; Aug. 2004; 57 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A432632; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) It was believed until very recently that a near-equatorial satellite would always keep up with the planet’s equator (with oscillations in inclination, but without a secular drift). This misconception originated from a wrong interpretation of a (mathematically correct) result obtained in terms of non-osculating orbital elements. A similar analysis carried out in the language of osculating elements will endow the planetary equations with some extra terms caused by the planet’s obliquity change. Some of these terms will be nontrivial, in that they will not be amendments to the disturbing function. Due to the extra terms, the variations of a planet’s obliquity may cause a secular drift of its satellite orbit inclination. In this article we set out the analytical formalism for our study of this drift. We demonstrate that, in the case of uniform precession, the drift will be extremely slow, because the ﬁrst-order terms responsible for the drift will be short-period and, thus, will have vanishing orbital averages, while the secular terms will be of the second order only. However, it turns out that variations of the planetary precession make the ﬁrst-order terms secular. For example, the planetary nutations will resonate with the satellite’s orbital frequency and, thereby, may instigate a secular drift. A detailed study of this process will be offered in the subsequent publication, while here we work out the required mathematical formalism and point out the key aspects of the dynamics. DTIC Orbits; Planets; Precession

90 ASTROPHYSICS Includes cosmology; celestial mechanics; space plasmas; and interstellar and interplanetary gases and dust.

20050169562 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA FUSE Observations of QSOs behind Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI Emission Dixon, William V.; May 13, 2005; 2 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GF06G; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy We observed ﬁve quasars located behind clusters of galaxies with the goal of detecting resonant O VI absorption from warm (T approx. 10(exp 6) K) gas in the clusters’ intracluster medium. The presence of such warm gas is predicted by cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and is observationally supported by the detection of ‘soft excess’ emission in several galaxy clusters. A second goal was the detection of diffuse O VI emission from warm gas in our own Galaxy. Author Quasars; Galactic Clusters; Intergalactic Media; Absorption Spectra; Line Spectra; Oxygen Ions

322 20050169776 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC 63 Andersson, B-G; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-10380; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy This grant has supported the acquisition, reduction and analysis of data targeting the structure and excitation of molecular hydrogen in the reflection nebula IC 63 and in particular the fluorescent emission seen in the UV. In addition to manpower for analyzing the FUSE data, the grant supported the (attempted) acquisition of supporting ground-based data. We proposed for and received observing time for two sets of ground based, data; narrow band imaging ([S II], [O III) at KPNO (July 2002; Observer: Burgh) and imaging spectro-photometry of several of the near-infrared rotation-vibration lines of H2 at the IRTF (October 2003; Observer: Andersson). Unfortunately, both of these runs were failures, primarily because of bad weather, and did not result in any useful data. We combined the FUSE observations with rocket borne observations of the star responsible for exciting the H2 fluorescence in IC 63: gamma Cas, and with archival HUT observations of IC 63, covering the long-wavelength part of the molecular hydrogen fluorescence. Derived from text Fluorescence; Hydrogen; Molecular Gases; Nebulae

20050169778 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA The FUV Flux Irradiating the Surfaces of Protostellar Disks Andersson, B.-G.; May 17, 2005; 1 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GH29G; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only This grant was intended for, and has been used for, the support of the specialized CalFUSE data reduction required for these non-standard observations. The goal of the program was to search for FUV continuum radiation from T-Tauri stars, which would have affected the chemistry in the proto-planetary disk. Because of the low ﬂux expected, the standard background subtraction method would not be appropriate. Rather on-chip background determination was expected to be required. Derived from text Protoplanetary Disks; Far Ultraviolet Radiation; Irradiation

20050169828 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA, USA Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Techniques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analysis Ishii, H. A.; Brennan, S.; Luening, K.; Pianetta, P.; Bradley, J. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): W-7405-eng-48; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Sample return missions allow the laboratory study of material from other parts of our solar system which until recently were accessible only by astronomical observation. In January of 2006, NASA’s Stardust Mission will return to Earth with particles captured in silica aerogel collected from the coma of Comet Wild-2 as well as fresh interstellar dust. The primary objective of the mission is the collection of 1000 analyzable particles of diameter \g15 micron. Estimates from on-board instrumentation indicate 3 times that number were collected. Each of these femto- to nanogram particles is potentially a heavyweight in terms of scientiﬁc return. Scientiﬁc and technical preparations for Stardust’s return have long been underway via analysis of analogues like interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the stratosphere and micrometeoroids captured in low earth orbit in aerogel collectors (e.g. the Orbital Debris Collector Experiment). To study such small volumes of material non-destructively, synchrotron radiation techniques have been used with increasing frequency. These techniques include microdiffraction to determine mineralogy, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to determine elemental compositions and distributions, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) combined with soft X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and O absorption thresholds to study the chemical environment of organic compounds and hard x-ray XANES to study chemical states of transition metal elements. Of key importance in analysis of Stardust particles is a non-destructive means of extracting chemical information on both major and trace elemental constituents. We describe a collaborative effort at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) on beamline 6-2 to use micro-focus x-ray beams for the study of meteoritic and cometary materials. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Microscopy; X Ray Spectroscopy; Interplanetary Dust; Laboratory Astrophysics; Chemical Composition; Chemical Analysis

323 20050170565 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic-Ray Interactions in Solar-System Matter Kim, K. J.; Reedy, R. C.; Masarik, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The energetic particles in the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) induce many interactions in a variety of solar-system matter. Cosmogenic nuclides are used to study the histories of meteorites and lunar samples. Gamma rays and neutrons are used to map the compositions of planetary surfaces, such as Mars, the Moon, and asteroids. In almost all of these cases, the spectra of incident GCR particles are fairly similar, with only some modulation by the Sun over an 11-year cycle. Strong magnetic fields can seriously affect the energy spectrum of GCR particles hitting the surface of objects inside the magnetic fields. The Earth s geomagnetic field is strong enough that only GCR particles with magnetic rigidities above approx. 17 GV (a proton energy of approx. 17 GeV) reach the atmosphere over certain regions near the equator. This effect of removing lower-energy GCR particles is called a cutoff. The jovian magnetic fields are so strong that the fluxes of GCR particles hitting the 4 large Galilean satellites are similarly affected. The cutoff at Europa is estimated to be similar to or a little higher than at the Earth s equator. Derived from text Galactic Cosmic Rays; Interacting Galaxies; Solar System; Neutrons; Energetic Particles

20050170606 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Derived from Stardust Stereoimages Kirk, R. L.; Duxbury, T. C.; Horz, F.; Brownlee, D. E.; Newburn, R. L.; Tsou, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document On 2 January, 2004, the Stardust spacecraft ﬂew by the nucleus of comet 81P/Wild 2 with a closest approach distance of approx. 240 km. During the encounter, the Stardust Optical Navigation Camera (ONC) obtained 72 images of the nucleus with exposure times alternating between 10 ms (near-optimal for most of the nucleus surface) and 100 ms (used for navigation, and revealing additional details in the coma and dark portions of the surface. Phase angles varied from 72 deg. to near zero to 103 deg. during the encounter, allowing the entire sunlit portion of the surface to be imaged. As many as 20 of the images near closest approach are of sufficiently high resolution to be used in mapping the nucleus surface; of these, two pairs of short-exposure images were used to create the nucleus shape model and derived products reported here. The best image resolution obtained was approx. 14 m/pixel, resulting in approx. 300 pixels across the nucleus. The Stardust Wild 2 dataset is therefore markedly superior from a stereomapping perspective to the Deep Space 1 MICAS images of comet Borrelly. The key subset of the latter (3 images) covered only about a quarter of the surface at phase angles approx. 50 - 60 and less than 50 x 160 pixels across the nucleus, yet it sufficed for groups at the USGS and DLR to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) and study the morphology and photometry of the nucleus in detail. Author Topography; Wild 2 Comet; Image Resolution; Geological Surveys; Comet Nuclei

20050172137 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Factories Nuth, Joseph A. III; Johnson, Natasha M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document H(2-2), N2 and CO are the most abundant molecular constituents in astrophysical environments, including protostellar nebulae. Although some organic molecules may be produced on very long timescales by the irradiation of ices formed on the cold surfaces of interstellar grains and these molecules may be an important source of raw materials leading to the origin of life on Earth, pre-solar organics could be swamped by the efficient conversion of nebular H2, N2 and CO to simple organic materials. Derived from text Protostars; Biological Evolution; Hydrogen; Ice; Interstellar Matter; Carbon Dioxide; Nitrogen

324 20050172150 Tsukuba Univ., Ibaraki, Japan Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Flares Nakamoto, T.; Hayashi, M. R.; Kita, N. T.; Tachibana, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Chondrules are considered to have formed through heating events in the early solar nebula. Though the specific heating mechanism has not yet been understood clearly, the shock wave heating is considered to be one of the most plausible models to explain the various properties of chondrules; peak temperatures, stability of melt droplets, the size range, and heating rates. However, source of shock waves is still under debate. Proposed models include bow shocks in front of fast moving planetesimals, accretion shocks at the surface of nebula, and spiral density waves induced by the disk self-gravity, though every model has some drawbacks. Here, we report that chondrule forming shock waves can be generated in the upper region of the solar nebula by X-ray flares associated with the young Sun. X-ray flares, common among T Tauri stars, emit plasma gas, which cools to be a strong neutral gas wind. The energy, the dimension, and the frequency of X-ray flares associated with T Tauri stars are much larger than those of the current Sun. Typical luminosity in the X-ray wavelength region is about two orders of magnitude higher than the current solar flare. Since the energy released by the X-ray flares is so large, it is naturally expected that the flares have some effects on the dynamics and energetics of a protoplanetary disk around the star. Observations of X-ray flares around young T Tauri stars indicate that their activity lasts of the order of 10(exp 6) to 10(exp 7) yr, which is consistent with the range of chondrule formation ages. In this work, we numerically simulate the X-ray flares and expanding magnetic bubbles with the disk, and examine whether or not shock waves which can form chondrules are generated in the nebula. Preliminary results were reported last year. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Computational Astrophysics; Shock Waves; Chondrule; Solar Nebula; Solar System Evolution; Solar Flares

20050172157 Baylor Univ., Waco, TX, USA Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Binaries Nazzario, R. C.; Hyde, T. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Observations of the Kuiper Belt indicate that a larger than expected percentage of KBO’s (approximately 8 out of 500) are in binary pairs. The formation and survival of such objects presents a conundrum. Two competing theories have been postulated to try to solve this problem. One entails the physical collision of bodies while the other utilizes dynamical friction or a third body to dissipate excess momentum and energy from the system. Although in general known binaries tend to differ signiﬁcantly in mass, such as seen in the Earth-Moon or asteroid binary systems, Kuiper binaries discovered to date tend to instead be of similar size. This paper investigates the stability, development and lifetimes for Kuiper Belt binaries by tracking their orbital dynamics and subsequent evolution. Section two details the numerical model while Section three discusses the initial conditions. Finally, in Section four the results are discussed with Section ﬁve containing the conclusions. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Computational Astrophysics; Kuiper Belt; Orbital Mechanics

91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION Includes planetology; selenology; meteorites; comets; and manned and unmanned planetary and lunar ﬂights. For spacecraft design or space stations see 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.

20050169793 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10 [2005]; ISSN 1540-7845; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050169794 - 20050169815 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-10; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Interstellar Components in the Solar Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic

325 Measurements with Isoprobes P and T. Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identiﬁed in Orgueil. Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Mars. Experimental Studies of the Water Sorption Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Minerals and Sulfates. Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Evaporation Residues Measured by Laser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS. Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schiaparelli Basin, Mars. Martian Valley Networks and Associated Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Site of Rio Tinto, Spain. Time Domain Electromagnetics for Mapping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater in Mars Analog Environments. Mineralogical and Seismological Models of the Lunar Mantle. Photometric Observations of Soils and Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Landing Sites. Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked Plagioclase Endmembers. CASI Lunar Mantle; Mars Environment; Mars Surface; Mineralogy; Ground Water

20050169794 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and Venus Johnson, N. M.; Fegley, B., Jr.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-4565; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Venus is a hot and dry planet with a surface temperature of 660 to 740 K and 30 parts per million by volume (ppmv) water vapor in its lower atmosphere. In contrast Earth has an average surface temperature of 288 K and 1-4% water vapor in its troposphere. The hot and dry conditions on Venus led many to speculate that hydrous minerals on the surface of Venus would not be there today even though they might have formed in a potentially wetter past. Thermodynamic calculations predict that many hydrous minerals are unstable under current Venusian conditions. Thermodynamics predicts whether a particular mineral is stable or not, but we need experimental data on the decomposition rate of hydrous minerals to determine if they survive on Venus today. Previously, we determined the decomposition rate of the amphibole tremolite, and found that it could exist for billions of years at current surface conditions. Here, we present our initial results on the decomposition of phlogopite mica, another common hydrous mineral on Earth. Author Venus Surface; Water Vapor; Amphiboles; Decomposition; Thermodynamics

20050169795 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer 182 Jones, R. H.; Guan, Y.; Leshin, L. A.; Larsen, T.; Sharp, Z. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document CH carbonaceous chondrites have many unusual properties that distinguish them from other chondrite groups. They have been interpreted as having either a nebular [1-4] or impact [5] origin. CH chondrites are metal-rich, and contain chondrules that are signiﬁcantly smaller than those in other chondrite groups. They were included as members of the CR chondrite clan by [6]. Acfer 182, although very similar in many respects to ALH85085, differs from it in several signiﬁcant respects: it has larger chondrules (mean chondrule diameter is ~ 90 m vs. ~20 m), and a lower metal content (9 vs 20 vol. %) [7]. Bischoff et al. [7] suggested that Acfer 182 should be included in the CH group, whereas Weisberg et al. [6] argued that it is sufficiently different from the other CH chondrites that it should be considered a unique chondrite. The CH chondrite, NWA739 [8], has close affinities to Acfer 182. Here we report the results of preliminary studies of the oxygen isotope distribution in this chondrite. We are investigating the relationship between NWA739, Acfer182 and the ALH85085-like chondrites, as well as the possibility, suggested by [6], that chondrule silicates in CR clan chondrites lie on the equilibrated chondrite slope-1 line (ECL) on an oxygen 3-isotope plot. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Meteoritic Composition; Oxygen Isotopes; Silicates; Chondrule

326 20050169796 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Fragment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Sample from a Young Procellarum Flow? Jolliff, B. L.; Zeigler, R. A.; Korotev, R. L.; Barra, F.; Swindle, T. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-10227; NAG5-12059; NNG04GG10G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In this abstract, we report on the composition, mineralogy and petrography of a basaltic rock fragment, 12032,366-18, found in the Apollo 12 regolith. Age data, collected as part of an investigation by Barra et al., will be presented in detail in. Here, only the age dating result is summarized. This rock fragment garnered our attention because it is significantly enriched in incompatible elements, e.g., 7 ppm thorium, compared to other known lunar basalts. Its mineral- and trace-element chemistry set it apart from other Apollo 12 basalts and indeed from all Apollo and Luna basalts. What makes it potentially very significant is the possibility that it is a sample of a relatively young, thorium-rich basalt flow similar to those inferred to occur in the Procellarum region, especially northwestern Procellarum, on the basis of Lunar Prospector orbital data. Exploiting the lunar regolith for the diversity of rock types that have been delivered to a landing site by impact processes and correlating them to their likely site of origin using remote sensing will be an important part of future missions to the Moon. One such mission is Moonrise, which would collect regolith samples from the South Pole-Aitken Basin, concentrating thousands of rock fragments of 3-20 mm size from the regolith, and returning the samples to Earth. Derived from text Basalt; Thorium; Regolith; Lunar Rocks; Lunar Maria

20050169798 Jernsletten (J. A.), Seabrook, TX, USA Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Site of Rio Tinto, Spain Jernsletten, J. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document This report describes the outcome of a Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) geophysical survey carried out in the Pena de Hierro (‘Berg of Iron’) ﬁeld area of the Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE). The Pe a de Hierro ﬁeld area of the MARTE project is located between the towns of Rio Tinto and Nerva in the Andalucia region of Spain. It is about one hour drive West of the city of Sevilla, and also about one hour drive North of Huelva. Derived from text Electromagnetic Fields; Mars Surface; Geophysics

20050169800 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identiﬁed in Orgueil Jadhav, M.; Maruoka, T.; Amari, S.; Zinner, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Presolar graphite grains have been extensively studied in the Murchison meteorite. Almost everything we know about presolar graphite is based on these studies. This is because graphite is present mainly in very primitive meteorites and the separation procedure of graphite is far more complicated than that of SiC. Presolar graphite is known to be the carrier of Ne-E(L) and according to noble gas analyses, its abundance in Orgueil is estimated to be an order of magnitude higher than that in Murchison. A previous effort has been made to isolate this abundant presolar graphite in Orgueil: with the separation procedure previously applied to Murchison, Pravdivtseva et al. obtained a fraction with a density of approx. 1.8 g/cu cm and grain size greater than 1 micron. Observations in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that grains from this Orgueil fraction closely resemble those of Murchison graphite, exhibiting the same onion- type morphology. However, NanoSIMS isotopic analyses of C and N of 162 grains yielded only normal ratios, indicating that the grains had a solar system origin. In addition, Ne isotopic analysis of 14 individual grains, by high-transmission ion-counting noble gas mass spectrometry, did not detect any excesses in 22Ne above the blank. Derived from text Gas Analysis; Grain Size; Graphite; Isotopes; Murchison Meteorite

20050169801 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Mars Jaeger, W. L.; Keszthelyi, L. P.; Burr, D. M.; Emery, J. P.; Baker, V. R.; McEwen, A. S.; Miyamoto, H.; Lunar and Planetary

327 Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Basaltic ring structures (BRSs) are enigmatic, quasi-circular landforms in eastern Washington State that were first recognized in 1965. They remained a subject of geologic scrutiny through the 1970 s and subsequently faded from the spotlight, but recent Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images showing morphologically similar structures in Athabasca Valles, Mars, have sparked renewed interest in BRSs. The only known BRSs occur in the Channeled Scabland, a region where catastrophic Pleistocene floods from glacial Lake Missoula eroded into the Miocene flood basalts of the Columbia Plateau. The geologic setting of the martian ring structures (MRSs) is similar; Athabasca Valles is a young channel system that formed when catastrophic aqueous floods carved into a volcanic substrate. This study investigates the formation of terrestrial BRSs and examines the extent to which they are appropriate analogs for the MRSs in Athabasca Valles. Author Basalt; Geomorphology; Mars (Planet); Ring Structures; Volcanoes

20050169802 Zeolith-Systeme G.m.b.H., Berlin, Germany Experimental Studies of the Water Sorption Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Minerals and Sulfates Jaenchen, J.; Bish, D. L.; Moehlmann, D. T. F.; Stach, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Results and Discussion: Figure 1 shows the results of the isotherm measurements down to 257 K on chabazite as an example of a common natural zeolite. Recently documented results of the Mars Odyssey spacecraft [1] using the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite [2] show deposits on Mars with 2-11% water-equivalent hydrogen by mass for equatorial latitudes between 45deg. Because of the present martian thermal conditions this water can not be liquid bulk water or water ice and it was referred to in [3] as to be at last partially ‘adsorption water’. The possible presence of water-bearing minerals under martian surface conditions was evaluated in [4] (zeolites and clays) as well as in [5] (magnesium sulfates). Spectral evidence for the existence of zeolites in the dust of Mars was given in [6] and for other materials such as nontronite, gypsum, kieserite, hematite and others from OMEGA experiments [7]. We have experimentally evaluated the water sorption properties of several of these minerals close to martian surface conditions (temperature and partial pressure of water in mid- and low-latitudes) to contribute to a better understanding of the rather high water concentrations in the martian regolith as discussed above. Derived from text 2001 Mars Odyssey; Gamma Ray Spectrometers; Mars Surface; Magnesium Sulfates; Surface Properties; Zeolites

20050169803 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Evaporation Residues Measured by Laser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Janney, P. E.; Richter, F. M.; Davis, A. M.; Mendybaev, R. A.; Wadhwa, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) in CV3 chondrites often display mass-dependent enrichments of the heavy isotopes of the more volatile elements, including Mg and Si, that are consistent with Rayleigh-type kinetic isotope fractionation during evaporation. Numerous laboratory studies of evaporation residues have been conducted to investigate isotope fractionation behavior during evaporation. We have previously reported high-precision Mg isotopic data (obtained by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) for a suite of Type B CAI-like silicate glasses evaporated in a vacuum furnace that clearly demonstrate Rayleigh fractionation behavior. However, the kinetic gas-melt isotopic fractionation factors (alpha ) indicated by these data differ markedly from the square root of the inverse mass ratio of the evaporating species (i.e., alpha = (24/25)(sup 1/2), the value expected from kinetic theory if all isotopes of Mg have identical evaporation coefficients). Potential sources of error or bias, such as analytical artifacts, diffusion-limited evaporation and recondensation, have all been eliminated as possible causes of this discrepancy. Thus, evaporation coefficients for the different isotopes of Mg do not appear to be identical, and they also appear to be weakly temperature dependent. Derived from text Silicon Isotopes; Evaporation; Calcium; Aluminum; Inclusions; Chondrites; Magnesium Isotopes

328 20050169804 Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta, GA, USA Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schiaparelli Basin, Mars Jaret, S. J.; Albin, E. F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Found in the eastern portion of the Terra Meridiani region of Mars is Schiaparelli, a 470-km diameter impact structure. Our investigation seeks to compare the age of ridged plains material, interpreted as volcanic lava ﬂows, within and adjacently exterior to the basin rim. Impact cratering statistics were utilized in order to formulate the relative geologic age and thus, the timing for the emplacement of various ridged plains map units. From a volcanological perspective, martian basins, such as Schiaparelli, are of signiﬁcance for two reasons: 1) large impact basins produce a tectonic array that serves as conduits for subsequent volcanism; and 2) basins are sites of plutonic features that may be associated with rich hydrothermal ore deposits. Derived from text Chronology; Cratering; Craters; Mineral Deposits; Mars Surface

20050169806 Jernsletten (J. A.), Seabrook, TX, USA Time Domain Electromagnetics for Mapping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater in Mars Analog Environments Jernsletten, J. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of (diffusive) Time Domain Electromagnetics (TEM) for sounding of subsurface water in conductive Mars analog environments. To provide a baseline for such studies, I show data from two ﬁeld studies: 1) Diffusive sounding data (TEM) from Pima County, Arizona; and 2) Shallower sounding data using the Fast-Turnoff TEM method from Pe a de Hierro in the Rio Tinto region of Spain. The latter is data from work conducted under the auspices of the Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE). Derived from text Ground Water; Mars Environment; Electromagnetism; Diffusivity

20050169807 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Photometric Observations of Soils and Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Landing Sites Johnson, J. R.; Arvidson, R. A.; Bell, J. F., III; Farrand, W.; Guinness, E.; Johnson, M.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Lemmon, M.; Morris, R. V.; Seelos, F., IV, et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Panoramic Cameras (Pancam) on the Spirit and Opportunity Mars Exploration Rovers have acquired multispectral reﬂectance observations of rocks and soils at different incidence, emission, and phase angles that will be used for photometric modeling of surface materials. Phase angle coverage at both sites extends from approx. 0 deg. to approx. 155 deg. Author Mars Exploration; Panoramic Cameras; Phase Shift; Surface Properties

20050169809 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA Mineralogical and Seismological Models of the Lunar Mantle Johnson, C. L.; Stixrude, L.; Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.; Bulow, R.; Shearer, P. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Apollo Passive Seismic Experiment provided data [1] from which 1-dimensional models for the seismic velocity structure of the moon have been produced [2-5]. In contrast to terrestrial seismic data, the lunar data are confined in spatial and temporal extent. Lunar seismograms are also noisy due to instrument limitations and scattering of seismic energy. In order to restrict the range of seismic velocity models that fit the data, a layered structure is typically assumed as a proxy for compositional or phase changes. Despite these assumptions, existing models show significant differences (Figure 1). While lunar seismic data are inferior to their terrestrial counterparts, we can take advantage of the limited range of pressures and temperatures in the Moon, compared with Earth, to construct mineralogical models for the whole lunar mantle. We adopt a self-consistent formulation of such models, and their associated physical properties, including seismic wave velocities [6,7]. We test our models against published [2,5] and new [8] travel times. This direct comparison of mineral physics models with

329 seismological data, as opposed to derived seismological models, has not previously been done, even for Earth. The thermodynamic formulation is general so we can look at the effects on shear and compressional velocities of adding accessory or minor minerals. New thermodynamic or seismic data can also be readily incorporated and tested. Derived from text Data Structures; Seismology; Seismic Energy; Conﬁnement; Lunar Mantle; Mineralogy

20050169810 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Johnson, T. V.; Lunine, J. I.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The composition of material condensed in the outer solar system is very dependent on the state of carbon and oxygen in the solar or circumplanetary nebula, since oxygen is the dominant solid-forming element in a solar composition gas (in the form of silicates and water ice), and carbon is about half as abundant. Past discussions of solid material formed in these regions have focused on differences expected between material formed near giant planets where carbon is generally expected to be in the reduced, CH4, form and material formed in the outer protoplanetary solar nebula where CO is believed to be the dominant form [1]. The composition and expected density of these materials are quite sensitive to the C and O solar abundances in all these models. We discuss here the effects of recently suggested modiﬁcations to solar abundances on the interpretation of the mean densities for satellites in the Saturn system. Derived from text Solar Nebula; Saturn Satellites; Carbon; Oxygen; Silicates

20050169811 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing-Model Approach jOLLIFF, b. l.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document One of the great surprises of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission is the discovery at Meridiani Planum that the surface hematite signature observed from orbit is attributable largely to a surface enrichment of hematite-rich spherules, thought to be concretions, that have weathered out of rocks similar to the underlying sulfate-rich rock formation [1]. A strong hematite signature has been observed by the Mini-TES [2] and by in-situ measurements of spherule-rich targets by the Mossbauer spectrometer (MB) [3] and the alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) [4]. The Mini-TES derived spectrum of spherule-rich targets on the plains is consistent with nearly pure coarse-grained hematite, with perhaps as little as 5-10 areal % of other components [2]. The occurrence and abundance of the spherules as the bearer of the widespread hematite signature observed by MGS TES over much of Meridiani Planum is signiﬁcant for global remote sensing, and their occurrence as concretions in the outcrop lithology is signiﬁcant for the diagenetic history and role of water in the formation of the sedimentary rock formation [5]. Derived from text Hematite; Mars Surface; Rocks; Geochemistry; Remote Sensing

20050169813 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronstedtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in CM Chondrites Joswiak, D. J.; Matrajt, G.; Brownlee, D. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Cronstedtite has been shown to be an important mineral in CM chondrites which can provide insights into the redox conditions at which these meteorites equilibrated. The oxidation state of cronstedtite can be determined by direct measurement of its Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) contents at nanometer scales. It is well known that some hydrated IDPs also contain cronstedtite and thus oxidation conditions of cronstedtite formation in IDPs can likewise be determined. To date, no ferric/ferrous ratios have been reported from cronstedtites in IDPs. In this work we report the ﬁrst measurements of ferric iron contents of cronstedtite from one hydrated IDP to provide insights into the redox conditions that prevailed during formation of these grains. Furthermore, we compare our results to cronstedtites from CM chondrites which may also show whether a connection exists

330 between these two types of ET materials. Cronstedtite is a Fe-rich, trioctahedral Fe-Mg hydrated silicate Derived from text Electron Energy; Iron; Ferrites; Chondrites; Energy Dissipation

20050169814 Birkbeck Coll., London, UK LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites, Part 2, Geochemistry and Crystallisation Joy, K. H.; Crawford, I. A.; Russell, S. S.; Kearsley, A. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In an accompanying abstract we presented the petrography and mineral chemistry of the paired LAP lunar basaltic meteorites 02205, 02224 and 02226. In this work we present bulk rock chemical data and parental melt crystallisation trends. The samples used for this study are the same as those discussed. Author Basalt; Lunar Maria; Meteorites; Minerals

20050169815 Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic Streamline Function to Surface Jurdy, Donna M.; Stefanick, Michael; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) measured the most strongly magnetized crust in the heavily-cratered southern hemisphere of Mars, with the magnetic intensity reaching nearly 10 times that of Earth s magnetic lineations. We concentrate our analysis on the magnetic lineations or patterns centered near latitude 40 deg. S, longitude 180 deg. W, with a range of values+/- 40 deg, using a rotated Cartesian coordinate system. The data utilized was from the mapping phase of MGS, MAG/ER magnetic measurements at altitudes of 404 =/- 30 km (made available by Connerney and coauthors, conveniently averaged, sorted and binned into 180 latitude and 360 longitude bins by degree, providing estimates of each component in a spherical coordinate system with r, radial, phi (eastwest) and theta (northsouth) components. Derived from text Magnetic Measurement; Magnetic Flux; Crusts; Mars Surface; Mars

20050169816 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9 [2005]; ISSN 1540-7845; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050169817 - 20050169835 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-Pt-9; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM The following topics were discussed: Monitoring ﬂoods with NASA’s ST6 autonomous spacecraft experiment; Dynamical cloud models constrained by high resolution spectroscopy of zodiacal light; The oxygen isotopic composition of the sun and implications for oxygen processing in molecular clouds; A nochian/hisperian hiatus and erosive reactivation of martian valley networks; Hard x-ray spectro-microscopy techniques; Thermoluminescence studies of carbonaceous chondrites, etc. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Floods; Thermoluminescence; X Rays; Zodiacal Light; Molecular Clouds; Mars (Planet); Sun

20050169818 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group of Meteorites Irving, A. J.; Kuehner, S. M.; Carlson, R. W.; Rumble, D., III.; Hupe, A. C.; Hupe, G. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document With the discovery of NWA 1877, there are now ﬁve known olivine diogenites. All are coarse grained harzburgitic peridotites composed predominantly of olivine and orthopyroxene with accessory chromite, troilite, and very low-Ni metal. Anorthitic plagioclase is an accessory phase in four examples, but NWA 1877 is unique because of its lack of plagioclase, and

331 it appears to be the best candidate yet for a mantle sample related to 4Vesta. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Petrology; Meteoritic Composition; Achondrites; Peridotite

20050169819 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Mineralogical Differences Between Metamorphosed and Non-Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ivanova, M. A.; Nazarov, M. A.; Brandstaetter, F.; Moroz, L. V.; Ntaﬂos, T.; Kurat, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR-03-05-20008; RFBR Proj. 14/04; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Isotopic, mineralogical and chemical data show that there probably exists a subgroup of metamorphosed members within the CM chondrite clan. This subgroup is characterized by enrichment in heavy oxygen [1], which could be the result of parent body metamorphism of normal CM chondrites or of processing in a nebular reservoir enriched in O-18 [2,3]. Here we report on mineralogical differences between a new normal CM chondrite, Dho 955, and two metamorphosed CM chondrites (MCM chondrites), Dho 225 and Dho 735, recently found in Oman. from Dho 995 and other CM chondrites (Fig. 2). Synchrotron IR microspectroscopy (SIRM) [6] gave no signatures of O-H bonds (in structural OH and/or bound H2O) at 2.7-3 m in Dho 225 and Dho 735 matrices. This suggests a low content of hydrated phases, phyllosilicates and tochilinite. In contrast, the O-H absorption bands were identiﬁed by SIRMs in the matrix spectra of Cold Bokkeveld, Murray and Mighei, and in tochilinite spectra of Murray, studied for comparison. Further evidence for the dehydrated state of Derived from text Chondrites; Metamorphism (Geology); Mineralogy; Oxygen 18; Absorption Spectra

20050169820 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbonaceous Chondrites Ivliev, A. I.; Kuyunko, N. S.; Skripnik, A. Ya.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Carbonaceous chondrites are similar to type 3 ordinary chondrites in several respects [1]. The groups are mineralogically very similar, consisting of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, metal and sulfide. Like the ordinary chondrites carbonaceous chondrites appear to constitute a metamorphic sequence [2-4]. However, they differ also from ordinary chondrites in several respects. Carbonaceous chondrites are isotopically different [5, 6], element ratios show small but significant differences [7, 8]; they contain refractory inclusions, [2, 9]. Unlike type 3 ordinary chondrites, carbonaceous chondrites contain often primary calcic feldspar [10], presumably associated with the refractory inclusions. Keck and Sears [3] found that the thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of the 110- 120 C peak increases by a factor of 100 with increasing the metamorphism grade, while the TL sensitivity of a second TL peak at 230 C is not metamorphism-dependent. They suggested that the first peak is related to feldspar formed by devitrification of chondrule glass, a situation analogous to that of type 3 ordinary chondrites [11, 12], while the 230 C peak is due to primary (i.e. nonmetamorphic) feldspar, perhaps associated with refractory inclusions. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Crystallization; Metamorphism (Geology); Chondrule; Thermoluminescence

20050169821 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: Modeling of a Complex Crater with Central Uplift Ivanov, B. A.; Stoeffler,; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Steinheim impact crater (D = 3.8 km) was most propably formed simultaneously with the much larger Ries crater (D = 24 km) by an oblique, ENE directed impact of a double asteroid some 15.0 Ma ago. The Steinheim Basin has a rather well preserved morphology with an approx. 1 km diameter central uplift which rises some 50 m above the present basin floor formed by post-impact lake sediments. The primary crater rim is eroded to some degree but is still visible as it stands some 90 - 100 m above the basin floor. The crater was formed in a sequence of horizontally layered limestones, marls, shales and sandstones of Jurassic and Triassic age. This contribution is a first attempt to apply the most advanced methods of computer

332 code calculations to model the Steinheim event constrained by the presently available geological observations. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Computerized Simulation; Meteorite Craters; Geomorphology

20050169822 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR Abundance, Geological Settings, and Areal Distribution of Young Small Shield Volcanoes on Venus Ivanov, M. A.; Head, J. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Small (1-20 km) shield-like volcanoes are the most abundant volcanic constructs on Venus. Typically, they occur in clusters known as shield fields (SF) which are tens to hundreds of kilometers across. The recent studies of the stratigraphy of a large number of SFs have shown that these features appeared during a large portion of the observable geologic history of Venus and thus they provide the means to analyze the character of changes in the same style of volcanism as a function of time. A detailed stratigraphic analysis of SFs has revealed that approx. 80% of the population of these features either postdates emplacement of regional plains (plains with wrinkle ridges, pwr) or appears to be synchronous with them; approx. 8% of the population postdates regional plains. The analyzed sample of SFs comprises approx. 22% of the total population and the subpopulation of young fields (postdating regional plains) was small and specifics of their distribution and associations remained unclear to a large extent. In order to adequately describe the distribution, associations, and geological settings of the young SFs, we have analyzed the whole population of fields and compiled the subpopulation of SFs postdating emplacement and deformation of regional plains. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Geology; Volcanoes; Venus (Planet); Geographic Distribution

20050169823 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Results Ivanov, M. A.; Head, J. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Here we present the preliminary results of geological mapping in three quadrangles (V-3, V-7, V-57) mapped under the USGS Program of geological mapping of Venus. These quadrangles signiﬁcantly extend the area of four quadrangles (V-4, -13, -55, and - 61) where we accomplished geological mapping and cover different topographic provinces and characterize a wide variety of geological situation. Thus, they represent additional test areas for both the applicability of mapping techniques and models of regional to global stratigraphy and proposed models of the geologic history of Venus. Author Planetary Mapping; Thematic Mapping; Geological Surveys; Planetary Geology; Venus (Planet); Venus Surface

20050169824 Tokyo Univ., Japan Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Latitudes of the Alba Patera Area Ishii, T.; Miyamoto, H.; Sasaki, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A statistical analysis of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data shows that steep slopes (greater than 20 deg.) are less abundant in poleward-facing slopes than equatorward-facing slopes in middle latitudes in the both hemisphere. The preferential flattening of poleward-facing slopes might be explained by melting of near-surface ground ice which is expected only on poleward-facing slopes in middle latitudes during periods of high obliquity. This is consistent with the fact that recent Martian gullies associated with fluid flows are also frequently observed on poleward-facing slopes in middle latitudes, since gully formations might have played certain roles in the slope flattening processes. However, whether or not the near-surface melting of snow and/or ground ice happens at geologically recent times includes complicated problems; for example, it would also depend on the amount of trapped CO2 on the open reservoirs such as the regolith at high latitude and the south residual polar cap. In middle latitudes, tongue-shaped ridges (morphologically similar to terrestrial protalus ramparts or terminal moraines) are also dominantly observed at the base of poleward-facing walls of some impact craters. It is suggested that tongue-shaped ridges would have some relation with viscous flows of ice-rich deposits. In this study, we identify whether the preferential slope flattening of poleward-facing slopes had or have continued through Amazonian, because it is generally considered that erosion rates on Mars would rapidly drop at the end of Noachian. We also discuss the formation of the

333 north-south asymmetry of steep slopes on the basis of observations of MOC images and MOLA topographic proﬁles. Derived from text Mars Surface; Mars Volcanoes; Viscous Flow; Planetary Geology

20050169825 Tokyo Univ., Japan Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reactions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Cometary Impact Ishimaru, R.; Senshu, H.; Sugita, S.; Matsui, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Impacts have played an important role in the evolution of surface environment of planets, asteroids, and satellites. When the impact velocity is higher than about ten km/s, materials around the impact site and most of the impactor evaporate forming a vapor plume. Since the temperature and pressure in the vapor plume are extremely high, the plume expands and cools rapidly. Chemical equilibrium within the vapor plume is achieved when the temperature and pressure of the vapor plume remain high. As the vapor plume expands and cools, the rate of chemical reaction decreases and eventually all the chemical reaction cease. As a result, various thermal disequilibrium compositions are left as end products. Especially, in the case of cometary impact, a significant amount of hydrocarbons form since comets contain a large amount of C, H, O, and N. Although the mechanical aspects of a cometary impact has been well studied, the chemical aspects of a cometary impact is not extensively studied because of (i) the limitation of the size in experimental study and (ii) the limitation of computational capability. Fegley et al. estimated the HCN and CH2O production by shock heating of atmosphere by bolide impact assuming (i) the chemical reactions cease instantly when the expansion rate of heated gas parcel defeats chemical reaction rate and (ii) the final abundance of each species is calculated as equilibrium abundance at the pressure-temperature condition at the moment of chemical reaction cessation. This simple model works well only when an equilibrium concentration changes very weakly as a function of a temperature near a quench temperature. This model, however, may not be applied to chemistry within a vapor plume because equilibrium concentrations of some chemical species contained in the gas-phase chemistry within the vapor plume depends strongly on the pressure-temperature profile of a impact vapor plume. Thus, in this study, we develop a new numerical code to simulate a gas-phase reaction network within an impact vapor plume formed by a cometary impact. Derived from text Chemical Reactions; Cometary Collisions; Plumes; Vapor Phases; Simulation; Numerical Analysis

20050169826 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser (ACP) Experiment Israel, G. M.; Niemann, H. B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A preliminary estimation of the chemical composition of the matter collected by the ACP instrument (both the photochemical aerosols particles and the condensed organics) will be given. ACP pyrolysates are sent to the GCMS probe instrument and GCMS data products relevant to ACP are provided to the ACP Team for analysis. Author Aerosols; Cassini Mission; Huygens Principle

20050169827 Tokyo Univ., Japan Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar System Events Ito, M.; Ganguly, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Sugiura et al. noted that the Al-Mg system in anorthite in the calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in CV chondrites were disturbed while the Be-B system in the melilites in the same inclusions were undisturbed. This observation led to the suggestion that Be-B system in melilite may be useful for the chronology of high temperature events in the early solar system. To explain the above observation and evaluate the effectiveness of the two decay systems for the determination of high temperature chronology, we have determined the diffusion kinetics of the Be-B system in melilites and used these data, along with the diffusion data of Mg in anorthite to calculate the closure temperatures (TC) of the decay systems as function of peak temperature, grain size and cooling rate. Derived from text Aluminum; Mineralogy; Magnesium; Beryllium; Boron; Geochronology; Solar System; Decay

334 20050169829 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA, USA Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aerogel Ishii, H. A.; Graham, G. A.; Kearsley, A. T.; Grant, P. G.; Snead, C. J.; Bradley, J. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNH04AB49I; NAG5-11902; W-7405-eng-48; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The science return of NASA’s Stardust Mission with its valuable cargo of cometary debris hinges on the ability to efficiently extract particles from silica aerogel collectors. The current method for extracting cosmic dust impact tracks is a mature procedure involving sequential perforation of the aerogel with glass needles on computer controlled micromanipulators. This method is highly successful at removing well-deﬁned aerogel fragments of reasonable optical clarity while causing minimal damage to the surrounding aerogel collector tile. Such a system will be adopted by the JSC Astromaterials Curation Facility in anticipation of Stardust s arrival in early 2006. In addition to Stardust, aerogel is a possible collector for future sample return missions and is used for capture of hypervelocity ejecta in high power laser experiments of interest to LLNL. Researchers will be eager to obtain Stardust samples for study as quickly as possible, and rapid extraction tools requiring little construction, training, or investment would be an attractive asset. To this end, we have experimented with micro-blades for the Stardust impact track extraction process. Our ultimate goal is a rapid extraction system in a clean electron beam environment, such as an SEM or dual-beam FIB, for in situ sample preparation, mounting and analysis. Derived from text Aerogels; Ultrasonics; Blades; Extraction

20050169830 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THEMIS Investigation Ivanov, A. B.; Wagstaff, K. L.; Ttus, T. N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The CO2 ice caps on Mars advance and retreat with the seasons. This phenomenon was first observed by Cassini and then confirmed by numerous ground based observations in 19th and 20th centuries. With the advent of the space age observations of the seasonal ice cap were done by all orbiting spacecraft starting with Mariner 7. Viking Orbiters and more recently the Mars Global Surveyor (particularly Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instruments) have accumulated significant data on the retreat of the CO2 seasonal cap. During Mars year 2 of THEMIS operations at Mars, we planned an observational campaign in which the THEMIS instrument (onboard the Mars Odyssey spacecraft) repeatedly observed the north seasonal polar cap from midwinter to late spring. THEMIS allows simultaneous observations in both Thermal IR (12.57 m) and Visible wavelengths (0.65 m). One of the goals for this work is to initiate an interannual program for observations of the seasonal ice caps using the THEMIS instrument. The most efficient way to detect the edge between frost and bare ground is directly onboard of the spacecraft. Prior to onboard software design effort, we have developed two groundbased algorithms for automatically finding the edge of the seasonal polar cap in THEMIS IR data. The first algorithm relies on fully calibrated data and can be used for highly reliable groundbased analyses. The second method was specifically developed for processing raw, uncalibrated data in a highly efficient way. It has the potential to enable automatic, onboard detections of the seasonal cap retreat. We have experimentally confirmed that both methods produce similar results, and we have validated both methods against a model constructed from the MGS TES data from the same season. Derived from text Ice; Mars Surface; Polar Caps; Themis Project; Annual Variations

20050169832 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergottites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Tharsis Connection Irving, A. J.; Bunch, T. E.; Wittke, J. M.; Kuehner, S. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A 31.07 gram crusted stone purchased in Morocco in November 2004 is an olivine-orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite. Unlike similar specimens we have studied, NWA 2626 has cross-cutting glass-rich veinlets and pockets, probably produced by shock during ejection from Mars. Inside a thin weathering rind, the dark greenish specimen is composed of euhedral to subhedral olivine phenocrysts and preferentially-oriented, prismatic low-Ca pyroxene phenocrysts in a ground mass of zoned pigeonite (Fs(sub 26.4)Wo(sub 12.4) to Fs(sub 34.1)Wo(sub 12.4)), maskelynite (An(sub 66.0-71.0)Or(sub 0.4)), olivine (Fa(sub 43.6-47.3), Ti-chromite (Cr/(Cr+Al) = 0.72-0.79, 9.2- 19.8 wt.% TiO2), chromite (Cr/(Cr+Al) = 0.71-0.86, 0.7-2.0

335 wt.% TiO2), merrillite, ilmenite, ulvospinel and pyrrhotite. Olivine phenocrysts are zoned from Fa(sub 16.7) cores to Fa(sub 43.3) rims, and pyroxene phenocrysts have irregular cores of orthopyroxene (as magnesian as Fs(sub 17.9)Wo(sub 2.4), with approx. 0.03 wt.% TiO2 and approx. 0.4 wt.% Al2O3) mantled by pigeonite (Fs(sub 25.4)Wo(sub 4.4) to Fs(sub 37.0)Wo(sub 12.7))) with minor subcalcic augite (Fs(sub 21.7-24.0)Wo(sub 30.8-31.1)). Although textures and mineral compositions are similar to those in olivine-orthopyroxene-phyric shergottites NWA 1195 and NWA 2046, in our judgement none of these specimens are terrestrially paired. Olivine phenocrysts in NWA 2626 have less magnesian cores than those in NWA 2046, yet both olivine and pyroxene are zoned to less ferroan rim and groundmass compositions than the corresponding phases in NWA 2046. NWA 1195 is a complete stone from a different, well-documented location near Safsaf, Morocco. Merrillite habits also are distinctive, with the more abundant merrillite in NWA 2626 and NWA 1195 appearing to partially replace groundmass plagioclase. Another unusual feature of NWA 2626 is the presence of enigmatic moats, perhaps of Martian origin. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Olivine; Shergottites; Meteoritic Composition; Meteoritic Microstructures; Meteorite Parent Bodies; SNC Meteorites

20050169833 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Erosive Reactivation of Martian Valley Networks Irwin, R. P., III.; Maxwell, T. A.; Howard, A. D.; Craddock, R. A.; Moore, J. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Despite new evidence for persistent flow and sedimentation on early Mars, it remains unclear whether valley networks were active over long geologic timescales (10(exp 5)-10(exp 8) yr), or if flows were persistent only during multiple discrete episodes of moderate (approx. 10(exp 4) yr) to short (\h10 yr) duration. Understanding the long-term stability/variability of valley network hydrology would provide an important control on paleoclimate and groundwater models. Here we describe geologic evidence for a hiatus in highland valley network activity while the fretted terrain formed, followed by a discrete reactivation of persistent (but possibly variable) erosive flows. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Hydrology Models; Ground Water; Mars Environment; Planetary Geology; Valleys

20050169835 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State for Numerical Modeling and Its Testing Ivanov, B. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The presence of water/ice/brine in upper layers of Martian crust affects many processes of impact cratering. Modeling of these effects promises better understanding of Martian cratering records. We present here the new ANEOS-based multiphase equation of state for water/ice constructed for usage in hydrocodes and ﬁrst numerical experiments on permafrost shock melting. Preliminary results show that due to multiple shock compression of ice inclusions in rocks the entropy jump in shocked ice is smaller than in pure ice for the same shock pressure. Hence previous estimates of ice melting during impact cratering on Mars should be re-evaluated. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Mars Craters; Planetary Crusts; Melting; Permafrost; Planetary Geology; Shock Heating

20050169924 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Akron Steel Treating Co., Akron, OH, USA, Heat Treating Network, USA Diagnostics Adapted for Heat-Treating Furnace Environment [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Diagnostics developed for the in situ monitoring of rocket combustion environments were adapted for use in heat-treating furnaces. Simultaneous, in situ monitoring of the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, water, and hydrogen concentrations in the endothermic gas of a heat-treating furnace were demonstrated under a Space Act Agreement between the NASA Lewis Research Center, the Heat Treating Network, and Akron Steel Treating Company. This endothermic gas, or ‘endogas,’ is produced in a catalytic process, where natural gas is ‘cracked’ in the presence of air. Variations in the composition of the natural gas supplied lead to variations in the composition of the endothermic gas. These variations could lead to an

336 unacceptable quality of steel products that are hardened through the carborization process that uses this gas. Conventional methods of monitoring the endogas include measuring the dew point of the gas and the oxygen concentration. From these data, the carbon monoxide content of the gas can be calculated. This carbon monoxide concentration creates the carbon potential needed for carburization. Several weak links are present in this approach. The oxygen monitor deteriorates over time, and the measurement might be inaccurate by 50 percent. Also, the chemistry equations, which are based on several assumptions, such as secondary species concentrations, provide only an approximate estimate of the carbon monoxide concentration. To address these weaknesses, we investigated a new method based on ordinary Raman spectroscopy, in which the carbon monoxide concentration is measured directly and in situ. This method measures the laser light scattered from the molecules. Each species interacts with the light and scatters the light at a different frequency. Spectral monitoring of the scattered light intensity at each molecular frequency of interest provides the species concentrations. One advantage over the conventional method is that several species can be monitored simultaneously. A second advantage is that the measurement is direct; there is no need to make assumptions, to filter the gas, or to calibrate the instrument. An instrument was designed consisting of a laser and a detection system within an enclosure, connected to an optical probe by fibers. For determining carbon monoxide concentration, the probe is mounted on the endothermic gas line, close to the generator. Optical fibers with a length of 150 ft have been used to transmit laser light from the instrument to the probe. There, the light is focused into the gas, and the scattered light is collected and transmitted back to the instrument where it is analyzed with a photomultiplier and lock-in amplifier. Laboratory tests have shown that with the current system the concentration of carbon monoxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen in the air can be monitored with an accuracy of 1 percent. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air can be monitored with an accuracy of 0.5 percent, and the concentration of methane with an accuracy of 0.2 percent. This instrument was taken to the Akron Steel Treating Plant, where field tests are in progress to verify the system capabilities. Planned developments are improving the accuracy, monitoring multiple locations, and reducing instrument size and cost. Author Furnaces; Heat Treatment; Rocket Engines; Combustion Physics

20050169931 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Composite [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy Composite Because of their high specific stiffness and strength at elevated temperatures, continuously reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC’s) are under consideration for a future generation of aeropropulsion systems. Since components in aeropropulsion systems experience substantial cyclic thermal and mechanical loads, the fatigue behavior of MMC’s is of great interest. Almost without exception, previous investigations of the fatigue behavior of MMC’s have been conducted in a tension-tension, load-controlled mode. This has been due to the fact that available material is typically less than 2.5-mm thick and, therefore, unable to withstand high compressive loads without buckling. Since one possible use of MMC’s is in aircraft skins, this type of testing mode may be appropriate. However, unlike aircraft skins, most engine components are thick. In addition, the transient thermal gradients experienced in an aircraft engine will impose tension-compression loading on engine components, requiring designers to understand how the MMC will behave under fully reversed loading conditions. The increased thickness of the MMC may also affect the fatigue life. Traditionally, low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests on MMC’s have been performed in load control. For monolithic alloys, low-cycle fatigue tests are more typically performed in strain control. Two reasons justify this choice: (1) the critical volume from which cracks initiate and grow is generally small and elastically constrained by the larger surrounding volume of material, and (2) load-controlled, low-cycle fatigue tests of monolithics invariably lead to unconstrained ratcheting and localized necking--an undesired material response because the failure mechanism is far more severe than, and unrelated to, the fatigue mechanism being studied. It is unknown if this is the proper approach to composite testing. However, there is a lack of strain-controlled data on which to base any decisions. Consequently, this study addresses the isothermal, LCF behavior of a [0]_32 MMC tested under strain- and load-controlled conditions for both zero-tension and tension-compression loading conditions. These tests were run at 427 C on thick specimens of SiC-reinforced Ti-15-3. For the fully-reversed tests, no difference was observed in the lives between the load- and strain-controlled tests. However, for the zero-tension tests, the strain-controlled tests had longer lives by a factor of 3 in comparison to the load-controlled tests. This was due to the fact that under strain-control the specimens cyclically softened, reducing the cracking potential. In contrast, the load-controlled tests ratcheted toward larger tensile strains leading to an eventual overload of the fibers. Fatigue tests revealed that specimens tested under fully-reversed conditions had lives approximately an order of magnitude longer than for those specimens tested under zero tension. When examined on a strain-range basis, the fully reversed specimens had similar, but still shorter lives than those of the unreinforced matrix material. However, the composite had a strain limitation at short lives because of the limited strain capacity of the brittle ceramic fiber. The composite also suffered at very high lives because of the lack of an apparent fatigue limit in comparison

337 to the unreinforced matrix. The value of adding ﬁbers to the matrix is apparent when the fatigue lives are plotted as a function of stress range. Here, the composite is far superior to the unreinforced matrix because of the additional load-carrying capacity of the ﬁbers. Author Mechanical Properties; Metal Matrix Composites; Fatigue (Materials); Controllability; Fatigue Tests

20050169945 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8 [2005]; ISSN 1540-7845; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050169946 - 20050170031 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-8; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM The following topics were discussed: Why Small is Beautiful, and How to Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Asteroids; Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Procellarum; Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Somniorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Tranquillitatis; Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Red Spots; Integrating Global-Scale Mission Datasets - Understanding the Martian Crust; Comparing Goldstone Solar System Radar Earth-based Observations of Mars with Orbital Datasets; Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmosphere: A View from MGS TES; Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Highland/Mare Components; One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Complementary Hemispherical Reﬂectance and Thermal Emission Spectroscopy Using a Single FTIR Instrument; Alteration Phases Associated with High Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Olivine on Mars; Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL-03346; Thermo-Chemical Convection in Europa s Icy Shell with Salinity; Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars; 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Canada; Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione; Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Impact Features: A Hypothesis; New Observations of Crustal Plateau Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for Crustal Plateau Hypotheses; Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 Hansa; Working with Planetary Coordinate Reference Systems; Bilingual Map of Mercury; and The Io Mountain Online Database. Derived from text Asteroids; Basalt; Crystallization; Emission Spectra; Infrared Spectra; Planetary Crusts; Planetary Geology; Planetary Mapping; Planetary Systems

20050169946 University Coll., London, UK Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Procellarum Hackwil, Terence; Guest, John; Spudis, Paul; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Clementine mission provided ﬁltered wavelength images at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of the Moon. The algorithms of Lucey and reﬁnements provide almost global coverage of FeO and TiO2 wt% down to 200m/pixel. These algorithms have been used in conjunction with the Clementine images to produce maps showing the variations in FeO and TiO2 wt% on the surface. We have used these maps to study the mare basalts of Mare Humorum and S.E. Procellarum (30 deg W-50 deg W, 0 deg-40 deg S) using ‘true’ and ‘false’ color Clementine images and Lunar Orbiter IV frames to determine individual basaltic units. We have used impact craters to suggest the depth of the basalt and provide an indication of the volume of basalt in Mare Humorum. Additionally, we have investigated the spatial distribution of the units in terms of FeO and TiO2 wt%. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Basalt; Lunar Maria; Color; Lunar Composition; Ultraviolet Astronomy

20050169947 Karlova Univ., Prague, Czechoslovakia Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Highland/Mare Components Haloda, Jakub; Irving, Anthony J.; Tycova, Patricie; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Northeast Africa 001 (NEA 001) is a 262 g lunar meteorite found in 2002 in northern Sudan. This rock is a clast-rich

338 anorthositic regolith breccia with minor mare basalt component. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Lunar Rocks; Meteorites; Anorthosite; Petrology

20050169949 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Analog Environment: Clues to the Duration of Water on Mars? Hausrath, E. M.; Brantley, S. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Extensive evidence, most recently from the Mars Exploration Rovers, documents that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars. However, significant uncertainty still exists as to the duration of liquid water on the surface of Mars. Mineral dissolution rates may provide information on maximum durations of water on Mars. However, field and laboratory weathering rates on earth differ significantly, by up to 5 orders of magnitude. Few field weathering rates for basalt and olivine have been published. The climate history of Mars is not well-constrained; however, field weathering rates of minerals in Mars-analog environments may provide information on the duration of water on Mars. Spitsbergen (Norway) provides three examples of basalts weathering in a Mars-analog environment: outcrops of the Quaternary volcano, Sverrefjell, plateau basalt lavas emplaced approximately 10 million years ago, and a basalt dike. Sverrefjell has been well documented as a Mars analog containing carbonate globules that are very similar to those found in ALH84001. These three basalts with different chemistries will allow us to study basalt weathering in a cold, dry climate. Basalt samples were collected from each of the three locations as part of AMASE, the Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition in August of 2004. They were then observed by optical microscopy, backscattered electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Derived from text Basalt; Mars Surface; Water; Weathering; Analogs; Mars Environment

20050169950 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Textures Herd, R. K.; Hunt, P. A.; Venance, K. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document There is a need for an atlas of chondritic meteorites to serve as a reference for research. A recent publication o n zircon textures in terrestrial rocks provides a useful analogy: The paper presents a selection of both the most typical, but also of the less common, features seen in zircon, categorized according to the different geological processes responsible for their formation. A similar reference on the features seen in chondrules, perhaps categorized by the different extraterrestrial processes (thought to be) responsible for their formation, is necessary. We propose a community effort among those researchers interested in sharing such information. The advent of digital imaging techniques means that digital photomicrographs and scanning-electron microscope images derived from systematic textural studies can be readily shared and discussed. We are proposing to do this through a dedicated web site and list. Derived from text Chondrule; Meteoritic Composition; Textures; Petrology

20050169952 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst, MA, USA Morphometry of Large Martian Impact Craters Howenstine, Jared B.; Kiefer, Walter S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The topography of impact craters and basins contains important information about both the initial formation and the subsequent modiﬁcation of the structure. Previous studies of the morphometry of martian impact structures using MOLA topography data examined craters smaller than 110 km in diameter. In this study, we emphasize larger craters in order to build a database that will support subsequent gravity modeling of large martian craters. Derived from text Mars Craters; Mars Surface; Topography; Hypervelocity Impact

339 20050169954 University Coll., London, UK Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Somniorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Tranquillitatis Hackwill, Terence; Guest, John; Spudis, Paul; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have identiﬁed a number of discreet basaltic units in the area being studied. An assessment of their ages, their extent, trends in their chemistry and an indication of the volume of basalt within the basin may provide new information about the geological history of the area. A number of previous studies have tried to determine the existence and boundaries of basaltic units within the area we examined. We have used the higher resolution Clementine ultraviolet/visible data (down to 200m/pixel) to try and determine the boundaries of units within the region. Additionally we have used Clementine FeO and TiO2 wt% data to see if they can suggest variations in the thickness of basalts in the region. We have also used crater depths to suggest the volume of basalt within Mare Serenitatis. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Maria; Basalt; Lunar Composition; Ultraviolet Astronomy

20050169955 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars Hanna, J. C.; Phillips, R. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A distinct class of martian outflow channels, including Mangala and Athabasca Valles, originate within extensional tectonic features. Here we demonstrate that the stress change in the crust associated with the tectonism would result in a significant near-instantaneous pressurization of the aquifer contained therein, if such an aquifer existed at the time, resulting in the floods that carved the observed channels. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Surface; Tectonics; Valleys; Aquifers; Hydrogeology

20050169956 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Composition and Target Lithologies Harris, R. S.; Schultz, P. H.; Bunch, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSF EAR-00-01047; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Vesicular glasses preserved in the thick loess-like sediments of the Argentine Pampas are interpreted to represent as many as seven different impacts since the late Miocene. With the exception of those formed during the most recent Rio Cuarto event (2-6 ka), unequivocal shock indicators (e.g., planar deformation features) in these glasses have not been reported. Instead their ages, extents, abundances, and geologic settings together with excellent petrographic evidence of extremely high transient temperatures (e.g., baddeleyite and lechatelierite) and rapid quenching support an impact origin. Typical shock indicators in quartz and feldspars might be exceedingly rare in pampean glasses due to the highlyporous nature of the presumed target materials. Loessoid targets should facilitate both poor shock coupling and high post-shock temperatures; consequently, many of the few grains that do develop shock signatures may be thermally altered or melted thereafter. Therefore, we have endeavored to identify shock indicators in minerals less susceptible to the complications of impedance or digestion. Ilmenite provides a good candidate because it is common in loessoid sediments, has a very high melting temperature, and is sensitive to shock pressures less than 10 GPa. Initial results are presented here. Derived from text Breccia; Lithology; Shock Waves; Petrography; Vapors; Composition (Property); Argentina

20050169957 Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN, USA The Hydration and Dehydration of Hydrous Ferric Iron Sulfates Hasenmueller, E. A.; Bish, D. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

340 Data collected by Viking, Pathﬁnder, and the Mars Exploration Rovers and by orbiters (e.g., Odyssey) provide multiple lines of evidence for the historical and present-day existence of water on Mars. For example, Mars Odyssey detected up to approx.10 wt% equivalent H2O in equatorial regions of Mars where water ice is not stable [1]. It has been theorized that sulfate minerals, including hydrated ferric sulfates, may be part of the inventory of hydrous phases that account for water on the martian surface [2, 3, 4]. Several Fe-bearing minerals, such as jarosite and goethite, as well as Mg and Ca sulfates have already been identiﬁed in the martian regolith [5, 6, 7]. Knowledge of the martian regolith mineralogy is essential to understanding Mars hydro-geologic history, and hydrous minerals may serve as useful records of past aqueous alteration events. Indeed, important inferences about past conditions have been made from the presence of jarosite and goethite [5, 6], and it has been determined that jarosite is thermodynamically stable under assumed martian surface conditions [8]. Laboratory data measured under simulated martian surface conditions are crucial to provide constraints on hydrous mineral stability [9], and guided by current martian soil chemistry data we selected hydrated ferric sulfates for study (in lieu of ferrous sulfate minerals). Derived from text Sulfates; Iron Oxides; Hydration; Dehydration; Mars Exploration; Water; Surface Properties

20050169958 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Marineris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Obtained by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Hauber, E.; Gwinner, R.; Stesky, R.; Fueten, F.; Michael, G.; Reiss, D.; Zegers, T.; Hoffmann, H.; Jaumann, R.; vanGaaelt, S., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) in the Valles Marineris depressions on Mars may be of volcanic or sedimentary origin. Either way, their presence has profound implications for the formation of the Valles Marineris itself: A volcanic origin might support a formation of the Valles Marineris as a tectonic (rift-like) feature, while a sedimentary origin might support a formation by collapse processes. The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on board the Mars Express mission obtains high-resolution stereo and multispectral images, which are particularly well suited for the geomorphologic analysis of the ILD. Derived from text High Resolution; Mars Surface; Tectonics; Mineral Deposits; Mars Volcanoes; Stereophotography; Three Dimensional Models

20050169961 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Hiesinger, H.; Head, J. W.; Neukum, G.; Jaumann, R.; Hauber, E.; Carr, M.; Masson, P.; Foing, B.; Hoffmann, H.; Kreslavsky, M., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Mars Express HRSC (High-Resolution Stereo Camera) image data of eastern Hellas reveal details of debris aprons at the base of massifs characterized by numerous concentrically ridged lobate and pitted features suggesting extremely ice-rich glacier-like viscous ﬂow and sublimation. This, together with new evidence for recent ice-rich debris-covered glaciers at the base of the Olympus Mons scarp suggests geologically recent and recurring glacial activity in low- and mid-latitude regions of Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Environment; Planetary Geology; Glacial Drift; Glaciers

20050169962 Melbourne Univ., Parkville, Australia Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars in a Single String-of-Pearls Impact Hoffman, ick; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document It has long been recognized that the Northern Lowlands of Mars were formed very early in the history of the observed planetary surface and may well be the earliest geologic event that is still visible today. Models of the formation process have included early asymmetric convection, whether in a magma ocean or by slower plate-style tectonics. Alternatively, one or

341 more giant basin-forming impacts may have formed the crustal dichotomy by excavation of originally uniform crust. To date, it has been deemed improbable that an impact origin can explain the detailed shape of the crustal dichotomy, since it is far from circular and would require multiple impacts to generate the detailed shape of the boundary. Statistically, random impacts are highly unlikely to have only struck one hemisphere of Mars. One impact model has not received attention to date, yet holds the key to simultaneous explaining the coincidental location of multiple impacts. A ‘String-of-Pearls’ impactor, similar to comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, impacting about 40 degrees from the spin axis of Paleo-Mars would carve a series of overlapping impact basins, distributed around a small circle. These overlapping impact basins would deﬁne a composite basin with a scalloped and irregular margin, essentially identical to the observed crustal dichotomy on Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Surface; Northern Hemisphere; Mars Craters; Structural Basins; Meteorite Collisions

20050169963 Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO, USA Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Maps Derived from Clementine Holsclaw, G. M.; McClintock, W. E.; Robinson, M. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) is one of seven science instruments onboard NASA’s MESSENGER mission, currently en-route to the planet Mercury. One of MASCS s components, referred to as the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrograph (VIRS), will record reflectance spectra of the surface in order to characterize the mineralogy of the planet [1]. The lunar highlands and the average mercurian crust are proposed to be compositionally similar [i.e. 2]. In preparation to interpret VIRS reflectance spectra of Mercury to be first obtained in 2008, the Moon has been observed with an engineering model of the VIRS from a ground-based telescope. In this study, the ultraviolet and visible region of the spectrum is compared with titanium content in the lunar regolith. Derived from text Visible Spectrum; Lunar Rocks; Planetary Surfaces; Near Infrared Radiation; Titanium; Surface Layers; Atmospheric Composition; Highlands; Crusts

20050169964 Boeing Co., Seattle, WA, USA Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or Impacts Housen, K. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Explosives or direct kinetic energy mechanisms are often cited in discussions of altering asteroid orbits. This is usually applied to the deﬂection of potentially hazardous objects, but also has applications for asteroid science. While detailed reviews of various mechanisms have been given, the purpose of this brief report is to estimate the velocity change that can be imparted to an asteroid via a near surface explosion. These results also apply to impacts, given the well-known equivalence between impacts and shallow explosions. Derived from text Asteroids; Kinetic Energy; Fragmentation; Impact Velocity

20050169965 Academia Sinica, Nanjing, China Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chondrite Hua, Xin; Wang, Ying; Hsu, Wei-Biao; Sharp, T. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSFC-40325009; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We report here the petrographic and mineralogical studies of Fremdlinge in chondrules and matrix of the Ningqiang carbonaceous chondrite. Fremdlinge, or so-called opaque assemblages, were previously found in Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) of CV chondrites. The mineralogy of Fremdlinge is very complex, containing phases apparently formed at high and low temperatures and under highly reducing and oxidizing conditions. Identiﬁed phases include Fe, Ni metals, sulﬁdes, Fe-oxides, phosphates, silicates and Pt-metal grains. Fremdlinge were thought to be exotic objects incorporated into the host CAIs and thus represented the oldest solids in the solar system. However, because of their complex mineral assemblages, their origin

342 is not as readily explained. Other authors have argued for a local origin of these objects. Ningqiang is an anomalous carbonaceous chondrite with many similarities close to CV3 meteorites. In this work, numerous relatively large Fremdlinge are observed in chondrules as well as in matrix of Ningqiang. We carried out a petrographic study of these objects in order to gain additional insights into their formation. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Chondrule; Meteoritic Composition; Petrography; Mineralogy

20050169966 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial Deposits Adjacent to Lineated Valley Fill Head, J. W.; Marchant, D. R.; Fastook, J. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recent analysis of the orbital parameters of Mars [1] leads to the conclusion that chaotic diffusion prevails; analytical assessment of the density function of different orbital parameters leads to the prediction that the mean obliquity over geological time is approx.38deg, and that the probability is 63% that it exceeded 60deg in the past Ga. Thus, Mars is currently in a period of anomalously low obliquity (approx.23deg), and typical obliquity values in the history of Mars (and thus climate zones and the distribution of surface and near-surface water ice [2]) are likely to be much different than now. Indeed, synthesis of recent observational data suggest that Mars underwent an ice age in the last few million years from which it is currently emerging, during which time obliquity exceeded 30deg and polar ice was mobilized and transported equatorward and deposited down to latitudes of approx.30deg in both hemispheres [3]. What happens when obliquity exceeds 30deg for extended periods of time? Where is water deposited, in what volumes, and how is it manifested in terms of geological processes? Geological evidence suggests that extensive water ice was deposited at mid-latitudes in the past associated with lineated valley ﬁll and lobate debris aprons [4,5] and the case has been presented for extensive past tropical mountain glaciation [6,7]. Recent general circulation model analyses provide evidence for signiﬁcant mobilization of polar ice during periods of high obliquity and redeposition equatorward in the form of low to mid-latitude ice deposits [8-11]. Derived from text Mars Surface; Glaciers; Geology; Deposits; Valleys

20050169967 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the Planetesimal Hood, Lon L.; Ciesla, Fred J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Gas dynamic shock waves in a low temperature nebula have been considered to be a leading candidate mechanism for providing the repetitive, short-duration heating events that are believed to have been responsible for the formation of chondrules in chondrites. It has been found, for example, that shocks with Mach numbers greater than 4 or 5 would be capable of rapidly melting 0.1-1 mm sized silicate particles as required by meteoritic data. Near the nebula midplane where chondrite parent bodies are believed to have formed, possible energy sources for generating multiple shocks include mass concentrations in a gravitationally unstable nebula, tidal interactions of proto-Jupiter with the nebula, and bow waves upstream of planetesimals scattered gravitationally into eccentric orbits by proto- Jupiter. In a recent study, we have found that chondrule precursors that are melted following passage through a planetesimal bow shock would likely cool at rates that are too rapid to be consistent with meteoritic evidence. However, that study was limited to the bowshock exterior to about 1.5 planetesimal radii (measured perpendicular to the symmetry axis) to avoid complications interior to this distance where large pressure gradients and lateral ﬂow occur as the gas ﬂows around the planetesimal. In this paper, we reconsider the planetesimal bow shock model and report more detailed numerical simulations of chondrule precursor heating, cooling, and dynamical histories in the near vicinity of a representative planetesimal. Author Chondrule; Formation; Shock Waves; Models; Gas Flow; Gas Dynamics

20050169969 Geological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark Why Small is Beautiful - and How to Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Asteroids Haack, Henning; Bidstrup, Philip R.; Michelsen, Rene; Andersen, Anja C.; Jorgensen, John Leif; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

343 Estimates of the size distribution of main belt asteroids suggest that there is a population of approximately 10 billion objects in the meter to km range. These objects have, so far, escaped detection. Current Earth-based telescopes have, except for a few objects, not been able to detect the faint and distant sub-kilometer asteroids in the main belt. Long integration times cannot be used unless the object can be tracked - which is not possible for an unknown object. Small asteroids can be observed closeup from a spacecraft but, so far, missions to the asteroid belt have not had the ability to automatically detect previously unknown asteroids. Since small asteroids can only be observed from the spacecraft for a very limited time it is not possible to operate the spacecraft from the distant Earth - a fully autonomous mission is required. We have explored the possibilities to build such a fully autonomous spacecraft using existing technology and have named the mission proposal Bering. Small asteroids are of great interest for a number of reasons: 1) Small low-gravity asteroids probably have less regolith cover thus providing a clearer picture of their interior structure and type; 2) Due to the Yarkovsky effect small asteroids have shorter lifetimes and therefore probably younger, less space weathered surfaces; 3) Small asteroids bridge the gap between the known big asteroids and the NEAs, meteoroids and meteorites; 4) Mapping the orbital parameters of small object may allow us to associate streams of small fragments with their parent asteroids thus further constraining the link between meteorites and asteroids and provide constraints on the transfer mechanics of material from the main belt to the inner Solar System; 5) Due to their shorter lifetime smallest asteroids may be used to constrain the most recent collisional evolution of the asteroid belt; 6) Measuring the actual size distribution of asteroids in the main belt can be used to constrain models of the collisional evolution of main belt asteroids. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Asteroid Belts; Asteroid Detection; Space Probes

20050169970 Southwest Research Inst., Boulder, CO, USA Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Outflow Channels: Observations and Recent Modeling Harrison, K. H.; Grimm, R. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The history of the martian hydrological cycle cannot be fully understood without a comprehensive model for the large Hesperian outflow channels (OCs) that debouch into Chryse Planitia. Their morphology indicates erosion by groundwater discharged to the surface through disruptions in a cryosphere. What remains to be established, however, is a suitable mechanism for supplying the OC s with the required volume of groundwater (about 10(exp 6) cubic kilometers), greater than can be stored in the regional aquifer. We suggest that low-latitude Hesperian ice-sheets recharged the Tharsis aquifer, providing sufficient groundwater for outflow channel formation. The ice sheets developed during periods of high planetary obliquity when net deposition of volatiles occurred at low latitudes. Regionally elevated crustal heat due to Tharsis magmatic processes allowed the ice sheets to melt at their bases, producing aquifer infiltration. We present advances in previous numerical models of outflow channel discharge that compare Tharsis recharge with South Polar recharge. We also present observational evidence supporting low-latitude paleo-ice sheets. Derived from text Hydrological Cycle; Mars Surface; Mathematical Models; Channel Flow

20050169971 Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ, USA Adventures (Arrrggghh!) in Crater Counting: Small Crater Controversies Hartmann, W. K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document This invited presentation reviews basic elements of Martian crater counting as a technique for estimating Martian surface ages. Further historical review and response to recent critiques are given. Mars Global Surveyor s Mars Orbital Camera (MGS/MOC), for the ﬁrst time, allowed crater counts down to diameters (D) of approximately 10 m, extending the effective D range of Martian crater statistics by an order of magnitude or more. (The major previous review paper, in 1992, cited Martian crater statistics only down toD=afewkm.) The new data offer tremendous opportunities and at the same time signiﬁcant problems in terms of dating Martian stratigraphic units. Derived from text Mars Craters; Mars Surface; Geochronology

344 20050169972 Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Meteorites: Implications for the Geological History of Mars Harvey, R. P.; Hamilton, V. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A major challenge facing ongoing studies of Mars is that the lack of datable surface samples leaves accepted crater counting-based chronologies proposed for Mars merely relative. Although the mechanism of Martian meteorite delivery destroys their original geographical context, it is theoretically possible for these samples to provide the missing context through matching the unique physical, geochemical and spectral properties of meteorites with potential parent volcanic units on Mars. An obvious additional requirement is that such regions must contain at least one crater whose size and apparent age provides a plausible mechanism for transfer of material to Earth. Derived from text Mars Volcanoes; Planetary Geology; Geochronology; Mars Surface; SNC Meteorites

20050169973 Los Alamos National Lab., NM, USA Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Red Spots Hagerty, J. J.; Lawrence, D. J.; Elphic, R. C.; Feldman, W. C.; Vaniman, D. T.; Hawke, B. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): W-7405-eng-36; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Lunar red spots are features on the nearside of the Moon that are characterized by high albedo and by a strong absorption in the ultraviolet. These red spots include the Gruithuisen domes, the Mairan domes, Hansteen Alpha, the southern portion of Montes Riphaeus, Darney Chi and Tau, Helmet, and an area near the Lassell crater. It has been suggested that many of the red spots are extrusive, nonmare, volcanic features that could be composed of an evolved lithlogy enriched in thorium. In fact, Hawke et al. used morphological characteristics to show that Hansteen Alpha is a nonmare volcanic construct. However, because the apparent Th abundances (6 - 7 ppm) were lower than that expected for evolved rock types, Hawke et al. concluded that Hansteen Alpha was composed of an unknown rock type. Subsequent studies by Lawrence et al. used improved knowledge of the Th spatial distribution for small area features on the lunar surface to revisit the interpretation of Th abundances at the Hansteen Alpha red spot. As part of their study, Lawrence et al. used a forward modeling technique to show that the Th abundance at Hansteen Alpha is not 6 ppm, but is more likely closer to 25 ppm, a value consistent with evolved lithologies. This positive correlation between the morphology and composition of Hansteen Alpha provides support for the presence of evolved lithologies on the lunar surface. It is possible, however, that Hansteen Alpha represents an isolated occurrence of non-mare volcanism. That is why we have chosen to use the forward modeling technique of Lawrence et al. to investigate the Th abundances at other lunar red spots, starting with the Gruithuisen domes. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Composition; Abundance; Thorium; Domes (Geology); Color; Gamma Ray Astronomy

20050169974 Waseda Univ., Tokyo, Japan Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Chamber Hasebe, N.; Yamashita, N.; Kobayashi, M.-N.; Miyachi, T.; Miyajima, M.; Okudaira, O.; Kobayashi, S.; Hosojima, T.; Pushkin, K. N.; Tzuka, C., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Explorations of lunar and planetary surfaces by gamma-ray spectroscopy have been obtaining excellent results in recent missions. However, due to the difficulty of gamma-ray collimation, the spatial resolution of gamma-ray spectrometers is not comparable to X-ray, visible, UV, or IR cameras. Compton Telescopes cannot uniquely identify the arrival direction of a single incident gamma ray, and are only applicable for point-like sources. The spatial resolution of a conventional omnidirectional gamma-ray spectrometer is a function of the altitude. In order to survey small to medium sized geological structures, the improvement in spatial resolution of gamma-ray observation is desired. By introducing a new method of gamma-ray measurement, gamma-ray imaging camera is considered for planetary science. Derived from text Gamma Ray Spectrometers; High Pressure; Imaging Techniques; Planetary Surfaces; Xenon

345 20050169975 State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA Integrating Global-Scale Mission Datasets: Understanding the Martian Crust Hahn, B. C.; McLennan, S. M.; Taylor, G. J.; Boynton, W. V.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Constraining the composition of the chemical reservoirs of the Martian crust and mantle is critical to understanding its evolution. Over more than a half-decade, a suite of instruments on multiple spacecraft have been mapping the surface of Mars, producing a variety of different global geochemical and geophysical datasets. However, individual chemical datasets, while revealing, need to be cross-correlated with other data, such as surface age, topography or crustal thickness, to fully describe the processes that shape the Martian surface and sub-surface over geologic time. In this study, we present our ﬁrst results in attempting to correlate various global datasets. We also attempt to constrain the rate of Martian crustal growth and crustal recycling. Past studies have estimated the surface crustal recycling regime for Earth using calculations based on a combination of surface age versus area, Nd and Hf isotope compositions of sedimentary rocks and the geochemical evolution of sedimentary rocks. The degree of crustal recycling is crucial for determining the long-term evolution of a planetary crust/mantle system. Using existing surface geology data, a similar preliminary estimate can be made for the Martian surface. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Mapping; Planetary Crusts; Mars Surface; Mars (Planet); Data Integration; Planetary Geology

20050169976 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Comparing Goldstone Solar System Radar Earth-based Observations of Mars with Orbital Datasets Haldemann, A. F. C.; Larsen, K. W.; Jurgens, R. F.; Slade, M. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) has collected a self-consistent set of delay-Doppler near-nadir radar echo data from Mars since 1988. Prior to the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) global topography for Mars, these radar data provided local elevation information, along with radar scattering information with global coverage. Two kinds of GSSR Mars delay-Doppler data exist: low 5 km x 150 km resolution and, more recently, high (5 to 10 km) spatial resolution. Radar data, and non-imaging delay-Doppler data in particular, requires significant data processing to extract elevation, reflectivity and roughness of the reflecting surface. Interpretation of these parameters, while limited by the complexities of electromagnetic scattering, provide information directly relevant to geophysical and geomorphic analyses of Mars. In this presentation we want to demonstrate how to compare GSSR delay-Doppler data to other Mars datasets, including some idiosyncracies of the radar data. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Radar Astronomy; Mars (Planet); Radar Data; Data Processing; Doppler Radar

20050169977 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmosphere: A View from MGS TES Hale, A. S.; Tamppari, L. K.; Christensen, P. R.; Smith, M. D.; Bass, Deborah; Qu, Zheng; Pearl, J. C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We use the method of Tamppari et al. to map water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere. This technique was originally developed to analyze the broadband Viking IRTM channels and we have now applied it to the TES data. To do this, the TES spectra are convolved to the IRTM bandshapes and spatial resolutions, enabling use of the same processing techniques as were used in Tamppari et al.. This retrieval technique relies on using the temperature difference recorded in the 20 micron and 11 micron IRTM bands (or IRTM convolved TES bands) to map cold water ice clouds above the warmer Martian surface. Careful removal of surface contributions to the observed radiance is therefore necessary, and we have used both older Viking-derived basemaps of the surface emissivity and albedo, and new MGS derived basemaps in order the explore any possible differences on cloud retrieval due to differences in surface contribution removal. These results will be presented in our poster. Our previous work has concentrated primarily on comparing MGS TES to Viking data; that work saw that large-scale cloud features, such as the aphelion cloud belt, are quite repeatable from year to year, though small scale behavior shows some variation. Comparison of Viking and MGS era cloud maps will be presented in our poster. In the current stage of our study, we have concentrated our efforts on close analysis of water ice cloud behavior in the northern summer of the three MGS

346 mapping years on relatively small spatial scales, and present our results below. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Meteorology; Ice Clouds; Planetary Mapping; Mars Atmosphere; Water; Thermal Emission; Spectroscopy

20050169978 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argentine Impact Melt Breccias Harris, R. S.; Schultz, P. H.; Bunch, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSF EAR-00-01047; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Vesicular glasses found in the vicinity of Centinela del Mar (CdM), Argentina have been interpreted as products of a bolide impact into thick loessoid sediments approximately 450 ka. The age, abundance, and stratigraphic setting of these glasses in addition to petrographic evidence of extremely high temperatures (baddeleyite, lechatelierite) and rapid quenching (beta-cristobalite) support an impact origin. However, speciﬁc examples of shock-induced transformations previously have not been reported. Here we report the identiﬁcation of diaplectic glass, planar deformation features (PDFs), and other planar lamellae in plagioclase and alkali feldspar grains, entrained in the CdM glasses, that only have been observed in association with hypervelocity collisions and nuclear explosions. We also report the presence of ballen quartz grains which have been considered diagnostic of shock formation. Derived from text Argentina; Breccia; Feldspars; Impact Melts; Quartz; Petrography

20050169979 Southwest Research Inst., Boulder, CO, USA Evolution of Martian Valley Network Formation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater Discharge Harrison, K. P.; Grimm, R. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The ubiquitous Martian valley networks have traditionally been used to invoke a warm, wet early climate. This simple hypothesis has been complicated with each successive improvement in imaging data. Mariner 9 and Viking images revealed the importance of groundwater sapping morphology, typified by abrupt, alcove-like terminations, small numbers of tributaries, and poor interfluve dissection. High resolution MGS MOC data revealed a more complex picture of groundwater processes, including evidence of groundwater erosion downstream of head reaches, in addition to typical headward erosion. However, MOC images also showed denser networks suggestive of surface runoff. Martian valley networks may thus be separated into two broad groups: dense networks influenced by surface runoff and sparse networks influenced predominantly by groundwater processes. We propose that the two groups mark a temporal shift in fluvial erosion processes spanning the late Noachian and Hesperian. The details of this hypothesis may be described in relation to a warm or cold early climate as follows. Derived from text Ground Water; Mars Surface; Valleys; Planetary Evolution; Drainage

20050169980 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Hauber, E.; Gwinner, K.; Reiss, D.; Scholten, F.; Michael, G.; Jaumann, R.; Ori, G. G.; Marinangeli, L.; Neukum, G., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document HRSC images reveal the existence of several fan- or delta-like deposits in the Xanthe Terra region of Mars. We report on our investigation of two possible lacustrine deltas at the mouths of Nanedi and Sabrina Valles, respectively. Their morphologic characteristics suggest a formation as Gilbert deltas by clastic sedimentation of ﬂuvially transported material in crater lakes. Derived from text Mars Photographs; High Resolution; Mars Surface; Mineral Deposits; Mars Volcanoes; Cameras; Deltas

347 20050169981 Minnesota Univ., Duluth, MN, USA Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Impact Features: A Hypothesis Hansen, V. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Venusian crustal plateau formation is one of the most hotly debated topics to emerge form NASA’s Magellan Mission. Crustal plateaus, approx. 1500-2500 km diameter quasi-circular topographic plateaus that rise approx. 4 to 0.5 km above the surrounding terrain host distinctive deformation fabrics. Scientists generally agree that thickened crust supports crustal plateaus, as evidenced by small gravity anomalies, low gravity to topography ratios, shallow apparent depths of compensation, and consistent admittance spectra. Debate centers on crust thickening mechanism. The downwelling hypothesis involves thickening by subsolidus ﬂow and horizontal lithospheric accretion associated with cold mantle downwelling, whereas the plume hypothesis accommodates thickening via magmatic under-plating and vertical accretion due to interaction of ancient thin lithosphere with a large thermal mantle plume. Examination of surface geologic relations within four crustal plateau areas leads to new observations, and reﬁned geologic surface histories presented in a companion abstract. The resulting surface history interpreted from each plateau surface is difficult to address within the context of either the downwelling or plume hypothesis of plateau formation. In this contribution a third hypothesis for crustal plateau is put forth, plateau formation involving crystallization of a huge lava pond. In this contribution the emerge alternate hypothesis of crustal plateau formation is discussed and explored, including possible lava pond formation resulting from massive melting of the mantle as a result of bolide impact with ancient thin Venus lithosphere. Impact models have recently also been proposed for other large igneous provinces including Great Ontong Java Plateau on Earth and the Tharis region of Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Crusts; Plateaus; Planetary Geology; Craters; Venus Surface

20050169982 Minnesota Univ., Duluth, MN, USA New Observations of Crustal Plateau Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Hansen, V. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Venusian crustal plateau formation is one of the most hotly debated topics to emerge form NASA’s Magellan Mission. Crustal plateaus, approx. 1500-2500 km diameter quasi-circular topographic plateaus that rise approx. 4 to 0.5 km above the surrounding terrain host distinctive deformation fabrics. Scientists generally agree that thickened crust supports crustal plateaus, as evidenced by small gravity anomalies, low gravity to topography ratios, shallow apparent depths of compensation, and consistent admittance spectra. Debate centers on crust thickening mechanism. The downwelling hypothesis involves thickening by subsolidus ﬂow and horizontal lithospheric accretion associated with cold mantle downwelling, whereas the plume hypothesis accommodates thickening via magmatic under-plating and vertical accretion due to interaction of ancient thin lithosphere with a large thermal mantle plume. Examination of surface geologic relations within four crustal plateau areas leads to new observations, and reﬁned geologic surface histories. The new observations and resulting geologic histories are difficult to accommodate in either the downwelling or the plume hypotheses, and lead to the suggestion of a third hypothesis for crustal plateau formation. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Venus Surface; Planetary Crusts; Plateaus; Planetary Geology

20050169983 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL-03346 Hammer, J. E.; Rutherford, M. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The SNC meteorites, including the clinopyroxenite-wherlite group of cumulates, Nakhla, Lafayette, and Governador Valadares, have proven integral for estimating the timing of planetary differentiation, constraining mantle compositions, and interpreting surface reﬂectance spectra. The textures and compositions of these igneous rocks also provide clues about the intensive conditions near the planet s surface. A protracted, sub-surface cooling history at oxidizing conditions has been proposed for the formation of the Nakhlites, based on the nature of chemical disequilibrium between phenocryst phases and compositions of coexisting Fe-Ti oxides. The recently discovered groundmass-rich Nakhlite MIL-03346 provides a new opportunity to assess crystallization conditions of the mesostasis. Cooling rate and oxygen fugacity was varied in a series of

348 experiments on Fe-rich, Al-poor synthetic starting material in order to evaluate kinetic factors governing the liquid lines of descent, modes, compositions, and textures of rapidly-cooled basalt.Fe-rich basalt synthesized from reagents was imparted with an intrinsic fO2 equivalent to the desired oxygen buffer assemblage, then placed in Mo foil, Pt-Fe alloy, or pure Pt capsules and sealed inside evacuated SiO2 glass tubes with separate, crimped containers of Fe(sup o)+FeO (IW), SiO2+Fe2SiO4+Fe3O4, (QFM), Ni(sup o)+NiO (NNO), or MnO+Mn3O4 (MNO). Samples were heated to 1210 C, annealed for 5 h, and then cooled to \h350 C at one of several constant rates (231, 71, 9, 6, or 3 C/h). Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Crystallization; Basalt; Nakhlites; Experimentation

20050169984 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Thermo-Chemical Convection in Europa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Han, L.; Showman, A. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Europa’s icy surface displays numerous pits, uplifts, and chaos terrains that have been suggested to result from solid-state thermal convection in the ice shell, perhaps aided by partial melting. However, numerical simulations of thermal convection show that plumes have insufficient buoyancy to produce surface deformation. Here we present numerical simulations of thermochemical convection to test the hypothesis that convection with salinity can produce Europa’s pits and domes. Our simulations show that domes (200-300 m) and pits (300-400 m) comparable to the observations can be produced in an ice shell of 15 km thick with 5-10% compositional density variation if the maximum viscosity is less than 10(exp 18) Pa sec. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Europa; Ice; Convection; Salinity; Satellite Surfaces; Thermal Simulation

20050169985 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA The Earliest Mare Basalts Hawke, B. R.; Gillis, J. J.; Giguere, T. A.; Blewett, D. T.; Lawrence, D. J.; Lucey, P. G.; Peterson, C. A.; Smith, G. A.; Spudis, P. D.; Taylor, G. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Cryptomaria are covered or hidden mare deposits that are obscured from view by the emplacement of subsequent deposits of higher albedo. Investigations of cryptomaria can provide information that is critical to understanding the evolution of the Moon. At present, the time of the onset of mare volcanism is not accurately known. Since cryptomaria represent the earliest mare basalts, determination of their ages will provide information concerning the initiation of extrusive mare volcanism. Cryptomaria were formed by magmas generated by very early partial melting of the lunar mantle. Chemical data for cryptomaria provide evidence concerning the composition of these early partial melts. We have used FeO, TiO2, and optical maturity maps produced from Clementine UV-VIS images, Lunar Prospector orbital chemistry data, Earth-based near-IR reﬂectance spectra, and a variety of spacecraft imagery to identify cryptomare deposits and to investigate the ages and compositions of the buried mare basalts. Derived from text Basalt; Lunar Maria; Volcanology; Mineral Deposits

20050169986 Raytheon Co., Tucson, AZ, USA Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander for Lunar Exploration Head, J. N.; Hoppa, G. V.; Gardner, T. G.; Seybold, K. S.; Svitek, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document For 60 years the US Defense Department has invested heavily in producing small, low mass, precision guided vehicles. The technologies matured under these programs include terrain-aided guidance and navigation, closed loop terminal guidance algorithms, robust autopilots, high thrust-to-weight propulsion systems , autonomous mission management software, sensors, vehicle state estimation, and data fusion. These technologies will aid NASA in addressing the requirements ﬂowing from the Vision for Space Exploration articulated in January 2004 as well as New Millennium Science and Technology. Establishing and resupplying a long term lunar presence will require automated landing precision not demonstrated to date. Precision

349 landing (CEP less than 10 m) will allow the targeting of scientiﬁcally interesting locations heretofore off-limits due to vehicle safety and mission success concerns. In the DOD world, precision guidance and the associated enabling technologies are used routinely and reliably. Hence, it is timely to generate a point design based on these mature technologies for a precise planetary lander useful for lunar exploration. In this design science instruments amount to 10 kg, 16% of the lander vehicle mass. This compares favorably with 7% for Mars Pathﬁnder and less than 15% for Surveyor. Derived from text Autonomy; Low Cost; Lunar Exploration; Mars Landing Sites

20050169987 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implications for Formation Mechanisms Heldmann, J. L.; Johansson, H.; Carlsson, E.; Mellon, M. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The origin of geologically recent gullies on Mars has remained controversial since the discovery of these features by Malin and Edgett in 2000. Numerous models have been proposed which invoke various physical processes as well as various agents of erosion to explain the origin of the Martian gullies. Hypotheses to explain the formation of the gullies invoke shallow liquid water aquifers, deep liquid water aquifers, melting ground ice, snowmelt, dry landslides, and carbon dioxide aquifers. We test the validity of such gully formation mechanisms by analyzing data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey spacecrafts to uncover trends in the dimensional and physical properties of the gullies and their surrounding terrain. A similar study has previously been completed for gullies located in the southern hemisphere of Mars. The work presented here focuses exclusively on gullies in the northern hemisphere based on the identiﬁcation of 136 Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images containing clear evidence of gully landforms, distributed in the northern mid and high latitudes. These sites have been analyzed in combination with Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) data to provide quantitative measurements of numerous gully characteristics. Parameters measured include apparent source depth and distribution, vertical and horizontal dimensions, slopes, compass orientations, near-surface ice content, and factors controlling present-day climatic conditions. Derived from text Northern Hemisphere; Mars Surface; Aquifers

20050169988 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Formation of Martian Gullies by the Action of Liquid Water Flowing Under Current Martian Environmental Conditions Heldmann, J. L.; Toon, O. B.; Pollard, W. H.; Mellon, M. T.; Pitlick, J.; McKay, C. P.; Andersen, D. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Images from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft show geologically young small-scale features resembling terrestrial water-carved gullies. An improved understanding of these features has the potential to reveal important information about the hydrological system on Mars, which is of general interest to the planetary science community as well as the ﬁeld of astrobiology and the search for life on Mars. The young geologic age of these gullies is often thought to be a paradox because liquid water is unstable at the Martian surface. Current temperatures and pressures are generally below the triple point of water (273 K, 6.1 mbar) so that liquid water will spontaneously boil and/or freeze. We therefore examine the ﬂow of water on Mars to determine what conditions are consistent with the observed features of the gullies. Derived from text Extraterrestrial Life; Mars Surface; Water Currents; Mars Environment; Water Flow

20050169989 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite Results So Far Hendrix, A. R.; Hansen, C. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The icy satellites of the Saturn system exhibit a remarkable amount of variability. From dark, battered Phoebe orbiting at 200 R(sub S) to black-and-white Iapetus, the wispy streaks of Dione, heavily cratered Tethys and Mimas, to potentially geologically active Enceladus, the extent of geological phenomena exhibited by these bodies is tremendous. Phoebe, Iapetus

350 and Hyperion all orbit outside Saturn s magnetosphere, while Mimas, Enceladus, Dione Tethys and Rhea all orbit within the magnetosphere. Furthermore, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys and Dione all orbit within the E-ring so the extent of exogenic effects on these icy satellites is wide-ranging. After 9 months in orbit around Saturn, we present UV results so far from Phoebe, Tethys, Dione, Iapetus, Mimas, Enceladus and Rhea. We expect that the UV signatures of these icy satellites are strongly inﬂuenced not only by their composition, but by external effects and magnetospheric environments. Derived from text Icy Satellites; Ultraviolet Spectra; General Overviews; Cassini Mission

20050169990 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Cassini UVIS Hendrix, A. R.; Hansen, C. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The bizarre appearance of Iapetus has long intrigued researchers of this Saturnian moon. The leading hemisphere is very dark and reddish in color at visible-near-IR wavelengths. In contrast, the trailing hemisphere is relatively bright and its near-IR spectrum is dominated by water ice. The severe hemispherical brightness dichotomy has been explained by both endogenic and exogenic models. The primary endogenic model involves eruption of dark material onto the leading hemisphere from the interior of Iapetus. Exogenic models include exposure of dark underlying material by micrometeorite bombardment, contamination of Iapetus leading hemisphere by Titan tholin material, and the coating of the leading hemisphere by Phoebe dust. It has been shown that the dark material on Iapetus leading hemisphere is redder in color at visible wavelengths than Phoebe, which is spectrally gray at visible wavelengths. An additional exogenic model involves the coating of both Iapetus leading hemisphere and Hyperion with material from small retrograde satellites, which are reddish in color at visible wavelengths. We present the ﬁrst FUV spectra of Iapetus and Phoebe to investigate whether the UV wavelength range can contribute to solving the puzzle of Iapetus. Derived from text Iapetus; Ultraviolet Radiation; Light (Visible Radiation); Phoebe; Cassini Mission

20050169991 Manchester Univ., UK IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), a New Instrument for Submicron Analyses of Stardust - Quantiﬁcation in SIMS and Laser SNMS Henkel, T.; Tizard, J.; Lyon, I.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Pre-solar grains are circumstellar condensates that survived the formation of the solar system and can be found in primitive meteorites. As direct samples of extreme astrophysical environments, analysis of these grains is the only way to study, within the laboratory, nucleosynthetic processes occurring in stars. The main types of grains discovered are silicon carbide, diamond, graphite, silicon nitride and corundum. The study of their extreme isotopic compositions (isotope ratios of carbon, oxygen, magnesium and silicon may vary by up to 4 orders of magnitude compared with terrestrial materials) is currently being used to directly model nucleosynthetic processes in AGB stars, novae and supernovae. The grains may also be structured on a sub-micron scale and retain evidence of their passage through interstellar space. In a 1 micron diameter grain there are as few as several thousand atoms of each of the heavy elements (especially rare earth elements and actinides) requiring an average detection efficiency for these low abundance elements of at least 1% and preferably greater than 10%. An instrument capable of analyzing element and isotope ratios in these grains must therefore be able to achieve a spatial resolution of at least 100nm and be able to extract and detect atoms from the grain with very high efficiency. Derived from text Astrophysics; Interstellar Matter; Stardust Mission; Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry; Lasers

20050169992 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Results Herkenhoff, K.; Squyres, S.; Arvidson, R.; Bass, D.; Bell, J., III; Bertelsen, P.; Cabrol, N.; Ehlmann, B.; Farrand, W.; Gaddis, L., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Athena science payload on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) includes the Microscopic Imager (MI). The MI is

351 a ﬁxed-focus camera mounted on an extendable arm, the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD). The MI acquires images at a spatial resolution of 31 microns/pixel over a broad spectral range (400 - 700 nm). The MI uses the same electronics design as the other MER cameras but its optics yield a ﬁeld of view of 32 32 mm across a 1024 1024 pixel CCD image. The MI acquires images using only solar or skylight illumination of the target surface. The MI science objectives, instrument design and calibration, operation, and data processing were described by Herkenhoff et al. Initial results of the MI experiment on both MER rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) have been published previously. Highlights of these and more recent results are described. Derived from text Mars Exploration; General Overviews; Mars Roving Vehicles; Imaging Techniques

20050169994 Morgan State Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Pyroxenes: Further Correlations Between NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Hoffman, E. J.; Schade, U.; Moroz, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy gives intriguing results for three well studied angrites, meteorites containing large abundances of high-Ca pyroxenes. Their spectra correspond to the Type A (normal) and Type B (anomalous) patterns that turn up almost at random in spectra of terrestrial high-Ca pyroxenes (clinopyroxenes). Fe ions are responsible for the pertinent absorption bands, and an additional Fe sensitive method, Mossbauer spectroscopy, shows a similar dichotomy of results, with an anomalously intense ferric-ion signature appearing for most NIR Type B samples. In a few samples, detailed microscopic analysis suggests that minute amounts of iron-rich minor phases may be responsible. NIR spectroscopy is a principal tool in the study of igneous rock whether remote or in the laboratory, so planetary science would benefit from knowledge of the origin and probable extent of the anomaly. This report presents Mossbauer data for an additional set of NIR-characterized pyroxenes in the hope of contributing to clarification. Derived from text Anomalies; Pyroxenes; Calcium; Near Infrared Radiation; Infrared Spectra

20050169995 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Alteration Phases Associated with High Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Olivine on Mars Hamilton, V. E.; Schneider, R. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Data collected by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) have revealed numerous regions on Mars with high abundances of olivine relative to typical Martian basalts and a single location with high abundances (up to 40 vol. %) of orthopyroxene. These high concentrations of maﬁc materials were identiﬁed initially using band matching approaches or deconvolutions that used lithologic, rather than mineral, end members. Based on new deconvolution analyses using mineral end members, we now are able to place quantitative constraints on the abundances of alteration phases associated with high concentrations of orthopyroxene and olivine on Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars (Planet); Planetary Composition; Mineralogy; Planetary Geology; Pyroxenes; Olivine

20050169997 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione Hansen, C. J.; Hendrix, A. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) has collected ultraviolet observations of many of Saturn’s icy moons since Cassini’s insertion into orbit around Saturn. We will report on results from Enceladus, Tethys and Dione, orbiting in the Saturn system at distances of 3.95, 4.88 and 6.26 Saturn radii, respectively. Icy satellite science objectives of the UVIS include investigations of surface age and evolution, surface composition and chemistry, and tenuous exospheres. We address these objectives by producing albedo maps, and reﬂection and emission spectra, and observing stellar occultations. UVIS has four channels: EUV: Extreme Ultraviolet (55 nm to 110 nm), FUV: Far Ultraviolet (110 to 190 nm), HSP: High Speed Photometer, and HDAC: Hydrogen-Deuterium Absorption Cell. The EUV and FUV spectrographs image onto a 2-dimensional

352 detector, with 64 spatial rows by 1024 spectral columns. To-date we have focused primarily on the far ultraviolet data acquired with the low resolution slit width (4.8 angstrom spectral resolution). Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Ultraviolet Astronomy; Enceladus; Tethys; Dione; Ultraviolet Spectrometers

20050169998 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith-Texture Variations on Tethys Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P.; Ververka, J.; Denk, T.; Neukum, G.; West, R. A.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document On October 28, 2004 the Cassini spacecraft flew within 255,500km of Saturn’s heavily-cratered icy moon, Tethys. The ISS Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) obtained its first closeup multi-color images of Tethys at a Voyager-comparable spatial resolution of 1.5 km/pixel. The imaging sequence provided 23 NAC images covering 10 NAC color-filter bandpasses (ranging from 338nm to 930nm wavelengths), as well as a Wide Angle Camera (WAC), 3-color (BGR) image set. The images show whole-disk views of Tethys’ trailing hemisphere viewed at a phase angle of 50 degrees and with a sub-spacecraft point of (22 deg. N, 270 deg. W). At the spatial resolution of our NAC images, Tethys’ 1060 km diameter presents a disk-size of about 350 pixels. Among the images returned are nine frames obtained through NAC polarization-filters at three different spectral bandpasses (UV3: 341nm, GRN: 569nm, and MT2: 727 nm, respectively). In the present study, we use these polarization images to search for possible variations in the microscopic texture of regolith on Tethys. Derived from text Cassini Mission; Regolith; Tethys; Textures; International Space Station

20050169999 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Related to a D- or T-type Asteroid Hiroi, T.; Tonui, E.; Pieters, C. M.; Zolensky, M. E.; Ueda, Y.; Miyamoto, M.; Sasaki, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-13609; NAG5-12847; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Since the Tagish Lake meteorite fell in January 2000, the assumed one-of-the-kind meteorite has become the hottest issue among a diversity of scientists. Meanwhile, as the physical origin of the meteorite in our solar system, D or T asteroids have been suggested by Hiroi et al. based on comparison of their visible-near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra. While it is probably still true that the Tagish Lake meteorite is possibly the first recovered sample from a D or T asteroid as a meteorite fall, we report in this paper that the meteorite WIS91600 may actually be the first recovered sample from one of those asteroids as a meteorite find. Derived from text Asteroids; Meteoritic Composition; Solar System

20050170000 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 Hansa Hardersen, P. S.; Gaffey, M. J.; Abell, P. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The S-asteroid taxonomic class is the second largest grouping of main-belt asteroids that are primarily located in the inner main belt (a \h 3.0 AU) [1]. These asteroids have historically been the subject of interest within the asteroid community for several reasons. Continuing discussions about the nature of the S-asteroids (ordinary chondrite-like or thermally-evolved) and the putative space weathering effect on S-asteroids serve as examples of issues currently unresolved within the community [2,3]. Despite this general interest, detailed mineralogical investigations of individual S-asteroids has been relatively rare. A few workers have studied individual, or small groups of, S-asteroids [4,5,6,7]. Gaffey et al. [2] published their S-asteroid survey in 1993 that characterized 39 of the 144 then-classiﬁed S-asteroids. Despite the work already accomplished, the need

353 exists to rigorously characterize the remaining S-asteroid population to gain a better understanding of these asteroids origin, nature, and physical characteristics. Derived from text Asteroids; Chondrites; Space Weathering; Mineralogy

20050170001 Eotvos Lorand Univ., Budapest, Hungary Bilingual Map of Mercury Hargitai, Henrik; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document As part of the Multilingual Map Series of the Terrestrial Planets and their Moon, the latest of the series, the Map of Mercury was published in 2004. This concludes the terrestrial planet part of the series. The series itself was initiated and is based on the work of MIIGAiK, the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography. All maps in the series use two-hemisphere Lambert Transversal Equivalent Azimuthal projection, this way they give a different view from the other, Mercator or Cylindrical maps. Derived from text Mercury Surface; Planetary Mapping; Terrestrial Planets; Azimuth; Geodesy

20050170002 Max-Planck-Inst. fuer Chemie, Mainz, Germany NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Imaging of Primitive Solar System Materials Hoppe, P.; Mostefaoui, S.; Stephan, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Primitive meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) contain nm- to m-sized presolar dust grains that formed in the winds of evolved stars or in the ejecta of supernova and nova explosions. Silicates are the major constituent of O-rich dust around young stars and in outflows from evolved red giant stars. Although the first presolar minerals, namely diamond and SiC, were identified already in 1987 in carbonaceous meteorites, presolar silicates were discovered only recently, first in IDPs and later also in primitive meteorites. The identification of presolar silicates was based on the application of improved measurement techniques and the invention of the NanoSIMS ion microprobe with its superior lateral resolution (less than 100 nm) and capability for the search of in-situ presolar dust in slices of IDPs and meteorites has played a key role in this respect. In a previous study we reported the discovery of abundant in-situ presolar silicate and spinel grains in the matrix of the Acfer 094 meteorite. The finding of these grains was based on O-isotope mapping of several matrix areas with the NanoSIMS ion microprobe at MPI for Chemistry. In an attempt to further characterize presolar minerals in IDPs and meteorites we report here results from an O- and S-isotope imaging survey of the Acfer 094 meteorite and of two IDPs. Derived from text Imaging Techniques; Oxygen Isotopes; Solar System; Sulfur Isotopes; Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry; Nanotechnology

20050170003 Eotvos Lorand Univ., Budapest, Hungary The Io Mountain Online Database Hargitai, H.; Schenk, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Io, the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, has more than 100 mountains whose origin are not fully understood. They cover roughly 3% of the surface of Io. We created the ﬁrst database of the mountains of Io in 1998, when new Galileo images, combined with Voyager data, made possible mapping of more than 50% of the surface. The results of the survey were ﬁrst presented at LPI in a lecture entitled The Morphology and Distribution of the Moutains of Io. Work continued as new Galileo images were released through the end of Io observations in 2000, and the initial results of that survey were published in 2001. Author Io; Mountains; Volcanoes; Data Bases

354 20050170004 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Associated with Chasmata on Venus Hoogenboom, T.; Martin, P.; Housean, G. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Coronae are large-scale circular tectonic features surrounded by annular ridges. They are generally considered unique to Venus and may offer insights into the differences in lithospheric structure or mantle convective pattern between Venus and Earth. 68% of all coronae are associated with chasmata or fracture belts. The remaining 32% are located at volcanic rises or in the plains. Chasmata are linear to arcuate troughs, with trough parallel fractures and faults which extend for 1000 s of kilometers. Estimates of the elastic thickness of the lithosphere (T(sub e)) have been calculated in a number of gravity/topography studies of Venus and for coronae speciﬁcally. None of these studies, however, have explored the dependence of T(sub e) on the tectonic history of the region, as implied from the interpretation of relative timing relationships between coronae and surrounding features. We examine the relationship between the local T(sub e) and the relative ages of coronae and chasmata with the aim of further constraining the origin and evolution of coronae and chasmata systems. Derived from text Coronas; Planetary Geology; Venus (Planet); Tectonics; Thickness; Elastic Properties; Landforms; Topography

20050170005 Los Alamos National Lab., NM, USA LIBS-based Detection of Geological Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 torr) for Moon and Asteroid Exploration Harris, R. D.; Cremers, D. A.; Khoo, C.; Benelli, K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document LIBS is under development for future use on surface probes to Mars [1-3]. Under simulated Mars atmospheric composition and pressure (7 torr, predominately CO2), LIBS has been shown useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of geological samples at close and stand-off distances (19 m). Because of its many advantages compared to previously deployed and current in-use methods of elemental analysis (e.g. x-ray ﬂuorescence, APXS), LIBS has potential for application to other planetary bodies. Of particular interest are the Moon and asteroids having very low ambient gas pressures at the surface. Because the laser plasma used by LIBS is sensitive to the surrounding atmosphere, it is important to determine analysis capabilities under these conditions. The results of a study of LIBS capabilities at low pressure is presented here for both in-situ and stand-off analysis. Plasma light, collected through the evacuated tube by a 10 cm diameter quartz lens, was focused onto a ﬁber optic cable. The light was directed into either the Derived from text Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Mars Atmosphere; Qualitative Analysis; Quantitative Analysis; Geology; Asteroids; Moon; Atmospheric Composition; Chemical Analysis

20050170006 Collegium Budapest/Inst. for Advanced Study, Budapest, Hungary Annual Change of Martian DDS-Seepages Horvaith, A.; Kereszturi, A.; Berezi, Sz.; Sik, A.; Pocs, T.; Gesztesi, A.; Ganti, T.; Szathmary, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The signs of surface water found by MGS (on MOC images), Mars Odyssey (neutron data) and Mars Express (spectral data) play important role in understanding surface processes especially probable life forms on Mars. There are signs of recent liquid water on Mars like the gullies formed probably during high obliquity and dark slope streaks which could be formed by gravitational mass movements or water seepage. We discovered and analysed a possible third group of phenomena presumably produced by liquid water on the surface, called DDS-seepage. These are originated at dark dune spots (DDS). (Dark dune spots appear in the defrosting surface in late winter early spring in the polar regions of Mars). Most of the DDS-seepages can be found at the steep slopes of the dark dunes in craters and the intercrater areas and we could study not only great number of these seepages but also could observe their changes from one Martian year to the other. Derived from text Dunes; Seepage; Mars Surface; Extraterrestrial Life; Annual Variations

355 20050170007 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lineated Valley Fill and Implications for Recent Climate Change Head, James W.; Marchant, David r.; Agnew, Marshall C.; Fassett, Caleb I.; Kreslavsky, Mikhail A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Among the hallmark morphologies of the highland-lowland boundary region in the northern mid-latitude Deuteronilus- Protonilus Mensae area (30-50oN, 315-350oW) is the fretted terrain (1), consisting of 1) debris aprons that surround many of the massifs and valley walls, and 2) lineated valley fill (LVF) that occurs on the floors of many of the valleys (2-14). The ages of these deposits are typically much younger than the adjacent plateau terrain or its breakup and the formation of the valleys themselves (e.g., 9, 14). The margins of the debris aprons consist of rounded and convex upward topography, and at Viking resolution the debris aprons and the valley fill can appear smooth and relatively homogeneous or, in contrast, can be characterized by closely spaced parallel ridges and grooves a few to several tens of meters high. These sets of parallel ridges have been interpreted to have formed both parallel and normal to valley and mesa walls. Some workers (e.g., 2) argue that the lineations form mostly normal to flow due to converging flow from debris aprons on opposite sides of valleys or mesas, while others (e.g., 4) argue that bending of ridges and grooves entering valleys from a side tributary supports flow in the direction parallel to the valley. Recent analysis shows variable downslope gradients suggesting that lateral flow was minimal (e.g., 11). All agree that the materials represent some sort of viscous flow processes, but opinions differ on the details of the mechanism; most authors call on processes of gravity-driven debris flow, assisted by ice or water in the interstices derived from either groundwater or diffusive exchange with the atmosphere (e.g., see 7, 10, 13-14). Some liken the process to rock-glacial flow (e.g., 2, 4) with the source of the lubricating agent being ice from atmospheric frost deposition and diffusion (2) or mobilized interstitial ground ice (4). Derived from text Climate Change; Glaciers; Mars Surface; Valleys; Highlands

20050170008 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Surface: A Frequency Dependent Model for the Near Equatorial Regions Heggy, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The complex dielectric properties of the Martian surface sediments are a key parameter to understand the physical and geometrical parameters (such as density and roughness) of the Martian surface. In order to give an experimental description of the electric behavior of the Martian surface we have undertaken laboratory electromagnetic characterization in the frequency range 1 MHz to 3 GHz of the total set of minerals identiﬁed by TES. Volcanic rocks with a well deﬁned mineralogy and petrology from potential terrestrial analogues sites have also been included in the study. Our primary objective is to quantify the range of electrical losses that may be encountered by the various Radar sounding and imaging experiments dedicated to map the physical properties of the Martian surface and subsurface searching mainly for underground water. The electromagnetic properties of these Mars-like materials are presented as a function of various geophysical parameters, such as porosity, bulk density and temperature. Using a basaltic Mars-like soil and soil density distribution provided by TES data. We integrated those measurements to form a primary Loss tangent and complex dielectric map of the Martian surface. Author Mars Surface; Planetary Mapping; Surface Roughness; Density Distribution; Dielectric Properties

20050170010 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of Mars Helbert, J.; Benkhoff, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945 Contract(s)/Grant(s): DFG-BE-1630/2; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document While Mars has been considered for a long time a dry place except for the early Noachian, this view has changed in recent years. This started mainly after the MOC imagery showed features like the gullies and morphological features which can be associated with glacial activity. Now the motion was discussed that at least small amounts of water or ice had been present in the recent past on Mars. Still, the common notion was that Mars today is a dry place. With the excellent dataset of the Gamma and Neutron spectrometer (GRS and HEND) on board of Mars Odyssey this view had to be corrected. The instrument

356 detected water abundance of at least 8wt% in the equatorial regions of Mars and this water is found within the ﬁrst 2m below the surface, the penetration depth of the instrument. Author 2001 Mars Odyssey; Equatorial Regions; Mars Surface; Morphology; Penetration; Water

20050170012 Cologne Univ., Germany 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Components in the Carbonaceous Chondrites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende (CV) Hezel, D. C.; Palme, H.; Burkhardt, C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Components of meteorites are 3-dimensional objects, which are usually studied in 2- dimensional thin sections. One exception are recent tomographic X-ray studies of Allende volumes by [1]. This method has the disadvantage of producing only BSE-like images without detailed chemical information: We have started to obtain 3-dimensional chemical data sets for meteoritic volumes. The results are important for a number of reasons: (1) Calculation of accurate chemical bulk compositions of chondrules and CAIs. Such data are relatively rare, but of particular interest for a variety of important questions, such as the chondrule - matrix complementarity described by [2]. A precise knowledge of chondrules compositions is crucial for chondrule forming mechanisms. Another question related to bulk chondrule compositions is the identiﬁcation of chondrule precursor components and their origin [3]. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Chemical Analysis; Chemical Composition; Chondrule; Meteoritic Composition; Meteorites

20050170014 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Rheological Properties of Late-Stage Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Evidence from HRSC Hiesinger, H.; Head, J. W., III; Neukum, G., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Tharsis Montes, Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons, are large volcanic constructs that are part of the Tharsis rise. The Tharsis rise is commonly interpreted to be the result of a long-lasting large mantle upwelling that constructed the rise through a combination of uplift and magmatism (plutonism and volcanism). Of particular interest is the construction of the huge individual edifices, their ages, duration, episodicity, and rheology. Here we report on estimates of the rheological properties of late-stage lava flows on the eastern flank of Ascraeus Mons, Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Rheology; Mars Volcanoes; Lava; Planetary Geology

20050170016 University of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Martian Central Pit Craters Hillman, E.; Barlow, N. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-12510; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Impact craters containing central pits are rare on the terrestrial planets but common on icy bodies. Mars is the exception among the terrestrial planets, where central pits are seen on crater floors ( floor pits ) as well as on top of central peaks ( summit pits ). Wood et al. [1] proposed that degassing of subsurface volatiles during crater formation produced central pits. Croft [2] argued instead that central pits might form during the impact of volatile-rich comets. Although central pits are seen in impact craters on icy moons such as Ganymede, they do show some significant differences from their martian counterparts: (a) only floor pits are seen on Ganymede, and (b) central pits begin to occur at crater diameters where the peak ring interior morphology begins to appear in terrestrial planet craters [3]. A study of craters containing central pits was conducted by Barlow and Bradley [4] using Viking imagery. They found that 28% of craters displaying an interior morphology on Mars contain central pits. Diameters of craters containing central pits ranged from 16 to 64 km. Barlow and Bradley noted that summit pit craters tended to be smaller than craters containing floor pits. They also noted a correlation of central pit craters with the proposed rings of large impact basins. They argued that basin ring formation fractured the martian crust and allowed subsurface volatiles to concentrate in these locations. They favored the model that degassing of the substrate during crater

357 formation was responsible for central pit formation due to the preferential location of central pit craters along these basin rings. Derived from text Mars Craters; Planetary Crusts; Planetary Geology; Structural Basins; Cratering; Mars Surface

20050170017 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA, Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA, USA A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Arabia? Howard, A. D.; Moore, J. M.; Irwin, R. P., III; Craddock, R. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Margaritifer-Meridiani-Arabia highlands-lowlands (H-L) transition has long been recognized as the most ﬂuvially dissected region of Mars. However, the geomorphic evolution of this region remains enigmatic, particularly the origin of the layered deposits of Meridiani Terra and Arabia. We suggest that a portion of this regional slope served as a ﬂuvial depositional platform during the late Noachian. Derived from text Geomorphology; Mars Surface; Geochronology; Sediments

20050170018 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, National High Magnetic Field Lab., Tallahassee, FL, USA A Model for Siderophile Element Distribution in Planetary Differentiation Humayun, M.; Rushmer, T.; Rankenburg, K.; Brandon, A. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Planetary differentiation begins with partial melting of small planetesimals. At low degrees of partial melting, a sulfur-rich liquid segregates by physical mechanisms including deformation-assisted porous ﬂow. Experimental studies of the physical mechanisms by which Fe-S melts segregate from the silicate matrix of a molten H chondrite are part of a companion paper. Geochemical studies of these experimental products revealed that metallic liquids were in equilibrium with residual metal in the H chondrite matrix. This contribution explores the geochemical signatures produced by early stages of core formation. Particularly, low-degree partial melt segregation of Fe-S liquids leaves residual metal in the silicate matrix. Some achondrites appear to be residues of partial melting, e.g., ureilites, which are known to contain metal. The metal in these achondrites may show a distinct elemental signature. To quantify the effect of sulfur on siderophile element contents of residual metal we have developed a model based on recent parametrizations of equilibrium solid metal-liquid metal partitioning experiments. Derived from text Protoplanets; Siderophile Elements; Models; Geochemistry

20050170019 State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low-pH: Implications for Weathering Relationships on Mars Hurowitz, J. A.; Tosca, N. J.; McLennan, S. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The chemistry of sedimentary rocks has long been utilized for the reconstruction of climatic, geographic and tectonic conditions in the Earth’s past. Naturally, the chemical and mineralogical changes that accompany weathering of the Earth’s granodioritic upper crust have been studied in great detail to better understand processes controlling the composition of sedimentary rocks. Weathering of basaltic rocks has been studied as well, and there is a reasonable understanding of the bulk chemical and mineralogical changes that accompany alteration of such rocks under terrestrial conditions. In contrast, Martian soils and altered rocks, which undoubtedly reﬂect the end product of some combination of physical and/or chemical alteration, do not appear to have evolved in a manner consistent with alteration of basalts as we know it on Earth. Here we present new insights into weathering processes on Mars utilizing the results of alteration experiments performed at low pH on synthetic basalts of Martian composition. Derived from text Basalt; Mineralogy; Planetary Geology; pH; Weathering; Mars Surface; Chemical Composition; Sedimentary Rocks

358 20050170021 Idaho State Univ., Pocatello, ID, USA Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemically Evolved Magma Batches and Implications for Plains Volcanism on Earth and Mars Hughes, S. S.; Sakimoto, S. E. H.; Gregg, T. K. P.; Brady, S. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Small mafic shield volcanoes, abundant on the terrestrial planets, are the dominant landform in provinces characterized by plains-style volcanism. Exemplified on Earth within both oceanic and continental settings (e.g., Hawaii, Snake River Plains), they provide analogs for similar systems on other planets, especially Mars. Topographic analysis of individual Quaternary mafic shields on the eastern Snake River Plains (ESRP) of Idaho (the type area for plains-style volcanism demonstrates similarity in size, volume, and shape of these shields, as well as the vent spacing in the volcanic fields, with those of the Tempe Terra and Syria Planum regions of Mars. Geochemical and physical volcanologic studies of the ESRP show an emerging model of volcanic evolution that implies multiple small batches of magma derived from upper mantle sources. Various chemical trends are illustrated, exemplified by La vs. MgO, that argue for a system with variably evolved magma batches and possibly several magmatic sources. Petrologic modeling suggests that early magmas in the sequence form (layered?) sub-volcanic mafic intrusions that fractionate to evolved compositions. Later mafic magmas commingle with these earlier-derived intrusions, partially melt and assimilate late-stage fractionates, and erupt with chemically evolved, but isotopically un-evolved compositions. Derived from text Mars Volcanoes; Earth Surface; Petrology; Magma; Plains; Geochemistry; Mineralogy

20050170023 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mission Helbert, J.; Jessberger, E.; Benkhoff, J.; Arnold, G.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bischoff, A.; Blecka, M.; Calcutt, S.; Colangeli, L., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Among the terrestrial planets, Mercury plays a special role. It is the smallest planet, the densest, the one with the probably oldest surface heavily gardened by space weathering, and shows large daily surface temperature variations. Understanding Mercury is crucial to develop a better understanding of the early processes in the inner solar system, of how our Earth formed, how it evolved, and how it interacts with the Sun. The ESA mission Bepi-Colombo consists of two probes - a planetary and a magnetospheric orbiter. The mission will be launched in 2012 and will reach Mercury in 2016. MERTIS is part of the payload of the planetary orbiter, focused on understanding the surface and interior of Mercury. Author Mercury Surface; Imaging Spectrometers; Thermal Mapping; Surface Temperature

20050170024 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic Lava Flow Honda, Chikatoshi; Fujimura, Akio; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document One of the major negative relief features on the terrestrial planets and satellites are sinuous rilles, which origin has been still debated. They possess conspicuous morphological characteristics of meandering channels or valleys, which is decreasing of depth and width. Normal rilles are straight or gently curved and considered to be graben-type faults. Crater chains in sometimes form irregular fractures like a rille, but they are excluded from the deﬁnition of sinuous rille. Lunar sinuous rilles are occasionally found in the maria and mare-highland boundaries, and most of them are concentrated around the Mare Imbrium and in the Oceanus Procellarum. According to, lunar sinuous rilles have typical dimensions of 30 - 40 km length and of less than 1 km width. The origin of these features differs on each planet or satellite; hence, we investigated the origin of the lunar sinuous rille due to existence of information for consideration of the origin (e.g., chemical composition of rock and elevation of rim and ﬂoor of sinuous rille). Derived from text Lunar Maria; Lunar Topography; Basalt; Lava; Fluid Flow

359 20050170026 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Siderophile Element Systematics of Group IVB Irons Honesto, J.; McDonough, W. F.; Walker, R. J.; McCoy, T. J.; Ash, R. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GG17G; NNG04GK52G; NAG5-13464; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Study of the magmatic iron meteorite groups permits constraints to be placed on the chemical and isotopic composition of parent bodies, and the timing of, and crystal-liquid fractionation processes involved in the crystallization of asteroidal cores. Here we examine Re-Os isotopic and trace elemental systematics of group IVB irons. Compared to most irons, the irons comprising this group are enriched in some of the most refractory siderophile elements, yet highly-depleted in most volatile siderophile elements. These characteristics have been attributed to processes such as high temperature condensation of precursor materials and oxidation in the parent body. Most recently it has been suggested that both processes may be involved in the chemical complexity of the group. Here, high precision isotopic and highly siderophile element (HSE) concentrations are used to further examine these possible origins, and the crystallization history of the group. In addition, we have begun to assess the possibility of relating certain ungrouped irons with major groups via multi-element, trace element modeling. In a companion abstract, the isotopic and trace element systematics of the ungrouped iron Tishomingo are compared with the IVB irons. Author Iron Meteorites; Magnetic Materials; Crystallization; Asteroids; Rhenium Isotopes; Osmium Isotopes

20050170027 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteorite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Pyroxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the YQ Launch Pair Huber, Heinz; Warren, Paul H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document MET01210 has been classified as a lunar anorthositic breccia. Actually, it is a regolith breccia that contains more mare basalt than highland matter. The bulk Al2O3 content (microprobe fused-bead analysis in excellent agreement with analyses of the fusion crust) is 16.7 wt%, and the lithic and mineral clast components in thin section appear to be of mainly mare origin. From pyroxene mg vs. Ti/(Cr+Ti) zonation trends, the dominant mare component probably was a basalt (or diabase) with approx. 2.2 wt% TiO2. A highland component is definitely present, however. There are small aphanitic anorthositic impact melt clasts, and four of the five regolith spheroids identified to date are highly aluminous (24-35 wt% Al2O3). One of these, only 16 m in diameter, is of HASP composition, with 35 wt% Al2O3 and just 34 wt% SiO2 (Kempa and Papike looked for and did not find a relationship between spheroid size and frequency of HASP; our observations, most notably for lunaite QUE93069, consistently find HASP most abundant among the smallest highland spheroids and of course surface area/volume relationships should favor HASP development in relatively small objects.) The only mare or mainly mare spheroid is notably high in TiO2, 4.6 wt%, particularly considering that the Al2O3/FeO wt. ratio is 1.51, implying that the high-Ti mare component has been heavily diluted with highland matter. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Meteorite Parent Bodies; Lunar Rocks; Lunar Maria; Meteoritic Composition

20050170028 State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA Mechanically Produced Radical Species at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Martian Soils Hurowitz, J. A.; Tosca, N. J.; McLennan, S. M.; Schoonen, M. A. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Labeled Release (LR) and Gas Exchange (GEx) experiments onboard the Viking Landers determined that the Martian soils at Chryse and Utopia Planitia contain unknown inorganic species of a highly oxidizing nature. The LR experiment demonstrated that the addition of a radioactive (14)C labeled nutrient solution to soil samples resulted in the production of (14)C labeled CO2 due to the breakdown of the organic species introduced. In the GEx experiments, humidiﬁcation of a 1 cu cm Martian soil sample resulted in the production of as much as 790 nanomoles of O2 gas. The presence of a highly oxidizing species in the ﬁne, wind-blown soils on Mars has obvious implications for both the stability of organic species in the Martian near-surface environment, as well as health implications for future human explorers who may be exposed to reactive dust particles through inhalation. At present, the nature of the oxidant in the Martian soils remains enigmatic.

360 Explanations for their reactivity have called on both exotic chemical compounds and/or unusual formation processes to produce oxidants. In the medical literature, speciﬁcally that related to silicosis and the toxicity of mineral dusts, it has long been known that the surfaces of freshly ground quartz particles are characterized by highly reactive radical species generated by the rupture of bonds during the grinding process. These surface radical species are stable in dry environments (e.g. the Martian surface) and are capable of producing H2O2 and other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in solution. Here, we extend the study of the reactivity of freshly ground mineral surfaces to include the silicate minerals most commonly encountered in basalts and soils at the Martian surface: feldspar, clinopyroxene and olivine. We propose that the oxidizing nature of the Martian soils can be explained by the presence of such mineral surface radical species and propose mechanisms by which they might be formed under ambient conditions at the Martian surface. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Environment; Planetary Composition; Toxicity; Oxidizers; Silicates; Radicals

20050170029 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies and Valley Networks Concentrated at Low Paleolatitudes? Hood, Lon L.; Harrison, Keith P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A broad spatial correlation between the Mars crustal magnetic ﬁeld and the distribution of valley networks has previously been reported. Several possible explanations involving magmatic intrusions, hydrothermal alteration of the adjacent crust, and surface discharge of water have been suggested. In this paper, we investigate whether the distributions of both magnetic anomalies and valley networks may have been preferentially concentrated at low paleolatitudes. Such a concentration would be expected if melting of water ice and snow was a stronger source of surface valley erosion in the tropics and if hydrothermal alteration of crustal rocks played an important role in producing the unusually strong martian magnetic anomalies. Author Magnetic Anomalies; Mars (Planet); Crusts; Intrusion

20050170031 Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO, USA The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, is Tilted Hynek, B. M.; Phillips, R. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Light-toned bedrock has been observed at the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity landing site. These outcrops are rich in a slew of mineral and textural signatures that suggest likely formation within water, including probable evaporites. Further, remote sensing data suggest that these outcrops are not a local phenomenon, rather, they are exposed across the entire hematite-bearing plain and well beyond (over an area \g 3 x 10(exp 5) sq km spanning 20 deg of longitude). Recent results from the OMEGA instrument on Mars Express show that the etched terrain mapped is rich in sulfates, thus corroborating the hypothesis that outcrops 100s to \g1000 km from Opportunity are diagenetically related. Moreover, there are potentially correlative terrains (with similar morphologic, thermal, and mineralogic expressions) up to 5,000 km away; including deposits within the Valles Marineris, Aram Chaos, and isolated exposures across NW Arabia Terra. We are still trying to understand the full extent of these deposits but it is becoming increasingly clear that copious amounts of water acted over an enormous region of Mars. Little is known about the timing of the putative sea and diagenesis of the layers. Because of its sedimentary and apparent subaqueous origin, the etched terrain was likely emplaced as horizontal to sub-horizontal strata. In this study we test for horizontality of the etched terrain layers and interpret the results in terms of the geological history of this region of Mars. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Surface; Bedrock; Erosion; Floods; Terrain; Planetary Geology; Etching; Weathering

20050170551 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part II [2005]; ISSN 1540-7848; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050170552 - 20050170639 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-11; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM

361 Some topics covered: Implications of internal fragmentation on the structure of comets; Atmospheric excitation of mars polar motion; Dunite viscosity dependence on oxygen fugacity; Cross proﬁle and volume analysis of bahram valles on mars; Calculations of the ﬂuxes of 10-250 kV lunar leakage gamma rays; Alluvian fans on mars; Investigating the sources of the apollo 14 high-Al mare basalts; Relationship of coronae, regional plains and rift zones on venus; and Chemical differentiation and internal structure of europa and callisto. Derived from text Atmospheric Circulation; Chemical Composition; Comets; Mars Surface; Lunar Rays; Gamma Rays; Basalt

20050170554 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA The Core of the Moon - Molten or Solid? Khan, A.; Mosegaard, K.; Williams, J. G.; Lognonne, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document While several studies beginning in the Apollo era and continuing up to the present have tried to detect the lunar core, either geochemically, geophysically or geologically [e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4], it has so far proven somewhat elusive. The unambiguous detection of the lunar core is of prime importance as it holds the potential of distinguishing between the various theories for the formation of the Moon. The theory which currently enjoys the greatest success is the giant impact model, which has the Moon forming about 4.5 Gyr ago from the debris produced when a Mars sized proto planet collided with the proto Earth [e.g. 5, 6]. Simulations reveal that the material from which the Moon is made up contains very little iron and consequently a lunar core, if it exists, should be small. Derived from text Lunar Core; Moon; Iron

20050170555 Notre Dame Univ., IN, USA Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Kinman, W. s.; Neal, C. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The new Nakhlite meteorite MIL- 03346 was found in Antarctica at the Miller Range of the Transantarctic Mountain during the 2003-2004 ﬁeld season. The exterior is approximately 60% covered by a black, wrinkled fusion crust. We were allocated two samples from the 712.5g sample-a2gwhole rock sample and thin section MIL03346,9. Unfortunately, the samples were received only 8 days before the abstract deadline so only a brief report comprised of mineralogical (electron microprobe) data is reported here. The major and trace element data, including platinum-group element abundances, will be reported at the conference. Author Nakhlites; Meteorites; Trace Elements

20050170556 Waseda Univ., Tokyo, Japan Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Kobayashi, M.-N.; Berezhnoy, A. A.; DUston, C.; Fujii, M.; Hasebe, N.; Hiroishi, T.; Kaneko, H.; Miyachi, T.; Mori, K.; Maurice, S., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Elemental composition on the surface of a planet is very important information for solving the origin and the evolution of the planet and also very necessary for understanding the origin and the evolution of solar system. Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy is extremely powerful approach for the elemental composition measurement. Gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) will be on board SELENE, advanced lunar polar orbiter, and employ a large-volume Ge detector of 252cc as the main detector [1]. SELENE GRS is, therefore, approximately twice more sensitivity than Lunar Prospector GRS, four times more sensitive than APOLLO GRS. The high sensitivity of SELENE GRS will enable us to map element abundances of O, Mg, Fe, Al, Si, Ti, K, Ca, Th, and U, with lower detection limit than the past missions. The Japanese lunar polar orbiter SELENE is scheduled for launch in 2007 and the GRS will observe the whole area of the moon including the polar region. Orbiting the GRS at 100 km in a nominal operation for one year will provide the global mapping of the chemical composition of lunar surface material for more elements than Lunar Prospector did [2]. Now, the ﬂight model of SELENE GRS was built and will be qualiﬁed by

362 several environment test. Fig. 1 shows the schematic drawing. It shows an energy resolution of 3 keV @ 1.33 MeV in the GRS system. In this study, we will exhibit expected performance of SELENE GRS in lunar orbits predicted by preliminary Monte Carlo simulation results and describe scientiﬁc topics achievable by SELENE GRS. Derived from text Mapping; Gamma Ray Spectrometers; Lunar Maps; Lunar Surface; Planetary Surfaces; Abundance

20050170557 Oulu Univ., Finland Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Mars Korteniemi, J.; Kostama, V.-P.; Aittola, M.; Ohman, T.; Tormanen, T.; Lahtela, H.; Raitala, J.; Neukum, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The surface of Mars is governed by division to smooth northern lowlands and intensely cratered highland terrain in the south. The cratering record indicates the age of the surface [e.g. 1,2], while individual craters original morphology hints to the target material at the time of impact [3]. Additionally, the craters provide natural sinks for later deposited materials, thus showing glimpses of the evolution of the region they reside in. In all, craters provide information on the local and areal evolution phases and processes. Derived from text Cratering; Mars Craters; Morphology; Mars Surface; Terrain

20050170558 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Collapse Kostrikov, A. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The surface of north polar cap of Mars is essentially heterogeneous unlike ﬂat terrestrial ice sheets [1]. Troughs up to one kilometer deep with gently (no more 10-15 ) sloping are seen all over the ice cap. The unique feature of the trough system is its helical appearance (Fig. 1). Analogs of ice spiral structures are not known. The troughs have been attributed to the action of aeolian erosion [2-3], sublimation [4] or to ‘accublation’ hypothesis (glacial ﬂow + sublimation + accumulation) [5-7]. It is supposed that an ice mass transfer occurs by sublimation from equatorward-facing slopes and subsequent accumulation on pole-facing slopes. No ideas on origin of spiral pattern have been moved forward with the exception of an attempt to explain trough revolving by combined effects of accublation and ice movement [8]. Derived from text Collapse; Ice; Glaciers; Polar Caps; Mars Surface

20050170560 Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia Wind-related Erosion Depressions Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Kuznetsov, I. V.; Kuzmin, R. O.; Greeley, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document High resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images [1] show wide variety of the aeolian features within the impact craters attributed to wind erosion and deposition: different types of bright and dark crater streaks, duneforms, bright transverse dunes, interacrater deposits, and rim scouring forms. The orientation of these aeolian features is consistent with the direction of current strong winds [2,3], while origin of some of them could be related with paleowind regime[4]. Here we present the results of study of unknown before phenomenon of the wind-related modiﬁcation of the impact craters on Mars in the form of blowout hollows which have been found only in two places on Mars: much more in southern part of Chryse Planitia (CP) and less in south-western part of Elysium Planitia (EP). Derived from text Dunes; Mars Craters; Wind Erosion; Wind (Meteorology); Mars Surface

20050170561 Belgian Royal Observatory, Brussels, Belgium Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Motion Karatekin, O.; Dehant, V.; deViron, O.; VanHoolst, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

363 The rotation of Mars is not constant and present irregularities with time. Those are mostly associated with the seasonal cycle of Mars’ atmosphere, and the condensation/sublimation of the icecaps. The dynamics of Mars atmosphere shows a large annual and semi-annual signal, in addition to the diurnal cycle. Besides those periodic components, in the present study we investigate the other atmospheric effects that can excite the polar motion. The influence of surface/atmosphere interactions on the rotation dynamics is classically estimated using the angular momentum approach. The Mars-atmosphere system is considered as isolated, so that any change in the atmosphere angular momentum is associated with an opposite change in the planetary angular momentum. The angular momentum of the atmosphere can be separated into two parts: a matter term representing the rigid rotation of the fluid layer with the planet, and a wind term accounting for the relative motion of the fluid with respect to the surface of the planet. Derived from text Rotation; Mars Atmosphere; Planetary Surfaces; Atmospheric Circulation; Excitation; Surface Reactions

20050170563 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence for Impact Origin and Formation Age Kashkarov, L. L.; Badijukov, D. D.; Ivliev, A. I.; Kalinina, G. V.; Nazarov, M. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Smerdyacheye Lake of about 350 m in diameter is located in the Moscow district approximately 140 km east of Moscow. This lake has a circular shape and a well-developed rim. Based on the features, it has been suggested that the lake is a possible meteorite crater. The suggestion was conﬁrmed by a fragment of a possible impactite found in the rim. In this paper we report on a glass bead discovered recently in the vicinity of the lake. In composition and texture the glass is similar to impact-glasses and supports strongly impact origin of the lake. First data on ﬁsion track age and TL characteristics of this glass bead are reported. Author Meteorite Craters; Age Factor; Beads; Glass; Lakes

20050170564 Idaho Univ., Moscow, ID, USA Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implications for Fault Mechanics Kattenhorn, Simon A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Secondary fractures, or tail-cracks, at the tips of strike-slip faults are common on Europa and form in response to high-magnitude tensile stresses induced by fault slip. However, linear elastic fracture mechanics theory (LEFM) predicts both extensional and compressive quadrants around fault tips. Theoretically, these quadrants can be associated with tensile secondary fracturing (cracks) and compressive secondary fracturing (anti-cracks), respectively. The existence of such features in terrestrial rocks has been widely documented. Derived from text Fracture Mechanics; Geological Faults; Europa; Cracks

20050170567 University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipitation Sequences with Mars Exploration Rover Data King, P. L.; Lescinsky, D. T.; Nesbitt, H. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We compare predicted salt sequences for Mars with Mars Exploration Rover (MER) data to place constraints on martian waters. On Mars, geomorphic and geochronologic evidence suggest that surface solutions occurred episodically, and chemical evidence suggests limited weathering of the basaltic crust. Saline solutions are produced via leaching of bulk martian surface materials (martian and impactor materials) containing sulﬁdes, olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase glass. The resulting bulk solution would contain Mg-Ca-Na-(K-Fe)-C-O-H-S-(N-P)- halogen species, with abundant Mg, Na, SO4 and Cl. Local compositional variations are likely. On Mars, sulfate stays in solution, unlike on Earth where sulfate is reduced to sulﬁde either via biologic processes or hydrothermally at mid-ocean ridges. We model the martian solution compositions as they are concentrated (via freezing or evaporation) using salt solubility and phase equilibria, assuming: 1) thermodynamic modeling

364 is appropriate; 2) 25 C and approx. 10(exp 5) Pa phase diagrams are valid at martian conditions; and, 3) activity coefficients are unity. Derived from text Sodium Chlorides; Precipitation (Chemistry); Mars Exploration; Mars Surface; Data Processing

20050170569 Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Kita, N. T.; Tomomura, S.; Tachibana, S.; Nagahara, H.; Mostefaoui, S.; Morishita, Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recently, the Al-26 - Mg-26 analyses were performed for many chondrules from least equilibrated chondrites by using ion microprobe. The initial Al-26/Al-27 ratios of these chondrules are between 1.5 x 10(exp -5) and 3 x 10(exp -6), 1-3 million years (Myr) younger than CAIs with the canonical initial ratios of 5 x 10(exp -5). Similar age differences between CAIs and chondrules are also reported from absolute Pb-Pb ages. Thus, the initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio of the solar system is considered to be homogeneous for applying the Al-26 - Mg-26 chronometer. Derived from text Aluminum Isotopes; Age Factor; Silicon; Chondrule; Chondrites; Meteoritic Composition; Magnesium Isotopes

20050170570 Muenster Univ., Germany The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Ocean Kleine, T.; Mezger, K.; Palme, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The early chemical differentiation of the Moon was dominated by the crystallization of a magma ocean. Determining the crystallization age of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) is critical for understanding the timing of Moon formation, melting, and subsequent differentiation and cooling. Currently, the most suitable isotope system for dating the crystallization of the LMO is the Hf-182 - W-182 decay scheme, because the Hf/W ratios varied significantly between the different LMO reservoirs, and W isotope variations can have only been produced in the first approx. 60 Myr of the solar system. Thus, information on early differentiation of the Moon is preserved in the 182W/184W of early-formed lunar reservoirs and is carried by lunar samples derived from any of these sources. A chronological interpretation of W isotope ratios for lunar whole-rocks and minerals, however, has been hampered by the neutron-flux induced production of W-182 from Ta-181 caused by the intense cosmic radiation reaching the surface of the Moon. Analyzing the metals of lunar samples can overcome this problem because metals do not contain significant Ta that could be converted to W-182. We present W isotope data for metals from KREEP-rich and -poor highland breccias and low-Ti and high-Ti mare basalts. To investigate the effect of cosmogenic W-182 production in whole-rock samples, the W isotopes in some whole-rocks have also been analyzed Author Hafnium Isotopes; Tungsten Isotopes; Age Factor; Lunar Geology; Magma; Oceans; Crystallization

20050170571 Muenster Univ., Germany Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Core Formation in Some Asteroids Predates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Bodies Kleine, T.; Mezger, K.; Scherer, E.; Palme, H.; Scherer, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Chondrites are generally assumed to be the most primitive rocks of the solar system and to represent the precursor material from which asteroids accreted and then differentiated. Chondrites contain CAIs and chondrules, the former representing the oldest yet dated material formed in the solar system. Age differences between CAIs and chondrules based on the U-Pb and 26Al-26Mg chronometers show that chondrule formation persisted for at least approx. 2.5 Myr, indicating that accretion of chondrite parent asteroids lasted for at least approx. 2.5 Myr. These results contrast with estimates from planetary accretion models that propose that the first planetary objects formed within 1 Myr after condensation of the first solid matter. Hf-182 - W-182 ages for iron meteorites show that differentiation (i.e., core formation) of their parent bodies occurred within approx. 5 Myr of each other. For the first time, we link this differentiation event to the ages of CAIs, chondrules, and chondrite

365 parent asteroids, by applying the Hf-182 - W-182 chronometer to CAIs, primitive chondrites, and iron meteorites. Author Tungsten Isotopes; Planetary Cores; Asteroids; Chondrites; Meteoritic Composition; Hafnium Isotopes

20050170573 Aizu Univ., Fukuyama, Japan Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mission Kobayashi, S.; Demura, H.; Asada, N.; Furuya, M.; Hashimoto, T.; Saito, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Hayabusa established Earth-swingby a success in May 12, 2004 and the spacecraft is on course to the target asteroid Itokawa. Hayabusa mission is a sample return program of ISAS/JAXA. The spacecraft is going to arrive at Itokawa and to touch down on the surface for sampling materials in autumn of 2005. Our science team requires 3D shape model of the asteroid, which provides fundamental information for making a decision on selecting landing sites. Nowadays, image-based modeling is the favored method of shape recognition of asteroids. For example, Wild 2 was recognized its irregular shape by stereo images. We found following problems make it difficult to develop the precise shape model by stereo method; (1) Hayabusa is equipped a single-eyed camera, (2) Hayabusa doesn’t know own exact position enough to ordinary stereo method. Here we report the procedures and results of this modeling with AMICA (Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera) and attitude of spacecraft, and distance between target asteroid and the spacecraft only. Derived from text Three Dimensional Models; Sample Return Missions; Imaging Techniques; Cameras; Asteroid Missions; Shape Optimization

20050170574 Wien Univ., Austria The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A First Report Koeberl, Christian; Milkereit, B.; Overpeck, J. T.; Scholtz, C. A.; Peck, J.; King, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSF-ATM-04-02010; ANSF Proj. P17120-N10; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The 10.5-km-diameter 1.07 Ma Bosumtwi impact crater was the subject of an interdisciplinary and international drilling effort of the International Continental Scientiﬁc Drilling Program (ICDP) from July to October 2004. Sixteen different cores were drilled at six locations within the lake, to a maximum depth of 540 m. A total of about 2.2 km of core material was obtained. Author Geophysics; Ghana; Lunar Craters; Seismology; Drilling

20050170575 International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Pescara, Italy Morphology and Morphometry of Fluidized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Komatsu, G.; Ori, G. G.; DiLorenzo, S.; Rossi, A. P.; Neukum, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Impact craters on Mars often exhibit features that are not observed on the Moon. The most unusual is the ejecta blanket morphology. Martian ejecta blankets are in general characterized by a terminal low concentric ridge (rampart) or a flat-topped plateau (pancake), or radial grooves and scouring. This type of ejecta morphology collectively called layered ejecta structures is in general attributed to various ejecta displacement processes due to involvement of volatiles derived from the subsurface or of atmosphere. We utilized images and stereo-derived topographic data acquired by the HRSC (High Resolution Stereo Camera) onboard Mars Express in order to study geology of Martian impact crater ejecta blankets. We examined more than a dozen impact craters with possible evidence for water involvement during the formation by constructing 3-dimensional views and deriving various parameters. The high precisions of the HRSC data set ensure quantitative analyses of such impact craters better than previously possible. The investigated relatively pristine impact craters are distributed in the eastern Tharsis, but examples from other regions are also included. We examined various geomorphology and geomorphic parameters of Martian layered ejecta structures. The layered ejecta structures on Mars have been classified into different types including single lobe, multi lobate and double lobate. Representative topographic profiles from our study clearly show a wide range of morphology. An example of typical single-lobed layered ejecta structure is shown having a thick flat-topped plateau and a

366 terminal rampart. The double lobate type is characterized by clearly separate inner thick lobes and much thinner outer lobes. Derived from text Cameras; Ejecta; Geomorphology; High Resolution; Mars Express; Stereophotography; Mars Craters

20050170577 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Palagonite-like Alteration Products on the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Mineralogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Under Semi-Arid Conditions Kraft, M. D.; Michalski, J. R.; Sharp, T. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Martian surface may be mineralogically altered from its pristine, igneous state. Aqueous alteration on Mars would lead to formation of secondary minerals, which could occur in soils, weathering rinds, rock coatings, or sedimentary cements. In order to understand the alteration state of the Martian surface, it is crucial that we anticipate what secondary minerals might have formed on Mars. It is also critical that we understand how secondary materials affect remote observations. In particular, we must understand spectral observations of secondary minerals in geologic context: How do these materials appear when they occur as weathering rinds, soils, cements, or coatings? Small amounts of weathering could produce significant differences between fresh rock and weathered rock spectra. Previously, we investigated thermal infrared spectra of silica-coated rocks and showed that small amounts of amorphous silica coating basalt greatly influenced spectra, with silica coatings thicker than 7-10 m completely obscuring the basalt s thermal infrared spectral signature [1]. In weathering rinds, fine-grained, secondary silicates tend to coat primary minerals, and can be thought of as discontinuous, rock-penetrating coatings. Consequently, we expect thermal infrared spectral effects of weathering rinds to be similar to those seen with silica coatings, in that small volumes of secondary products will have large effects. Derived from text Planetary Geology; Mineralogy; Crystallinity; Basalt; Temperature Effects; Silicon Dioxide

20050170579 Moscow State Univ., Russia The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Possible Meteorite Crater Krivosheya, K. V.; Badyukov, G. D.; Badjukov, D. D.; Raitala, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Gagarin ring structure has been described as a proposed meteorite crater in 1975. The assumption was based on morphological details of the structure and geophysical data. Here we report new data which support the possible impact origin of the structure. Derived from text Geophysics; Meteorite Craters; Structural Properties (Geology); Mineralogy; Russian Federation

20050170580 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR Chemical Differentiation and Internal Structure of Europa and Callisto Kuskov, O. L.; Kronrod, V. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR-03-05-64413; RFBR-04-05-64867; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The purpose of this study is to reproduce characteristic features of the internal structure of Europa and Callisto on the basis of Galileo gravity measurements, geochemical constraints on composition of silicate fraction of ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, and thermodynamic data on the equations of state of water, high-pressure ices, and meteoritic material. Derived from text Chemical Composition; Europa; Callisto; Galileo Spacecraft; Geochemistry; Gravitation; Meteoritic Composition

20050170581 Kharkiv State Univ., Kharkiv, Ukraine Studying the Phase Dependence of Lunar Surface Brightness Using Data of Integral Observations Korokhin, V. V.; Velikodsky, Yu, I.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

367 Lane and Irvine carried out the integral photometrical observations of the Moon at Le Houga observatory (South France) in 1964-1965. These are the most full integral observations of the Moon: the Moon was observed over phase angles 6 degrees less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 120 degrees in nine narrow bands (350-1000 nm) and in UBV. But their suitability for studying the phase dependence of brightness of lunar surface decreases through presence of systematical errors caused by inﬂuence of libration variations and changing of contribution of mares and highlands in integral brightness with phase changes. Therefore we have tried to correct Lane’s and Irvine’s data. Derived from text Brightness; Lunar Surface; Photometry; Moon; Data Processing

20050170584 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Reading the Record of Early Stages of Planetesimal Core Formation Kallemeyn, Gregory W.; Warren, Paul H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ureilites, the second most abundant type of achondrite, formed as partial melt restites (olivine + pyroxene + minor, 0.2-6 wt%, carbon) in the mantles of carbonaceous asteroids. Degrees of melting were sufficient to virtually eliminate plagioclase from the entire ureilite milieu; at temperatures of approx.1210- 1300 C [1]. According to some recent interpretations [e.g., 2,3] core formation commences not long after an asteroidal interior reaches the Fe-FeS eutectic (approx.990 C). This scenario seems implausible for the interior of an asteroid, where extensive mobilization of solid components (without implausibly high S, only minor proportions of metal will melt near the eutectic) can only be expected as a concomitant of extensive matrix melting. At any rate, at about the same time the ureilites underwent partial melting, they acquired moderate to major depletions in siderophile elements. Natural siderophile variations are notoriously untidy, but collectively the many ureilite samples can potentially furnish important insight into the early stages of core formation. Derived from text Ureilites; Protoplanets; Olivine; Geochemistry; Melting; Carbon

20050170585 Oklahoma Univ., Norman, OK, USA Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in the Martian Boundary Layer Kanak, K. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Dust devils are columnar convective vortices made visible by the presence of dust or other particulates. They occur most often in environments characterized by low ambient wind speeds and strong unstable lapse rates. There is increasing evidence that vertical vortices in the terrestrial convective boundary layer may occur frequently without the presence of visible tracers and therefore be much more common than previously thought. The ubiquity of dust devil tracks in certain regions on Mars suggest that they are a regular feature of the Martian boundary layer. The implications of dust devils on vertical transports of heat, momentum, and particulates may be signiﬁcant. In addition, they could pose some threat to landers and rovers, or spacecraft upon descent and landing. This study presents results from an idealized Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Martian Boundary Layer (MBL). Comparisons are made with prior Martian dust devil modeling study results, in which different numerical models were used and with observations. Author Coherence; Dust; Vortices; Mars Surface; Boundary Layers; Large Eddy Simulation

20050170586 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Compositions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Application to OMEGA Kanner, L. C.; Mustard, J. F.; Bibring, J-P.; Gendrin, A.; Langevin, Y.; Gondet, B.; Pelkey, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Spectra from the OMEGA visible-infrared spectrometer [1] of the Syrtis Major region of Mars are analyzed for pyroxene composition and the relationships to local geologic units. Individual spectra were analyzed using the Modiﬁed Gaussian Model (MGM) [2]. Final MGM ﬁts indicate the presence of two pyroxenes in Syrtis Major, in agreement with previous studies [3,

368 4]. The results indicate that the old cratered terrains are low-calcium pyroxene rich while the overlying volcanic province is high-calcium pyroxene rich. Olivine is likely present in some regions. Author Pyroxenes; Mars Surface; Infrared Spectrometers; Craters

20050170587 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars Rover Landing Sites Kargel, J. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Mars Exploration Rovers, Opportunity and Spirit, have provided critical ground truth observations pertinent to global data sets and observations that have been interpreted in terms of an aqueous past. Most crucial from these new rover missions has been their ability to travel to rock outcroppings and probe the weathered exteriors and fresher interiors of rocks with chemical and mineralogical and a variety of optical imaging systems. Both rovers have returned data indicating layer-by-layer aqueous deposition or aqueous alteration under conditions that were almost certainly highly acidic and hypersaline but not as cold as current conditions. The two landing sites are very different, but the rover observations dovetail nicely with synoptic observations made from orbiters. The accumulated sets of observations for both sites indicate periods of hydrogeologic processes involving huge amounts of liquid water. Both rovers have produced data consistent with possible continued aqueous processes, most likely involving minute traces of acidic, saline brines that are liquid and chemically active in the upper centimeters on warm days, but frozen much of the time. Terrestrial analog sites provide a rich variety of insights into the cause of the observed chemistry, mineralogy, and physical sedimentology at each rover site. A sea or big lake is implicated for Meridiani Planum, and a huge debris ﬂow is likely at Gusev Crater. Room remains for alternate or modiﬁed interpretations, but water is unavoidable. Author Mars Surface; Mineralogy; Physical Chemistry; Sedimentary Rocks

20050170588 Museum of Natural History, London, UK Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Come from Stardust? Kearsley, A. T.; Burchell, M. J.; Graham, G. A.; Cole, M. J.; Wallis, D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Surfaces of spacecraft returned from low Earth orbit (LEO) preserve a record of high velocity collisions with small (less than 1mm) particles. Surveys of features on metal, glass and other materials have identiﬁed remains of micrometeoroids. Analytical electron microscopy using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) has proven very successful in distinction of impacts by artiﬁcial and natural particles, and holds promise for interpretation of micrometeoroid residues in terms of particle origin. Derived from text Micrometeoroids; Residues; Metallic Glasses; Surface Layers; Spacecraft Shielding

20050170589 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Meteorite by Micro-FTIR Kebukawa, Y.; Nakashima, S.; Zolensky, M. E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Carbonaceous chondrites are known to contain up to 3wt.% C, the major part of which corresponds to a macromolecular organic fraction. Chondritic organic matter is based on small aromatic units, cross-linked by short aliphatic chains rather than large clusters of polyaromatic structures. Two main characteristic features of those organics measured by FTIR are: (1) an equivalent intensity of the asymmetric stretching mode absorptions for CH3 (2960/cm) and CH2 (2920/cm) and (2) a lack of aromatic CH-stretching mode (3040/cm). Tagish Lake is a new type of water- and carbon-rich type 2 carbonaceous chondrite. Its total carbon content is approx. 5 wt%, of which the organic carbon content reaches approx. 1.3 wt%. Tagish Lake may have never experienced temperatures higher than 120 C after formation of organics based on the disappearance of infrared (IR) organic peaks in step heating experiments. Here we report in-situ kinetic heating experiments of organics in Tagish Lake by

369 micro-FTIR to characterize the nature of aliphatic hydrocarbons and their thermal stabilities. Author In Situ Measurement; Kinetic Heating; Aliphatic Hydrocarbons; Lakes; Meteorites

20050170590 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Fugacity Keefner, J. W.; Mackwell, S. J.; Kohlstedt, D. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A detailed understanding of the behavior of dunite ﬂow is crucial because small errors in a laboratory-derived constitutive equation become large errors when extrapolated to mantle conditions. The oxidation state of the upper mantle of the Earth, Mars, and Venus may play a role in the development of endogenic processes that lead to observable surface features. Oxygen fugacity is known to have an effect on the viscosity of olivine single crystals under constant stress. However, the behavior of polycrystalline olivine samples deformed under different oxidation states is less well understood. Deformation experiments were performed on Aheim dunite over ranges of temperature, stress, and solid state buffer to investigate the dependence of viscosity on oxygen fugacity. In many studies of kinetic properties on olivine single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates, oxygen fugacity was buffered at the iron-wustite (IW) buffer by the sample jacket. In the present study, we explicitly compare the strength of samples deformed at the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) and the iron-wustite solid state buffers in order to quantify the dependence of creep rate on oxygen fugacity. Author Dunite; Viscosity; Oxygen; Planetary Mantles

20050170592 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Surface Bounded Exospheres and Composition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Surfaces Keller, J. W.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Baragiola, R. A.; Cassidy, T. A.; Chornay, D. J.; Collier, M. R.; Hartle, R. E.; Johnson, R. E.; Killen, R. M.; Koehn, P., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Many of the small to medium sized objects in the solar system can be characterized as having surface bounded exospheres, or atmospheres so tenuous that scale lengths for inter-particle collisions are much larger than the dimensions of the objects. The atmospheres of these objects are the product of their surfaces, both the surface composition and the interactions that occur on them and also their interiors when gases escape from there. Thus by studying surface bounded exospheres it is possible to develop insight into the composition and processes that are taking place on the surface and interiors of these objects. The Moon and Mercury are two examples of planetary bodies with surface bounded exospheres that have been studied through spectroscopic observations of sodium, potassium, and, on the moon, mass spectrometric measurements of lunar gases such as argon and helium. Derived from text Planetary Surfaces; Lunar Surface; Mass Spectroscopy; Ions; Exosphere; Mapping; Surface Layers; Gas Analysis

20050170594 University of Southern Georgia, Statesboro, GA, USA Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Kelley, Michael S.; Asher, Pranoti M.; Welten, Kees C.; Jull, A. J. TImothy; Schultz, Ludolf; Roden, Michael; Mertzman, Stanley A.; Albin, Ed F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In August 2003, Statesboro, Georgia farmer Harold Cannon brought an unusual rock to the Department of Geology and Geography at Georgia Southern University. There are few naturally occurring rocks on the coastal plain of Georgia, so by definition, any rock found there is ‘unusual’. However, this particular specimen turned out to be not only unusual, but otherworldly. In mid-June, 2000 Cannon was harvesting a crop of butter beans when his mechanical bean picker pulled the rock up from his field. In the process, yellow paint from the device was deposited on the specimen. Cannon removed the rock and tossed it between a pair of produce freezers under a shed in his back yard. For more than 3 years the rock sat exposed to the elements. When Cannon was cleaning the area around the shed in summer 2003, he finally decided to find out exactly

370 what the rock was. He said he suspected it might be a meteorite because it was heavier than expected for its size, and after breaking off a small fragment, he noticed it was very dark inside. Derived from text Chondrites; Meteorites

20050170595 Museum fuer Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Spallation and Ejecta Drag Kenkmann, T.; Ivanov, B. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Ries crater is the best suited large impact crater on Earth to study processes of excavation and near-surface deformation of target rocks as the amount of erosion is minor. We have analysed the deformation of parautochthonous and autochthonous target rocks inside and outside the tectonic crater rim at a distance ranging from 10 to 20 km with respect to the crater center. We have observed several sub-horizontal shear planes (detachments) in stratiﬁed target rocks and measured their displacement vector. It is suggested that spallation and dragging of the ejecta curtain caused the formation of detachments in the surrounding of the transient crater cavity. A numerical model is compared with the structural data and gives further hints to the time sequence, applied stresses, and magnitude of shear movements. Derived from text Craters; Deformation; Displacement; Tectonics; Delaminating

20050170596 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Payloads from the Surface of Venus Kerzhanovich, Viktor V.; Yavrouian, A. H.; Hall, J. L.; Cutts, J. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: Two high-rated Venus mission concepts proposed in the National Science Foundation Decadal Survey require a balloon to lift payloads from Venusian surface to high altitudes: Venus Surface Sample Return (VESSR) and Venus In-Situ Explorer (VISE). In case of VESSR the payload is a canister with the surface sample plus a Venus ascent vehicle (VAV), which is a rocket that takes the sample into orbit for rendezvous with an Earth return vehicle. VISE is envisioned as a more limited precursor mission where the surface sample is only taken to high altitudes so that non time-critical analyses can be performed. From the balloon point of view, the only difference between these two missions is that the VESSR payload to be lifted is very much larger than VISE because of the inclusion of the VAV. A key problem is that at the time the decadal survey was published, no high temperature balloon technology existed to implement either mission. Prior technology development efforts had concentrated on a single balloon that could operate across the entire 0-60 km altitude range, tolerating both the sulfuric acid aerosols and the extreme temperatures of -10 to +460 C. However, this problem was unsolved because no combination of sufficiently lightweight balloon material and manufacturing (seaming) technology was ever found to tolerate the high temperatures at the surface. Author Balloons; Venus Surface; Orbital Rendezvous; Sample Return Missions; Payloads

20050170598 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone Formation on Mars Keszthelyi, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Volcanism provides a unique tool to sound for water in Mars geologic past. The interaction between molten lava and surface and ground water produces a range of morphologic features on Earth. Many of these features are interpreted to exist on Mars. Rootless cones (a.k.a. pseudocraters) have been reported in a number of locations on Mars and interpreted to be the result of explosive interaction between the liquid lava and groundwater/ice. The enigmatic ring structures seen in Athabasca Valles may have formed by relatively gentle lava-groundwater interaction. Mesas-like features in several areas of Mars are interpreted as constructional features formed by lava erupted under ice and/or water. However, rootless cones remain the feature most often and deﬁnitively cited as evidence of lava-water interaction on Mars. Despite the repeated use of these rootless cones to infer the presence of water in the shallow subsurface, only limited quantitative information has been extracted

371 from them. The minimum depth to subsurface water or ice has been calculated based on the simple assumption that the lava must conductively heat the substrate, melt ice, and boil water. Greeley and Fagents also calculate the amount of gas needed to propel clasts to build a rootless cone on Earth and Mars. They concluded that only small amounts of water are necessary for rootless cones to form on Mars. Simple Steam Accumulation Model: In rootless Author Ground Water; Lava; Mars Craters; Planetary Geology; Ring Structures

20050170599 Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Reconciling Lava Temperatures and Interior Models for Io Keszthelyi, L.; Milazzo, M.; Jaeger, W. L.; Wilson, L.; Mitchell, K. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The very high temperatures that have been reported for lavas on Io have proven to be difficult to explain. In particular, the estimates of lava temperatures of approx. 1600 C require that the interior of Io be: (a) largely undifferentiated and (b) almost completely molten. However, models of tidal dissipation within Io show that a largely molten interior would not produce sufficient heat to maintain the observed level of volcanism. The latest modeling suggests that Io s mantle should not contain more than 20% melt. If Io s bulk composition is similar to a CM chondrite, then 20% melt implies a lava temperature of 1200 C. This 400 C discrepancy is the focus of this study. Derived from text Lava; High Temperature; Io

20050170601 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Dichotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Thickness and Subsurface Structure Kiefer, Walter S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The hemispheric dichotomy of Mars is one of the most prominent topographic structures on the planet, with a typical offset of 4 km between the southern highlands and the northern lowlands. Various mechanisms have been proposed for forming the dichotomy, including both internal processes related to mantle convection and external processes related to one or more large impacts. Gravity and topography observations provide clues that can help to constrain the mechanisms which produced the dichotomy. For example, these observations can constrain the lithospheric thickness and hence the heat ﬂux at the time of lithospheric loading. They can also reveal the presence of possible buried structures. In this work, I focus on the dichotomy boundary in eastern Mars between 50o and 155o East longitude. In this region, the dichotomy boundary has a roughly linear planform, striking NW-SE, except where the boundary is affected by the Isidis impact basin. The topographic offset across the dichotomy in this part of Mars is relatively scarp-like, with 3 to 4 km of vertical relief occurring across a narrow transition zone between the southern highlands and the northern lowlands. The results reported here are based on the highest resolution gravity model currently available from the Planetary Data System, JGM95I-01, and include spherical harmonic degrees 2-60 (half-wavelength resolution 180 km). Author Gravitation; Dichotomies; Mathematical Models; Mars Surface; Lithosphere; Structural Basins; Thickness

20050170602 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Kim, K. J.; Reedy, R. c.; Gasnault, O.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The gamma rays measured above the surface of planetary objects can be used to study that surface s composition. Previous and current measurements have mainly used gamma rays with energies greater than 500 keV, although most missions measured down to approx. 100 keV. Gamma rays above approx. 100 keV are very penetrating and thus hard to collimate, so previous missions to the Moon and Mars have measured gamma rays arriving from the entire visible surface. The spatial resolution was not better than about the distance above the planet s surface. The continua observed on previous missions down to ~100 keV increases signiﬁcantly with decreasing energy. These continua make it hard to measure the ﬂuxes of gamma-ray lines with energies below approx. 500 keV, and all elemental analyses have used higher-energy gamma rays, usually using only

372 lines. The continuum can be used to study components of the lunar composition. The lunar continuum is a good measure of the abundance of the natural radioactive elements K, U, and Th, using the continuum between 0.55 and 2.75 MeV and between 450 and 480 keV. Fourier transforms of continua have been proposed to determine composition. Derived from text Computation; Flux (Rate); Gamma Rays; Lunar Rays; Flux

20050170603 Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis Rise Volcanism? King, S. D.; Redmond, H. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A vertical wall of constant temperature is a convectively unstable geometry and drives convective motion in the ﬂuid near the wall. This is the essence of the edge-driven convection hypothesis. On Earth small-scale convection could be triggered from the vertical step in the thermo-chemical boundary at cratonic keels and continent-ocean boundaries. Seismic evidence supporting EDC has been observed under the African cratons. Derived from text Crusts; Dichotomies; Wall Temperature; Volcanology; Mars Surface

20050170604 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady Relationship Between Volcanism and Tectonism Kirchoff, M. R.; McKinnon, W. B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Introduction: Most mountains on Io are formed through tectonic mechanisms, since few observed seem to be volcanic. Volcanism may still play an important role in mountain formation, however, e.g., as indicated by the now famous degree-2 anticorrelation between mountain and volcano distributions. Three major hypotheses for mountain formation that have been proposed are a) convection-modified subsidence, which states that burial of older volcanic layers by new ones (subsidence) creates large, global compressional stresses, which are modified by degree-2 mantle convection resulting in two broad regions each of compression and relative tension; b) plume-focused subsidence, where subsidence stresses are focused by upwelling mantle plumes impinging on the base of the crust to produce isolated mountains; and c) thermally-modified subsidence, which proposes that mountains are formed by a combination of thermal and subsidence stresses, the former created in the crust due to localized or regional reductions in eruption rates, which cause strong increased conductive heating. Derived from text Io; Mountains; Volcanoes; Tectonics; Thermal Stresses

20050170605 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA RADAR Reveals Titan Topography Kirk, R. L.; Callahan, P.; Seu, R.; Lorenz, R. D.; Paganelli, F.; Lopes, R.; Elachi, C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Cassini Titan RADAR Mapper is a K(sub u)-band (13.78 GHz, lambda = 2.17 cm) linear polarized RADAR instrument capable of operating in synthetic aperture (SAR), scatterometer, altimeter and radiometer modes. During the ﬁrst targeted ﬂyby of Titan on 26 October, 2004 (referred to as Ta) observations were made in all modes. Evidence for topographic relief based on the Ta altimetry and SAR data are presented here. Additional SAR and altimetry observations are planned for the T3 encounter on 15 February, 2005, but have not been carried out at this writing. Results from the T3 encounter relevant to topography will be included in our presentation. Data obtained in the Ta encounter include a SAR image swath Derived from text Titan; Topography; Synthetic Apertures; Cassini Mission

20050170607 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Activity Exposed by Small Craters Kirkland, L. E.; Herr, K. C.; Adams, P. M.; Prothro, L. B.; Allen, B. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

373 Hydrothermal alteration products that correlate with ejecta from small craters (less than approx. 100 m deep) could ﬂag near-surface hydrothermal activity. An accompanying abstract discusses potential airborne (Mars satellite analog) routes to discover such sites, based on testing from explosion craters at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Here we report correlated ground-based studies that use rover-analog, thermal infrared imaging spectroscopy. A primary goal of the airborne study is to determine routes to discovery of hydrothermal activity on Mars. The goals of the ground-based study are: (1) determine which materials and textures cause the observed airborne signatures, and which materials are imperceptible; (2) compare the airborne results to detailed geologic maps; and (3) develop lessons-learned for Mars. Author Thermal Mapping; Craters; Infrared Imagery; Mars Surface

20050170608 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA The Search for Underground Hydrothermal Activity Using Small Craters: An Example from the Nevada Test Site Kirkland, L. E.; Herr, K. C.; Adams, P. M.; Prothro, L. B.; Allen, B. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Summary: Craters can create windows into subsurface geology. Hydrothermal alteration products that correlate with ejecta from small craters (less than 100 m deep) can flag possible near-surface hydrothermal activity. A region with such activity is a highly prized target for Mars exploration. Here we describe an airborne (satellite analog) study that identified mineral indicators of hydrothermal activity exposed by manmade explosion craters in a basalt flow. Abstract presents the related ground-based study. This field development work draws mainly on operational expertise from outside NASA. One goal is to develop an operational foundation for routes to discovery for Mars. Author Mars Exploration; Hydrothermal Systems; Craters; Basalt

20050170609 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Moon, Contributions from Impact Induced Currents Due to Positive Holes and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dynamo Kletetschka, G.; Freund, F.; Wasilewski, P. J.; Mikula, V.; Kohout, Tomas; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Large impacts on the Moon generate large pressure pulses that penetrate the whole body. Several of these large impacts may have generated antipodal structure with anomalous magnetic intensity.These regions can be more than a thousand km across, with fields of the order of tens to hundreds of nT. This is the case of Orientale, Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, and Nectaris impact basins. The production of large-scale magnetic fields and associated crustal magnetization due to lunar basin-forming impacts was hypothesized to have an origin in fields external to the impact plasma cloud that are produced by the magnetohydrodynamic interaction of the cloud with ambient magnetic fields and plasmas. During the period of compressed antipodal field amplification, seismic compressional waves from the impact converge at the antipode resulting in transient shock pressures that reach 2 GPa (20 kbar). This can produce conditions for shock magnetic acquisition of the crust antipodal to impact basins. Derived from text Magnetic Anomalies; Moon; Structural Basins; Transient Pressures; Magnetization

20050170611 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA MIMOS II on MER One Year of Mossbauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum to Goethite at Gusev Crater Klingelhoefer, G.; Rodionov, D. S.; Morris, R. V.; Schroeder, C.; deSouza, P. A.; Ming, D. W.; Yen, A. S.; Bernhardt, B.; Renz, F.; Fleischer, I., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DLR-50QM99022; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The miniaturized Mossbauer (MB) spectrometer MIMOS II [1] is part of the Athena payload of NASA s twin Mars Exploration Rovers ‘Spirit’ (MER-A) and ‘Opportunity’ (MER-B). It determines the Fe-bearing mineralogy of Martian soils and rocks at the Rovers respective landing sites, Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum. Both spectrometers performed

374 successfully during ﬁrst year of operation. Total integration time is about 49 days for MERA (79 samples) and 34 days for MER-B (85 samples). For curiosity it might be interesting to mention that the total odometry of the oscillating part of the MB drive exceeds 35 km for both rovers. Derived from text Miniaturization; Payloads; Roving Vehicles; Mars Exploration; Landing Sites; Craters

20050170612 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Rock Around the World: Extending a Global Reach to Involve Students in Science Using Infrared Research at Mars Klug, S. L.; Christensen, P. R.; Rogers, L.; Gorelick, N.; Rogers, D.; Jones, B.; Brindley, T.; Rogers, T.; Ki, J.; Staley, L., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Rock Around the World Program (RATW) began with a blending of desired outcomes from two disciplines - science and education. First, as an extension of the ASU Mars Education Program, there was a desire to inspire students to become more interested in science. The premise was that kids of all ages like space and, in turn, kids like Mars. Using the lure of Mars to get them interested in science seemed like a good plan. Secondly, there was a desire from the ASU Mars science team to collect more rock samples from around the world to expand the earth-based rock library at Arizona State University. This library currently supports research that is being conducted by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) - both in orbit around Mars, and the two Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) instruments onboard the Mars Exploration Rovers on the surface of Mars. All of these instruments are currently being used to study rocks on Mars. The Rock Around the World Program evolved from these beginning ideas and has become an inspiration to all involved. Derived from text Infrared Radiation; Mars Exploration; Mars Surface; Education

20050170613 European Space Agency. European Space Research and Technology Center, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands The ESA Exploration Programme: Exomars and Beyond Kminek, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The countries participating in the European Exploration Programme Aurora have recently confirmed and increased their contribution. The ESA Council has later approved the Agency s budgets for 2005, including the budget for Aurora. These developments enable major industrial activities to continue in line with original plans. These include work on the ExoMars mission and the Mars Sample Return mission, in-orbit assembly, rendezvous and docking, habitation and life support systems plus a broad range of technology development work. The Aurora Exploration Programme has been integrated into the Human Spaceflight and Microgravity Directorate , which now forms the Human Spaceflight, Microgravity, and Exploration Directorate of ESA. Derived from text European Space Agency; Mars Sample Return Missions; Life Support Systems; Space Flight; Orbital Rendezvous; Microgravity

20050170614 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer 094 Kobayashi, S.; Tonotani, A.; Sakamoto, N.; Nagashima, K.; Yurimoto, H.; Krot, A. N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recently presolar silicates were found in a few meteorites, Acfer 094 (ungrouped type 3), NWA 530 (CR2), Bishunpur (LL3.1) and Semarkona (LL3.0). Acfer 094 which is thought to be the most pristine chondrite represents the highest abundance of approximately 40, 30 and 110 ppm. Some researchers suggest that there are some effects of alteration and metamorphism in matrix even in the petrologic subtype 3.0 chondrites. Therefore, it is unclear for the effect of alteration and metamorphism against the submicron order of presolar silicates even in type-3 chondrites. In this study we report the presolar silicates from the least altered and metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites, Y-81025 (CO3.0), ALHA 77307 (CO3.0), Adelaide (ungrouped, linked to CV-CO) and Acfer 094 (ungrouped, linked to CO-CM), which there are some agreement that the above chondrites are one of the most pristine chondrites. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Silicates; Metamorphism (Geology); Granular Materials

375 20050170615 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Ibaraki, Japan Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred from Clementine UVVIS Data Kodama, S.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The compositional distribution and the stratigraphy of the mare basalts are important to our understanding of the composition of the lunar interior and its thermal evolution. Previous works using the Earth-based telescopes or remote sensing data revealed a large variation in the composition of mare basalts, and suggested that the basin-scale mare volcanism evolved independently of neighboring regions. It is therefore necessary to know the chemical properties of mare basalts, together with their detailed distribution and stratigraphy in each region, and to understand how the mare volcanism evolved compositionally and spatially in a basin. For these purpose, we have mapped the mare basalts on the nearside of the Moon using the Clementine UVVIS multi-spectral images, and construct their stratigraphy. This paper presents the result of Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium, and discusses the temporal and spatial variations of the mare volcanism of this area and the eastern nearside region. Author (revised) Clementine Spacecraft; Lunar Maria; Moon; Volcanology; Ultraviolet Radiation; Light (Visible Radiation)

20050170616 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Public Outreach and Archiving of Data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Year Koehler, U.; Neukum, G.; Gasselt, S. v.; Jaumann, R.; Roatsch, Th.; Hoffmann, H.; Zender, J.; Acton, C.; Drigani, F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document During the ﬁrst year of operation, corresponding to the calendar year 2004, the HRSC imaging experiment onboard ESA’s Mars Express mission recorded 23 Gigabyte of 8-bit compressed raw data. After processing, the amount of data increased to more than 344 Gigabyte of decompressed and radiometrically calibrated scientiﬁcally useable image products. Every six months these HRSC Level 2 data are fed into ESA’s Planetary Science Archive (PSA) that sends all data also to the Planetary Data System (PDS) to ensure easy availability to the interested user. On their respective web portals, the European Space Agency published in cooperation with the Principal Investigator-Group at Freie Universitat Berlin and the German Space Agency (DLR) almost 40 sets of high-level image scenes and movies for PR needs that have been electronically visited many hundred thousand times. Derived from text Cameras; High Resolution; Mars Express; Stereophotography; Data Processing

20050170617 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Determination of Meteorite Porosity Using Liquid Nitrogen Kohout, T.; Kletetschka, G.; Pesonen, L. J.; Wasilewski, P. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We introduce a new harmless method for porosity measurement suitable for meteorite samples. The method is a modiﬁcation of the traditional Archimedean method based on immersion of the samples in a liquid medium like water or organic liquids. In our case we used liquid nitrogen for its chemically inert characteristics. Derived from text Liquid Nitrogen; Meteorites; Porosity

20050170618 Tokyo Univ., Japan Crystallization Experiment of Los Angeles Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for the Crystallization of Los Angeles and Dhofar 378 Koizumi, E.; Mikouchi, T.; Chokai, J.; Miyamoto, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Los Angeles (LA) is a coarse grained basaltic shergottite composed of pyroxene and maskelynite. Pyroxenes in this meteorite are pigeonite and augite, and both pyroxenes are extensively zoned from relatively Mg-rich cores to Ferich rims.

376 The Ca zoning pattern is complex and pigeonite and augite are irregularly distributed unlike other basaltic shergottites. Previous study interpreted this irregular zoning as the result of exsolution at low temperature. Because LA has high plagioclase abundance similar to QUE94201, there is a possibility that the LA bulk composition represents a parent melt composition. However, these two shergottites show distinct pyroxene zoning patterns although their compositions are generally similar. In this study, we performed a crystallization experiment using the LA bulk composition to investigate the crystallization history of LA. We also compared LA mineralogy with that of Dhofar 378 (DHO) which shows a lot of mineralogical characteristics similar to LA, and applied the experimental result to explain the differences between LA and DHO. Derived from text Basalt; Crystallization; Mineralogy; Shergottites; California

20050170619 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are Their Formation and Location Structurally Controlled? Kolb, E. J.; Tanaka, K. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The chasmata within Mars south pole ice cap of Planum Australe are indicators of large-scale erosional episodes that have resulted in the removal of greater than kilometer-thick stacks of south polar layered deposits (SPLD). Geologic mapping of a large trough system located between two of the chasmata indicates that the trough’s location and erosional morphologies are in large part, structurally controlled by SPLD bedding attitudes. The scarps of Promethei and Ultimum Chasma also reveal dipping SPLD beds. Therefore, to what degree is the location of these chasmata and their formation history controlled by SPLD bedding and (or) substrate topography? We have undertaken a detailed geologic mapping study of the chasmata using Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey (MO) datasets to determine their bedding features, formation mechanisms, and emplacement timing. Syntheses of these observations allow discrimination and characterization of potential structural controls over chasma formation. This study is part of our 1:1.5M-scale geologic mapping project of Mars north and south polar ice deposits. A general review of the mapping results is included. Derived from text Mars Surface; Planetary Geology; Topography; Plains

20050170621 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Korotev, R. L.; Irving, A. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GG10G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We report on compositions obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis on three new lunar meteorites, MET 01210 (Meteorite Hills, Antarctica; 23 g), NEA 001 (Northeast Africa, Sudan; 262 g), and NWA 3136 (Northwest Africa, Algeria or Morocco; 95 g). As in previous similar studies, we divided our samples into many (8-9) small (approximately 30 mg) subsamples prior to analysis. Derived from text Africa; Lunar Surface; Meteoritic Composition

20050170622 Oulu Univ., Finland Anomalous Depressions on the Circum-Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Year MEX HRSC Images Korteniemi, J.; Lahtela, H.; Raitala, J.; Neukum, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The surface of Mars is divided into smooth northern lowlands and cratered southern highlands. The cratering record indicates the age of the surface, while the original morphology of individual craters hints to the target material. Furthermore, craters provide a natural basin for later deposits, thus showing glimpses of the regional evolution. The 2000 km Hellas impact basin dominates about half of the southern hemisphere of Mars. The region has numerous volcanic, tectonic, glacial, fluvial and aeolian features, as well as a multitude of large and small impact craters. Fresh large (greater than 5 km) Martian craters have typically raised rims, a central peak and/or a peak ring and a generally flat floor with slumping on the inner walls. The additional central or summit pits are common features on Martian craters, and generally related to high volatile content of the

377 target material. These features are subsequently modified and smoothened by later geological processes characteristical for the area, e.g. erosion, sedimentation and impact cratering. One type of post-impact modification is the creation of depressions on the crater floor. Such features include pits, large scale fractures and, in some cases, more complex depressions such as honeycomb-like ridges with intervening pits. Continuing our study of these anomalous crater floors, we map the structures in the Hellas region using the High Resolution Stereo Color (HRSC) images obtained in 2004. HRSC provides multiple channels and improved accuracy (10-60m/pix) compared to the previous data sets with related areal coverage. Derived from text High Resolution; Mars Craters; Mars Surface; Stereophotography; Anomalies; Structural Basins; Mars Volcanoes

20050170623 Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ, USA The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan Companions Lost During Planetary Migration Kortenkamp, Steve; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document An earlier paper (Kortenkamp et al. 2004) investigated the survivability of Trojan type companions of Neptune during primordial radial migration of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A standard planet migration model was used in which the migration speed decreases exponentially with a characteristic time scale. A series of numerical simulations were performed, each involving the migrating giant planets plus 1000 test particle Neptune Trojans with initial distributions of orbital eccentricity, inclination, and libration amplitude similar to those of the known jovian Trojans asteroids. The simulations were analyzed to measure the survivability of Neptune’s Trojans as a function of migration rate. The results of this analysis are summarized in this paper. Derived from text Asteroids; Gas Giant Planets; Planetary Geology; Neptune (Planet)

20050170628 Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Moonquakes Koyama, Junji; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Seismic observation on the Moon during the Apollo project from 1969 to 1977 discovered tidally induced moonquakes occurring at depths about halfway to the center of the Moon [1]. Deep moonquakes were characterized by identical waveforms at a given station observed at near monthly intervals[2]. The identification of these deep moonquakes and also other events was made by the visual inspection of long-period seismograms, resulting in 12,558 catalogued events [3]. A new computer analysis of the Apollo lunar seismic data set using a combination of waveform cross-correlation and single-link cluster analysis [4] revealed that about 60% of the identified and catalogued events are deep moonquakes, and increased the number of identified deep moonquakes by more than a factor of five. We have applied a simple nonlinear method of Poincare map to time distribution of events listed in the new catalogue and it reveals previously undetected features of hidden periodic components on the deep moonquake activity. Derived from text Moonquakes; Seismology; Cluster Analysis; Temporal Distribution; Visual Observation

20050170629 Notre Dame Univ., IN, USA Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Using High Resolution Clementine Data Kramer, Georgiana Y.; Jolliff, Bradley L.; Neal, Clive R.; Kirkland, Laurel; Fessler, Brian; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Apollo 14 high-Al basalts have a complex petrologic history (see [1]) and unique source, which may be specific to all high-Al basalts. They are low in Ti, and distinct from other low-Ti mare basalts by their higher alumina content (12 - 15 wt% Al2O3 compared to7-12wt%Al2O3). Other key oxide concentrations include MgO=7-12 wt%, FeO=13-17 wt%, TiO2=1.5-3 wt%, and incompatible elements 10 to 100 times chondrite, (e.g., Th concentrations are 0.1-3 ppm). Some of the high-Al basalts are old (\g4 Ga), and the sample data suggests there are at least three and possibly five distinct sources and episodes of volcanism represented at the Apollo 14 site alone [1]. Exposures of these basalts near the Apollo 14 are likely masked by ejecta from the Imbrium impact, which is responsible for the formation of the Apollo 14 breccias and post-dates eruption of the basalts. This suggests that they could be a significant component of ancient basalts that are now buried beneath

378 impact deposits (cryptomare). The existence of younger aluminous basalts at the Apollo 12 and Luna 16 sites suggest that aluminous basaltic volcanism spanned over a billion years [2,3]. Derived from text Aluminum Oxides; Basalt; Chondrites; Deposits

20050170632 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Overview of Results from the Cassini Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) During the First Year of Operations Krimigis, S. M.; Mitchell, D. G.; Hamilton, D. C.; Krupp, N.; Livi, S.; Roelof, E. C.; Dandouras, J.; Mauk, B. H.; Brandt, J. P.; Paranicas, C., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The MIMI investigation comprises three sensors covering the indicated energy ranges: the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) -- 7 keV/nuc \hE\h200 keV/nuc (ions/neutrals): Charge-Energy-Mass-Spectrometer (CHEMS) -- 3\hE\h230 keV/e (ions),, and Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurement System (LEMMS) 0.02 \hE\h18 Mev (ions)/0.015 \hE\h1 Mev (electrons). Also, LEMMS measures high-energy electrons (E\g3 Mev) and protons (1.6 \h E \h 160 Mev) from the back end of the dual ﬁeld-of-view telescope. The Saturn observation sequences began in January, 2004 and culminated in Saturn Orbit Insertion on July 1, 2004. The MIMI sensors observed substantial activity in interplanetary space for several months prior to SOI, including several interplanetary shocks associated with corotating interaction regions, numerous increases most likely originating from particle streams in the vicinity of the Saturnian bow shock and energetic neutral atoms (ENA) emanating from Saturn s magnetosphere. Results following SOI revealed: a dynamical magnetosphere with a day-night asymmetry and an 11-hour periodicity; several water-product ions (O+, OH+, H2O+), but little N+; inferred quantities of neutral gas sufficient to cause major losses in the trapped ions and electrons in the middle and inner magnetosphere; a Titan exosphere that is a copious source of ENA; INCA imaging through ENA has also revealed a previously unknown radiation belt residing inward of the D-ring that is most likely the result of double charge-exchange between the main radiation belt and the upper layers of Saturn s exosphere. Finally, there is ample evidence for the presence of substorm-like injections of plasma that subsequently corotates for a number of days before dissipating on the night-side magnetotail. The observations will be presented and discussed in the context of current theoretical models. Derived from text Imaging Techniques; Field of View; Mass Spectrometers; Charge Transfer; Magnetic Storms; Shock Waves; Neutral Gases

20050170633 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Created by the Chicxulub Impact Event Kring, David A.; Showman, Adam P.; Durda, Daniel D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The iridium-rich layer at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary indicates high-energy ejecta from the Chicxulub crater rained through the atmosphere after the impact. The energy deposited by the debris warmed the atmosphere over continent-sized areas near the impact site and antipode. The thermal contrast with the surrounding atmosphere generated winds aloft with speeds of approx.80 m/sec to near-supersonic values of 255 m/sec. These winds, in turn, drove surface winds that could have reached hurricane strength over broad regions. Within those regions, the tropopause was temporarily destroyed and aerosols (sea salt, soil dust, soot from ﬁres) were swept from the troposphere into the stratosphere. Derived from text Aerosols; Winds Aloft; Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary; Atmospheric Circulation; Ground Wind; Craters

20050170634 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Relative Chronology of CAI and Chondrule Formation: Evidence from Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Krot, a. N.; Yurimoto, H.; Hutcheon, I. D.; MacPherson, G. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Chondrules and CAIs are the major high temperature chondritic components formed during transient heating events in the solar nebula approx.4.57 billion years ago [1,2]. One of the major questions in meteoritics concerning the origin of CAIs and chondrules is their relative chronology. Most CAIs show large Mg-26 excesses (Mg*-26) corresponding to an initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio [(Al-26/Al-27)0] of approx.5 10(exp -5) [3,4], whereas most chondrules have smaller Mg*-26

379 corresponding to (Al-26/Al-27)0 of less than or equal to 1.2 10(exp -5) [5-7]. Based on these observations and the assumption that Al-26 was uniformly distributed in the solar nebula, it is generally inferred that CAIs formed at least 1-1.5 Myr before chondrules. This conclusion has recently been questioned based on new Pb [2] and Mg isotope measurements [4]. The Pb-207-Pb-206 ages of the Allende chondrules (4566.7+/-1.0 Ma) cannot be distinguished from those of the CV CAIs (4567.2+/-0.6 Ma) [1,2]. Bizzarro et al. [4] reported a range of (Al-26/Al-27)0 from (5.66+/-0.80) to (1.36+/-0.52) 10(exp -5) in the bulk Allende chondrules and concluded that chondrule formation began contemporaneously with the formation of CAIs, and continued for at least 1.4 Myr. We note, however, that the (Al-26/Al-27)0 ratios inferred from bulk Mg isotope measurements of chondrules may date the time for the formation of chondrule precursor materials, not the time of chondrule melting; the latter requires Mg isotope measurements of mineral separates or individual mineral grains, which have not been done yet. In addition, spatial heterogeneity of 26Al in the solar nebula cannot be ruled out. Derived from text Aluminum Isotopes; Chondrites; Chondrule; Meteoritic Composition; Meteorites; Magnesium Isotopes; Solar Nebula

20050170635 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions from Raman Spectral Peak Positions Kuebler, K.; Jolliff, B. J.; Wang, Alian; Haskin, L. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-12114; NAG5-10703; NAG5-12684; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Olivine and pyroxene are two major basaltic minerals that have been identified at Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum by the Mars Exploration Rovers. Full petrologic characterization of a sample (rock or soil), however, requires determining the range of mineral compositions, extent of zoning, range of grain sizes, mineral associations, presence of xenocrysts, etc. Information of this sort will aid the interpretation of sample crystallization and differentiation histories and help discriminate between lithologies. In Raman spectroscopic experiments, minerals are identified by their spectral patterns and mineral compositions can be inferred from the peak positions. Instruments currently in use or slated for impending surface exploration missions provide only average elemental compositions for relatively large rock or soil targets or bulk mineral analysis. No techniques currently in use or scheduled for flight can characterize both structure and composition of individual mineral grains, in-situ, like the Mars Microbeam Raman Spectrometer (MMRS). The MMRS is designed to take 100 spectra alonga1cm linear traverse on the surface of a sample, with contributions from one or a few mineral phases per spectrum. We presented a method to extract structural and compositional information from the Raman spectra of quadrilateral pyroxenes. The pyroxene calibration was applied to a Raman spectroscopic study of Martian meteorite EETA79001 along with a preliminary olivine calibration, where we demonstrated the capability to discriminate related lithologies using Raman point counts. This paper presents an improved olivine calibration that will further aid sample characterization and the study of alteration processes. Derived from text Mineralogy; Olivine; Pyroxenes; Mars Surface; Chemical Composition

20050170637 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sediment Cores from Polarstern Expedition ANT-XVIII/5a Kyte, Frank T.; Gersonde, Rainer; Kuhn, Gerhard; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Deposits of the late Pliocene (2.5 Ma) Eltanin impact are unique in the known geological record. This is the only known example of a km-sized asteroid that impacted a deep-ocean (5 km) basin, and the central portion of the impact region is the most meterorite-rich locality known on Earth. Evidence for this deposit was ﬁrst discovered as an Ir anomaly in sediments from three cores collected in 1965 [1,2] by the USNS Eltanin These cores were also found to contain mm-sized shock-melted asteroidal materials and several percent unmelted meteorite fragments [3]. Based on mineral chemistry of unmelted meteorite fragments, and siderophole element concentrations in the impact melt, the parent asteroid is considered to be a low-metal (approx.4%) mesosiderite [4,5]. Derived from text Deposits; Sediments; Impact Melts; Iron Meteorites; Meteoritic Composition; Asteroids

380 20050170638 Wien Univ., Austria Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE Iron Meteorite Kurat, G.; Varela, M. E.; Zinner, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GG49G.; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Silicate inclusions in iron meteorites display an astonishing chemical and mineralogical variety, ranging from chondritic to highly fractionated, silica- and alkali-rich assemblages. In spite of this, their origin is commonly considered to be a simple one: mixing of silicates, fractionated or unfractionated, with metal. The latter had to be liquid in order to accommodate the former in a pore-free way which all models accomplish by assuming shock melting. II-E iron meteorites are particularly interesting because they contain an exotic zoo of silicate inclusions, including some chemically strongly fractionated ones. They also pose a formidable conundrum: young silicates are enclosed by very old metal. This and many other incompatibilities between models and reality forced the formulation of an alternative genetic model for irons. Here we present preliminary ﬁndings in our study of Kodaikanal silicate inclusions. Derived from text Inclusions; Iron Meteorites; Mineralogy; Silicates

20050170639 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the HEND Data Analysis Kuzmin, R. O.; Zabalueva, E. V.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Litvak, M. I.; Parshukov, A. V.; Grinkov, V. Yu.; Saunders, R. S.; Boynton, W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR Proj. N 03-02-16644; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The global mapping of the neutrons emission from the Mars, conducted recently by HEND instrument (Mars Odyssey), has shown that the surface layer (1-2 m) on the high latitudes of the planet (up to 50 ) is very reached by water ice with abundance more 50% by mass [1,2,3 ]. It was also shown that water ice distribution in surficial layer of the northern and the southern sub-polar regions is notably different [4]. Until today the existing HEND data already covers the period more then one the Martian year. This let to study the seasonal effects of volatiles redistribution associated with processes of sublimation and condensation of the seasonal polar caps and water exchange between the surface regolith and atmosphere. The goal of our work was to analyze the dynamic of the globally mapped neutrons flux as key to understanding of the seasonal redistribution of the water ice in the surface layer. For this we analyzed the globally mapped flux of the neutrons with different energy and corresponding effective layer of their emission. Derived from text Mapping; Emission; Surface Layers; Neutrons; Mars (Planet); Regolith

20050170942 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12 [2005]; ISSN 1540-7845; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-17 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050170943 - 20050171009 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-12; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM Topics discussed include: The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Region as Seen Through the First Year of Mars Express HRSC-Camera; DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at the Huygens Landing Site: Insights Anticipated; The Sun s Dust Disk - Discovery Potential of the New Horizons Mission During Interplanetary Cruise; Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sulfates in Northeast Meridiani Using THEMIS and TES Data; Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of Anhydrous Sulfate Minerals; Venusian Channel Formation as a Subsurface Process; Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Graphite Peak, Antarctica; Observations of Calcium Sulfate Deposits at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Km/Pixel Resolutions; Observations of the North Permanent Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolutions; Classiﬁcation and Distribution of Patterned Ground in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars Genesis: Removing Contamination from Sample Collectors; Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crystalline Siderite; Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Nebular-Formation Theory; REE and Some Other Trace Elements Distributions of Mineral Separates in Atlanta (EL6); The Composition and Origin of the Dewar Geochemical Anomaly; Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Mixing

381 Models: Testing the Utility of Spectral Lookup Tables; and The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results Highlights. (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Body of Ureilites Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimentary Rocks Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: New Constraints on Mars Denudation Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Island, High Arctic Europa s Porous Ice Rheology and Implications for Ice-penetrating Radar Scattering Loss Surface Generated Cracks on Europa Derived from text Abundance; Asteroids; Classiﬁcations; Cryogenic Equipment; Craters; Mars Surface; Metal-Gas Systems; Mineralogy; Sedimentary Rocks; Trace Elements; Ureilites; Venus (Planet)

20050170943 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at the Huygens Landing Site: Insights Anticipated Lanagan, P. D.; Smith, P. H.; Tomasko, M.; Doose, L. R.; Rizk, B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Observations of impact craters have been used to provide constraints on geologic and atmospheric processes active on solar system surfaces. Images to be obtained by the Huygens s probe Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) [1] may provide the ﬁrst close-up look at Titan s impact craters. This work lays out a road map for such analysis. Derived from text Craters; Huygens Probe; Titan; Descent; Spectra

20050170944 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA The Composition and Origin of the Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Lawrence, S. J.; Hawke, B. R.; Lawrence, D. J.; Gillis, J. J.; Lucey, P. G.; Smith, G. A.; Taylor, G. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Dewar is an Imbrian-aged crater located on the lunar farside (2.7 deg S, 165.5 deg E). Recently, D. Lawrence et al. reported a thorium enhancement centered northeast of the crater and used FeO mapping algorithms to determine that the position of the thorium enhancement correlates with an area of relatively high FeO values. Here, we report the results of a remote sensing investigation of the Dewar crater area, and place new constraints upon the probable modes of origin for the Dewar geochemical anomaly. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Craters; Lunar Far Side; Lunar Composition; Anomalies

20050170945 Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris, France The Asymmetric Cratering History of the Moon LeFeuvre, M.; Wieczorek, M. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The geologic history of the Moon plays a key role in planetary science as it is the only body for which geologic units have been sampled and dated. By calibrating the observed size-frequency distribution of impact craters at the Apollo sites to their radiometric ages, it is possible to determine the ages of other geologic units on the Moon and other planetary bodies. The Moon, however, is not so neutral a reference body as one would hope. Because it is locked in a synchronous rotation about the Earth, we have found that it experiences a signiﬁcant asymmetry in its cratering rate, and that this asymmetry may induce dramatic errors when dating surfaces far from the Apollo landing sites. Author Asymmetry; Cratering; Paleontology; Chronology; Calibrating; Moon

20050170946 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Evidence for Remnants of Late Hesperian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala Valles Outflow Channel Levy, Joseph S.; Head, James W.; Marchant, David R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document New high-resolution images from MGS and Odyssey reveal an unusual unit on the floor of the Mangala Valles outflow

382 channel. In contrast to abundant terrain showing scour and hydrodynamic shaping typical of the floors and margins of Mangala Valles and other outflow channels, this unit is smooth-surfaced, has arcuate and cuspate margins, and has a host of unusual surface features including round pits. We assess several possible origins for this unit and the associated features, and conclude that the most plausible explanation is an ice-rich remnant created by a combination of ponding and ice-cover deflation during the waning stages of the outflow channel flood emplacement. Derived from text Mars Surface; Mineral Deposits; Ice Formation; Channel Flow

20050170948 Academy of Sciences (USSR), Moscow, USSR FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesyanoe Aubrite Lorenz, C. A.; Ivanova, M. A.; Kurat, G.; Brandstaetter, F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Staroye Pesyanoe aubrite (SP) is a polymict gas-rich breccia, consists predominantly of enstatite but contains also abundant forsterite, albitic feldspar, glasses and glass spherules. We analysed ﬁve polished sections (2.8 square centimeters total sample area) with optical microscopy, ASEM, and EMP, and found nine non-aubritic, FeO-rich minerals and lithic clasts, possibly related to ordinary chondrites (OC) and carbonaceous chondrites (CC). The xenoliths demonstrate accretion of chondrite-like particles onto the surface of the aubrite parent body (APB). However, the ﬂux of interplanetary dust seems to have been different from that on the HED parent body and Earth by composition and intensity. It could indicate that the APB sampled the dust at a different time or moved through a different region of the Solar System than did the HED parent body and the Earth. Derived from text Meteoritic Composition; Iron Oxides; Mineralogy; Igneous Rocks; Achondrites

20050170949 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Origin of the Lunar Highland Crust Lowman, P. D., Jr.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Understanding the origin of the oldest lunar crust was a main scientiﬁc objective of the last three Apollo missions, 15, 16, and 17, all of which landed in or near highland exposures. Starting with Apollo 15, the astronauts took hundreds of 70 mm surface photographs. These pictures have been re-studied, and reveal pervasive layering in the lunar highland crust visited by the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Crust; Highlands; Photogeology; Lunar Photography

20050170950 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid-Rock Interaction in the Crust Lyons, J. R.; Manning, C. E.; Nimmo, F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recent spectroscopic detections of CH4 in the atmosphere of Mars are the first definitive observations of an organic compound on that planet. The relatively short photochemical lifetime of CH4 (approx.300 years) argues for a geologically young source. We demonstrate here that low-temperature alteration of basaltic crust by carbon-bearing hydrothermal fluid can produce the required CH4 flux of 1 x 10(exp 7) moles/year, assuming conservative values for crustal permeability and oxygen fugacity as implied by martian basaltic meteorites. The crustal thermal disturbance due to a single dike approx. 10x1x10 km during the past 10(exp 4) years is capable of driving the alteration, if all carbon is supplied by magmatic degassing from a dike with only 50 ppm C. Atmospheric methane strongly suggests ongoing magmatism and hydrothermal alteration on Mars. Derived from text Methane; Mars Atmosphere; Igneous Rocks; Crusts; Basalt; Planetary Geology; Photochemical Reactions

383 20050170951 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison with Mars Express OMEGA Observations Levrard, B.; Forget, F.; Montmessin, F.; Schmitt, B.; Doute, S.; Langevin, Y.; Poulet, F.; Bibring, J. P.; Gondet, B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Analyses of imaging data from Mariner, Viking and MGS have shown that surface properties (albedo, temperature) of the northern cap present signiﬁcant differences within the summer season and between Mars years. These observations include differential brightening and/or darkening between polar areas from the end of the spring to midsummer. These differences are attributed to changes in grain size or dust content of surface ice. To better understand the summer behavior of the permanent northern polar cap, we perfomed a high resolution modeling (approximately 1 deg x 1 deg.) of northern cap in the Martian Climate/water cycle as simulated by the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD) global climate model. We compare the predicted properties of the surface ice (ice thickness, temperature) with the Mars Express Omega summer observations of the northern cap. albedo and thermal inertia svariations model. In particular, albedo variations could be constrained by OMEGA data. Meteorological predictions of the LMD GCM wil be presented at the conference to interpret the unprecedently resolved OMEGA observations. The speciﬁc evolution of regions of interest (cap center, Chasma Boreal...) and the possibility of late summer global cap brightening will be discussed. Author Imaging Techniques; Mars Express; Polar Caps; Annual Variations; Climate Models; Mars Surface; Planetary Evolution; High Resolution

20050170952 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA The Origin and Evolution of Oriented-Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Analogue Levy, Joseph S.; Head, James W.; Marchant, David R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Polygonally patterned ground is a common feature of polar regions on both Mars and Earth. Although classically described as networks of roughly hexagonal polygonal mounds and linear troughs, many polygon ﬁelds observed on Mars and Earth show a distinct preference in orientation, usually associated with orthogonally intersecting troughs. We have examined such oriented networks of polygons in Mullins Valley and Beacon Valley, Antarctica, as an analogue for polygon formation under Mars-like conditions. The transition from oriented-network/orthogonal-intersection polygons in upper Mullins Valley to hexagonal polygons where Mullins debouches into central Beacon Valley may provide a time-series of polygon initiation and evolution. Derived from text Antarctic Regions; Polygons; Valleys; Planetary Evolution; Analogs; Mars Surface

20050170953 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of Spectral Lookup Tables Lawrence, S. J.; Lucey, P. G.; Taylor, G. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The spectral properties of asteroid surfaces are governed by the properties of the asteroid regolith, including the mineralogy, physical properties, the amount of impact-produced glass, and the degree of space weathering. Hapke’s formulations and recent work have enabled the creation of a model that produces a simulated spectrum of an airless planetary surface given a modal mineralogy, within simplifying assumptions. The ability of this model to accurately reproduce eucrite and diogenite spectra was shown. Here, we discuss the current progress of our efforts to evolve this model into a robust method for the accurate determination of asteroid surface mineralogy through the addition and utilization of a spectral lookup table. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Asteroids; Mineralogy; Spectra

384 20050170954 Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH, USA Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Caps Lever, J. H.; Habermehl, M.; Fiolitakis, A.; Taylor, S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NSF 04-43799; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Micrometeorites are terrestrially collected extraterrestrial dust particles smaller than about a millimeter. Our goal is to design, build and calibrate a collector that can obtain time-sequenced records of micrometeorites and terrestrial dust during hot-water drilling operations into polar ice caps. Our collector is designed to attach on the end of a hot-water hose and will suction and extract particles melted out of the ice onto an internal scrolling ﬁlter that advances as the drill descends. The 10-cm-diameter prototype collector will serve as a 1/3-scale model of one proposed for use during drilling of the IceCube neutrino observatory at South Pole. It is also operational in its own right for use with smaller hot-water drills. Derived from text Polar Caps; Micrometeorites; Collection; Extraction; Ice; Neutrinos

20050170955 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Levine, J. S., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document ARES is an exploration mission concept for an Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey of Mars designed to fly an instrumented platform over the surface of Mars at very low altitudes (1-3 km) for distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometers to obtain scientific data to address fundamental problems in Mars science. ARES helps to fill a gap in the scale and perspective of the Mars Exploration Program and addresses many key COMPLEX/MEPAG questions (e.g., nature and origin of crustal magnetic anomalies) not readily pursued in other parts of the exploration program. ARES supports the human exploration program through key environmental measurements and high-resolution contiguous data essential to reference mission design. Here we describe the major types of scientific goals, candidate instruments, and reference mission profiles. Derived from text Environmental Surveys; Mars Exploration; Mission Planning; Mars Surface; Magnetic Anomalies

20050170956 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? Steps Towards a Universal Biology Lindsay, J. F.; Brasier, M. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Pilbara Craton of northwestern Australia, one of the earth’s oldest crustal blocks, was established as a stable continental nucleus before 2770 Ma. A number of early basins rest, either on this ancient craton (Hamersley and Ashburton Basins), or along its suture with the adjoining Yilgarn Block (i.e., Bryah, Yerrida, Padbury, Earaheedy and Bangemall Basins), known as the Capricorn Orogen. These ancient basins preserve a comprehensive stratigraphic record that reﬂects the development of earth s early atmosphere and the expansion of the biosphere. Here we present the results of an extensive study of the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in carbonates in these early successions. We also attempt to assess the factors controlling the evolution of Earth’s early atmosphere and biosphere in relation to planetary dynamics. Derived from text Biosphere; Planetary Evolution; Tectonics; Earth Crust

20050170957 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface as Revealed by the Cassini RADAR Lopes, R. M.; Elachi, C.; Stofan, E.; Paganelli, F.; Wood, C.; Kirk, R.; Lorenz, R.; Fortes, A. D.; Lunine, J., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper obtained Synthetic Aperture radar images of about 1.1% of Titan’s surface during the spacecraft s first targeted fly-by on October 26, 2004 (referred to as the Ta fly-by). These images revealed that Titan is very

385 complex geologically. Features identified include a possible volcanic dome or shield, craters that appear to be of volcanic origin, and extensive flows. We will discuss these features and others that will likely be revealed during Cassini s T3 Titan fly-by of February 15, 2005, during which a swath covering comparable amount of the surface will be obtained. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Cassini Mission; Radar Imagery; Synthetic Aperture Radar; Titan; Volcanoes

20050170958 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Radar Data Lorenz, R. D.; Elachi, C.; Stiles, B.; West, R.; Janssen, M.; Lopes, R.; Stofan, E.; Paganelli, F.; Wood, C.; Kirk, R., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Titan’s atmospheric methane abundance suggests the likelihood of a surface reservoir of methane and a surface sink for its photochemical products, which might also be predominantly liquid. Although large expanses of obvious hydrocarbon seas have not been unambiguously observed, a number of rather radar-dark spots up to approximately 30 km across are observed in the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired during the Cassini TA encounter on October 26th 2004. Here we review the properties and setting of these dark spots to explore whether these may be hydrocarbon lakes. Derived from text Radar Data; Titan Atmosphere; Cassini Mission; Lakes; Darkness

20050170959 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrhotite Louzada, K. L.; Stewart, S. T.; Weiss, b. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GD17G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Maps of the remanent magnetic ﬁeld of Mars show demagnetized zones within and around giant impact basins. It is likely that vast regions of the Martian crust were demagnetized due to a shock-induced phase change or magnetic transition of magnetic minerals in the crust. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that around the Hellas and Argyre basins, the edges of the unmagnetized zones roughly correspond with peak shock pressure contour lines of a few GPa. Although pyrrhotite is not a major carrier of magnetization in the Earth s crust, it is a common phase in Martian meteorites and may be an important carrier in the Martian crust. Understanding the effects of shock waves on magnetic minerals is critical for determining the origin of the demagnetized zones in impact basins and possibly for identifying the major magnetic carrier phases. Here we present the results of the ﬁrst controlled shock demagnetization measurements on pyrrhotite. Previous experiments: Shock demagnetization Derived from text Demagnetization; Mars Surface; Planetary Geology; Pyrrhotite; Shock Waves; Planetary Crusts

20050170962 Oulu Univ., Finland The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Region as Seen Through the First Year of Mars Express HRSC-Camera Lahtela, H.; Korteniemi, J.; Kostama, V.-P.; Raitala, J.; Neukum, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Water on Mars is already a proven fact [e.g. 1]. There are also many studies on ancient lacustrine features [e.g. 2-4]. However, there is still a lot to learn and discover of the processes related to them. This still ongoing study concentrates on mapping and detailed descriptions of numerous paleolakes on Hellas Basin region using the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Color-images (HRSC) [5]. Hellas is one of the largest impact structures in our Solar System. It is located on the southern hemisphere of Mars. After the ﬁrst year, the HRSC-coverage in the area is already large enough to give preliminary view of regional processes. In closer study we also use the dataset of THEMIS, MOLA and MOC instruments. Derived from text Cameras; High Resolution; Lakes; Structural Basins; Mars Surface

386 20050170964 Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ, USA Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sulfates in Northeast Meridiani Using THEMIS and TES Data Lane, Melissa D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recently aqueously deposited sulfate-rich bedrock was found at the MER-B Meridiani landing site [1]. Additional sulfate was observed from orbit by the Mars Express OMEGA instrument [2]. In this work, I present midinfrared spectral evidence (using THEMIS and TES) for sulfate in and around a channel deposit that lies to the northeast of the hematite- strewn plains of Meridiani at approx.2degN, 1degW (Fig. 1). Derived from text Sulfates; Mars Surface; Landing Sites; Hematite; Infrared Radiation; Deposits; Bedrock

20050170965 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA, European Space Agency. European Space Research and Technology Center, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results Highlights Lebreton, J.-P.; Matson, D. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document After a 7-year interplanetary journey onboard the Cassini Orbiter, the Huygens Probe was released on 25 December at 02:00 UTC. It entered in the atmosphere of Titan on 14 January at about 09:06 UTC. Following the 4-min entry, 3 parachutes were deployed in sequence. The descent under parachute lasted slightly less than 2 1/2 hours. After a soft landing at about 5 m/s, the probe continued to function for several hours on the surface. During the descent under parachute and on the surface, Huygens transmitted its data at 8 kbps on two redundant channels to the over-ﬂying Orbiter which approached Titan at a closest distance of 60000 km about 1/2 hour before landing. Data were successfully received only on one channel due to a conﬁguration error of the receiver of the channel which was driven by the ultra-stable oscillators (USO) of the Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE). The Orbiter received data during the descent under parachute and for 72 minutes on the surface until its path moved it outside the beam of the transmitting antennas of the probe resting on the surface and at the same time as the Orbiter went below the Horizon. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Cassini Mission; Huygens Probe; Titan; Soft Landing; Spacecraft Landing

20050170966 Academia Sinica, Nanking, China (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Body of Ureilites Lee, D-C.; Halliday, A. N.; Singletary, S. J.; Grove, T. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ureilites are primitive achondrites that are composed mainly of olivine and pyroxenes with abundant interstitial and crosscutting carbon polymorphs, Fe-Ni metal, sulfides, and silicates. Studies of ureilites indicate that the parent body went through a series of igneous processes, while, at the same time, ureilites contain features that can only be explained by mixing of primitive nebular materials. Several models have been proposed to explain the origin of ureilites, and these include multi-stage igneous cumulate processes, residues of partial melting, collision of primitive planetesimals, and most recently smelting of an olivine-rich parent body. Despite the difficulty of finding a single model to satisfy all the chemical and physical observations, there is little doubt that ureilites represent the silicate portion of a differentiated body. In this study, we present the first (182)Hf-(182)W (t(sub 1/2) approx. 9 myrs) data for a suite of ureilites in order to further constrain the nature and the timing of this partial melting/smelting event. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Ureilites; Meteorite Parent Bodies; Radioactive Age Determination; Hafnium Isotopes; Tungsten Isotopes

20050170967 Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ, USA Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of Anhydrous Sulfate Minerals Lane, M. D.; Bishop, J. L.; Dyar, M. D.; Cloutis, E.; Forray, F. L.; Hiroi, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

387 Sulfates have been identified in Martian soils and bedrock and are emerging as an important indicator for aqueous activity on Mars. Sulfate minerals can form in a variety of low-temperature (evaporitic; chemical-weathering) and high-temperature (volcanic/fumarolic; hydrothermal) environments and their formational environments can range from alkaline to acidic. Although sulfates generally form in the presence of water, not all sulfates are hydrous or contain water in their structures. Many of these anhydrous sulfates (Dana group 28; Strunz class 67A) are minerals that form as accompanying phases to the main minerals in ore deposits or as replacement deposits in sedimentary rocks. However, some form from thermal decomposition of OH or H2O-bearing sulfates, such as from the reaction [1]: jarosite = yavapaiite + Fe2O3 + H2O. Where known, the stability fields of these minerals all suggest that they would be stable under martian surface conditions [2]. Thus, anhydrous sulfate minerals may contribute to martian surface mineralogy, so they must be well-represented in spectral libraries used for interpretation of the Martian surface. We present here the preliminary results of an integrated study of emittance, reflectance, and Mossbauer spectroscopy of a suite of wel-lcharacterized anhydrous sulfates. Derived from text Sulfates; Spectroscopy; Mars Surface; Sedimentary Rocks; Soils; Surface Properties; Mineral Deposits

20050170968 Minnesota Univ., Duluth, MN, USA Venusian Channel Formation as a Subsurface Process Lang, N. P.; Hansen, V. L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Venusian channels contain meanders, braided segments, streamlined islands, and point bars [Baker et al., 1992]. Channels may extend for \g200 km [Baker et al., 1992], may or may not contain levees [Bussey et al., 1995; Baker et al., 1997] and sometimes occur in discontinuous segments. Hypotheses regarding venusian channel formation assume channels result from the movement of fluid at the surface [Gregg and Greeley, 1993; Komatsu et al., 1992; Bussey et al., 1995; Williams-Jones et al., 1998; Jones and Pickering, 2003; Lang and Hansen, 2004]; the fluid will form channels through either constructional [Gregg and Greeley, 1993] or erosional [Komatsu et al., 1992; Bussey et al., 1995; Williams-Jones et al., 1998; Jones and Pickering, 2003; Lang and Hansen, 2004] processes. Last year, we [Lang and Hansen, 2004] noted that some channels cut wrinkle ridges and shields and concluded that this relationship suggested thermal erosion of a substrate by fluid at the surface. However, in this abstract, we argue that those observations are inconsistent with channel formation as a surface process. Instead, we argue that our observations [Lang and Hansen, 2004] are more consistent with channel formation as a subsurface process. Subsurface fluid movement may erode the overlying material, or suprastrate. Our hypothesis presented here is similar to the one outlined by Komatsu et al. (2001) for the formation of valley networks; however, our hypothesis does not call upon fluid moving along pre-existing fractures. Derived from text Fractures (Materials); Venus (Planet); Substrates; Valleys; Erosion

20050170971 Paris-Sud Univ., Orsay, France Observations of the North Permanent Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolutions Langevin, Y.; Poulet, F.; Bibring, J.-P.; Schmitt, B.; Doute, S.; Gondet, B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The North permanent cap of Mars has been extensively studied over the last 30 years. Viking obtained the first comprehensive coverage in the visible [1]. IRTM and TES/MGS brightness temperature observations [2,3,4] demonstrated that water ice dominate the permanent cap after the summer solstice. Global maps of the cap were obtained in the visible relying on albedo contrasts, but very significant differences in terms of extent were observed with this criterion both between Martian years and within a given summer [1,5]. In October and November 2004, the OMEGA imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express was able to obtain global maps of surface water ice at high northern latitudes with a resolution of 2 to 5 km per pixel using the strong absorption bands of water ice between 1.25 and 4 m [6]. The extent of surface ice remained stable, nearly identical to that observed by Viking in 1976. It was possible to link albedo variations with changes in ice grain size, dust content and aerosol optical thickness. Since mid November 2004, due to the northward motion of the pericenter of Mars Express, it is not possible anymore to obtain global maps, but observations of specific regions can be made at resolutions per pixel of 1 km or less. A first example is given in Fig. 1. Derived from text Imaging Spectrometers; Mars Surface; Polar Caps; Ice Mapping; Absorption Spectra; Thermal Mapping; Aerosols

388 20050170973 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Classiﬁcation and Distribution of Patterned Ground in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars Langsdorf, E. L.; Britt, D. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document On Earth a range of periglacial processes and morphologies are indicative of moisture-soil interactions in arctic terrain. Strikingly similar morphologies on Mars, at similar physical scales, have been identiﬁed in high resolution images taken by the Mars Orbital Camera (MOC). These polygons are thought to be caused from thermal contraction in ice-rich soils. The focus of our research is to systematically classify and map the distribution of different types of patterned ground found in the southern polar regions of Mars. The different types of patterned ground are grouped together and mapped onto a Mars polar base map with a topographical overlay. This allows us to identify the locations of each different type of patterned ground, establish their spatial relationships, and characterize any elevation, longitudinal or latitudinal controls on different types of polygon formation. This will help characterize the range of occurrence of the different morphologies of patterned ground and any physical controls on the development of these morphologies. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Surface; Planetary Mapping; Southern Hemisphere; Terrain Analysis

20050170975 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: New Constraints on Mars Denudation Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Island, High Arctic Lee, Pascal; Boucher, M.; Desportes, C.; Glass, B. J.; Lim, D.; McKay, C. P.; Osinski, G. R.; Parnell, J.; Schutt, J. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Analysis of crater modification on Mars and at Haughton Crater, Devon Island, High Arctic, which was recently shown to be significantly older than previously believed (Eocene age instead of Miocene) [1], suggest that Mars may have never been climatically wet and warm for geological lengths of time during and since the Late Noachian. Impact structures offer particularly valuable records of the evolution of a planet s climate and landscape through time. The state of exposure and preservation of impact structures and their intracrater fill provide clues to the nature, timing, and intensity of the processes that have modified the craters since their formation. Modifying processes include weathering, erosion, mantling, and infilling. In this study, we compare the modification of Haughton through time with that of impact craters in the same size class on Mars. We derive upper limits for time-integrated denudation rates on Mars during and since the Late Noachian. These rates are significantly lower than previously published and provide important constraints for Mars climate evolution. Derived from text Climate; Mars Environment; Mars Craters; Geochronology; Weathering; Mars Surface

20050170976 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crystalline Siderite Lauer, H. V., Jr.; Ming, D. W.; Golden, D. C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Increasing interest in environmental geochemistry has led to the recognition that crystals with sizes in the nanometer range (e.g., colloids and nanoscale precipitates) and poorly crystalline compounds (e.g., ferrihydrites) may comprise the majority of reactive mineral surface area near the Earth s surface. When the diameters of individual particles are in the range of 100 nm or less, the surface energy contribution to the free energy modifies phase stability. This results in stabilization of polymorphs not normally encountered in the macrocrystal domain. These phases potentially have very different surface-site geometries, adsorptive properties, and growth mechanisms, and exhibit size-dependent kinetic behavior. Thus nanophases dramatically modify the physical and chemical properties of soils and sediments. In a more general sense, the characteristics of nanocrystals are of intense technological interest because small particle size confers novel chemical, optical, and electronic properties. Thus, nanocrystalline materials are finding applications as catalytic substrates, gas phase separation materials, and even more importantly in the field of medicine. This is an opportune time for mineral physicists working on nanocrystalline materials to develop collaborative efforts with materials scientists, chemists, and others working on nanophase materials of

389 technological interest (e.g., for magnetic memories). Our objective in this study was to synthesize submicron (\h200 nm) magnetite and to study their thermal and particle size properties. Derived from text Iron Oxides; Minerals; Thermodynamic Properties; Chemical Properties; Colloids; Crystals; Nanocrystals; Vapor Phases

20050170977 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA, USA Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Implications for Ice-penetrating Radar Scattering Loss Lee, Sunwoong; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Makris, Nicholas C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document It has been proposed that Europa s potential subsurface ocean could be detected by ice-penetrating radar (Chyba et al. 1998; Moore 2000). The main challenge to radar sounding on Europa lies in accrued absorption due to warm or dirty ice (Chyba et al. 1998; Moore 2000), and scattering due to ice surface roughness and volume inhomogeneities (Greeley et al. 2004). Both Earth-based radar-wave backscattering data (Black et al. 2001) and extremely low cycloidal crack initiation strength (Hoppa et al. 1999) show that the ice shell may be highly porous. Furthermore, high resolution surface images from the Galileo mission shows that it may also be highly fractured. These inhomogeneities together with surface roughness will lead to scattering losses, the significance of which need to be assessed. We show that the size of vacuous pores or brine pockets in Europa s ice shell are likely very small compared to ice-penetrating radar wavelength, based on the data by Black et al. (2001) and terrestrial ice rheology model for fracture strength (Weeks and Ackley 1982). This has the significant implication that porosity-induced scattering should not be significant. This substantially differs from what has been predicted by Eluszkiewicz (2004), who arbitrarily assumed meter-scale spherical pores. We show that this overestimation of pore size leads to a corresponding overestimation of transmission loss due to scattering by orders of magnitude. Derived from text Europa; Rheology; Ice; Radar Scattering; Backscattering; Surface Roughness; Porosity

20050170982 Bern Univ., Bern, Switzerland Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus and Amphitrites Patera Lefort, A.; Russell, P.; Thomas, N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Amphitrites-Peneus patera complex is located in Malea Planum, on the southern rim of the Hellas basin. It consists in two circular calderas, situated on a volcanic shield and was probably created by episodes of pyroclastic volcanism during the late Noachian period [1]. In addition to these volcanic landforms, the region also displays interesting features indicative of interstitial ice such as patterned ground (polygonal features), and sublimation landforms. The most interesting landform consists of smooth discontinuous layers of apparently thin material. This layer is eroded in scallops and mesa, very similar to the Swiss cheese features of the South Polar Regions. We use a combination of MOLA altimetry, MOC, Themis and TES data in order to map this region and study the formation and evolution of these sublimation landforms. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Ice; Sublimation; Landforms; Mars Surface

20050170983 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Through Ion Pick-Up Leisner, J. S.; Russell, C. T.; Dougherty, M. K.; Blanco-Cano, X.; Smith, E. J.; Tsurutani, B. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document One of the possible loss processes for Saturn s E-ring is ionization followed by acceleration by the electric ﬁeld associated with the corotating magnetized plasma. It is possible to determine if this process is occurring by detecting electromagnetic waves at the gyrofrequency of water group ions. If the energy the particle gains in this pick-up process is sufficiently great, the picked up ions will generate ion cyclotron waves. Pioneer 11 and Voyager 1 both observed intervals of such waves associated with water group ions during their passes through Saturn s E-ring. Presently the magnetometer onboard the Cassini spacecraft is also seeing water group ion cyclotron oscillations. The Cassini data allow the spatial and temporal behavior of the waves to be mapped in ways not possible during the previous ﬂybys. Analyses of these waves allow us to study the rate

390 of mass loading and its latitudinal and local time variation. In conjunction with previous data, we can then determine the variation as the inclination of the ring to the Sun changes, in accordance with Saturn’s seasons. These waves may be the clue to how Saturn powers its magnetosphere as the newly born ions could be the driver for the radial motion of the plasma and to how the E-ring may play the equivalent role to that of Io in the jovian magnetosphere. Author Saturn Rings; Extraterrestrial Water; Losses; Ion Cyclotron Radiation

20050170985 Saint Petersburg Univ., Saint Petersburg, Russia The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Using Accessory Zircon Leontieva, E. M.; Matukov, D. I.; Nazarov, M. A.; Sergeev, S. A.; Shukolyukov, Y. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document At present there are more than 50 known lunar meteorites found all over the world in Antarctica, Africa and Australia. Most of them are very well studied with different methods. The isotopic composition of noble gases, oxygen, strontium, lead, and other elements was reported in these meteorites. They were dated by Rb-Sr and common U-Pb and K-Ar methods. However U-Pb zircon ages of lunar meteorites have never been measured. These ages were reported only for some Apollo lunar samples. The goal of the work was to investigate the possibility of isotopic dating of single accessory zircon grains from the Dhofar 025 lunar meteorite using the SHRIMP II ion microprobe. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Rocks; Meteorites; Radioactive Age Determination; Zirconium Compounds; Silicates

20050170986 Marburg Univ., Germany Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebiotic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Mars Lerman, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Pre-biotic chemical evolution presupposes successive generations of increasingly complex organic molecules combinatorially synthesized from previous generations. Not so obvious is how this combinatorial chemistry occurred; or how the overall process of chemical self-organization was functionally supported at each stage of its occurrence on an earlier, much wetter Mars. Yet just as the biochemistry of contemporary organisms can be viewed as a fossil record of biogenesis, so the geochemical physics of the contemporary Earth and Mars is an indicator of the self-organizing dynamic processes underlying prebiotic chemistry. Independent of chemical details, the universalities of chemical physics strongly suggest that past Martian weather cycles offered functional support for organic chemical self-organization, the assumed predecessor to an independent origin of life. The key element is the existence of an air-water interface at a variety of physical scales and whose global issues with respect to an early Mars are discussed in the author s accompanying paper: Derived from text Chemical Evolution; Combinatorial Analysis; Geochemistry; Mars (Planet); Mars Environment; Biological Evolution; Biochemistry

20050170987 Marburg Univ., Germany Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Artifacts of an Early Wet Mars Lerman, L.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The universalities of chemical physics offer considerable insights into the intimate details of hydrology cycles possible in Mars past. Local organic weather cycles inevitably form when the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in water is metastabilized by simple organic compounds, in turn leading to a complex set of mutually transforming phase transitions. In so doing these early Martian weather cycles would have also provided functional support for organic chemical self-organization, the assumed predecessor to an independent ‘origin’ of Martian life. The existence of a signiﬁcant subset of these cycles (both weather and organic self-organization) is likely even if surface waters were of such limited distribution as short time-scale lakes and intermittent turbulent ﬂows. One of a number of potential artifacts of these processes is the possibility that Martian blueberries

391 have nucleated around organic cores, similar to the terrestrial concretions that appear to be their closest terrestrial analog. Derived from text Mars (Planet); Mars Environment; Cycles; Hydrology; Fruits; Surface Water; Phase Transformations

20050170988 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake Sites on Mars Leverington, D. W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The hypothesis that inlet and outlet channels to Martian impact craters were formed as ﬂuvial systems to lacustrine environments [e.g., 1-3] is based on the interpretation that these channels were formed through aqueous processes. Several viable aqueous mechanisms by which channel and valley features on Mars may have formed have been proposed, ranging from surface runoff under relatively warm and wet conditions to sapping processes under cold and dry conditions [e.g., 1,4-9]. These mechanisms have the potential to account for the nature of a wide spectrum of channel types on Mars, but uncertainties remain regarding even the most basic Martian channel-formation processes, and no mechanism or set of mechanisms has yet emerged as a clear means by which channels and valley systems can be conﬁdently said to have formed. Derived from text Mars Surface; Planetary Geology; Mars Craters; Lakes

20050170989 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA, Observatoire de Paris, France A GCM Recent History of Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution from Past Equatorial Ice Reservoirs Levrard, B.; Laskar, J.; Montmessin, F.; Forget, F.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Polar layered deposits are exposed in the walls of the troughs cutting the north polar cap of Mars. They consist of alternating ice and dust layers or layers of an ice-dust mixture with varying proportions and are found throughout the cap. Layers thickness ranges from meters to several tens of meters with an approximately 30 meter dominant wavelength. Although their formation processes is not known, they are presumed to reﬂect changes in ice and dust stability over orbital and axial variations. Intensive 3-D LMD GCM simulations of the martian water cycle have been thus performed to determine the annual rates of exchange of surface ice between the northern cap and tropical areas for a wide range of obliquity and orbital parameters values.These rates have been employed to reconstruct an history of the northern cap and test simple models of dust-ice layers formation over the last 10 Ma orbital variations. We use the 3-D water cycle model simulated by the 3-D LMD GCM with an intermediate grid resolution (7.5 longitude x 5.625 latitude) and 25 vertical levels. The dust opacity is constant and set to 0,15. No exchange of ice with regolith is allowed. The evolution of the northern cap over obliquity and orbital changes (eccentricity, Longitude of perihelion) has been recently described with this model. High summer insolation favors transfer of ice from the northern pole to the Tharsis and Olympus Montes, while at low obliquity, unstable equatorial ice is redeposited in high-latitude and polar areas of both hemisphere. The disappearance of the equatorial ice reservoir leads to a poleward recession of icy high latitude reservoirs, providing an additional source for the cap accumulation during each obliquity or orbital cycle. Furthering the efforts, a quantitative evolution of ice reservoirs is here investigated for various astronomical conditions. Derived from text Mars Surface; Polar Caps; Mineral Deposits; Ice Formation; Equators; Atmospheric General Circulation Models

20050170990 Bern Univ., Bern, Switzerland Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar System Objects Leya, I.; Wiechert, J.; Schoenbaechler, M.; Halliday, A. N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Isotopic anomalies in solar system objects provide powerful constraints on the origin and evolution of the early solar system. To a large degree, the solar system is surprisingly homogeneous isotopically, indicating very efficient mixing of the material that formed the solar system out of the molecular cloud. Exceptions are isotopic anomalies due to in situ effects such as radioactive decay and particle irradiation. Therefore, isotopic anomalies indicating incomplete homogenization are of great importance for understanding the processes and their timing in the early solar system. Isotopic anomalies have been known

392 for many years for noble gases, O, Ti, Cr, Zr, Sm, Nd and Ba. Virtually every Ca-Al-rich refractory inclusion (CAI) from the Allende meteorite carries Ti isotopic anomalies. Titanium isotopic anomalies were also detected in whole rock samples and chondrules of some carbonaceous chondrites. Besides being of a general interest, Ti isotopes may also serve as an indicator of possible irradiation processes in the early solar system. For example, assuming that some of the short-lived radionuclides alive in the early solar system have been produced by particle irradiation, a collateral shift in Ti-48/Ti-47 of a few epsilon would be expected, where 1 epsilon is the deviation in parts/104 from the standard. Our primary purpose of this work is two-fold: 1) to determine the Ti isotopic composition in various solar system objects and search for Ti-48/Ti-47 anomalies in early refractory condensates to prove or reject the hypothesis that some of the short lived radionuclides have been produced by particle irradiation. 2) to add Ti to the list of elements measured via high resolution MC-ICPMS, which is an experimental challenge due to various plasma speciﬁc interferences. Derived from text Titanium Isotopes; Solar System; Meteoritic Composition

20050170991 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA Results of Rover Localization and Topographic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission Li, R.; Squyres, S. W.; Arvidson, R. E.; Bell, J.; Crumpler, L.; DesMarais, D. J.; Di, K.; Golombek, M.; Grant, J.; Guinn, J., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Localization of Spirit and Opportunity Rovers and landing site topographic information are of fundamental importance to understanding where the rovers traversed and where and how to get the vehicles to new locations. During the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission, The Ohio State University (OSU) team, collaborating with JPL and other institutions and organizations, has been routinely producing topographic maps, rover traverse maps, and updated rover locations to support tactical and strategic operations. These maps and localization data have been provided to MER mission scientists and engineers through a Web GIS and proved very valuable to engineering operations and science applications. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Mapping; Position (Location); Mars Surface; Mars Landing Sites

20050170993 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Asteroid 1 Ceres Li, Jian-Yang; McFadden, Lucy A.; Parker, Joel William; Young, Eliot F.; Thomas, Peter C.; Russell, Christopher T.; Stern, S. Alan; Sykes, Mark V.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The ﬁrst asteroid discovered in 1801, asteroid 1 Ceres, is among the oldest and most intact asteroids, and unique. The density of Ceres calculated from the most recent size measurement indicates a large water fraction close to that of the solar system environment in early formation stages. However, because of the difficulty in interpreting its reﬂectance spectrum, and the lack of any spectral match with available meteorite samples, little is known about it. To resolve its surface, and to support NASA s Dawn Discovery mission, which will orbit Ceres starting in 2015 for eleven months, we observed Ceres with HST High Resolution Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (HRC/ACS) for more than one rotation of Ceres. Derived from text Hubble Space Telescope; Photometry; Ceres Asteroid; Planetary Mapping

20050170996 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker XRS Data Lim, L. F.; Nittler, L. R.; Starr, R. D.; McClanahan, T. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We present relative elemental abundances for six elements (Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Fe) in the surface layer of 433 Eros, derived from a new analysis of the solar induced ﬂuorescence measured by the NEARShoemaker X ray Spectrometer (XRS).XRS derived elemental abundances have been presented before. However, calibration of XRS data depends critically on knowledge of the incident solar spectrum, which varies greatly on time scales of seconds to minutes. Unfortunately, the gas solar monitor

393 carried by NEAR was inadequately calibrated prior to launch. The previously published XRS results were based partly on broadband measurements by the Earthorbiting GOES8 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) Xray detectors and partly on a preliminary solar monitor calibration carried out by the present authors. The new solar monitor calibration is based on a more recent set of physical models of the solar spectrum at various temperatures, an improved fitting procedure, analysis of a large number of flight spectra, and comparison with concurrent data from the GOES Xray detectors. In addition, the new analysis includes data from three solar flares not considered in earlier papers. Derived from text Eros Asteroid; Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Mission; X Ray Spectrometers; Chemical Composition; Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet

20050170997 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo from Electron Reflection Magnetometry Lillis, R. J.; Manga, M.; Mitchell, D. L.; Lin, R. P.; Acuna, M. H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Present-day Mars does not possess an active core dynamo and associated global magnetic field. However, the discovery of intensely magnetized crust in Mars Southern hemisphere implies that a Martian dynamo has existed in the past. Resolving the history of the Martian core dynamo is important for understanding the evolution of the planet’s interior. Moreover, because the global magnetic field provided by an active dynamo can shield the atmosphere from erosion by the solar wind, it may have influenced past Martian climate. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Magnetic Fields; Mars (Planet); Magnetic Measurement; Southern Hemisphere

20050170998 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Science Applications of Physics and Chemistry for High School and College Classes. Update. Lindstrom, M. M.; Tobola, K. W.; Allen, J. S.; Stocco, K.; Henry, M.; Allen, J. S.; McReynolds, Julie; Porter, T. Todd; Veile, Jeri; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document As the scientiﬁc community studies Mars remotely for signs of life and uses Martian meteorites as its only available samples, teachers, students, and the general public continue to ask, ‘How do we know these meteorites are from Mars?’ This question sets the stage for a six-lesson instructional package Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets. Expanding on the short answer ‘It’s the chemistry of the rock’, students are introduced to the research that reveals the true identities of the rocks. Since few high school or beginning college students have the opportunity to participate in this level of research, a slide presentation introduces them to the labs, samples, and people involved with the research. As they work through the lessons and interpret authentic data, students realize that the research is an application of two basic science concepts taught in the classroom, the electromagnetic spectrum and isotopes. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Schools; Students; Educational Resources; SNC Meteorites

20050170999 Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO, USA Potential for Life on Mars from Low-Temperature Aqueous Weathering Link, L. S.; Jakosky, B. M.; Thyne, G. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have explored the chemical weathering at low temperatures on Mars based on the increasing evidence for non-hydrothermal water at or near the martian surface. Simple reactions involving water and rock at low temperatures (as low as 0 C) are sources of geochemical energy that are able to support metabolism for potential martian microbes. Quantifying the amount of energy produced from these low temperature water-rock reactions on Mars allows us to determine how much biomass potentially could have existed and what environments might have been most conducive to the existence of an ecosystem. Derived from text Ecosystems; Extraterrestrial Life; Low Temperature; Weathering; Aqueous Solutions; Mars Surface; Mineralogy; Geochemistry

394 20050171000 California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al Ratios in an Unaltered Allende CAI Liu, M.-C.; Iizuka, Y.; McKeegan, K. D.; Tonui, E.; Young, E. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Mg isotope distributions contain clues for the formation environments and thermal histories of CAIs both in terms of mass-dependent fractionation and radiogenic (26)Mg*. Among the major constituents in CAIs, melilite and anorthite are especially susceptible to isotopic disturbance through interactions with surrounding minerals and mineral alteration during thermal processing. As a consequence, the original isotope signals and implied initial (26)Al/(27)Al ratios are not necessarily preserved. Due to the rarity of unaltered melilite in most Allende inclusions, supra-canonical (26)Al/(27)Al initial ratios (approx. 6 to 7 x 10(exp -5)) may be difficult to ﬁnd. Analyzing whole inclusions, Bizzarro et al. suggested all CAIs have a single canonical ratio of 5.2 x 10(exp -5) and formed contemporaneously within the ﬁrst 50,000 years of the solar system, in contrast to previous studies. Here we present data for two inclusions from Allende that exhibit contrasting levels of preservation of initial (26)Al/(27)Al signals. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Aluminum Isotopes; Isotope Ratios; Carbonaceous Chondrites

20050171001 NASA, Washington, DC, USA Two Successive Martian Years on the Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ ODYSSEY Data Litvak, M. L.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Kozyrev, A. S.; Sanin, A. B.; Tretyakov, V.; Boynton, W. V.; Hamara, D. K.; Shinohara, C.; Saunders, R. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The three years of Mars Odyssey successful work on the martian orbit provide a lot of new information about peculiarities of long term variations of CO2 seasonal cycle. To start such analysis we have used observations of neutron albedo of Mars obtained by High Energy Neutron detector (HEND) mounted onboard Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The high latitude northern and southern regions of Mars are affected by global redistribution of atmospheric CO2 which resulted in 25% of atmospheric mass condensed on martian surface of these regions during winter period of time. The seasonal deposit is formed starting from 60N/60S latitudes and achieve its maximal thickness about 1 m at latitudes close to martian poles. Changes of CO2 deposit thickness is the reason for signiﬁcant variations of neutron ﬂux above martian poles from summer to winter seasons because CO2 frost effectively hides upper water rich surface layers from the orbit observations in neutrons and gamma-rays. This effect was used to estimate column density of CO2 deposit at different latitudes on North and South of Mars and reconstruct multidimensional model of CO2 deposit showing how snow depth varies as function of latitude, longitude and time. In this presentation we tried to make a next step in our study of martian seasonal CO2 cycle and look for similarities and differences between two successive martian years. Derived from text 2001 Mars Odyssey; Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Mars Surface; Neutron Counters; Seasons; Data Processing

20050171002 Institut de Physique du Globe, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling on Venus Lognonne, P.; Occhipinti, G.; Garcia, R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Magellan’s Venus pictures show several examples of faults and fractures suggesting movement of the planet’s crust and the existence of Venus quakes. If the seismic activity of Venus is unknown, however, in contrary to Mars, Moon and Mercury, the surface of Venus exhibits few impact craters. Most Venusian impact craters appear unmodiﬁed by any weathering process. This lack of crater is interpreted as the indication for a period of catastrophic resurfacing by volcanism between 200 Myrs and 700 Myrs. Such an activity places Venus as the most recently active terrestrial planet after the Earth. We can imagine therefore a tectonic on Venus able to generate large quakes, of magnitude greater than 6. How however to perform such seismic measurement on a Planet were the surface temperature make the survival of any lander so difficult? Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Venus (Planet); Venus Atmosphere; Seismology; Air Land Interactions; Coupling

395 20050171003 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Long, S. M.; Grosfils, E. B.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-10157; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ongoing mapping of the Ganiki Planitia (V14) quadrangle of Venus and definition of material units has involved an integrated but qualitative analysis of Magellan radar backscatter images and topography using standard geomorphological mapping techniques. However, such analyses do not take full advantage of the quantitative information contained within the images. Analysis of the backscatter coefficient allows a much more rigorous statistical comparison between mapped units, permitting first order selfsimilarity tests of geographically separated materials assigned identical geomorphological labels. Such analyses cannot be performed directly on pixel (DN) values from Magellan backscatter images, because the pixels are scaled to the Muhleman law for radar echoes on Venus and are not corrected for latitudinal variations in incidence angle. Therefore, DN values must be converted based on pixel latitude back to their backscatter coefficient values before accurate statistical analysis can occur. Here we present a method for performing the conversions and analysis of Magellan backscatter data using commonly available ArcGIS software and illustrate the advantages of the process for geological mapping. Derived from text Backscattering; Quantitative Analysis; Venus (Planet); Computer Programs; Radar Data; Geomorphology

20050171005 Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite-bearing Aubrite Lowe, J. J.; Hill, D. H.; Domanik, K. J.; Lauretta, D. S.; Drake, M. J.; Killgore, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GF65G; NAG5-12795; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Aubrites are enstatite-rich achondrites that are probably related to enstatite chondrite parent bodies. The exact link, if any, is not understood. They may have formed from melting within one or more enstatite chondrite parent bodies. Description of NWA 2736: One complete stone weighing 171.51 grams was recovered from the Sahara Desert by nomads sometime before September 2004. It was completely covered with fusion crust and desert varnish. This stone is severely weathered, with caramel brown coloration throughout and calcite veins that extend into the interior of the sample. Mineral analyses were performed and elemental x-ray maps were obtained with a CAMECA SX-50 electron microprobe at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. The relatively high modal abundance of albitic plagioclase, presence of euhedral graphite, depletion of troilite, and occurrence of pervasive kamacite veins (some with daubreelite) all indicate that NWA 2736 has a complex history and may sample a new region of the aubrite parent body. A discussion and analysis on the overall texture of NWA 2736 is presented. Derived from text Graphite; Achondrites; Enstatite; Meteoritic Composition; Mineralogy

20050171006 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole-Aitken Basin Lucey, P. G.; Gillis, J. J.; Cahill, J. T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin is a major topographic and geochemical province on the Moon, and is currently unsampled. This large impact feature almost certainly exposes lunar material with very deep origin, almost certainly the lower crust and possibly the lunar mantle. The importance of this feature in understanding the Moon and by inference the terrestrial planets was underscored by the recommendation by the National Research Council that returning a sample from this basin be a high priority for NASA solar system exploration. The proposed Moonrise SPA sample return mission (Michael Duke, Principal Investigator) is one of two ﬁnalists in the NASA New Frontiers mission, so a SPA sample return in the relatively near future is a strong possibility. Selection of the sample sites for this mission will likely be based on data currently in hand, and it has already been argued that such data are adequate to make such selections. Recently we developed a methodology to extract quantitatively the major mineralogy and chemistry from Clementine reﬂectance spectra of the moon. In this paper,

396 we apply this method to the SPA basin to examine the distribution of mineralogically and chemically deﬁned units. Author (revised) Mineralogy; Structural Basins; Moon; Geochemistry; Topography

20050171009 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Body Lukacs, B.; Jozsa, S.; Kovacs, Zs.; Szakmany, Gy.; Berczi, Sz.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170942; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): T-026660; MUI-TP-154/2004; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We studied the Antarctic Meteorite Thin Section Educational Set prepared by the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tokyo, Japan. We reconstructed a synthesis of an evolutionary path of regions (belts) in the chondritic parent body arranging the chondritic set members according to the degree of thermal metamorphism and the deduced crust and core region set members after the differentiation of the parent body. We discuss the extraordinary possibility of the synthetic overview of the thermal evolution of the chondritic parent body by this NIPR Antarctic meteorite set which also has basic importance in space science and planetary materials education. The synthesis on the basis of the NIPR set can be divided into two main periods. First one is the metamorphism in the parent body which is slowly heated up by the short living radionuclidesThis process results in an onion-layered body with higher temperatures in the core regions and lower temperatures at the margin of the body. The second period is the differentiation when partial melting of metallic and somewhat later the basaltic assemblages results in migration and volcanism in the chondritic parent body. Derived from text Antarctic Regions; Chondrites; Metamorphism (Geology); Meteorites; Thermal Analysis; Veins (Petrology); Volcanology

20050172131 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14 [2005]; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050172132 - 20050172175 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-14; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM Contents include the following: Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchison CM2 Chondrite. Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Flares. TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Inﬂight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Preliminary Results. Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Grains Discovered by Cathodoluminescence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteorite. Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake Nest A Preliminary Report of Reexamination. Modal Abundances of Carbon in Ureilites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Ureilites. Trapped Noble Gas Components and Exposure History of the Enstatite Chondrite ALH84206. Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyroxene Chemistry. Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Binaries. Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Roughness on Particle Threshold. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Activity Suggested by Thermal Images and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Simulations. Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Impact Melts? Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evidence from Volcanic Glass Beads. The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Mars: A Numerical Modeling Study. Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Titan s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Dichotomy. An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure. Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Zircons Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool for Hayabusa Operation. Size and Shape Distributions of Chondrules and Metal Grains Revealed by X-Ray Computed Tomography Data. Properties of Permanently Shadowed Regolith. Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water and Ground Shaking on Slope Stability. Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hydrothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed by Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Iapetus in Comparison: First Results from Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Data. Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry and Image Data on 433 Eros. The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink for. CASI Mars Surface; Mars Volcanoes; Meteoritic Composition; Glaciers

397 20050172132 New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM, USA Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Mars: A Numerical Modeling Study Nelli, S. M.; Murphy, J. R.; Sprague, A. L.; Boynton, W. V.; Prettyman, T. H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) on board the Viking Orbiters of the 1970’s recorded brightness temperatures approx. 133 K) over the South Pole well below the frost point of CO2 (approx. 150 K). Of the six spectral bands IRTM operated, the only spectral band with acceptable resolution below 170 K was at 20 microns (here after known as the T20 band). It was believed at one time that CO2 depletion over the winter pole and the subsequent enhancement of non-condensable gases was the cause for this low brightness temperature phenomenon. Even though this has been proven to no longer be true, it is still intriguing to ponder that non-condensable gases, such as Ar and N2, can accumulate over the winter pole to values larger than the global mean. Both the Neutron Spectrometer and the Gamma Subsystem on the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer instrument suite have measured this enhancement. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Polar Caps; Mars (Planet); Planetary Temperature; Noncondensable Gases; Mars Atmosphere; Atmospheric Models

20050172133 Nevada Univ., Reno, NV, USA Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water and Ground Shaking on Slope Stability Neuffer, D. P.; Schultz, R. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We identified 12 landslides or landslide complexes derived from interior layered deposits (ILDs) in the Hebes, East Candor, and Melas Chasmata of Valles Marineris, Mars. Using slope stability analysis, we modeled five landslides to determine the possible failure mechanisms. Three of the landslides could have failed readily under dry, static (e.g., current) conditions. One landslide in East Candor Chasma most likely required seismic ground acceleration to fail. A slope failure in Melas Chasma probably resulted from the release of subsurface fluids onto the ILD slope directly above the landslide. Author Landslides; Mars Surface; Slopes; Stability Tests; Mineral Deposits; Mars Volcanoes; Water

20050172134 California Univ., Santa Cruz, CA, USA Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications for Ice Shell Properties Nimmo, F.; Schenk, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Although Europa s ice shell is pervasively deformed by primarily extensional structures, few normal faults have been identiﬁed. Here we use stereo topography to characterize two apparent normal faults, and infer both the local Young s modulus and effective elastic thickness for the ice shell. Author Europa; Ice; Modulus of Elasticity

20050172136 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Nishiizumi, K.; Allton, J. H.; Burnett, D. S.; Butterworth, A. L.; Caffee, M. W.; Clark, B.; Jurewicz, A. J. G.; Komura, K.; Westphal, A. J.; Welten, K. C., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document A total of 8,000 sq cm of Mo-coated Pt foils were exposed to solar wind for 884 days by the Genesis mission. Solar wind ions were captured in the surface of the Mo. Our objective is the measurement of long-lived radionuclides, such as Be-10, Al-26, Cl-36, and Mn-53, and short-lived radionuclides, such as Na-22 and Mn-54, in the captured sample of solar wind. The expected ﬂux of these nuclides in the solar wind is 100 atom/sq cm yr or less. The hard landing of the SRC (Sample Return

398 Capsule) at UTTR (Utah Test and Training Range) has resulted in contaminated and crumpled foils. Here we present a status report and revised plan for processing the foils. Author Solar Wind; Radioactive Isotopes; Coatings; Chlorine; Meteoroids

20050172138 Calgary Univ., Alberta, Canada The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Probably Related to Crater Rim Collapse Nycz, J. C.; Hildebrand, A. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Most impact craters are known only from remote observations so that in general, topographic features of roughly circular and concentric character constitute their morphologic expression. In complex craters, commonly recognized morphologic features are crater rim, zone of terracing, central peaks and/or peak rings. At particularly large craters an additional morphology of the multi-ring basin is distinguished by having additional topographically asymmetric scarps vs. the symmetric proﬁles of peak rings. The slump widths between the multi-ring basin scarps are also relatively broad and continuous compared to those found in typical terrace zones. We distinguish an additional morphologic feature, a second type of peak ring that occurs near the edge of a crater typically superposed on the lower part of the terraced zone - the Peripheral Peak Ring. Peak Rings and Peripheral Peak Rings: Using Author Craters; Escarpments; Topography

20050172139 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks and Mobile Elements: Implications of Early MER Results Newsom, H. E.; Nelson, M. J.; Shearer, C. K.; Draper, D. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-11496; NNG04GE87G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Hydrothermal and aqueous alteration can explain some of the exciting results from the MER team s analyses of the martian soil, including the major elements, mobile elements, and the nickel enrichment. Published results from the ﬁve lander missions lead to the following conclusions: 1) The soil appears to be globally mixed and basaltic with only small local variations in chemistry. Relative to martian basaltic meteorites and Gusev rocks the soils are depleted in the ﬂuid-mobile element calcium, but only slightly enriched to somewhat depleted in iron oxide. 2) The presence of olivine in the soils based on M ssbauer data argues that the soil is only partly weathered and is more akin to a lunar regolith than a terrestrial soil. 3) The presence of bromine along with sulfur and chlorine in the soils is consistent with addition of a mobile element component to the soil. Author Mars Surface; Soils; Geochemistry; Hydrothermal Systems; Crystals; Rocks

20050172140 Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO, USA Continued Characterization of Presolar Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Carbonaceous Chondrite Nguyen, A. N.; Zinner, E.; Stroud, R. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Among circumstellar grains produced around O-rich evolved stars, silicate grains are the most abundant. Until recently, the identification of presolar silicate grains in extraterrestrial materials proved difficult due in part to their destruction by parent body processes, requiring analysis of very primitive samples, and to the experimental challenge presented by their submicron diameters and the predominance of grains of solar-system origin. Presolar silicate grains were first identified in anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and subsequently in meteorites. By far the largest number of presolar silicates in meteorites has been found in the very primitive carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. Six additional grains have been found in Semarkona and Bishunpur, and NWA 530. Derived from text Carbonaceous Chondrites; Silicates; Solar System; Stellar Envelopes

399 20050172141 Klein Independent School District, Klein, TX, USA Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features on Mars Nguyen, D.; Romero, K.; Cassiani, N.; Rogers, J.; Lee, J.; Saribudak, E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Using high resolution day-time infra-red images from the Mars Odyssey Spacecraft’s THEMIS IR camera (IR Images #.s: I08779012, I09389011, I10964001 and I08091021),the MSIP team attempted to address this question: Is there evidence that areas of higher temperature are more conducive to the formation of sinuous and dendritic features that appear to be caused by aqueous processes? Author Mars Surface; Infrared Imagery; Landforms; Thermal Analysis

20050172143 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Experiment: First Results Niemann, H.; Demick, J.; Haberman, J.; Harpold, D.; Kasprzak, W.; Raaen, E.; Way, S.; Atreya, S.; Carignan, G.; Bauer, S., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Huygens Probe of the Cassini Huygens Mission entered the atmosphere of the moon Titan on January 14, 2005. The GCMS was part of the instrument complement on the probe to measure in situ the chemical composition of the atmosphere during the probe descent and to support the Aerosol Collector Pyrolyzer (ACP) experiment by serving as detector for the pyrolization products. The GCMS collected data from an altitude of 146 km to ground impact for a time interval of 2hours and 37minutes. The Probe and the GCMS survived the ground impact and collected data for 1hour and 9 minutes on the surface in the near surface environment until signal loss by the orbiter. The major constituents of the lower atmosphere were found to be N2 and CH4. The methane-mixing ratio was found to increase below the turbopause, about 35 km altitude, monotonically toward the surface to levels near saturation. After surface impact a steep increase of the mixing ratio was observed suggesting evaporation of surface condensed methane due to heating by the GCMS sample inlet heater. Other constituents were found to be in very low concentrations, below ppm levels. The presence of Argon 40 was conﬁrmed. The results for the other noble gases are still being evaluated. Other hydrocarbons and nitriles were also observed and quantitative evaluation is in progress. Preliminary ratios for the major carbon and nitrogen isotopes were computed from methane and molecular nitrogen measurements. The instrument collected 5634 mass spectra during descent and 2692 spectra on the ground over a range of m/z from 2 to 141. Eight gas chromatograph samples were taken during the descent and two on the ground. Author Cassini Mission; Huygens Probe; Gas Chromatography; Mass Spectrometers; Chemical Composition; Atmospheric Composition; Aerosols; Nitrogen Isotopes; Carbon Isotopes; Hydrocarbons

20050172144 Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Trapped Noble Gas Components and Exposure History of the Enstatite Chondrite ALH84206 Nakashima, D.; Nakamura, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Recently, some E3 chondrites with solar noble gases were found, but detailed studies of the solar-gas-bearing E3 chondrites have been seldom performed. We have studied noble gases in the solar-gas-bearing E3 chondrites so as to characterize energetic particle environments of E chondrites. Here we report the results of noble gas analyses of Allan Hills (ALH) 84206, one of the solar-gas-bearing EH3 chondrites, and discuss trapped noble gas components and exposure history. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Rare Gases; Meteoritic Composition; Chondrites; Gas Analysis

20050172145 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Roughness on Particle Threshold Neakrase, Lynn D.; Greeley, Ronald; Iversen, James D.; Balme, Matthew L.; Foley, Daniel J.; Eddlemon, Eric E.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

400 Dust devils have been proposed as effective mechanisms for lofting large quantities of dust into the martian atmosphere. Previous work showed that vortices lift dust more easily than simple boundary layer winds. The aim of this study is to determine experimentally the effects of non-erodable roughness elements on vortex particle threshold through laboratory simulations of natural surfaces. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Dust Storms; Surface Roughness Effects; Mars Surface; Mars Environment; Vortices; Lofting

20050172147 Museum of Natural History, London, UK Extent and Further Characteristics of Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Planitia, Mars Nussbaumer, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Here is presented the hypothesis that ice sheets from a retreating and sublimating frozen lake changed the planet s surface in southeastern Elysium Planitia, Mars. This hypothesis is based on observed morphologies, that are similar to morphologies in terrestrial formerly glaciated environments. An interesting aspect in this region is the relatively young age of the deposits, derived from the small amount of impact craters. The Elysium region is thought to be an area associated with the youngest volcanic, fluvial and glacial activity seen so far on Mars. The relevant geological units include Aeolis (A), the Cerberus Plains (CP) and the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF). Parts of the CP are situated at the end of the geological young Athabasca Valles outflow channel and have been previously interpreted as either flood lava or outflow channel deposits. Author Planetary Geology; Mars Surface; Ice; Sublimation; Lakes; Deposits

20050172148 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Implications for Impact-Sampling of Planetary Surfaces Nyquist, L. E.; Shih, C.-Y.; Reese, Y.; Bogard, D. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have measured the age of lunar meteorite LAP02205 by the Rb-Sr and Ar-Ar methods. Sm-Nd analyses are in progress. The Rb-Sr and Ar-Ar ages indicate a crystallization age of approx. 3 Ga. Comparing the ages of LAP02205 and other lunar mare basaltic meteorites to mare surface ages based on the density of impact craters shows no signiﬁcant bias in impact- sampling of lunar mare surfaces. Comparing the isotopic and geochemical data for LAP02205 to those for other lunar mare basalts suggests that it is a younger variant of the type of volcanism that produced the Apollo 12 basalts. Representative impact-sampling of the lunar surface Derived from text Lunar Maria; Meteorites; Planetary Surfaces; Lunar Surface; Chronology

20050172149 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchison CM2 Chondrite Nagashima, K.; Sakamoto, N.; Yurimoto, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Primitive meteorites contain presolar grains that predate the formation of our Solar System. Recently, presolar silicates are found in primitive chondrites and the abundance of presolar silicates is higher than those of most other presolar phases. These studies conducted on the least thermally metamorphosed and aqueously altered chondrites. In this study, in situ search for presolar grains in Murchison CM2 chondrite were conducted. Because Murchison has undergone aqueous alteration, the comparison between the abundances of presolar silicates and carbonaceous grains allow us to look at the effects of aqueous alteration processes on presolar grain destruction. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Metamorphism (Geology); Silicates; Meteoritic Composition; Chondrites

20050172151 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Nakamura, K.; Messenger, S.; Keller, L. P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

401 Chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) are subdivided into (1) particles that form highly porous aggregates (chondritic porous ‘CP’ IDPs), and (2) smooth particles (‘CS’ IDPs). Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been a valuable tool for non-destructively determining the bulk mineralogy of IDPs. Most IDPs fall within three distinct IR groups: (1) olivine-rich particles, (2) pyroxene-rich particles, and (3) phyllosilicate-rich particles. From the IR studies, IDPs dominated by anhydrous minerals tend to be ﬁne grained (CP), while phyllosilicate-rich IDPs are mostly CS. CP IDPs have been linked to cometary sources based on their compositions, spectral properties, and atmospheric entry velocities. Since no spectral signatures of hydrated minerals have been detected in comets, CS IDPs are thought to derive from primitive asteroids. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have revealed that the mineralogical distinctions between CP and CS IDPs are not always clear. Previous investigators have reported trace amounts of hydrous minerals in dominantly anhydrous particles. A better understanding of these particles will help to elucidate whether there is a genetic relationship between anhydrous and hydrated IDPs, provide insight into the earliest stages of aqueous alteration of primitive materials, and may help to determine whether comets have experienced any aqueous processing. Here we report a combined TEM and isotopic imaging study of an unusual anhydrous IDP with hydrated phases. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Interplanetary Dust; Meteoritic Composition; Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry; Transmission Electron Microscopy

20050172153 Tokyo Univ., Japan Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Grains Discovered by Cathodoluminescence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteorite Nakamura, T. M.; Sugiura, N.; Kimura, M.; Miyazaki, A.; Krot, A. N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Equilibrium thermodynamic condensation calculations for a cooling solar gas at total pressure \h10(exp -2) atm shows that corundum should be the ﬁrst major condensate. With continued cooling, corundum is predicted to react with the nebular gas to form hibonite. Corundum-bearing CAIs are extremely rare: only seven occurrences have previously been reported in detail, three in the CM carbonaceous chondrite Murchison, one in the CM chondrite Murray, two in the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Adelaide, and one in the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Acfer. Some of these corundum grains are considered to be direct condensates from the solar nebular gas, whereas others may have been melted after condensation. Condensation processes in the solar nebula may be elucidated from detailed studies of corundum-hibonite grains. Ten small solar corundum grains (500 nm to 5 micron) have been previously reported in the LL3.1 unequilibrated ordinate chondrite Krymka, but their petrographic information was not provided. Here we report textural observations, chemical compositions, and oxygen isotopic compositions of corundum and corundum-hibonite grains in Acfer 094. Acfer 094 is one of the most primitive chondrites that contain high abundance of presolar grains in the ﬁne-grained matrix. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Aluminum Oxides; Meteoritic Composition; Inclusions; Carbonaceous Chondrites; Cathodoluminescence

20050172154 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake Nest: A Preliminary Report of Reexamination Nakamura, Yosio; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG04GG62G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Deep moonquakes, occurring at depths about halfway to the center of the Moon, were discovered during the Apollo lunar landing missions, 1969-1972. Their near-monthly occurrence with nearly identical waveforms at any given seismic station suggests that they are strongly influenced by tides, caused by the Earth and the Sun, acting on certain limited regions of the deep lunar interior. However, much about them is unknown, why they are restricted to certain depths and to limited source regions (nests), and what they tell us about the nature of the material and dynamics of the interior of the Moon. A piece of information helpful to decipher their true nature is the spatial extent and distribution of their hypocenters. The occurrence of nearly identical waveforms suggests groups of hypocenters appear in close proximity to one another, but can we tell how closely they are located and how they are distributed? The Apollo PSE (Passive Seismic Experiment) data from all stations of the seismic network were received in real time at a common receiving station on Earth in digital form. This provided extremely high inter-station timing accuracy not achievable for most earthquake data on Earth at that time. We took advantage of this to compute relative locations of waveform-matched events, and concluded that deep moonquake foci in the A1 moonquake nest were concentrated on a nearly horizontal plane of less than 1 km in diameter. This earlier study was based on deep moonquake events visually identified on seismograms. A recent reanalysis of earlier unidentified seismic events fully

402 utilizing the high capability of present-day computers expanded the list of positively identified deep moonquakes by more than a factor of five. The new list contains many events that are not visually matched in waveforms, yet correlated at a significant level when cross-correlated with a computer. Thus it became imperative to reexamine the spatial distribution of deep moonquake hypocenters including the newly identified events. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Moonquakes; Spatial Distribution; Seismographs

20050172155 Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Modal Abundances of Carbon in Ureilites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Ureilites Nakamuta, Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Ureilites comprise a meteorite group of achondrites, being mainly composed of olivine and pigeonite. They are unique among achondrites in containing relatively a large amount of primordial noble gases and carbon occurring as graphite and diamond. The primordial noble gases are thought to be exclusively contained in carbon minerals. It has been a problem to reconcile the primordial natures as chondritic abundances of noble gases to igneous or metamorphic natures as coarse-grained recrystallized olivine and pyroxenes. To resolve the problem and give a constraint to the petrogenesis of ureilites it may be important to know the form and the mode of occurrence of carbon minerals in ureilites. So far, carbon minerals are thought to be interstitial material, often referred to as matrix or vein material together with metal, sulfide and minor fine-grained silicates. Recently, large, mm-sized, euhedral graphite crystals were found in some ureilites and diamond in ureilites was shown to have formed from well-crystallized graphite by shock at the time when the ureilite parent body or bodies broke up. In this study, polished thin sections (PTSs) of fifteen Antarctic ureilites having variable olivine-core mg# (Mg/(Mg + Fe) molar%) were observed by an optical microscope in reflected light and morphologies and modal abundances of graphite were analyzed in order to know the petrogenesis of ureilites. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Abundance; Carbon; Ureilites; Petrogenesis

20050172156 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyroxene Chemistry Nazarov, M. A.; Demidova, S. I.; Brandstaetter, F.; Ntaﬂos, T.; Kurat, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): RFBR-03-05-20008; RFBR Proj. I4/04; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Very rare fragments of spinel cataclasites were found in lunar breccias 15445, 72435 and 73263 collected by Apollo 15 and 17 missions. The rocks consist of Al-rich orthopyroxene, Mg, Al-rich spinel, plagioclase and olivine. Based on experimental data and thermodynamic analysis, the spinel cataclasites were interpreted as deep-seated lunar crustal rocks which equilibrated at depths of more than 12 km or even in the uppermost lunar mantle. A spinel cataclasite clast has been recently documented in the lunar meteorite Dhofar 310. It suggests that lunar meteorites could contain a certain portion of deep-seated lunar crustal material. The goal of this study was to search for such components in lunar meteorites collected in the Dhofar region of Oman. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Rocks; Meteorites; Lunar Crust; Pyroxenes; Spinel

20050172158 Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Activity Suggested by Thermal Images and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Simulations Neakrase, Lynn D. V.; Greeley, Ronald; Williams, David A.; Reiss, Dennis; Michaels, Timothy I.; Rafkin, Scot C. R.; Neukum, Gerhard, et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Hecates Tholus is the northernmost of the Elysium volcanoes. Recently Mars Odyssey and Mars Express imaged the volcano using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) and the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), respectively. Nighttime infrared (IR) images from THEMIS show previously undescribed wind streaks radial to the summit

403 but centered on the northwest flank. Mouginis-Mark et al. suggested that the large albedo feature on the northwest flank of Hecates Tholus is indicative of pyroclastic deposits, which could include a significant source for fine-grained particles amenable for wind transport. The streaks of interest are difficult to identify in most visible-band images but are prominent in the nighttime infrared THEMIS images. Their orientation is consistent with modeled nighttime winds, in contrast to the general assumption that most aeolian activity occurs in the afternoon when surface heating is at a maximum for the day. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Mars Atmosphere; Night; Atmospheric Models; Planetary Meteorology; Mars Volcanoes; Wind (Meteorology)

20050172159 Notre Dame Univ., IN, USA Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Impact Melts? Neal, C. R.; Shearer, C. K.; Kramer, G. Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Olivine vitrophyres returned by the Apollo 14 mission from the Fra Mauro region are KREEP-rich, high-Mg impact melts composed primarily of euhedral olivines in an opaque glass. These are petrographically similar to some vitrophyric Apollo 14 high-Al basalts, which are found as clasts in impact breccias. The high-Al basalt clasts have been interpreted as being pristine basalts or as impact melts. It has been shown, through SIMS analyses of olivine phenocrysts, that the whole-rock compositions of the high-Al basalts are not a product of short-range unmixing. These studies also suggested that multiple sources and KREEP assimilation were involved, but could not rule out an impact origin for the Apollo 14 high-Al basalt clasts. The purpose of this study is to compare the compositions of olivine phenocrysts in the high-Al basalts with those in known impact melts, the olivine vitrophyres. If the trace element signatures are similar, it would be reasonable to assume that the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts are, in fact, impact melts. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Rocks; Basalt; Aluminum; Impact Melts; Olivine

20050172160 Notre Dame Univ., IN, USA Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evidence from Volcanic Glass Beads Neal, C. R.; Shearer, C. K.; Kramer, G. Y.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Volcanic glass beads returned from the Moon represent a unique class of igneous material through which the interior of the Moon can be studied. Their major element compositions demonstrate that they are distinct from the crystalline mare basalts and are relatively rich in volatiles. Neal noted that some of the picritic glass compositions contained signatures consistent with garnet being retained in the source regions after melt removal. Neal & Shearer undertook a preliminary study of a variety of volcanic glass beads (VLT-High-Ti) concentrating on the garnet compatible elements Sc, Y, and Yb, as well as the garnet incompatible elements Zr, Nb, Ce, and Sm. The results indicated that the garnet signatures were present in high-Ti glasses. We report here the results of our continuing investigation of garnet signatures recorded by high-Ti volcanic glass beads. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Rocks; Lunar Mantle; Glass; Beads; Lunar Composition; Garnets

20050172161 State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Nekvasil, H.; Filiberto, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In light of the new Martian rock data, TES surface compositions, and larger number of known SNC meteorites, the use of Mg/Si vs. Al/Si ratios to distinguish between the Earth’s crust and the Martian crust must be reconsidered. Magmatic fractionation and crystal accumulation strongly affect the Al/Si and Mg/Si ratios of bulk compositions, thereby obscuring information about mantle characteristics. Previously observed deviations between SNC and terrestrial igneous rocks are not robust when diverse terrestrial cumulates are considered. SNC meteorites could represent mixtures of cumulate

404 ferromagnesian minerals and evolved terrestrial-like liquids. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Planetary Geology; Planetary Crusts; Earth Crust; Mars (Planet); Planetary Composition; Abundance; SNC Meteorites; Meteoritic Composition

20050172162 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Dichotomy Nelson, R. M.; Brown, R. H.; Hapke, B. W.; Smythe, W. D.; Kamp, L.; Boryta, M.; Baines, K. H.; Bellucci, G.; Bibring, J.-P.; Buratti, B. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We present preliminary evidence that suggests a hemispheric albedo dichotomy on Titan, the largest planetary satellite in the Solar System. We have also studied the photometric properties of several dark circular features on Titan’s surface to test if they might be of impact origin. The evidence is derived from photometric analysis of selected surface regions taken at different Titanian longitudes and solar phase angles using images from the Cassini Saturn Orbiter Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). The VIMS instrument is able to image Titan’s surface at spectral windows (e.g. 2.02 microns) in its atmosphere where methane, the principal atmospheric absorber is transparent. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Titan; Satellite Surfaces; Albedo; Dichotomies

20050172164 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Zircons Nemchin, A. A.; Whitehouse, M. J.; Pidgeon, R. T.; Meyer, C.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The recent discovery of heavy oxygen in zircons from the Jack Hills conglomerates Wilde et al. and Mojzsis et al. was interpreted as an indication of presence of liquid water on the surface of Early Earth. The distribution of ages of Jack Hills zircons and lunar zircons appears to be very similar and therefore analysis of oxygen in the lunar grains may provide a reference frame for further study of the early history of the Earth as well as give additional information regarding processes that operated on the Moon. In the present study we have analysed the oxygen isotopic composition of zircon grains from three lunar samples using the Swedish Museum of Natural History CAMECA 1270 ion microprobe. The samples were selected as likely tests for variations in lunar oxygen isotopic composition. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author (revised) Lunar Composition; Lunar Soil; Zirconium Compounds; Isotope Ratios; Oxygen Isotopes

20050172165 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA Properties of Permanently Shadowed Regolith Neubert, Joshua R.; Lucey, Paul G.; Taylor, G. Jeffrey; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Lunar polar regions are a source of much interest due to the possibility of sizeable quantities of water ice in the permanently shadowed regions. If present, the concentration and properties of the ice bearing regolith will have great implications for future exploration of the Moon and could be a rich scientiﬁc resource to help understand processes on other icy bodies such as comets and the Galilean satellites. The lunar poles harbor a microenvironment that possess conditions utterly unlike those of the lunar equator, where Apollo samples came from. These conditions may allow in situ production of organics on the Moon from indigenous inorganic material. If this is the case, the Moon may allow ﬁeld testing of models of inorganic synthesis which have been invoked for many surfaces in the solar system, and even interstellar clouds. It is important to fully understand the environment of the permanently shadowed regions to maximize the potential of future experiments and missions. We review what is known and speculated about the surface in the unique environment in permanently shadowed regions on the Moon. Mercury exhibits an even stronger signal of water ice at its poles, which raises other questions about

405 the source of such water, and why it is so much larger than the lunar signal. Derived from text Polar Regions; Regolith; Lunar Surface; Interstellar Matter

20050172166 Freie Univ., Berlin, Germany The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Iapetus in Comparison: First Results from Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Data Neukum, G.; Wagner, R.; Denk, T.; Porco, C. C., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The two cameras aboard the Cassini spacecraft which was placed into orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004, have provided a wealth of new image data of the Saturnian moons Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Iapetus and their cratering record. In this work, we will present and discuss the ﬁrst results of measurements of CSFDs (crater size frequency distributions) on high-resolution Cassini ISS images of these bodies. Also, similar investigations will be carried out on image data of Mimas, Rhea and Enceladus to be returned in the ﬁrst two months of the year 2005. Derived from text Cassini Mission; Cratering; Dione; Iapetus; Imaging Techniques; Saturn (Planet); Tethys; Cameras; International Space Station; Data Processing

20050172167 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA, USA Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry and Image Data on 433 Eros Neumann, G. A.; Barnouin-Jha, O. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 1 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Errors in spacecraft orbit location and possibly pointing have led to misregistration of NLR and MSI images with respect to global shape models of the asteroid 433 Eros. The NLR shape model employed a least-squares adjustment technique developed for MOLA. Owing to the use of methods developed for spherical bodies, this adjustment was only partially successful and further substantial improvements could be made to the NLR dataset, as we demonstrate in this paper. Improved solutions both for asteroid-wide topography and NEAR’s orbit locations may enhance our current views on the geodesy and thereby the internal properties of this asteroid. In addition, well-registered topographic maps would reveal much about the surface processes acting on 433 Eros. This poster will illustrate the beneﬁts of incorporating selected image sequence constraints into a Cartesian reformulation of the NLR altimetric crossover solution. Author Altimetry; Eros Asteroid; Imaging Techniques; Geodesy

20050172168 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, India and Elemental Variations in Impact Crater Clays Newsom, H. E.; Nelson, M. J.; Shearer, C. K.; Misra, S.; Narasimham, V.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-11496; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The role of hydrothermal alteration and chemical transport involving impact craters could have occurred on Mars, the poles of Mercury and the Moon, and other small bodies. We are studying terrestrial craters of various sizes in different environments to better understand aqueous alteration and chemical transport processes. The Lonar crater in India (1.8 km diameter) is particularly interesting being the only impact crater in basalt. In January of 2004, during ﬁeldwork in the ejecta blanket around the rim of the Lonar crater we discovered alteration zones not previously described at this crater. The alteration of the ejecta blanket could represent evidence of localized hydrothermal activity. Such activity is consistent with the presence of large amounts of impact melt in the ejecta blanket. Map of one area on the north rim of the crater containing highly altered zones at least 3 m deep is shown. Derived from text Clays; India; Ejecta; Lunar Craters; Aqueous Solutions

406 20050172169 Aizu Univ., Aizuwakamatsu, Japan Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool for Hayabusa Operation Nemoto, E.; Asada, N.; Demura, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Furuya, M.; Kubota, T.; Hashimoto, T.; Saito, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Hayabusa is one of the Engineering Missions at ISAS (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science). The main aim of the mission is to acquire and verify the technology required for a samplereturn mission [1]. This mission will make it possible to explore the mysteries of the planet-forming substance, temperature and pressure in early solar system, or evolution with asteroid collision. Hayabusa will arrive at the target asteroid (25143) Itokawa in September of 2005. It will bring back a sample from its surface. Observation phase consists of seven sections: cruising phase (CP), approach phase (AP), gate position (GP), home position (HP), extended observational Transition (XT), high phase angle observation (XO), and terminator observation (TO). Image for shape modeling will be taken in the gate position. In addition, we intend to get images distinguish more detailed geologic context in XO and TO. The purpose of the development of the visualization tool is to project some data on an irregular shaped model. The spacecraft will be at risk for failure if it touches down on rough place. 3D map will be required to recommend the safe place to touch down on the surface and pick up some samples. The goal of this study is to develop a tool to project some data on an irregular shaped model. As a result, the tool would contribute to design operating plans of Hayabusa. Footprint, calculated using SPICE toolkit [2], gives us the information of the border of the ﬁeld of view of an instrument projected onto a surface. To calculate the footprint, relative position information will be used as an input data. It is appropriate to use IDL (Interactive Data Language) [3] [4] to develop such a visualization tool. Derived from text Asteroids; Solar System Evolution; Sample Return Missions; Asteroid Collisions; Field of View

20050172170 Freie Univ., Berlin, Germany Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hydrothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Neukum, G.; Jaumann, R.; Hoffmann, H.; Hauber, E.; Head, J. W.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Ivanov, B. A.; Werner, S. C.; vanGesselt, S.; Murray, J. B., et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The HRSC Experiment on the ESA Mars Express Mission has obtained new insight into the geologic activity of Mars. The analysis of the image data taken over the first half year of the mission shows that calderas on five major volcanoes in the Tharsis and Elysium regions have undergone repeated activation and resurfacing during the last 20% of Martian history, with caldera floors as young as 100 Ma, and flank eruptions as young as 2 Ma. The results conferm that the edi. ces are constructed over billions of years and are characterized by episodically repeated phases of activity continuing almost to the present and suggesting the volcanoes are potentially still active today. It appears that the more recent volcanic activity on both the Tharsis and Elysium volcanoes clustered around 100-200 Ma ago, practically coinciding with radiometric ages of several Martian meteorites. Derived from text Volcanoes; Mars Surface; Hydrothermal Systems

20050172172 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Mare Volcanism Nicholis, M. G.; Rutherford, M. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Many have argued that the Apollo 17 orange glass beads along with the other lunar glasses are products of gas-propelled mare ﬁre-fountain eruptions. Inferences made from the auto-reduction behavior of the orange glass endorse the oxidation of graphite as the principal gas generating mechanism. Due to the low oxygen fugacity range of the lunar interior (IW +0.2 to -2.5), any carbon in the lunar interior would be stable in its reduced state, as graphite. Magma ascending through the lunar interior, due to buoyancy differences, may entrain graphite and carry it to shallower depths. Theoretical calculations on the Graphite-C-O (GCO) phase equilibria show strong pressure dependence. deduced that at a critical pressure in the lunar interior the oxygen fugacity of ascending magma will eventually intersect an isothermal surface in fO2-P space where graphite will be in equilibrium with a CO-CO2 gas mixture. When the orange glass magma ascends to this critical pressure, graphite

407 suspended in the magma would oxidize, producing a gas-phase that would be in equilibrium with graphite, for given pressure. Derived from text Volcanology; Pressure Dependence; Graphite; Lunar Maria; Carbon; Oxidation

20050172175 Australian National Univ., Canberra, Australia Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identification of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older than Nectaris Norman, M. D.; Taylor, L. A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Whether or not the Earth and Moon experienced a cataclysmic bombardment of impacting planetesimals at approx.3.9 Ga remains an open question with significant implications for understanding the cratering history of the inner Solar System, and the use of crater counts for inferring absolute ages of planetary surfaces. Here we review key lines of evidence that support the cataclysm hypothesis, and present a new interpretation that a specific type of lunar breccia may represent impact melts formed prior to the major nearside basins. If this interpretation is correct, the crystallization ages of these pre-Nectarian impact melt breccias may provide a further test of the cataclysm hypothesis. Derived from text Lunar Maria; Cataclysmic Variables; Impact Melts; Craters; Planetary Surfaces; Planetary Evolution; Breccia

20050173107 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15 [2005]; In English; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 14-18 Mar. 2005, Houston, TX, USA; See also 20050173108 - 20050173126 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC5-679 Report No.(s): LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-15; Copyright; Avail: CASI; C01, CD-ROM Contents include the following: Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Organic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source for Methane and Surface Alteration. Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Craters in Argyre Region, Mars. Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Impact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Results. An Experimental Method to Estimate the Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Clouds: An Application to the K/T Impact. Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SELENE Multiband Imager. First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrometer. Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry from SELENE Lunar Polar Orbiter. Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Materials in the Begaa LL3 Chondrite. Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Crater Topography. Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intrusion in Southeast Alba Patera from MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Chains. Are They Really Intact? Evaluation of Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Stardust. Numerical Simulations of Impactor Penetration into Ice-Over-Water Targets. A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Images. New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation and Ejection Processes, and Post-Impact Environment. Cross-Sectional Proﬁle of Baltis Vallis Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Magellan SAR Brightness Data. CASI Mars Craters; Mars Surface; Mars Volcanoes; Organic Materials; Chemical Reactions

20050173108 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Organic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source for Methane and Surface Alteration Oehler, D. Z.; Allen, C. C.; McKay, D. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NRA-03-OSS-01-EXOB; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Reports of methane in the Martian atmosphere have spurred speculation about sources for that methane [1-3]. Discussion has centered on cometary/ meteoritic delivery, magmatic/mantle processes, UV-breakdown of organics, serpentinization of basalts, and generation of methane by living organisms. This paper describes an additional possibility: that buried organic remains from past life on Mars may have been generating methane throughout Martian history as a result of heating associated with impact metamorphism. Derived from text Metamorphism (Geology); Organic Materials; Methane; Heating; Organisms

408 20050173109 Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Materials in the Begaa LL3 Chondrite Okazaki, R.; Nakamura, T.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Chondrites are one of the most primitive meteorites and consist of CAIs, chondrules and matrix. Besides CAIs and chondrules, some other materials that appear to have been derived from high-temperature processes are found: isolated mineral grains (e.g., isolated olivine), metal sulﬁde lumps, igneous rock fragments (mostly derived from impact melt), and metamorphosed chondrules, and chondritic clasts. These materials have information about the thermal processes in the nebula and the chondrite parent bodies. Derived from text Thermal Conductors; Chondrites; Meteoritic Composition; Olivine; High Temperature

20050173110 Tokyo Univ., Japan Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evolution Ozima, M.; Seki, K.; Terada, N.; Miura, Y. N.; Podosek, F. A.; Shinagawa, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Solar wind (SW) implanted in lunar soils contains not only components from the Sun, but also non-solar components including N and some other light elements. With the use of published data, we show that non-solar components of N and He, Ne, Ar can be attributable to the terrestrial atmospheric components; the observed data for these elements are well explained in terms of the mixing between the terrestrial components and solar components (Fig. 1 and 2). We propose that the examination of these terrestrial components would serve as unique tracer of the early Earth evolution. In this paper we focus our discussion mainly on the case of the geomagnetic ﬁeld (GMF). In the present Earth, there is little interaction between the SW and ionospheric constituents due to the shielding effect of GMF. Derived from text Stellar Atmospheres; Lunar Soil; Earth (Planet); Evolution (Development)

20050173111 Oulu Univ., Finland Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Impact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Results Ohman, T.; Raitala, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The Souderfjarden structure (63.0 deg N, 21.6 deg E) just south from Vaasa in western Finland is a prime example of a terrestrial polygonal impact crater, formed due the crater-wall collapse along pre-existing fractures during the modiﬁcation stage. Although it was recognized as a possible impact structure already in the late 1970’s and has been approved since, a more comprehensive study of Souderfjarden’s impact metamorphic rocks and minerals combined with modern geochemical studies has so far been lacking. Our ongoing project aims for a better characterization of the geochemistry and impact metamorphism for this probably Lower Cambrian (approx. 530 Ma), originally approx. 6.4 km large structure. Author Minerals; Metamorphism (Geology); Geochemistry; Craters

20050173112 Nevada Univ., Reno, NV, USA Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Crater Topography Okubo, Chris H.; Schultz, Richard A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Pit crater chains (catenae) are among the most apparent structural features of Valles Marineris, second only to the wider and more contiguous chasmata. Numerous origins for these pit craters, as well as their role in the structural and geologic evolution of Valles Marineris, have been proposed based on photogeologic interpretations of satellite imagery. Models of pit crater formation on Mars commonly envisage an origin through stopping and collapse of surﬁcial material into subsurface voids that are created by mode I opening displacements along tension fractures [1,2], igneous dikes [3,4], or dilational normal faults [5,6]. In this abstract, we evaluate the relative contributions of causative normal faulting and dike intrusion to the

409 MOLA-based topography of pit crater chains at Valles Marineris. Our analysis reveals a dichotomy in causative processes across Valles Marineris. The topography of pit crater chains are consistent with origins by causative normal faulting as well as dike intrusion to the north of the Ius-Melas-Coprates chasmata, while causative normal faulting is the sole process identiﬁed to the south of this chasmata (Fig. 1). Derived from text Craters; Planetary Geology; Photogeology; Mars Surface; Cratering

20050173116 Tokyo Univ., Japan An Experimental Method to Estimate the Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Clouds: An Application to the K/T Impact Ohna, Sohsuke; Sugita, Seiji; Kadono, Toshihiko; Ishibashi, Ko; Igarashi, George; Matsui, Takafumi; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The ﬁnal products of impact vapor clouds plays an important role in the evolution of surface environment of planets such as the K/T event [e.g., 1, 2]. Some previous studies employed laser irradiation in order to create hot and dense vapor clouds substituting for hypervelocity impact experiments [e.g., 2, 3, 4]. Although both laser irradiation experiments and model calculation have been carried out [e.g., 2], the quenching temperature of chemical reactions in large vapor clouds is lower than that in a laboratory scale. Thus we need to know the reaction rate in order to establish the size scaling law of the ﬁnal chemical composition in vapor clouds. Prediction based on such chemical reaction rate is much more reliable than a simple extrapolation. However, experimental data at the temperatures between normal temperatures and several thousand kelvin is relatively poor. Nevertheless, no method to estimate the chemical reaction rate in vapor clouds has been established yet. In this study, we propose an experimental method to estimate the chemical reaction rate in vapor clouds. We also apply it to the redox reactions of sulfur oxides. Derived from text Chemical Composition; Vapors; Chemical Reactions; Hypervelocity Impact; Reaction Kinetics

20050173117 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Ibaraki, Japan Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SELENE Multiband Imager Ohtake, M.; Arai, T.; Takeda, H.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document It is our ultimate goal in our future lunar exploration mission to obtain data of modal abundances of minerals and chemical compositions of the lunar surface. Global multi-spectral data of Multiband Imager (MI) for the SELENE mission is going to deriver that information by combined with hyperspectral data of Spectral Profiler (SP). To understand mineral abundance and mineral compositional distribution of the lunar surface from the remote sensing data using MI and SP we need precise understanding of correlation between mineral composition and spectral reflectance. One of the most important procedures for the precise correction and calibration of remote sensing data is a selection and understanding of a suitable optical standard site. Author Apollo 16 Flight; Landing Sites; Lunar Surface; Spectral Reflectance

20050173118 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrometer Okada, T.; Arai, T.; Hosono, K.; Shirai, K.; Yamamoto, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Kato, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document The X-ray florescence spectrometer or XRS onboard Hayabusa has observed the first X-ray emission off the surface of lunar farside on May 17 in 2004, just before the Earth swing-by. The data indicates that the overall average composition of lunar farside is consistent with anorthosetic crust. We report the observation results as well as the configuration of observation. We also present the instrumentation and performance of the XRS. Author X Ray Sources; Lunar Environment; Emission

410 20050173119 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry from SELENE Lunar Polar Orbiter Okada, T.; Shirai, K.; Yamamoto, Y.; Arai, T.; Ogawa, K.; Hosono, K.; Kato, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document We have been developing an X-ray ﬂuorescence spectrometer, XRS, for SELENE mission, a Japanese lunar polar orbiter that awaits its launch in FY2006. The XRS will map major elemental composition of lunar surface with less than 20km in spatial resolution and 90% surface coverage except for polar region. The XRS has been designed to improve energy resolution and detection efficiency at soft x-rays by adopting new technologies such as X-ray CCD and ultra-thin beryllium window. The current status of the instrumental development is also described. As was proven during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions, major elemental composition can be determined through remote XRF method for atmosphere-free planetary surfaces. Solar X-rays irradiate planetary surface to excite each atom of the uppermost surface materials. Immediately those atoms settle to the ground state and X-rays characteristic of major elements are illuminated off the surface. However, intensity and spectral proﬁles of solar X-rays varies time to time, which affects those of XRF off the planetary surfaces as well. Therefore major elemental composition can be mapped from the orbiting altitude with remote XRF spectrometry, together with concurrent monitoring of solar X-rays. Derived from text X Ray Fluorescence; Lunar Surface; Chemical Composition; Energy Conservation; Planetary Surfaces

20050173120 Nevada Univ., Reno, NV, USA Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intrusion in Southeast Alba Patera from MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Chains Okubo, Chris H.; Schultz, Richard A.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Tharsis-radial graben and pit crater chains (catenae) have been interpreted as the result of igneous dike intrusions [1,2,3], which attain lengths in excess of 2000 km from the center of the Tharsis volcano-tectonic province. Based on the assumption that these Tharsis-radial graben and pit crater chains are underlain by dikes, geodynamic models of lithospheric uplift have been proposed to account for the stress state required for Tharsis-radial dike propagation [4] and the attendant magma fluxes have been estimated [2]. In this abstract, we test the fundamental assumption that Tharsis-radial pit crater chains are underlain by igneous dikes by examining Phlegethon, Acheron and Tractus Catenae on the southeast flank of Alba Patera. Following [5] we compare MOLA-based topography against standard numerical model predictions of surface deformation above buried and surface-breaking dikes and normal faults. We find that these pit crater chains have local cross-strike topographies that are consistent with origins by either dike intrusion, by normal faulting, or by a mixed-mode of dike intrusion and normal faulting, with the causative tendencies changing with position along strike of each pit crater chain (Fig. 1). Derived from text Intrusion; Craters; Rock Intrusions; Tectonics; Mars Surface; Geological Faults; Geodynamics

20050173121 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Stardust Okudaira, K.; Yano, H.; Noguchi, T.; Nakamura, T.; Burchell, M. J.; Cole, M. J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document STARDUST spacecraft will bring cometary samples back to the Earth in 2006. The samples are captured by silica aerogels (about 0.02 g/cc). Aerogels are said to be suitable media for capturing hypervelocity microparticles and the samples are expected to be captured intact. However, evaluation on natural materials that are susceptible to heat has hardly been done before. Since aerogel is an excellent thermal insulator, the kinetic energy of an impacting particle at hypervelocity regimes will be converted mainly to heat and may alter its own composition. So far we have been performing hypervelocity impact experiments at 2-4 km/s, ﬁring micrometeoroid analog materials into aerogel. Here we report the results of the samples shot at 6 km/s, the ﬂyby speed of the spacecraft with its target comet Wild 2. Author Aerogels; Hypervelocity Impact; Micrometeoroids; Microparticles; Silicon Dioxide

411 20050173122 Los Alamos National Lab., NM, USA Numerical Simulations of Impactor Penetration into Ice-Over-Water Targets Ong, L.; Gisler, G.; Weaver, R.; Gittings, M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Only 28 impact features with diameters greater than 4 kilometers have been identiﬁed on Europa, the largest with a diameter of 43-44 km. While craters with low diameters follow classical morphologies observed on other planets, two craters with diameters larger than 30 km have unusual morphologies comprising a smooth central region surrounded by concentric ring massifs. These multi-ring features suggest that Europa’s 80 - 170 km thick H2O layer is composed of a brittle ice layer overlying ductile ice or a liquid ocean. Estimates for Europa s crustal thickness range from two km to 30 km, and no consensus has been reached. Derived from text Numerical Analysis; Impact Damage; Water; Ice; Europa

20050173124 Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Magellan SAR Brightness Data Oshigami, S.; Namiki, N.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Baltis Vallis is a 6800-km long canali- type lava channel on Venus. Channels of this type meander locally and are distinguished by their length entending from several hundreds to several thousands km. The width is nearly constant and is between 1 and 3 km over their entire length. Some canali show characteristics similar to terrestrial fluvial channels. For example, cut-off meanders, point-bars, and deltas are frequently observed on radar images. These morphologic features imply that canali may have formed by low viscosity lava with high discharge rate. These lavas are likely to have chemical composition such as carbonatite, sulfur, and mafic or ultramafic lavas. Derived from text Venus (Planet); Chemical Composition; Canals

20050173125 Max-Planck-Inst. fuer Chemie, Mainz, Germany Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Studying Presolar Grains (and Other Extraterrestrial Materials) Ott, U.; Sudek, C.; Maul, J.; Bernhard, P.; Elmers, H. J.; Schoenhense, G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Besides their major structural elements, presolar grains such as silicon carbide contain a variety of diagnostic trace elements. These contain not only important information about the nucleosynthetic sources (the s-process in AGB stars in case of the mainstream SiC grains), but potentially also about their incorporation. Based on that, they also may constrain possible modes of formation of the grains. Because the main concern in the study of presolar grains so far has been the investigation of isotopic structures, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been the primary method of investigation. For trace element isotopic analyses, this has been supplemented by dedicated methods such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), noble gas mass spectrometry and, for the study of heavy trace elements in individual grains, resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). SIMS has been used also in studying trace element patterns of SiC grains, and the Nano-SIMS can map elemental and isotopic abundances with a lateral resolution better than 100 nm. Author Trace Elements; Silicon Carbides; Rare Gases; Isotopes; Ionization; Extraterrestrial Matter

20050173126 Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russia Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and Temporal Variations and Changes of Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the Base Ground and Satellite Low- Frequency Radar Measurements Ozorovich, Y. R.; Lukomskiy, A. K.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 15; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050173107; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document This geoelectrical subsurface structure of Mars is complicated enough to make us searching methodical and instrumental ways to reveal real Mars frozen structure. One way seems to be establishing geoelectrical markers of speciﬁc subsurface layers

412 that will help us getting certainty structure of Mars subsurface layers as the result of direct measurements from Mars surface or from the base satellite low-frequency radar for regional distribution of martian cryolitozone. Basing on established markers and oreols more accurate geoelectrical structure measurements of frozen subsurface structure can be done. Solving one of previously mentioned tasks a comprehensive expedition near Tambov area have been made. Finding similar geoelectrical markers reference measurements using TDEM method have been done. These allow us building spatial geoelectrical structure using given approach. These results shows necessity of further experimental and methodical research studies on Mars analog ﬁeld sites to ﬁnd out adequate experiment strategy on Mars surface. Derived from text Satellite Observation; Low Frequencies; Mars Surface; Radar Measurement; Temporal Distribution; Spatial Distribution

92 SOLAR PHYSICS Includes solar activity, solar ﬂares, solar radiation and sunspots. For related information see 93 Space Radiation.

20050169799 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Interstellar Components in the Solar Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic Measurements with Isoprobes P and T Jacobsen, S. B.; Ranen, M. C.; Petaev, M. I.; Smoliar, M. I.; Adams, E. R.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document In order to investigate the possible relationships between bulk chemical compositions, isotopic anomalies and isotopic fractionation we are measuring the bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of carbonaceous chondrites and CAIs. This data will be used to improve our understanding of the evolution of solids in the Solar Nebula. Author Carbonaceous Chondrites; Chemical Composition; Isotopic Labeling

20050169834 Australian National Univ., Canberra, Australia The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Sun and Implications for Oxygen Processing in Molecular Clouds, Star-forming Regions, and the Solar Nebula Ireland, T. R.; Holden, P.; Norman, M. D.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 9; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169816; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Oxygen isotope compositions of solar system materials show wide variability and therefore potentially offer insights to the evolution of a molecular cloud through accretionary disk to planetary system. The discovery of large (16)O excesses in refractory inclusions was originally ascribed to a late-stage nucleosynthetic input where short-lived (26)Al and (50)Ti were brought in close to the formation of the solar system. However, nonlinear isotope fractionation was discovered in our own atmosphere leading to an attempt to model the (16)O anomaly in refractory inclusions as the result of high temperature processing in the solar nebula. More recently, the oxygen isotope variability has been ascribed to photochemical processing of CO in the solar system or inheritance from the molecular cloud where photochemical reactions cause variations in (16)O abundance between gaseous and solid phases, and thermal processing in the solar system fractionates these reservoirs. The key ingredient to any model explaining the oxygen isotope systematics of the solar system is the composition of the Sun. Predictions for the solar oxygen isotope composition generally fall into either end of the (16)O fractionation line characterizing solar system compositions, viz. either the Sun has a composition close to terrestrial, or enriched in (16)O. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract. Author Oxygen Isotopes; Solar Nebula; Star Formation; Molecular Clouds; Sun

413 99 GENERAL Includes aeronautical, astronautical, and space science related histories, biographies, and pertinent reports too broad for categorization; histories or broad overviews of NASA programs such as Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury spacecraft, Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS), and Skylab; NASA appropriations hearings.

20050169739 New York Univ., New York, NY, USA The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Accounts of NASA and the Age of Space Burrows, William E.; Kalamaras, Mary, Editor; [2000]; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources Many of the most stirring moments in the history of spaceflight occurred through the dedication of the thousands of men and women of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In this unprecedented volume, more than one hundred astronauts, engineers, scientists, and eyewitnesses recall in vivid detail their personal experiences of events spanning more than four decades of space-exploration history. Offering a unique you-are-there perspective, The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Accounts of NASA and the Age of Space treats readers to firsthand accounts of their human and robotic spaceflight missions selected for their historical significance in consultation with NASA and its chief historian, Dr. Roger D. Launius. Here are moments that galvanized a nation-from the first suborbital missions in space and footsteps on the Moon to the tragic Challenger shuttle disaster to the unveiling of our outer solar system and the search for Martian life. The Infinite Journey opens with an introduction by respected journalist and space historian William E. Burrows, who takes readers on an informative trip through the early roots of space exploration and creation of NASA. In his subsequent chapter overviews and mission essays, Burrows provides background information and context for the individual stories that follow. From the Mercury program through the beginning of the International Space Station, the drama of human spaceflight unfolds through the words of eyewitnesses, including Neil A. Armstrong, who describes his tense moments as Gemini 8 spun out of control; Eugene A. Cernan, who recounts what it felt like to be the last human to walk on the Moon; and Eileen Collins, who relates the excitement of her first flight in space on the STS-63 Mir-rendezvous mission. The book also brings to life robotic exploration programs that have revealed to us the wonders of the universe. Derived from text Space Transportation System; Space Exploration; NASA Space Programs; Histories

414 Subject Term Index

2001 MARS ODYSSEY Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, ACCESS CONTROL Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Part 12 Ð 381 Underwater Acoustic Networks: Evalua- Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of Modal Abundances of Carbon in Urei- tion of the Impact of Media Access Con- Mars Ð 356 lites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of trol on Latency, in a Delay Constrained Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- Ureilites Ð 403 Network Ð 262 tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning ACCIDENTS Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Genesis: Removing Contamination from Two Successive Martian Years on the Temperatures Ð 156 Sample Collectors Ð 319 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar ACCUMULATORS Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Red Spots Ð 345 Genesis: Removing Contamination from Data Ð 395 Sample Collectors Ð 319 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and ABILITIES Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 ACCURACY Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropi- of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- ACCELERATED LIFE TESTS cal Cyclone Intensity Guidance Ð 171 veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- ments Ð 224 ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- Recruiter Assessment Battery Ð 229 ABLATION ware Ð 257 Observations in Improved Geolocation The Influence of Local Geometric Effects Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent ACCELERATORS on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- rors Ð 123 ABRASION tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Relative Accuracy of Several Low- Experiment Ð 131 Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- erator Ð 270 Domain Schemes Ð 75 ABRASIVES Gas Lasers for Strong-Field Applica- The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog Development of a Production Worthy tions Ð 274 Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Integrators for Maxwell’s Equa- High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon tions Ð 247 ABSORBENTS Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 ACETYL COMPOUNDS The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Higher Order Hard Edge End Field Ef- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Function as a Boundary Condition for fects Ð 270 Sarin with Pyridostigmine Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- lems Ð 247 High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy ological Effects Ð 185 Ion Sources Ð 274 ABSORPTION SPECTRA Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar ICOOL: A Simulation Code for Ionization on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels Soil Spectra Ð 165 Cooling of Muon Beams Ð 267 in Rats Ð 35 FUSE Observations of QSOs behind Instrumentation Channel for the MU- ACETYLCHOLINE Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI COOL Experiment Ð 269 Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Emission Ð 322 Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and Sarin with Pyridostigmine Mineralogical Differences Between Solenoids Ð 269 -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- ological Effects Ð 185 Metamorphosed and Non- Muon Colliders: The Ultimate Neutrino Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 Beamlines Ð 267 ACHONDRITES Observations of the North Permanent Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radia- FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by tion at Muon Colliders Ð 267 noe Aubrite Ð 383 OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon tions Ð 388 bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Cooling Experiment Ð 268 The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Associated with CO Photodissociation in RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle 265 the Solar Nebula Ð 160 Operation Ð Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group Simulation, Generation, and Character- of Meteorites Ð 331 ABSTRACTS ization of High Brightness Electron Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of Studies for Muon Colliders at Center-of- ments: Geochemical Consequences of Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 Mass Energies of 10 TeV and 100 Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 TeV Ð 267 ABUNDANCE ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION Targetry for a Mu+Mu- Collider Ð 268 Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- Towards Advanced Electron Beam and Tested Ð 283 nique for the Armory Ð 139 Brightness Enhancement and Condition- ACOUSTIC EMISSION ing Ð 276 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Mod- System for Prediction of Stress Frac- Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 ule Ð 266 tures Ð 207

A-1 ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT ACTUATORS AERODYNAMICS Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Active Control of Turbulent Boundary Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 Naval Applications Ð 286 With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION ADAPTATION Oblique Wing Aerodynamics Ð 2 Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- AEROELASTICITY Acoustic Propagation EXperiment lar Value Decomposition Ð 122 Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- (LOAPEX) Ð 284 Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Ð 280 mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- Adaptive Channel Equalization in the ity Rejection Ð 121 AEROGELS Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Channel: Performance Characterization Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- ACOUSTIC VELOCITY Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- dust Ð 411 tic to Remove Ground Target Returns Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid from the Training Data for STAP Applica- Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- tions Ð 233 Final Report. Report 4 in a series of gel Ð 335 6Ð128 Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 AEROSOLS ACOUSTICS Root Locus Properties of Adaptive Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Beamforming and Capon Estimation for trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Uniform Linear Arrays Ð 263 lites Ð 14 Channel: Performance Characterization Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Py- and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 rolyser (ACP) Experiment Ð 334 Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Threshold Region Performance Predic- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- 286 - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð ing Localization Ð 122 periment: First Results Ð 400 Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 ADDITIVES Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Experimental Evidence for Topological ated by the Chicxulub Impact Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 Event Ð 379 ACQUISITION Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering ADHESION Determining Simulation Requirements on Titan with Implications for the Age of Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast and Identifying a Course of Action to Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 More Efficiently Support Acquisition Observations of the North Permanent Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- ADIABATIC CONDITIONS Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Summary of Reports Issued and Partici- Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- tions Ð 388 pation on Management Advisory Teams ment Impact Ð 39 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of and Special Audit/Evaluation Efforts Ð 7 ADJUSTING Biological Material Ð 287 ACTINIDE SERIES Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- ics Ð 41 AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Airborne UXO Surveys Using the ACTIVE CONTROL MTADS Ð 119 AEROSPACE SAFETY Active Control of Turbulent Boundary SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in AEROACOUSTICS Readiness Review) Ð 17 Naval Applications Ð 286 First Test of Fan Active Noise Control AEROSPACE SYSTEMS Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications (ANC) Completed Ð 5 Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the for UAVs Ð 9 Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed Space Station Evolution Sympo- First Test of Fan Active Noise Control and Tested Ð 283 sium Ð 18 (ANC) Completed Ð 5 Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Manufacturing for Design: Putting Pro- ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 cess Control in the Language of the Laboratory Ð 283 USA Air and Space Power in the 21st Designer Ð 133 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and ACTS AFGHANISTAN Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- Implications of ACTS Technology on the Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and struction of Facilities Modifica- Afghanistan Ð 240 Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- tions Ð 283 eling for Communication System Specifi- AFRICA cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and AERODYNAMIC LOADS Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: Beyond Ð 67 Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa INTEX Ka-Band Experiment Ground Ter- mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Ð 377 F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 minal Ð 15 AGE FACTOR Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit AERODYNAMIC NOISE Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages (MMIC) Phased Array Demonstrated First Test of Fan Active Noise Control and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules With ACTS Ð 103 (ANC) Completed Ð 5 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365

A-2 The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets Ocean Ð 365 Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability Pairing Application Ð 256 The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile for Impact Origin and Formation AIRCRAFT ICING Environments Ð 10 Age Ð 364 Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- AGGLUTINATION Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar Using MODIS Ð 9 Using MODIS Ð 9 Soil Spectra Ð 165 Laser Sheet Flow Visualization Devel- Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design AGGREGATES oped for Lewis’ Icing Research Tun- and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- nel Ð 12 nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the AIRCRAFT POWER SUPPLIES MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical and Embedding of Palindrome and AGING (BIOLOGY) Applications Ð 142 Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- Cooperative Interactions During Human AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES age Data Ð 233 Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple tion Ð 198 Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole AH-64 HELICOPTER ing FDTD Ð 91 Approximation Ð 245 Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter AIRCRAFT Multiple Model Particle Filtering For in the Presence of a Stratified Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of Multi-Target Tracking Ð 121 Ground Ð 57 Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves OpenAD: Algorithm Implementation User AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT Over the Alps Ð 171 Guide Ð 223 Report on the Supply and Demand of AIRFRAMES RCS Interpolation in Frequency and CFC-12 in the USA, 1999 Ð 111 Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- AIR DEFENSE in the Presence of a Stratified tion Ð 84 Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems Ground Ð 57 Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction View (J-IADS-VIEW) Ð 230 Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and AIR FILTERS Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic Position in the National Spherical Torus Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- Model for Titanium-Based Matri- Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- ces Ð 25 Robust Path Planning With Imperfect ments Ð 150 Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Maps Ð 243 AIR FLOW Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Second-Order Method for Interface Re- Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- ing FDTD Ð 91 construction in Orthogonal Coordinate proved Operation of a Downdraft ALBEDO Systems Ð 221 Table Ð 145 Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Simultaneous Localisation and Map AIR LAND INTERACTIONS Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling chotomy Ð 405 Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 on Venus Ð 395 ALGEBRA Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using AIR POLLUTION Local Search Strategies for Equational Matlab Ð 239 Satisfiability Ð 221 Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 Species in Emissions from Munitions De- ALGORITHMS activation Furnace Ð 31 The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Region Performance Prediction and Its RVP and Temperature Corrections for rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- Probability of Resolution Ð 261 Nonroad Engine Modeling Ð 145 racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 The Second Path: The Role of Algo- AIR QUALITY A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the rithms in Maintaining Progress in Efficacy of Intermittent Ventilation for CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE DSP Ð 258 Providing Acceptable Indoor Air Qual- Wave Ð 247 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS ity Ð 149 Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 ware Ð 257 ALLOCATIONS AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- cation Algorithm Ð 254 Market-Based Complex Task Allocation Impact Properties of Metal Fan Contain- for Multirobot Teams Ð 243 ment Materials Being Evaluated for the An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using High-Speed Civil Transport Conserved Residue Information to Study ALLUVIUM (HSCT) Ð 136 Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 AIRCRAFT ENGINES An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- ALPS MOUNTAINS (EUROPE) Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements Algorithm Ð 89 Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves by Means of Separation Flow Control- An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink Over the Alps Ð 171 ling Ð 1 Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 ALTERNATING DIRECTION IMPLICIT F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- METHODS CE-22 Facility Ð 109 gorithm to Derive Optical Properties A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the Gear Crack Propagation Investiga- From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE tion Ð 129 Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Wave Ð 247

A-3 ALTIMETRY Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 GAU-8/A and LW30 Ð 42 ALUMINUM ALLOYS Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Un- the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- loading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Di- helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- ment Impact Ð 39 ego Ð 229 Angiogenic Breast Cancer Therapy Ð 202 ALUMINUM GALLIUM ARSENIDES Standardized UXO Technology Demon- WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- No. 213 Ð 254 Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION ALUMINUM ISOTOPES stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Number 148 Ð 46 netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Plasma Ð 81 Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- Number 249 Ð 46 Statistical Characteristics of Multiple drule Formation: Evidence from Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 stration Site Open Field Scoring Record Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Plasma Ð 74 Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al Number 354 Ð 123 ANIMALS Ratios in an Unaltered Allende AMORPHOUS MATERIALS Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- CAI Ð 395 High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix gramming Work in Biological Systems Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- ALUMINUM NITRIDES *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- tors Ð 28 Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- AMPHIBOLES age and Oxidation Ð 113 (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and Cachexia Ð 210 ALUMINUM OXIDES Venus Ð 326 Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite ANISOTROPIC MEDIA AMPLIFICATION Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Element Scattering Calculations in ite Ð 402 lating With Centrosome Amplification in Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- Development and Progression of Breast ers Ð 77 Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Cancer Ð 193 Using High Resolution Clementine Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- Data Ð 378 PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Miniaturisation Ð 74 strate Ð 75 Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 AMPLIFIER DESIGN ANISOTROPY Highly Efficient Amplifier for Ka-Band Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on ALUMINUM Communications Ð 67 Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really strates Ð 57 Impact Melts? Ð 404 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS ANNEALING Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Hardware Interface to Connect an Low Temperature Cathode Supported Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the figurable Computer Ð 234 September 30, 2001 Ð 21 Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Intentional Jamming Suppression in a tem Events Ð 334 Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- ANNUAL VARIATIONS Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 Annual Change of Martian DDS- Seepages Ð 355 Evaporation Residues Measured by La- ANALOGS ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian log Environment: Clues to the Duration of Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- Water on Mars? Ð 339 tive Aluminum Ð 37 with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- tions Ð 384 AMBIGUITY Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- 121 ity Rejection Ð logue Ð 384 MIS Investigation Ð 335 AMIDES ANEMOMETERS ANOMALIES Managing Tight Binding Receptors for Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- New Separations Technologies Ð 30 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First AMINES ANESTHETICS Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- Norephedrines Ð 29 say for Organophosphate Exposure roxenes: Further Correlations Between AMMONIA -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Civilians in the Field and Labora- Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer De- Thruster Ð 14 tory Ð 200 scription Explains Neutron Compton AMMUNITION ANGIOGENESIS Scattering Anomaly Ð 273 Airborne UXO Surveys Using the Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- The Composition and Origin of the MTADS Ð 119 genic Modifiers Ð 202 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382

A-4 ANORTHOSITE Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Optimum Design by Waveguide Model Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An tenna Ð 52 and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed ANTENNA COUPLERS Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity- On the Physical and Chemical Conse- Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- Measurements Ð 48 Miniaturisation Ð 74 Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for ANTENNA DESIGN Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 ANTARCTIC REGIONS A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Handsets Ð 80 ANTENNA FEEDS Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic rain Antenna System Ð 93 Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 Body Ð 397 A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for ANTENNA GAIN Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on In- Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- traseasonal Variability of Large-Scale ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna Circulations Over the Western North Pa- A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip Method Ð 60 cific Ð 280 Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular ding Ð 56 Phones Ð 83 The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63 Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Ð 280 The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated logue Ð 384 tenna Ð 48 Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Profile Ð 88 ANTENNA ARRAYS Advanced Base Station Antennas for 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels Shifter Ð 57 Japan Ð 62 and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Com- pact Base Station Antennas for PDC Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- System in Japan Ð 90 tenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic in the Presence of a Stratified Aperture Radar Ð 56 Ground Ð 57 Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Ð 280 Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- Array Antenna Composed of Circularly Method Ð 60 nas and Scattering Ð 54 Polarized Dielectric Resonator Anten- nas Ð 58 Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Com- Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase pact Base Station Antennas for PDC larity at the Edges Ð 62 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 System in Japan Ð 90 Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- Challenges in PCS Antenna De- symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- sign Ð 51 rays Ð 75 Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- Based Parameterization of Antenna- Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- rays Ð 49 Determination of Surface Currents by Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna Back Propagation of Field Measure- with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a ments Ð 85 Satellite Ð 47 Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Development and Performance of an nas Ð 46 Simulated Annealing Optimization Ap- L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- plied to Antenna Arrays with Failed Ele- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- ellite Communications Ð 55 ments Ð 77 tenna Ð 52 Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- Antennas for PDC Systems in Ja- ANTENNAS 12 borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð pan Ð 61 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 ANTENNA COMPONENTS Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Handsets Ð 80 Kong Ð 90 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 International Symposium, Volume Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- 1Ð72 Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Circular Polarization Ð 59 Patch Elements Ð 84 Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Resonator Antennas Ð 54 Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories ANTIBIOTICS rays Ð 50 at USU Ð 47 Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- Mitigation Ð 42 Communication Ð 78 tenna Ð 54 ANTIBODIES Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna Characterization of Antibody Specific for nas Ð 46 with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 Disease Associated Prion Protein Ð 205

A-5 ANTIGENS Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- ARRAYS CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- erators for Finite Elements Simula- A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring tion Ð 249 for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating Complex Ð 182 Approximation Ð 245 Circular Polarization Ð 59 Identification of Widely Applicable Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion 201 Cancer Immunotherapy Ð Model Ð 256 - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 Population Based Assessment of MHC AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- India and Elemental Variations in Impact trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- ment and Progression of Breast Cancer Crater Clays Ð 406 from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 lites Ð 14 Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTIBACTERI- Temperature Aqueous Weather- ALS teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- ing Ð 394 eration Ð Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria 15 Mitigation Ð 42 AQUIFERS ASIA Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: ANTIPARTICLES A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- Hospitalization Experience of US military Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark- tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 Antiquark Pair Ð 303 Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf ANTIREFLECTION COATINGS Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado War, and Bosnia Ð 190 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 2002-December 31, 2002 Ð 146 and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision APERTURES Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Cavity Ð 78 Valles on Mars Ð 340 ASPHALT Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- ARCHITECTURE (COMPUTERS) Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Pavements Ð 41 FPGA Systems Ð 257 Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the ASSAYING Advanced Light Source Ð 293 Developing Dependable Software for a Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- System-of-Systems Ð 232 ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Final Report: Assessment in Team cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Patch Elements Ð 84 Games Ð 233 pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Su- (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 percomputer on a Chip) Ð 234 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- say for Organophosphate Exposure Optimal Design of the Generalized Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- Civilians in the Field and Labora- by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- veloped by the DARWARS Environ- tory Ð 200 rithm Ð 60 ments Ð 224 ASSEMBLING APOLLO 16 FLIGHT Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated Natural Environments Ð 316 Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- ARGENTINA facturing Line Ð 307 LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact ASSIMILATION APOPTOSIS Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Investigating the Sources of the Apollo Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Cell Death Ð 215 Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and ASTEROID BELTS Why Small is Beautiful - and How to APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- CIRCUITS tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Asteroids Ð 343 Automated Lot Tracking and Identifica- ARMED FORCES (UNITED STATES) tion System Ð 305 Base Camp Protection and Survivability ASTEROID COLLISIONS APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS (COMPUT- Demonstration Program Ð 220 Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool ERS) Optimizing Global Combat Logistics for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- Force Support for Sea Base Opera- ASTEROID DETECTION erence Systems Ð 225 tions Ð 71 Why Small is Beautiful - and How to APPROACH CONTROL ARMOR Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Asteroids Ð 343 Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- proach to Control Design for International surements Ð 124 ASTEROID MISSIONS Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- Development of an Advanced Composite Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for ancing Control System Ð 16 Material Model Suitable for Blast and an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- APPROXIMATION Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 sion Ð 16 Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Virtual Experiments to Determine Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Approximate Iteration Ð 246 Analysis Ð 235 sion Ð 366

A-6 ASTEROIDS The Asymmetric Cratering History of the ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Moon Ð 382 Progress in Horizontal and Slant-Path Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of ATLANTIC OCEAN Imaging Using Specking Imaging Ð 319 Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Rubble-Pile Structures Ð 154 Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 SEM Ð 98 Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations ATMOSPHERES of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 ATTENUATION Determining the Fine Structure of the Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Hansa Ð 353 Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- Boundary Layers Ð 9 cuits Ð 86 Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation CPA Relation Ð 50 ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 Code for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Ð 168 Implications of ACTS Technology on the Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION eling for Communication System Specifi- cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and LIBS-based Detection of Geological Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar 363 Beyond Ð 67 Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Motion Ð torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- tion Ð 355 Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, North Pacific Ð 167 tem Ð 50 Part 12 Ð 381 Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- AUDIO SIGNALS Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, ated by the Chicxulub Impact Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems 379 Part 8 Ð 338 Event Ð Laboratory Testing Nearly Com- plete Ð 64 Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part II Ð 361 lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 AUGMENTATION Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Impacts Ð 342 Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- ment Ð 84 Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: mosphere Ð 167 Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- by Means of Separation Flow Control- teroids Ð 158 graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- ling Ð 1 Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool periment: First Results Ð 400 Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Using MODIS Ð 9 erophile Element Systematics of Group Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 IVB Irons Ð 360 Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small LIBS-based Detection of Geological Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 width Product Ð 49 Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 tion Ð 355 AURORAS The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan Regulation and Function of the ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULA- Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 Companions Lost During Planetary Mi- TION MODELS gration Ð 378 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- AUSTRALITES Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent voirs Ð 392 Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Bodies Ð 365 Vapor Plume Ð 153 ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETRY Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the AUTOCORRELATION A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision Mars: A Numerical Modeling mation in Electromagnetic Scattering Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 Study Ð 398 from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- son Ð 245 ASTROPHYSICS Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Activity Suggested by Thermal Images AUTOMATIC CONTROL and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Objects Ð 322 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- Simulations Ð 403 IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), ductor Manufacturing Conference And a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Singular Vector Growth over Short Time- Workshop Ð 94 Scales Ð 169 ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS A Tracker Assessment Tool for Compar- and Laser SNMS Ð 351 ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING ing Tracker Performance Ð 231 ASYMMETRY Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Tech- Automated Lot Tracking and Identifica- Many-body Theory of Deep Inelastic nical Highlights Ð 168 tion System Ð 305 Scattering Ð 278 ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION Development And Implementation Of An Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice Automated Wafer Transport Sys- Communication Ð 78 Depolarisation Ð 168 tem Ð 100

A-7 Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- BACKPROPAGATION (ARTIFICIAL IN- Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- TELLIGENCE) loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 Determination of Surface Currents by BANDPASS FILTERS The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- Back Propagation of Field Measure- ments Ð 85 Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- ters Ð 86 ing with an Automated Contact Angle Human Based Knowledge for the Probe System Ð 297 Failure Pattern Classification with the BANDS Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- AUTOMATION A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for work. Application on Submicron Linear Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the Technologies Ð 134 Space Station Evolution Sympo- BANDWIDTH sium Ð 18 BACKSCATTERING A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- Cetacean Distributions Relative to Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of nia Current System Ð 284 A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 Sarin with Pyridostigmine -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- A Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized ological Effects Ð 185 cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Microstrip Antenna Using a Single tering Loss Ð 390 Feed Ð 50 AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Environments Ð 10 at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded with EDXS Ð 153 Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Modeling The Backscattering Response Antenna Research for PCS in Hong of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Kong Ð 90 Robust Path Planning With Imperfect cies Ð 53 Maps Ð 243 Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Observations of MMW Backscatter from Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- AUTONOMY Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 ment Ð 84 Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Stationary Solutions for the Rough Sur- width Product Ð 49 Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile face Radar Backscatter Cross Sections Robots Ð 317 PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Ap- Miniaturisation Ð 74 Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, proach Ð 61 Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- Spiral Antenna with Frequency- mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile sors Ð 254 netic Medium Ð 82 Communication Systems Ð 51 AVIONICS BACTERIA VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 lation Analysis Ð 11 plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, BASALT AVOIDANCE and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sen- Specimens Ð 190 ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A sor in Minefield Transit Ð 284 Sample from a Young Procellarum Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Flow? Ð 327 AZIDES (INORGANIC) Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Impact Melts? Ð 404 Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Mitigation Ð 42 Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- AZIDES (ORGANIC) log Environment: Clues to the Duration of Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, BALANCING Water on Mars? Ð 339 Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- proach to Control Design for International Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for AZIMUTH Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, 327 Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 ancing Control System Ð 16 Mars Ð BACILLUS Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- BALLAST (MASS) cellarum Ð 338 Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- sion Control Measure for Ballast Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Tanks Ð 199 niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Tranquillitatis Ð 340 of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 BALLISTICS Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- BACKGROUND NOISE Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics etary Basalts Ð 155 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Environment Ð 116 Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- BALLOON-BORNE INSTRUMENTS les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for struction of Facilities Modifica- Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon the Crystallization of Los Angeles and tions Ð 283 Platform Ð 10 Dhofar 378 Ð 376 BACKLOBES BALLOONS Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Using High Resolution Clementine Resonator Antennas Ð 54 Platform Ð 10 Data Ð 378

A-8 Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- BEAM INTERACTIONS BETATRONS pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform Design of an AC-Dipole for use in ships on Mars Ð 358 Linear Arrays Ð 73 RHIC Ð 296 Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich BEAM STEERING BIAS Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Strategic Communications for the War on Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern 03346 Ð 348 70 BEAM WAVEGUIDES Anti-American Bias Ð Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 tem for the Satellite Communication Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Earth Antenna Ð 93 mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- 126 Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic BEAMFORMING tion Ð Lava Flow Ð 359 Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- BINARY CODES Investigating the Sources of the Apollo ity Rejection Ð 121 Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink View I Ð 222 LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 BIOACOUSTICS Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip Cetacean Distributions Relative to Antennas with Improved Beam Forming Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- nia Current System Ð 284 Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 and Gain Capabilities Ð 55 BIOCHEMISTRY Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular teau Near Juventae Chasma, Detection and Analysis Systems Ð 116 Mars Ð 163 Root Locus Properties of Adaptive Bioelectricalchemical Process Develom- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Beamforming and Capon Estimation for 263 ent Ð 29 Part 8 Ð 338 Uniform Linear Arrays Ð Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Part II Ð 361 tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Mars Ð 391 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- BIOCONVERSION orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- Feasibility Assessment for the Use of Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- Array Ð 288 Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- tage Ð 159 man Application Ð 174 BEAMS (RADIATION) Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Characterization and Design Methodol- BIODYNAMICS the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Slot Antenna Ð 74 ment and Locomotion as Affected by Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- Climates Ð 170 Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the tem for the Satellite Communication Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Earth Antenna Ð 93 Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Landau Scenario of Chaotization for The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 ics Ð 195 Beam Distribution Ð 294 Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work The Search for Underground Hydrother- Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Postures Ð 219 mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- BEDROCK bar Spine Loading Ð 218 Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- BIOENGINEERING Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked MIS and TES Data Ð 387 Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 Foundation Ð 173 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, BATCH PROCESSING is Tilted Ð 361 BIOINSTRUMENTATION Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace BEDS (GEOLOGY) Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic for Compound Detection Ð 106 Simulations Ð 94 Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- teau Near Juventae Chasma, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS BATTERY CHARGERS Mars Ð 163 Alternative Approaches to Improve Advanced Power Regulator Developed BELIZE Physiological Predictions Ð 311 for Spacecraft Ð 20 Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Brec- Development of Artificial Haircell Sen- BEADS cias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Bel- sors Ð 120 ize Ð 139 Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- Development of Nanofibrous Mem- dence from Volcanic Glass BENZENE branes Towards Biological Sens- Beads Ð 404 DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative ing Ð 125 The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- for Impact Origin and Formation cations Ð 25 Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses Age Ð 364 BERYLLIUM with Biological Systems Ð 216 BEAM INJECTION Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia 287 Injection Ð Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect RHIC Injection System Ð 293 tem Events Ð 334 of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126

A-9 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of BLOOD CIRCULATION Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance Biological Material Ð 287 Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- System for Prediction of Stress Frac- 207 Secure Water Supply Ð 126 mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature tures Ð Management Ð 259 Analysis of the Link Between Acquired BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION BLOOD PUMPS Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Foundation Ð 173 cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Mars Ð 391 BLOOD Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Ð 213 ries Ð 324 High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Feasibility Assessment for the Use of ogy Ð 174 BORON Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- man Application Ð 174 say for Organophosphate Exposure A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- BIOMEDICAL DATA Civilians in the Field and Labora- vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Developing a Strategic Information Sys- tory Ð 200 Signal IC Ð 101 tems Plan for the Heidelberg US Army Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Medical Department Activity Ð 310 BOATS Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and BIOMETRICS Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Recovery Ð 114 Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- tem Events Ð 334 lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- BODY TEMPERATURE diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA cer Ð 212 mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature A Comparison of the Post-Deployment BIOSPHERE Management Ð 259 Hospitalization Experience of US military Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? BOEING AIRCRAFT Steps Towards a Universal Biol- Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ War, and Bosnia Ð 190 ogy Ð 385 CE-22 Facility Ð 109 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BIOTELEMETRY BOILERS Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Con- Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical vex Object-Conformable Bound- of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report aries Ð 248 mand Link Ð 128 April1-June30,2003Ð 36 Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Ð 87 Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Defects to Devices Ð 106 April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Ð 35 Finite Element Implementation of Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in BIPOLARITY Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave 248 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Ð 36 Equation Ð Flow Concept Ð 102 Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, The Time Domain Discrete Green’s BLACK HOLES (ASTRONOMY) Plasma-Based Multi-Pollutant Control Function as a Boundary Condition for Technology for Utility Boilers Ð 149 Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum lems Ð 247 Critical Surface Ð 294 Methan de-Nox For Utility Pc Boilers. Quarterly Progress Report Ð 146 BOUNDARY LAYERS BLADES Determining the Fine Structure of the Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Methane de-Nox For Utility PC Boilers. Quarterly Progress Report Ð 147 Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Boundary Layers Ð 9 gel Ð 335 Second Generation Advanced Reburning for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in BLAST LOADS trol Ð 148 Response to Surface and Mesoscale A Generalized Method for the Computa- Forcing Ð 120 tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom BOMBER AIRCRAFT Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Statistical Characteristics of Multiple with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in 43 BONE MINERAL CONTENT Loads Ð Layer of Magnetized Turbulent A Randomized Study of the Effects of Plasma Ð 74 BLENDED-WING-BODY CONFIGURA- Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal TIONS Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Risk Women After Prophylactic Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 Oophorectomy Ð 209 Characterization Using DNS and LES Ð 260 BLOOD CELLS BONES Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for A Randomized Study of the Effects of BRAIN DAMAGE the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Angiogenic Breast Cancer Risk Women After Prophylactic Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- Therapy Ð 202 Oophorectomy Ð 209 emia Ð 204

A-10 BRAIN Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Predoctoral Training Program in Breast Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 Cancer Research Ð 184 roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 emia Ð 204 helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- Protein Transduction Based Therapies Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Angiogenic Breast Cancer for Breast Cancer Ð 203 mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Therapy Ð 202 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Management Ð 259 Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Can- Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- cer Ð 182 BREAKDOWN toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Fab Implementation of a System for Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- Breakage Events Ð 132 The Establishment of an Inflammatory cer Ð 181 Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- BREAST Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 men Repository Ð 201 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 The Functions of BRCA2 in Homologous motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- Gene Targeting in Normal Human Breast Recombinational Repair Ð 212 ventive Agent Ð 189 Epithelial Cells Ð 203 The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Devel- A Functional Genomics Approach to Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes opment Ð 210 Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced gets in Yeast Ð 176 The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- Cell Death Ð 215 A Molecular Connection Between Breast Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and 207 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð Breast Density Ð 183 diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor A Randomized Study of the Effects of Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal graphic Density Ð 182 Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, cer Patients Ð 215 Risk Women After Prophylactic and Breast Cancer Ð 208 Oophorectomy Ð 209 The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer Identification of Widely Applicable Collaborative Clinical Translational Re- AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast search Program Ð 188 Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast Cancer Immunotherapy Ð 201 Cancer Ð 205 Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer search at the University of Texas M.D. Analysis of the Link Between Acquired Screening in Chinese American Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Women Ð 215 Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- BRECCIA cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- naling Pathways in Breast Cancer Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Cells Ð 206 Breccias: Implications for Shock History, lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Integration of Pathologic Findings With sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 cer Ð 212 Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Invasive Potential Ð 205 Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Characterization of Two Novel Onco- lating With Centrosome Amplification in Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Development and Progression of Breast tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models Cancer Ð 193 than Nectaris Ð 408 of Breast Cancer Ð 201 Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema BRIGHTNESS Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 sis of Microcalcifications on Mammo- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time grams for Breast Cancer Detec- Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy Measurement of Shock, Particle, and tion Ð 211 (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 Combustion Fronts Produced by En- hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- Adenocarcinoma Ð 174 Simulation, Generation, and Character- peutic Implication Ð 206 ization of High Brightness Electron Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 Cooperative Interactions During Human Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- tion Ð 198 nar Surface Brightness Using Data of Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor Integral Observations Ð 367 CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 Towards Advanced Electron Beam the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Brightness Enhancement and Condition- Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Complex Ð 182 ing Ð 276 Cancer Genes Ð 209 Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for BROADBAND Population Based Assessment of MHC Breast Cancer Ð 176 A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of ment and Progression of Breast Cancer A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 lar Value Decomposition Ð 122

A-11 An Analysis of the Feasibility of Imple- Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) menting Ultra Wideband and Mesh Net- tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- work Technology in Support of Military Radar Systems Ð 304 sion Ð 366 Operations Ð 227 C (PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE) The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main Open Radio Communications Architec- gion as Seen Through the First Year of Beam Ð 82 ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip Software Users Manual Ð 312 The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Antennas with Improved Beam Forming CADMIUM Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- and Gain Capabilities Ð 55 Characterization of Lead and Cadmium petus in Comparison: First Results from Species in Emissions from Munitions De- Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Characterization and Design Methodol- Data Ð 406 ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered activation Furnace Ð 31 Slot Antenna Ð 74 CALCIFEROL CANALS Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- Magellan SAR Brightness Data Ð 412 rays Ð 50 ventive Agent Ð 189 CANCER Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- CALCITE 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- rays Ð 75 orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare 189 Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- ventive Agent Ð IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society tage Ð 159 A Functional Genomics Approach to International Symposium, Volume Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- 72 CALCIUM 1Ð gets in Yeast Ð 176 Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- Intentional Jamming Suppression in a A Molecular Connection Between Breast Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- roxenes: Further Correlations Between NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 Long CPI Wideband GMTI Ð 121 Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Measurements in Patients Which Clini- Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI nas Ð 104 Evaporation Residues Measured by La- AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Physics-Based High Performance Com- ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Cancer Ð 205 CALIBRATING Broadband Applications in Computa- Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Preliminary Results Ð 118 Analysis of the Link Between Acquired tion in Foliage Ð 289 The Asymmetric Cratering History of the Expression of a Master Switch Gene of BROADCASTING Moon Ð 382 Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems CALIFORNIA Laboratory Testing Nearly Com- Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Cetacean Distributions Relative to plete Ð 64 lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- BROWNIAN MOVEMENTS nia Current System Ð 284 cer Ð 212 A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- Surfaces Ð 244 les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 the Crystallization of Los Angeles and BUBBLES Dhofar 378 Ð 376 Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Invasive Potential Ð 205 Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 CALLISTO Characterization of Two Novel Onco- Chemical Differentiation and Internal genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss BUILDINGS Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- CAMERAS of Breast Cancer Ð 201 tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- Walls Ð 137 Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution sis of Microcalcifications on Mammo- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Simulations and Measurements for In- grams for Breast Cancer Detec- door Wave Propagation through Periodic Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 tion Ð 211 Structures Ð 251 Martian Valley Networks and Associated Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- BURNING RATE Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera peutic Implication Ð 206 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and (HRSC) Ð 117 Cooperative Interactions During Human Combustion Diagnostics for New, Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- tion Ð 198 lants Ð 34 ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- Model for Combustion of Triple-Base reo Camera Ð 366 tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Complex Ð 182 C BAND from the High Resolution Stereo Camera A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for rain Antenna System Ð 93 Year Ð 376 Breast Cancer Ð 176

A-12 Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy CAPACITORS Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 Manufacturing and Reliability Improve- Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast ments in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Adenocarcinoma Ð 174 MOMCAPs Ð 299 189 Cancer Metastasis Ð Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mecha- Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- Two Successive Martian Years on the nism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Ð 191 corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor Data Ð 395 the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy CARBON DIOXIDE helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Angiogenic Breast Cancer Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Therapy Ð 202 Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Cancer Genes Ð 209 gies Ð 219 Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Can- Population Based Assessment of MHC cer Ð 182 Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- pography Ð 159 teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- ment and Progression of Breast Cancer from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- cer Ð 181 ries Ð 324 Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 Predoctoral Training Program in Breast Cancer Research Ð 184 Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 2002-December 31, 2002 Ð 146 Cell Death Ð 215 Protein Transduction Based Therapies Role of Rock/Fluid Characteristics in Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and for Breast Cancer Ð 203 Carbon (CO2) Storage and Model- Breast Density Ð 183 Suppressive Role of Androgen- ing Ð 146 Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 Cancer Ð 189 eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- 33 Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels ide Ð tients Ð 183 and Tubulin Labeling Ð 186 The Influence of Local Geometric Effects on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- The Combined Impact of Surgery and graphic Density Ð 182 Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- CARBON FIBERS toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, Iron-Containing Carbon Materials Fabri- ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 26 and Breast Cancer Ð 208 cated Ð The Establishment of an Inflammatory Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- CARBON ISOTOPES Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation men Repository Ð 201 Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Life Issues Ð 216 The Functions of BRCA2 in Homologous periment: First Results Ð 400 Recombinational Repair Ð 212 Identification of Signaling Proteins the CARBON MONOXIDE Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Devel- The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio ity Ð 188 opment Ð 210 Associated with CO Photodissociation in the Solar Nebula Ð 160 Identification of Widely Applicable The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES Cancer Immunotherapy Ð 201 The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð 207 drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Screening in Chinese American (CV) Ð 357 Women Ð 215 The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Continued Characterization of Presolar Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- naling Pathways in Breast Cancer bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 Cells Ð 206 terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- cer Patients Ð 215 Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Integration of Pathologic Findings With Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer Collaborative Clinical Translational Re- cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- ite Ð 402 vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 search Program Ð 188 Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Lymph Nodes Ð 211 search at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of lating With Centrosome Amplification in Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imag- ing Ð 187 the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- Development and Progression of Breast drite Ð 342 Cancer Ð 193 CAPACITANCE Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 Part 9 Ð 331 in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, Mucin (MUC1) Expression and Function Microelectromechanical Systems a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer in Prostate Cancer Cells Ð 179 (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Ð 104 182 Ð 326

A-13 Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive CASSEGRAIN ANTENNAS CATHODOLUMINESCENCE Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer rain Antenna System Ð 93 Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- 094 Ð 375 cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual ite Ð 402 Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Ratios in an Unaltered Allende CAVITIES CAI Ð 395 CASSINI MISSION A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Cavity Ð 78 Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Interstellar Components in the Solar Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and Measurements with Isoprobes P and Results So Far Ð 350 Measurements Ð 48 TÐ413 Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Py- Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- rolyser (ACP) Experiment Ð 334 nology Ð 9 aceous Chondrites Ð 332 Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the CARBONATES graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- periment: First Results Ð 400 Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface CCD CAMERAS bonates Ð 165 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- DAR Ð 385 Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Preliminary Results Ð 118 the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Cassini UVIS Ð 351 CELLS (BIOLOGY) Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- Gpa Ð 166 Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed and Tested Ð 283 genic Modifiers Ð 202 CARBON RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: phy Ð 373 tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Complex Ð 182 tine Soot? Ð 23 Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- petus in Comparison: First Results from Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live Modal Abundances of Carbon in Urei- Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR lites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Data Ð 406 Spectromicroscopy Ð 30 Ureilites Ð 403 The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results CENTER OF GRAVITY Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Highlights Ð 387 Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a Mare Volcanism Ð 407 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and True Clausewitzian Analysis Ð 282 Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Radar Data Ð 386 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: CASUALTIES Rubble-Pile Structures Ð 154 Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Reading the Record of Early Stages of CENTRIFUGES Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in proach to Control Design for International Crops Ð 148 a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- ancing Control System Ð 16 CARCINOGENS rhage Ð 202 Characterization of Two Novel Onco- Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct CERAMICS genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Patient Care in Support of the Global War Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- of Breast Cancer Ð 201 ics Ð 41 CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES Integrated Design Software Predicts the New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- Adenocarcinoma Ð 174 Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Com- tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older ponents Ð 136 CARDIAC VENTRICLES than Nectaris Ð 408 Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic CATALYSTS putational Issues Associated with Param- 173 Foundation Ð Investigation of Mixed Metal eter Estimations Ð 260 CARDIOLOGY Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous CERES ASTEROID Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Ox- Graduate Management Project: Optimiz- HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of ides Ð 150 ing Cardiology and Radiology Services at Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 Evans Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs as Electronically Tunable Cata- CHANGE DETECTION CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM lysts Ð 105 Demonstrating the Automated Change Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- genic Modifiers Ð 202 CATHODES tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 CARRIER LIFETIME Low Temperature Cathode Supported Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority CHANNEL CAPACITY September 30, 2001 Ð 21 Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Quadratic Forms on Complex Random tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Low Temperature Cathode Supported Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Ca- Cleaning Process Ð 301 Electrolytes Ð 22 pacity Ð 264

A-14 CHANNEL FLOW An Experimental Method to Estimate the CHEMICAL REACTIONS Active Control of Turbulent Boundary Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor An Experimental Method to Estimate the Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Naval Applications Ð 286 pact Ð 410 Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- pact Ð 410 Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Development of a Production Worthy Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 periment: First Results Ð 400 Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- Chemical Differentiation and Internal Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: flow Channels: Observations and Recent Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Modeling Ð 344 Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- tine Soot? Ð 23 CHANNELS (DATA TRANSMISSION) Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Magellan SAR Brightness Data Ð 412 Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 408 Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Part 15 Ð Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- CHARACTERIZATION XRS Data Ð 393 tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Cometary Impact Ð 334 Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Channel: Performance Characterization ships on Mars Ð 358 and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Characterization and Design Methodol- Surface Reactions Studied by Synchro- from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- tron Based Photoelectron Spectros- ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered tions Ð 380 Slot Antenna Ð 74 copy Ð 295 Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar CHEMICAL WARFARE Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Soil Spectra Ð 165 Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and Innovative Methods for Investigating the Characterization Using DNS and Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in LES Ð 260 niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Soil Ð 140 sis Ð 323 CHARGE TRANSFER Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Overview of Results from the Cassini say for Organophosphate Exposure Part II Ð 361 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Civilians in the Field and Labora- tions Ð 379 from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- tory Ð 200 biter Ð 411 CHARGED PARTICLES CHEMOTHERAPY Commissioning of the Superconducting Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- 165 GHz Ð 292 bonates Ð ventive Agent Ð 189 REE and Some Other Trace Elements Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Center Ð 177 Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- (CV) Ð 357 Interstellar Components in the Solar ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Measurements with Isoprobes P and Norephedrines Ð 29 TÐ413 Integration of Pathologic Findings With Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 sis Ð 323 Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- LIBS-based Detection of Geological nique for the Armory Ð 139 CHESAPEAKE BAY (US) Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Element Systematics of Impact-Melt tion Ð 355 Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- tions for Energetic Material Combustion ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 CHEMICAL CLEANING in Closed Vessels Ð 34 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- CHINA CHEMICAL EVOLUTION ductor Manufacturing Conference And Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer Workshop Ð 94 Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Screening in Chinese American otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Women Ð 215 A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Mars Ð 391 Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 CHIPS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 and Embedding of Palindrome and tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Su- age Data Ð 233 percomputer on a Chip) Ð 234 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number (CV) Ð 357 talline Siderite Ð 389 Fabricator Ð 298

A-15 CHIRALITY Mineralogical Differences Between The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Metamorphosed and Non- Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the Planetesimal Ð 343 Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning CHIRP SIGNALS of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation Temperatures Ð 156 aceous Chondrites Ð 332 (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- CHROMITES tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, CHLORINE COMPOUNDS drite Ð 409 Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- etary Basalts Ð 155 The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides cient in PDR ABC Transporters to in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Determination of Production Rates of Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial ments: Geochemical Consequences of Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Drugs Ð 198 Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 Chromite Grains Ð 154 CHLORINE Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide CHROMIUM OXIDES A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- REE and Some Other Trace Elements gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 157 Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 lanta (EL6) Ð 162 CHROMIUM CHOLINESTERASE Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of drule Formation: Evidence from Gages Improved Ð 129 Sarin with Pyridostigmine Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- CHROMOSOMES ological Effects Ð 185 Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with Evaporation Residues Measured by La- Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- in Rats Ð 35 Trapped Noble Gas Components and lating With Centrosome Amplification in Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Development and Progression of Breast Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- drite ALH84206 Ð 400 Cancer Ð 193 say for Organophosphate Exposure -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Regulation and Function of the Civilians in the Field and Labora- Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 tory Ð 200 dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent CHRONOLOGY Bodies Ð 365 CHOLINE Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of CHONDRULE Sarin with Pyridostigmine etary Surfaces Ð 401 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Crater Count Chronology and Timing of ological Effects Ð 185 Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- CHONDRITES (CV) Ð 357 parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 138 and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Crater: A Field Report Ð Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 The Asymmetric Cratering History of the and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Moon Ð 382 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the CIRCUIT BOARDS Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- at USU Ð 47 Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations drite Ð 342 of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 CIRCUITS Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Hansa Ð 353 Formation Ð 163 Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- Using High Resolution Clementine Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- Data Ð 378 Flares Ð 325 cuits Ð 86 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- Textures Ð 339 ters Ð 86 edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison CIRCULAR CYLINDERS to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, CM Chondrites Ð 330 a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- 182 Ð 326 tenna Comprised of a Periodically- How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- Rod Ð 45 of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic drule Formation: Evidence from Body Ð 397 Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 CIRCULAR POLARIZATION A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) drules and Metal Grains Revealed by 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the X-Ray Computed Tomography A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Data Ð 164 rain Antenna System Ð 93

A-16 A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual CLEANERS Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Flow Visualization Proposed for Vacuum lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Array Antenna Composed of Circularly Cleaner Nozzle Designs Ð 109 diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- cer Ð 212 Polarized Dielectric Resonator Anten- CLEANING nas Ð 58 Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Foundation Ð 173 Circular Polarization Ð 59 turing Ð 97 Integration of Pathologic Findings With Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 rays Ð 50 Simulations Ð 94 Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- Fab Implementation of a System for Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Breakage Events Ð 132 Precursor to the TRICARE Next Genera- Inset-Microstrip-Fed Circularly Polarized tion Program Ð Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 Genesis: Removing Contamination from 197 Sample Collectors Ð 319 Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Trian- The Establishment of an Inflammatory gular Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- men Repository Ð 201 CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated Cleaning Process Ð 301 Collaborative Clinical Translational Re- Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation search Program Ð 188 Profile Ð 88 Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in ter Ð 95 search at the University of Texas M.D. Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 Techniques Ð 88 CLEANLINESS Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct CITIES Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Patient Care in Support of the Global War Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion tives Ð 101 on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 CLEMENTINE SPACECRAFT CLOTHING CLADDING Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 ment and Locomotion as Affected by cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather ding Ð 56 CLIENT SERVER SYSTEMS Climates Ð 170 CLASSIFICATIONS Secure Service Provision for Reliable CLOUD COVER Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- Determining the Fine Structure of the cation Algorithm Ð 254 CLIMATE CHANGE Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers Ð 9 Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian tion Classification Methods for Digital Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- CLOUD PHYSICS Communication Signals Ð 262 eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Determining the Fine Structure of the cent Climate Change Ð 356 Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Production ADC Matching Perfor- CLIMATE MODELS Boundary Layers Ð 9 mance Ð 298 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of CLOUDS (METEOROLOGY) Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison strained by High Resolution Spectros- with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Demonstrating the Automated Change tions Ð 384 Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- CLUSTER ANALYSIS tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 CLIMATE Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Moonquakes Ð 378 ment and Locomotion as Affected by Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather CLUTTER Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Climates Ð 170 Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: tic to Remove Ground Target Returns Part 12 Ð 381 New Constraints on Mars Denudation from the Training Data for STAP Applica- 233 Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog tions Ð mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 tion Ð 126 land, High Arctic Ð 389 CMOS Sampling Methodology for SEM-based OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Benefit Analysis Ð 133 tions Ð 170 Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 CLASSIFIERS CLIMATOLOGY On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Tech- Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 nical Highlights Ð 168 cesses Ð 97 CLAYS CLINICAL MEDICINE COAL Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Production India and Elemental Variations in Impact Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army and Sequestration of CO(sub 2) in Un- Crater Clays Ð 406 Community Hospital Ð 192 mineable Coal Seams Ð 148

A-17 Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the COLD PLASMAS Determining Simulation Requirements Production of High Value Materials from Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- and Identifying a Course of Action to the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal nology Ð 9 More Efficiently Support Acquisition Combustion Ash Ð 147 Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- COLD WEATHER ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Fumes Ð 147 ment and Locomotion as Affected by Final Report: Assessment in Team Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Games Ð 233 Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- Climates Ð 170 Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties ing Foam Ð 218 COLLAPSE in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- COASTS The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- lapse Ð 363 phony (IPT) Implementation at USA rhage Ð 202 Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 COLLECTION Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Collaborative Applications Used in a Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Force Support for Sea Base Opera- Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Micrometeorites from Polar Ice tions Ð 71 Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Caps Ð 385 Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 COLLIMATION COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Per- Optimization of the Parameters in the Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- formance of Along Coast Wind Events RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- 169 otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet During Frontal Passages Ð tion Ð 296 Mars Ð 391 Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- COLLIMATORS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Collimator Systems for the SNS Facilities for Scramjet Improve- Ring Ð 296 ment Ð 32 COATINGS Finite Element Modelling of an Optical COLLOIDS Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties lets and Jets Ð 114 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 COMBUSTION PHYSICS Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in Diagnostics Adapted for Heat-Treating and Spherical Structures by Composite a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Furnace Environment Ð 336 Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 rhage Ð 202 COMBUSTION Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and COATING Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Combustion Diagnostics for New, Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small talline Siderite Ð 389 lants Ð 34 Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- COLONIES Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air width Product Ð 49 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel Pin Wire Coating Trip Report Ð 40 Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- COBALT ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning tions for Energetic Material Combustion of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and COLOR in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Temperatures Ð 156 Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time cellarum Ð 338 COCKPITS Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Flexible Display Technologies...Do They Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Have a Role in the Cockpit? Ð 11 Red Spots Ð 345 hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 CODERS COMBAT Microgravity Smoldering Combustion Low-Complexity, Digital A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Takes Flight Ð 44 Encoder/Modulator Developed for High- Hospitalization Experience of US military Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Data-Rate Satellite B-ISDN Applica- Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 tions Ð 18 Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear War, and Bosnia Ð 190 CODING and Erosion Ð 34 Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the COMET NUCLEI Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Environment Ð 116 Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- ware Ð 257 Derived from Stardust Stereoim- COEFFICIENTS ages Ð 324 New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 COMETARY COLLISIONS of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- Temperatures Ð 156 Base Camp Protection and Survivability tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Demonstration Program Ð 220 COHERENCE Cometary Impact Ð 334 Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Battle Command Metric Exploration in a COMETS Stimulated Combat Environment Ð 228 Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary COHERENT RADIATION Environments Ð 10 Dust Ð 320 Investigation of Coherent Emission from Concept and Technology Exploration for Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Transparent Hearing Ð 220 Part II Ð 361

A-18 Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full COMPRESSORS Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine 239 The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential tric Warfare? Ð Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial of the New Horizons Mission During In- Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263 Facilities Ð 113 terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Performance Analysis of Management Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows on Core Compressor Studied Ð COMMAND AND CONTROL Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommu- 108 Battle Command Metric Exploration in a nications Networks Ð 71 COMPUTATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS Stimulated Combat Environment Ð 228 Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Capturing and Modeling Knowledge Ob- Wireless Ground Sensor Network Ð 68 Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Flares Ð 325 jectives: The Sacot Project Ð 311 Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Networks by Command and Control of Special Opera- Priority Queuing Ð 66 Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Binaries Ð 325 tions Forces Missions in the US northern Secure Service Provision for Reliable Command Area of Responsibility Ð 69 Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Decisionmaker Forums Ð 186 Final Report Summary of LDRD 02-LW- Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard 022 ‘Quantum Vibrations in Molecules: A Report of the Defense Science Board Digital Communications for Current and New Frontier in Computational Chemis- 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, Future Force Sensors Ð 72 try’ Ð 28 Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- COMPARTMENTS COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNET- gration Ð 69 Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- ICS tems in Shipboard Compart- VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- Frequency Extrapolation and Model- ments Ð 232 hicles Ð 10 Based Parameterization of Antenna- Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 COMPILERS COMMAND SERVICE MODULES Physics-Based High Performance Com- Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the OpenAD: Algorithm Implementation User Guide Ð 223 puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Broadband Applications in Computa- Environment Ð 116 COMPONENT RELIABILITY tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 COMMERCE Integrated Design Software Predicts the RCS Interpolation in Frequency and Commercial Status of the PV Industry in Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Com- Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- 2004-Identifying Important and Unimpor- ponents Ð 136 tion Ð 84 tant Factors Ð 22 COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the ging the Barriers Ð 142 Modeling and Simulation Environment Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics New Business Models for Standard and for Composite Materials Manufacturing Environment Ð 116 and Testing Ð 27 ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Defence Applications of Nanocomposite on Core Compressor Studied Ð 108 Market Ð 318 Materials Ð 23 F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ COMMODITIES Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- CE-22 Facility Ð 109 Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Development of an Advanced Composite proved Operation of a Downdraft Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity Material Model Suitable for Blast and Table Ð 145 Load Planning Ð 115 Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 COMPUTATIONAL GRIDS COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative Analysis of the FDTD Method via the Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 cations Ð 25 Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- Miniaturisation Ð 74 of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random COMMUNICATION NETWORKS tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Walls Ð 137 Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, COMPUTATION An Analysis of Network and Sensor Per- and Spherical Structures by Composite Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV formance Within IEEE 802.X Wireless Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 MESH Networks in the Tactical Network Simulations and Measurements for In- Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Topology (TNT) Ð 69 door Wave Propagation through Periodic Approximation Ð 245 An Analysis of the Feasibility of Imple- Structures Ð 251 COMPUTER AIDED MAPPING menting Ultra Wideband and Mesh Net- COMPOSITE STRUCTURES work Technology in Support of Military Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Operations Ð 227 erence Systems Ð 225 Modeling and Simulation Environment Distributed Domain Generation Based on for Composite Materials Manufacturing COMPUTER NETWORKS the Network Environment Characteristics and Testing Ð 27 API Development for Persistent Data for Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks Ð 311 Sessions Support Ð 230 COMPOSITION (PROPERTY) Domain Formation and Maintenance in Evaluation of the Embedded Firewall Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 System Ð 236 Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Optimal Aide Security Information tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Search (OASIS) Ð 228

A-19 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- to Supplement Traditional Teaching forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 gramming Work in Biological Systems Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 Training of Non-Medical Person- through Concrete Walls Using Effective nel Ð 175 FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- Material Property Technique and FDTD agement Services Ð 317 COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES Method Ð 91 Development of a Swashplateless Rotor Integrated Environment for Control Soft- CONDUCTORS Using Magnetic Shape Memory Al- ware Engineering Ð 235 Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- loys Ð 39 nas for pager Ð 80 COMPUTER PROGRAMS The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- Biological Information in a Memory Com- CONFINEMENT pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 Mineralogical and Seismological Models Conducting Bodies Ð 225 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Re- Observations of MMW Backscatter from Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 Applications Ð 236 source Management Ð 236 An Analysis of the Feasibility of Imple- COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMS CONSTRAINTS menting Ultra Wideband and Mesh Net- EWB: The Environment WorkBench Ver- A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the work Technology in Support of Military sion 4.0 Ð 240 CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE Operations Ð 227 Wave Ð 247 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES An Evaluation of a Spoken Language CONSTRUCTION Interface Ð 228 API Development for Persistent Data Sessions Support Ð 230 Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- tion and the UAL Software Environment sis of Microcalcifications on Mammo- Molecular Database Construction and to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 grams for Breast Cancer Detec- Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- tion Ð 211 ventional Pathogen Countermea- tions for Energetic Material Combustion sures Ð 316 Molecular Dynamics Calculations Ð 112 in Closed Vessels Ð 34 USDA List of Acceptable Materials for Design, Implementation and Testing of a COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION Use on Telecommunications Systems of Software Interface Between the AN/ Agent-Based Simulation of Disease RUS Borrowers Ð 103 Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E CONTAMINATION Reconfigurable Computer Ð 227 Agent-Based Target Detection in Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Developing Dependable Software for a 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- System-of-Systems Ð 232 Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation turing Ð 97 Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Code for the Atmospheric Boundary Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of ing the Future Force Ð 33 Layer Ð 168 Photoresists in Reducing Contamination on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 Fluid Film Bearing Code Develop- Fluid Film Bearing Code Develop- ment Ð 226 ment Ð 226 Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Hardware Interface to Connect an Process Ð 95 AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- figurable Computer Ð 234 vivability Ð 234 Secure Water Supply Ð 126 Integrated Design Software Predicts the Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- CONTINENTAL SHELVES mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Com- Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: mogeneous Walls Ð 252 ponents Ð 136 Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 CONTINGENCY View (J-IADS-VIEW) Ð 230 Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) Smart Nanostructures from Computer ments for Contingency Opera- Developed Ð 27 Simulations Ð 293 tions Ð 194 Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Su- CONTINUOUS RADIATION percomputer on a Chip) Ð 234 The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: Design of an AC-Dipole for use in Multi-Type Self Adaptive Genetic Pro- Modeling of a Complex Crater with Cen- RHIC Ð 296 tral Uplift Ð 332 gramming for Complex Applica- CONTINUUMS tions Ð 235 VARTM Model Development and Verifi- Investigating the Sources of the Apollo cation Ð 224 Open Radio Communications Architec- 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Virtual Experiments to Determine Software Users Manual Ð 312 Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability CONTOURS Analysis Ð 235 Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a CONCENTRATORS Corrections Ð 131 Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors CONTRACTORS Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 CONCRETES Implementation of the Federal Informa- The Impact of Background Resolution on Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted tion Security Management Act for Infor- Target Aquisitions Weapons Software with Elastomeric Systems for Blast mation Technology Training and Aware- (TAWS) Sensor Performance Ð 169 Loads Ð 43 ness Ð 239

A-20 CONTROL SIMULATION COPPER COSMIC RAYS Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using Copper Interconnect Technology New Determination of Production Rates of Matlab Ð 239 Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic ing Ð 96 CONTROL SURFACES Chromite Grains Ð 154 Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 mary of the Experience Ð 99 eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- ent Compaction History? Ð 320 CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN Development of a Production Worthy Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Copper CMP Process Ð 96 COSMOLOGY Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Phenomenology and Cosmology of CONTROL THEORY rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Weak Coupled String Theory Ð 269 Mixing and Transition Control Stud- Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- COST ANALYSIS ied Ð 111 ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- tive Aluminum Ð 37 CONTROLLABILITY phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on CORE SAMPLING trology Constrained Multipart Number the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Fabricator Ð 134 Composite Ð 337 Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 CONTROL Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using CORNERS ing Ð 300 Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and Center Ð 177 Position in the National Spherical Torus CORONAS Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Associated with Chasmata on Ve- COST EFFECTIVENESS CONVECTION nus Ð 355 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains ductor Manufacturing Conference And vergence Associated With Severe Con- Workshop Ð 94 vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Data Ð 173 CORRECTION A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined trology Constrained Multipart Number pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 134 Corrections Ð 131 Fabricator Ð CONVERGENCE Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of An Integrated Online Environment for Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Antenna Education Ð 217 formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed View I Ð 222 Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite RVP and Temperature Corrections for Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenter- Substrates Ð 92 Nonroad Engine Modeling Ð 145 ology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementa- CONVEXITY USDA List of Acceptable Materials for tion Ð 185 Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Con- Use on Telecommunications Systems of vex Object-Conformable Bound- RUS Borrowers Ð 103 Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 aries Ð 248 CORRELATION COOLERS Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation An Investigation of Certain Thermody- lating With Centrosome Amplification in Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical namic Losses in Minature Cryocool- Development and Progression of Breast Center Ð 177 ers Ð 303 Cancer Ð 193 Planning for Success: Constructing a COOLING SYSTEMS CORROSION First Responder Planning Methodology for Homeland Security Ð 316 ICOOL: A Simulation Code for Ionization Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- Cooling of Muon Beams Ð 267 sion Control Measure for Ballast Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 Tanks Ð 199 COOLING COST REDUCTION Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for CORRUGATED PLATES Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded High Power Density and Low Vol- Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 ume Ð 105 for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- CORRUGATED WAVEGUIDES Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated ing Ð 300 Management Ð 259 Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Profile Ð 88 Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG COORDINATES Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Objects Ð 322 Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Techniques Ð 88 Poly Furnace Ð 135 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- erence Systems Ð 225 COSMIC DUST COSTS GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Acquisition: Acquisition of the EA-6B Im- COPPER OXIDES Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary proved Capability III Program Ð 8 Development of a Production Worthy Dust Ð 320 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- Copper CMP Process Ð 96 The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Experimental Evidence for Topological of the New Horizons Mission During In- CARE Benefit Design from the Private Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Sector Ð 179

A-21 COUNTERMEASURES Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sen- Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of sor in Minefield Transit Ð 284 parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- CREEP PROPERTIES and Defense Ð 237 pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 Integrated Design Software Predicts the Molecular Database Construction and DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Com- Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- ponents Ð 136 ventional Pathogen Countermea- ticipated Ð 382 CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY sures Ð 316 Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- COUPLED MODES Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- ated by the Chicxulub Impact Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- ter Topography Ð 409 Event Ð 379 ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Brec- tures Ð 87 sion in Southeast Alba Patera from cias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Bel- COUPLERS MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater ize Ð 139 Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- Chains Ð 411 crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the CRITICAL POINT strate Ð 75 Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- COUPLING sults Ð 409 tures Ð 87 Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling on Venus Ð 395 Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- CROSS POLARIZATION ated by the Chicxulub Impact A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 COVALENCE Event Ð 379 Managing Tight Binding Receptors for An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial New Separations Technologies Ð 30 Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna teau Near Juventae Chasma, Applications Ð 64 CRACK PROPAGATION Mars Ð 163 Gear Crack Propagation Investiga- Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, tion Ð 129 CPA Relation Ð 50 Part 12 Ð 381 Methodology Developed for Modeling the Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of tem for the Satellite Communication Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superal- Earth Antenna Ð 93 Some Structural Elements of the Largest loys Ð 137 Impact Field in the Western Egyptian CROSS SECTIONS CRACKS Desert Ð 152 Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implica- Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Slot Ð 86 tions for Fault Mechanics Ð 364 tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 CROSSTALK Life Analysis Development and Verifica- MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied erance Application of Multiple Through Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Cracks in Plates With and Without to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Lines Ð 72 Holes Ð 255 New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne CRUSTS CRATERING Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies and Ejection Processes, and Post- and Valley Networks Concentrated at Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- Impact Environment Ð 167 parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 Low Paleolatitudes? Ð 361 Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike on Titan with Implications for the Age of Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- Titan’s Surface Ð 160 ter Topography Ð 409 Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- 383 Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð Mars Ð 363 Texas Ð 152 Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the on Titan with Implications for the Age of Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact on Titan with Implications for the Age of Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift Composition of the Moon from the Apollo of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment The Asymmetric Cratering History of the of Inertia Ð 157 Moon Ð 382 Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis than Nectaris Ð 408 Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 petus in Comparison: First Results from The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Prob- Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic 331 Data Ð 406 ably Related to Crater Rim Col- Streamline Function to Surface Ð CRATERS lapse Ð 399 CRYOGENIC COOLING Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- The Search for Underground Hydrother- An Investigation of Certain Thermody- tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- namic Losses in Minature Cryocool- tion to OMEGA Ð 368 ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 ers Ð 303

A-22 Development of New Cryocooler Regen- CRYSTALLOGRAPHY RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- and Spherical Structures by Composite Compounds Ð 23 gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 CRYOGENIC EQUIPMENT DAMAGE Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, CRYSTALS Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes Part 12 Ð 381 Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Cell Death Ð 215 CRYPTOGRAPHY ent Compaction History? Ð 320 Life Analysis Development and Verifica- Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks erance Application of Multiple Through The Encryption Export Policy Contro- and Mobile Elements: Implications of Cracks in Plates With and Without versy: Searching for Balance in the Infor- Early MER Results Ð 399 Holes Ð 255 mation Age Ð 310 Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Voltage Identify Based Encryption Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- (VIBE) Ð 241 talline Siderite Ð 389 ing FDTD Ð 91 CRYSTAL GROWTH CUPRATES Overview of Plasma Induced Damage Experimental Evidence for Topological After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 ging the Barriers Ð 142 DAMPING Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule CURRENT DENSITY Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness Formation Ð 163 Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Vibration Suppression and Isola- Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- tion Ð 16 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE turing Ð 97 DAMS Nanostructured High Performance Ultra- CURRENT DISTRIBUTION violet and Blue Light Emitting Diodes for Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for Solid State Lighting. Report for October with the Deep Water Isotopic Current Handsets Ð 80 1, 2003-September 30, 2004 Ð 93 Analyzer (DWICA) Ð 111 Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major CURVE FITTING DARKNESS Element Composition on Near, Mid and Life Analysis Development and Verifica- Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA erance Application of Multiple Through Radar Data Ð 386 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Cracks in Plates With and Without Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- Holes Ð 255 DATA ACQUISITION toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- A Low-Power Remotely Readable Sen- ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 CUTTING sor Ð 224 Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip CRYSTALLINITY Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 tic to Remove Ground Target Returns ging the Barriers Ð 142 from the Training Data for STAP Applica- CYANIDES tions Ð 233 Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Optimal Aide Security Information alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Search (OASIS) Ð 228 CYCLES Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- ogy Ð 302 CRYSTALLIZATION tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CYCLONES les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for National Geoscience Data Repository the Crystallization of Los Angeles and Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropi- System. Phase III: Implementation and Dhofar 378 Ð 376 cal Cyclone Intensity Guidance Ð 171 Operation of the Repository. Semiannual Progress Report. 1st Half FY001 (Report Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical for October 2000-March 2001) Ð 309 Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- North Pacific Ð 167 National Geoscience Data Repository 03346 Ð 348 Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical System. Phase III: Implementation and Operation of the Repository. Semiannual Investigating the Sources of the Apollo Transitions Process Ð 171 Progress Report. 2nd Half FY02. (Report 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Tele- for April 2002-October 2002) Ð 309 connections Ð 172 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Yield Analysis and Data Management Part 8 Ð 338 Singular Vector Growth over Short Time- Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 Scales Ð 169 On the Physical and Chemical Conse- DATA BASES quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- CYCLOTRON RESONANCE Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy Family Status on Retention, Promotion, Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Ion Sources Ð 274 and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- erophile Element Systematics of Group CYLINDRICAL BODIES rine Corps Officers Ð 312 IVB Irons Ð 360 Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Lines with Indented Grounds Ð 59 tion and the UAL Software Environment Ocean Ð 365 to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Development of a Provider Profiling Tool aceous Chondrites Ð 332 Patch Elements Ð 84 for Reappointment Ð 196

A-23 Molecular Database Construction and The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Sustaining the Army Training Mission by Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Re-Thinking Decision Support Systems: ventional Pathogen Countermea- petus in Comparison: First Results from Shifting from Decision-Making Individu- sures Ð 316 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging als to Sense-Making Agents Ð 242 Data Ð 406 National Geoscience Data Repository DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS System Phase III: Implementation and Two Successive Martian Years on the Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Operation of the Repository Ð 310 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Force Support for Sea Base Opera- The Io Mountain Online Data- Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY tions Ð 71 Data Ð 395 base Ð 354 Sustaining the Army Training Mission by DATA REDUCTION DATA CORRELATION Re-Thinking Decision Support Systems: Measurement and Modeling of Temporal RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Shifting from Decision-Making Individu- and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- ogy Ð 302 als to Sense-Making Agents Ð 242 istics Ð 48 DATA INTEGRATION DECISION THEORY DATA SAMPLING Integrating Global-Scale Mission Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- A Framework for Real-time Process Con- Datasets: Understanding the Martian tion Classification Methods for Digital trol Ð 133 Crust Ð 346 Communication Signals Ð 262 DATA STORAGE DATA LINKS Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard toring System Ð 97 urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Digital Communications for Current and DECOMPOSITION Future Force Sensors Ð 72 DATA STRUCTURES A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- DATA MANAGEMENT Mineralogical and Seismological Models lar Value Decomposition Ð 122 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Electronic Collection Management and Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and Electronic Information Services Ð 314 DATA SYSTEMS Venus Ð 326 Information Technology Management: Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Environments Ð 10 Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- Management of Information Technology melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Metadata for Electronic Information Re- veillance System at Navy and Marine Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 sources Ð 315 Corps MTFs Ð 313 Gpa Ð 166 DATA TRANSMISSION Yield Analysis and Data Management DECONTAMINATION Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 Feasibility of Formulating DECON Satellite Ð 47 DATA MINING GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Scalable Parallel Approximate Formula- DAYTIME GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 tions of Multidimensional Spatial Auto- Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Genesis: Removing Contamination from Regression Models for Spatial Data Min- Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Sample Collectors Ð 319 ing Ð 256 Using MODIS Ð 9 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based DEACTIVATION Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 Decontamination Solution (Decon Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT Species in Emissions from Munitions De- Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal activation Furnace Ð 31 DEEP WATER Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead ing Ð 300 DEATH Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- with the Deep Water Isotopic Current 111 DATA PROCESSING genic Modifiers Ð 202 Analyzer (DWICA) Ð Alternative Approaches to Improve Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mecha- DEFECTS Physiological Predictions Ð 311 nism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Ð 191 A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Tools Ð 298 Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes dar Earth-based Observations of Mars that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Cell Death Ð 215 Production ADC Matching Perfor- Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- mance Ð 298 DEBRIS tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Rover Data Ð 364 Virtual Experiments to Determine Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems Analysis Ð 235 Development of New Methodology and View (J-IADS-VIEW) Ð 230 DECAY Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Improvement Ð 299 age Processing Ð 140 Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and Human Based Knowledge for the Probe New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Failure Pattern Classification with the Publishing: Academic Information Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- Sources on the Internet Ð 313 tem Events Ð 334 work. Application on Submicron Linear Technologies Ð 134 Public Outreach and Archiving of Data DECISION MAKING from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Decisionmaker Forums Ð 186 In-line Defect Density Targets for New Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Technology from Development to Manu- Determining Simulation Requirements Year Ð 376 facturing Ð 132 and Identifying a Course of Action to Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- More Efficiently Support Acquisition Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- nar Surface Brightness Using Data of Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- sured Extension Values per Defect to Integral Observations Ð 367 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135

A-24 Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- DEMAGNETIZATION DEPOSITS urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits Sampling Methodology for SEM-based tite Ð 386 of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition Benefit Analysis Ð 133 DENDRITIC CRYSTALS ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- Defects to Devices Ð 106 Using High Resolution Clementine toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Data Ð 378 Statistical Methodology for Yield En- ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 hancement via Baseline Reduc- Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- tion Ð 252 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- MIS and TES Data Ð 387 DEFENSE PROGRAM Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Extent and Further Characteristics of turing Ð 97 vices Contracts Ð 199 Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Planitia, Mars Ð 401 An Analysis of Transitional Doctor of Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- Physical Therapy Degrees for the De- face: A Frequency Dependent Model for Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- partment of Defense Ð 195 the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 teau Near Juventae Chasma, Mars Ð 163 DEFLECTION DEOXYGENATION Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Be- Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing tween Wearing Surfaces at High Tem- sion Control Measure for Ballast peratures Ð 131 F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 Tanks Ð 199 DEFORESTATION Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 DEFORMATION Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes Fatigue Behavior and Deformation that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on 215 Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy Cell Death Ð Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Investigated Ð 37 Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley Fill Ð 343 Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Developed Ð 27 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Brec- cias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Bel- Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- ize Ð 139 Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Biological Information in a Memory Com- Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 DEPRIVATION DEGREES OF FREEDOM DEPLOYMENT Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Hospitalization Experience of US military Life Issues Ð 216 FDTD Method Ð 82 Personnel Following Service in the 1991 DEHYDRATION Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf DEPTH The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 Analyzing the Requirement for a De- of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 DEICING ployed Warrior Medical Management DERIVATION Center Table of Distribution and Allow- Feasibility of Formulating DECON Second-Order Method for Interface Re- ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, construction in Orthogonal Coordinate Center Ð 194 GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Systems Ð 221 Base Camp Protection and Survivability DEIONIZATION DESCENT Demonstration Program Ð 220 Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Investing in the Future by Learning from the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- ter Ð 95 the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to ticipated Ð 382 Gather Feedback from Deployed Army DELAMINATING Forward Surgical Team Ð 179 DESIGN ANALYSIS Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of DEPOLARIZATION Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- DELETION CPA Relation Ð 50 forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice File Systems and Logging Ð 240 Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Depolarisation Ð 168 Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- DELIVERY lence Ð 301 DEPOSITION Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Manufacturing for Design: Putting Pro- Operator Schedule in Semiconductor cess Control in the Language of the Manufacturing Line Ð 100 In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition Designer Ð 133 DELTAS for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process Flow Ð 298 Optimal Design of the Generalized Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution The Influence of Local Geometric Effects by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 rithm Ð 60

A-25 Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- Optically Based Flame Detection in the Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Thickness Ð 88 Wind Tunnel Ð 110 Thickness and Subsurface Struc- ture Ð 372 Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip An- Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- tennas Ð 59 ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis DESIGN OPTIMIZATION pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined DIELECTRIC LOSS Corrections Ð 131 Process Control and Monitoring with La- Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- nas for pager Ð 80 Optimum Design by Waveguide Model tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- narization Ð 99 crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Regulatory System Involved in the Lines Ð 72 DESULFURIZING Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mallei Ð 177 DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- New Results from the Magellan Bistatic bing Ð 149 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of Radar Experiment Ð 65 Biological Material Ð 287 DETECTION DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES Agent-Based Target Detection in Secure Water Supply Ð 126 Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imag- face: A Frequency Dependent Model for Airborne UXO Surveys Using the ing Ð 274 the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 MTADS Ð 119 Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES Alternative Approaches to Improve tion in Foliage Ð 289 An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- tenna Comprised of a Periodically- Physiological Predictions Ð 311 DETECTORS Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects Rod Ð 45 Detection and Analysis Systems Ð 116 on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Telescopes Ð 261 Characterization of an Optically- Demonstrating the Automated Change Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- DETERMINANTS Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of graphic Density Ð 182 Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Design, Implementation and Testing of a Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 Software Interface Between the AN/ DETONATION SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E A Generalized Method for the Computa- DIELECTRICS Reconfigurable Computer Ð 227 tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 Detection and Tracking as a Seamless Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 Process Ð 285 A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- DIAGNOSIS ments for Printed Antennas Analy- Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real sis Ð 89 Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Combustion Diagnostics for New, A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63 Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 lants Ð 34 Wireless Applications Ð 81 Development of Artificial Haircell Sen- Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- sors Ð 120 sis of Microcalcifications on Mammo- A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- tenna Ð 48 Development of Nanofibrous Mem- grams for Breast Cancer Detec- branes Towards Biological Sens- tion Ð 211 A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from ing Ð 125 Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- DIAGRAMS ing Flanged Rectangular Effective Defect Detection and Classifi- Representational and Inferential Re- Waveguide Ð 76 cation Methodology Based on Integrated quirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning Laser Scanning Inspection and Auto- in the Entity Re-Identification Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a matic Defect Classification Ð 135 Task Ð 223 Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- ment Ð 84 Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Detec- DIAMINES tion Tools for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative Evaluation, Threat Analysis and Typical and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Com- to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Cases Ð 223 pact Base Station Antennas for PDC cations Ð 25 System in Japan Ð 90 Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- DAR Data Ð 124 DIAMONDS Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: with Different Permittivities Ð 53 Hardware Interface to Connect an Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- figurable Computer Ð 234 mary of the Experience Ð 99 tine Soot? Ð 23 Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- and Embedding of Palindrome and DICHOTOMIES width Product Ð 49 Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- age Data Ð 233 chotomy Ð 405 nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52

A-26 Modeling of Periodic Structures Using DIGITAL COMPUTERS Observations in Improved Geolocation the Finite Difference Time Domain Hardware Interface to Connect an Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent (FDTD) Ð 78 AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- and Non-Signal Dependent Er- rors Ð 123 Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna figurable Computer Ð 234 with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 DIGITAL DATA DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Resonator Antennas Ð 54 age Processing Ð 140 Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- DIGITAL SYSTEMS DIRECTIVITY mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs mogeneous Walls Ð 252 Laboratory Testing Nearly Com- with Different Permittivities Ð 53 plete Ð 64 On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate DISABILITIES Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- The Second Path: The Role of Algo- Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of cesses Ð 97 rithms in Maintaining Progress in Two New Non-Powered Technolo- DSP Ð 258 Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- gies Ð 219 Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- DIMETHYL COMPOUNDS DISASTERS Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 cations Ð 25 Services Project (DREAMS TM): science, Triage and Treatment Performance and Productivity Improve- DIODES (STAT) Ð 187 ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- DISCRETE FUNCTIONS tions Ð 100 DIONE Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Process Control and Monitoring with La- The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Approximation Ð 245 Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (STATISTICS) tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- petus in Comparison: First Results from Standardized UXO Technology Demon- narization Ð 99 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Data Ð 406 stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- No. 213 Ð 254 riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione Ð 352 DISEASES Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- DIOXIDES Agent-Based Simulation of Disease netic Medium Ð 82 Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) DIESEL ENGINES Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 Soot Particles Ð 130 DIPOLE ANTENNAS Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenter- DIESEL FUELS A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a ology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Cavity Ð 78 Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementa- Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. tion Ð 185 A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized Final Report. Report 4 in a series of Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 Characterization of Antibody Specific for 6Ð128 Disease Associated Prion Protein Ð 205 Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- DIETS ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast naling Pathways in Breast Cancer Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small Cells Ð 206 Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- Population Based Assessment of MHC DIFFRACTION width Product Ð 49 Class I Antigens Down Regulation as An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency ment and Progression of Breast Cancer Algorithm Ð 89 Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- FDTD Method Ð 44 Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- DISORDERS Modeling Staircased Wires using the Relationships of Stress Exposures to netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- FDTD Method Ð 85 mosphere Ð 167 Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 DIPOLES UTD-Based Propagation Model for the DISPENSERS Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mo- Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- Determinants of Dispensing Location in bile Communications System Ð 73 pole, and Combined Function Magnet the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- Costs Ð 271 gram Ð 178 DIFFUSION FLAMES Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Microgravity Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Approximation Ð 245 DISPERSIONS Flames Ð 111 Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION Production of High Value Materials from DIFFUSION Turbulence in the Stable Planetary the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and Combustion Ash Ð 147 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Characterization Using DNS and LES Ð 260 DISPLACEMENT DIFFUSIVITY MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for Time Domain Electromagnetics for Map- DIRECTION FINDING Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia ping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Relief and Displacement-Dependent in Mars Analog Environments Ð 329 Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Loads Ð 6

A-27 Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks DOPPLER RADAR Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 371 Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð dar Earth-based Observations of Mars The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- DISPLAY DEVICES with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 cient in PDR ABC Transporters to Enhancing Situational Awareness Using Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Drugs Ð 198 Flexible Display Technologies...Do They Radar Systems Ð 304 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Have a Role in the Cockpit? Ð 11 DOSAGE say for Organophosphate Exposure -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Civilians in the Field and Labora- gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and Sarin with Pyridostigmine tory Ð 200 Editing Match Points Ð 226 -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- ological Effects Ð 185 DUNES DISSECTION Radiation Dose Measurements of the Annual Change of Martian DDS- Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic Seepages Ð 355 lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Film Dosimeters Ð 276 diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Wind-related Erosion Depressions cer Ð 212 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- DUNITE ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen tion Ð 126 DOWNLINKING Fugacity Ð 370 Optimal Design of the Generalized An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink DUST COLLECTORS Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 Current NIOSH Dust Control Research by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- DRAG REDUCTION for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 rithm Ð 60 Active Control of Turbulent Boundary DUST STORMS DIURNAL VARIATIONS Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface 286 Observations of MMW Backscatter from Naval Applications Ð Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 DRAINAGE DUST Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Current NIOSH Dust Control Research ropa Ð 161 mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 Discharge Ð 347 DIVERGENCE Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- DREAMS strained by High Resolution Spectros- vergence Associated With Severe Con- Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Services Project (DREAMS TM): sci- vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Data Ð 173 ence, Triage and Treatment (STAT) Ð 187 from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) DOCKING 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using DRILLING Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Conserved Residue Information to Study Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in and Ejection Processes, and Post- the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 DOCUMENT MARKUP LANGUAGES Impact Environment Ð 167 Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- ing the Future Force Ð 33 The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas 256 OpenAD: Algorithm Implementation User First Report Ð 366 Model Ð Guide Ð 223 Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust DRILLS During UAE2 Ð 172 DOMES (GEOLOGY) Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 DYNAMIC LOADS Red Spots Ð 345 Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- DRONE VEHICLES DOMINANCE jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon ing Ð 38 Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Platform Ð 10 Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- DYNAMIC MODELS Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile tric Warfare? Ð 239 Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Environments Ð 10 DOPAMINE and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic The Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Simulations Ð 94 PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function Aerial Vehicle Ð 8 in Aging Workers Ð 214 Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 DROPS (LIQUIDS) DOPED CRYSTALS DYNAMIC RESPONSE Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent perimental Investigation of a Model- Screen for Proton Beams Ð 266 Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 lets and Jets Ð 114 Experimental Evidence for Topological EAR PROTECTORS Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 DRUGS Concept and Technology Exploration for Transparent Hearing Ð 220 DOPING (MATERIALS) 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ventive Agent Ð 189 for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- Signal IC Ð 101 Norephedrines Ð 29 logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31

A-28 EARTH CRUST EDEMA EFFECTIVENESS Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Steps Towards a Universal Biol- in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly ogy Ð 385 Approximate Iteration Ð 246 EDGES Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides EFFLUENTS FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Effects of Process Parameters on Par- ments: Geochemical Consequences of Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- larity at the Edges Ð 62 ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and EDITING EJECTA Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, EARTH MANTLE gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and India and Elemental Variations in Impact Editing Match Points Ð 226 New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Crater Clays Ð 406 of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- Temperatures Ð 156 Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Science Applications of Physics and the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Chemistry for High School and College reo Camera Ð 366 Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Classes. Update. Ð 394 EJECTION of Inertia Ð 157 EDUCATION New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne EARTH ORBITS Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 and Ejection Processes, and Post- tic to Remove Ground Target Returns Impact Environment Ð 167 EARTH (PLANET) from the Training Data for STAP Applica- Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in tions Ð 233 EJECTORS Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- An Integrated Online Environment for Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- lution Ð 409 Antenna Education Ð 217 ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory Ð 283 EARTH SCIENCES Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Tech- 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) ELASTIC PROPERTIES nical Highlights Ð 168 Program Ð 304 Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Associated with Chasmata on Ve- EARTH SURFACE Final Report: Assessment in Team nus Ð 355 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Games Ð 233 Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, ELASTOMERS Canada Ð 152 Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted Implementation of the Federal Informa- Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn with Elastomeric Systems for Blast tion Security Management Act for Infor- Loads Ð 43 for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 mation Technology Training and Aware- Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- ness Ð 239 ELECTRIC ARCS cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Environmental Influence of Gravity and Making a World of Difference Recruit- Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth ment of Undergraduate Students at 359 Wires Investigated Ð 93 and Mars Ð USU Ð 304 ECCENTRICITY Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 ELECTRIC BATTERIES Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over Advanced Power Regulator Developed Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a Predoctoral Training Program in Breast for Spacecraft Ð 20 Cancer Research Ð 184 True Clausewitzian Analysis Ð 282 Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Rock Around the World: Extending a Recruiter Assessment Battery Ð 229 Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- pography Ð 159 ence Using Infrared Research at tery Materials Ð 42 Mars Ð 375 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Devel- teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- opment, Training, and Fielding of Man- eration Ð 15 lence Ð 301 Portable UGVs Ð 241 ELECTRIC CHARGE ECONOMIC FACTORS Sustaining the Army Training Mission by Re-Thinking Decision Support Systems: Overview of Plasma Induced Damage New Business Models for Standard and After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Shifting from Decision-Making Individu- dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- als to Sense-Making Agents Ð 242 ELECTRIC CURRENT Market Ð 318 Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Determination of Surface Currents by ECONOMICS search at the University of Texas M.D. Back Propagation of Field Measure- Economics of Electronic Information Pro- Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 ments Ð 85 vision Ð 124 USA Air and Space Power in the 21st Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation ECOSYSTEMS Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- tions Ð 251 Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Using a Field Experience to Build Under- Temperature Aqueous Weather- standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 Prediction of Radiated Perturbations ing Ð 394 from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 EDDY CURRENTS to Supplement Traditional Teaching Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical ELECTRIC FIELDS Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the Training of Non-Medical Person- Modeling Staircased Wires using the BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 nel Ð 175 FDTD Method Ð 85

A-29 ELECTRIC GENERATORS ELECTRODES ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition An Experimental Investigation of the tery Materials Ð 42 for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- ELECTRIC MOTORS Flow Ð 298 romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration Current Pulses Ð 107 Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE FILTERS tions Ð 102 Thickness Ð 88 Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ELECTROKINETICS Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- Structures and Helicopter Airframes using Using Electrokinetic Tech- ELECTROMAGNETISM ing FDTD Ð 91 niques Ð 279 An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Voltage Identify Based Encryption ELECTROLYTES for Optimization of Electromagnetic (VIBE) Ð 241 Structures Ð 74 Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS tery Materials Ð 42 Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Ð 87 Low Temperature Cathode Supported tery Materials Ð 42 Electrolytes Ð 22 Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized ELECTRIC POWER Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering Advanced Power Regulator Developed ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Problems Ð 249 A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix for Spacecraft Ð 19 Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- Transformations for the Solution of Inte- Element Scattering Calculations in Practical Superconductor Development gral Equations Ð 244 for Electrical Power Applications Ð 293 Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic ers Ð 77 ELECTRIC PROPULSION (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for Site of Rio Tinto, Spain Ð 327 an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- sion Ð 16 FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip allel MLFMA Ð 225 Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- Time Domain Electromagnetics for Map- ELECTRIC REACTORS larity at the Edges Ð 62 Performance and Productivity Improve- ping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna 329 ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch in Mars Analog Environments Ð with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- ELECTRON ACCELERATORS tions Ð 100 ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENT eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at ELECTRIC WIRE Measurement and Modeling of Temporal BNL Ð 273 and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- Environmental Influence of Gravity and ELECTRON BEAMS Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated istics Ð 48 Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a Wires Investigated Ð 93 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Magnetization and Space Charge Domi- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Angular Characteristics of Electromag- nated Beam Ð 270 Microwave Engineering Design Labora- netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized BNL Ð 273 Radar Systems Ð 304 Plasma Ð 81 RHIC Performance and Future Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- ELECTRICAL FAULTS Plans Ð 274 Electrical Fault Detection on Downed DC nas and Scattering Ð 54 Trolley Lines Ð 102 Towards Advanced Electron Beam New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Brightness Enhancement and Condition- 65 ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE Radar Experiment Ð ing Ð 276 Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- ELECTRON BUNCHING Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 mogeneous Media Ð 61 Design Considerations for Low Field Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun ELECTRICAL INSULATION Statistical Characteristics of Multiple with High Charge Electron Bunch Ð 271 A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- Layer of Magnetized Turbulent ELECTRON ENERGY ding Ð 56 Plasma Ð 74 Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer De- scription Explains Neutron Compton Environmental Influence of Gravity and ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated Scattering Anomaly Ð 273 A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- Wires Investigated Ð 93 pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Conducting Bodies Ð 225 Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- An Efficient Solution of the Generalized to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in tion Process for 0.18 micron and Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large CM Chondrites Ð 330 Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- and Electrical Performance Ð 97 lems Ð 264 ELECTRON GUNS Manufacturing for Design: Putting Pro- Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above Design Considerations for Low Field cess Control in the Language of the or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun Designer Ð 133 with High Charge Electron Bunch Ð 271 Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- ELECTROCHEMISTRY mation in Electromagnetic Scattering ELECTRON MICROSCOPES Bioelectricalchemical Process Develom- from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- Accelerated Development of a High Field ent Ð 29 son Ð 245 Single Electron Spin Microscope Ð 107

A-30 ELECTRON SCATTERING The Second Path: The Role of Algo- ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer De- rithms in Maintaining Progress in Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical scription Explains Neutron Compton DSP Ð 258 Applications Ð 142 Scattering Anomaly Ð 273 EMERGENCIES ENGINE COOLANTS Many-body Theory of Deep Inelastic Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical High-Aspect-Ratio Cooling Channel Scattering Ð 278 Services Project (DREAMS TM): sci- Concept Tested in Lewis’ Rocket Engine ELECTRON SOURCES ence, Triage and Treatment Test Facility Ð 20 187 Simulation, Generation, and Character- (STAT) Ð ENGINE DESIGN ization of High Brightness Electron Hospital-Based First Responder Mass High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings for Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 Gas Turbine Engines Ð 6 ELECTRON SPIN Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer ENGINE PARTS Accelerated Development of a High Field Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 High-Aspect-Ratio Cooling Channel Single Electron Spin Microscope Ð 107 EMISSION SPECTRA Concept Tested in Lewis’ Rocket Engine Test Facility Ð 20 ELECTRONIC AIRCRAFT Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Acquisition: Acquisition of the EA-6B Im- Part 8 Ð 338 ENGINE TESTS proved Capability III Program Ð 8 High-Aspect-Ratio Cooling Channel EMISSION Determining the Fine Structure of the Concept Tested in Lewis’ Rocket Engine Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Test Facility Ð 20 Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Species in Emissions from Munitions De- Boundary Layers Ð 9 activation Furnace Ð 31 ENGINEERING Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Economics of Electronic Information Pro- from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Program Ð 304 vision Ð 124 eter Ð 410 ENSTATITE Electronic Collection Management and Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Metadata for Electronic Information Re- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 sources Ð 315 Weekday and Weekend Day Temporal ENTRAINMENT Determining the Fine Structure of the New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Allocation of Activity in the Draft NON- Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Publishing: Academic Information ROAD2004 Model Ð 145 Boundary Layers Ð 9 Sources on the Internet Ð 313 EMITTANCE ENUMERATION ELECTRONICS AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of tensity Beams Ð 272 Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- View I Ð 222 riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ELECTRONS Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Guide to Developing an Environmental Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- COOL Experiment Ð 269 Management System for Metal Finishing erator Ð 270 EMITTERS Facilities Ð 37 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Observations in Improved Geolocation ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Emissions Ð 146 ELECTROWEAK MODEL rors Ð 123 Role of Rock/Fluid Characteristics in Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Elec- ENANTIOMERS Carbon (CO2) Storage and Model- troweak Precision Constraints Ð 302 146 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and ing Ð ELLIPSOIDS Norephedrines Ð 29 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of Integrated Environment for Control Soft- ENCELADUS Rubble-Pile Structures Ð 154 ware Engineering Ð 235 Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, ELLIPSOMETRY and Dione Ð 352 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Guide to Developing an Environmental Results To Observe Grain Structure for ENDOTHELIUM Management System for Metal Finishing OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- Facilities Ð 37 genic Modifiers Ð 202 EMBEDDING ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded ENERGETIC PARTICLES The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS ter Ð 324 Applications: Panel Session Ð 108 Characterizing Extreme Environments Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded ENERGY CONSERVATION for Army Testing Ð 45 Applications Ð 236 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ENVIRONMENTS GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary biter Ð 411 cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Dust Ð 320 ENERGY DISSIPATION tures of Landmines Ð 120 MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless and Embedding of Palindrome and Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- age Data Ð 233 CM Chondrites Ð 330 ogy Ð 69

A-31 ENZYMES Development of a Production Worthy Weekday and Weekend Day Temporal A Molecular Connection Between Breast Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Allocation of Activity in the Draft NON- 145 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in ROAD2004 Model Ð diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied ESTROGENS AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen from HRSC Data Ð 163 AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast Cancer Ð 205 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Cancer Ð 205 Cooperative Interactions During Human Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Breast Density Ð 183 tion Ð 198 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Feasibility Assessment for the Use of is Tilted Ð 361 lating With Centrosome Amplification in Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Development and Progression of Breast man Application Ð 174 The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear Cancer Ð 193 and Erosion Ð 34 Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and ETCHING Breast Density Ð 183 Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- A Study In The Continuous Improvement surface Process Ð 388 Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Process: Implementation of an Opti- roprotective in a Model of Traumatic ERROR ANALYSIS mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 emia Ð 204 ror Accounting for System Model Mis- Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on match Ð 257 EPIDEMIOLOGY an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Population Based Assessment of MHC Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Class I Antigens Down Regulation as tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- tions Ð 244 Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- ment and Progression of Breast Cancer ERROR CORRECTING CODES tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of Overview of Plasma Induced Damage Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of View I Ð 222 After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- ERRORS Performance and Productivity Improve- veillance Ð 196 A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch EPITAXY ror Accounting for System Model Mis- Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development match Ð 257 tions Ð 100 and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western is Tilted Ð 361 EPITHELIUM North Pacific Ð 167 Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mecha- How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- nism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Ð 191 and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 EQUALIZERS (CIRCUITS) Process Control Approach Ð 253 ETHERS Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Observations in Improved Geolocation Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Be- Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent tween Wearing Surfaces at High Tem- Channel: Performance Characterization and Non-Signal Dependent Er- peratures Ð 131 rors Ð 123 and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 ETHYLENE COMPOUNDS EQUATORIAL REGIONS Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription Feasibility of Formulating DECON Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Mars Ð 356 Study of Manpower and Customer Ser- vice Initiatives Ð 196 EUROPA EQUATORS Chemical Differentiation and Internal Relative Accuracy of Several Low- A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Domain Schemes Ð 75 Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implica- voirs Ð 392 Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- tions for Fault Mechanics Ð 364 tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas EQUIPMENT Model Ð 256 Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- A80 A New Perspective on Predictable cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Factory Performance Ð 306 ESCARPMENTS tering Loss Ð 390 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for from HRSC Data Ð 163 for Ice Shell Properties Ð 398 Wireless Applications Ð 81 The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- EROS ASTEROID Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Prob- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New ably Related to Crater Rim Col- gets Ð 412 Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker lapse Ð 399 Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- XRS Data Ð 393 ropa Ð 161 ESTIMATES Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 Transitions Process Ð 171 pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 EROSION Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- putational Issues Associated with Param- The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- mary of the Experience Ð 99 eter Estimations Ð 260 omars and Beyond Ð 375

A-32 EUROPE EXPERIMENTATION Design of a Resonant Extraction System America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich for the AGS Booster Ð 296 eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid faction and Why Ð 134 Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- 03346 Ð 348 EVACUATING (TRANSPORTATION) gel Ð 335 Analyzing the Requirement for a De- Lewis Mars Pathfinder Microrover Ex- EXTRAPOLATION periments Ð 15 ployed Warrior Medical Management Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Center Table of Distribution and Allow- EXPLOITATION Based Parameterization of Antenna- ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 Center Ð 194 Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- EXTRASOLAR PLANETS EVALUATION ery Ð 141 A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Analysis and Testing of a Digitized Appli- Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision cation for U.S. Navy Officer Recruit- ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 ing Ð 230 EXPLOSIONS EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped A Generalized Method for the Computa- Annual Change of Martian DDS- Wireless Ground Sensor Network Ð 68 tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Seepages Ð 355 Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- veillance System at Navy and Marine Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Corps MTFs Ð 313 EXPLOSIVES DETECTION rent Martian Environmental Condi- EVAPORATION Standardized UXO Technology Demon- tions Ð 350 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule stration Site Open Field Scoring Record Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Formation Ð 163 Number 354 Ð 123 Temperature Aqueous Weather- Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- EXPLOSIVES ing Ð 394 tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for High Brightness Imaging for Real Time EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATTER Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Vapor Plume Ð 153 Combustion Fronts Produced by En- ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 restrial Materials) Ð 412 Evaporation Residues Measured by La- Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic EXTRATERRESTRIAL WATER ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 Fumes Ð 147 Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring EVOLUTION (DEVELOPMENT) Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCIES Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- ide Ð 33 lution Ð 409 Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS tem for the Satellite Communication EXCAVATION Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Earth Antenna Ð 93 New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 Highly Efficient Amplifier for Ka-Band Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Communications Ð 67 and Ejection Processes, and Post- Applications: Panel Session Ð 108 Impact Environment Ð 167 Implications of ACTS Technology on the Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- EXCITATION Applications Ð 236 eling for Communication System Specifi- Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and The Second Path: The Role of Algo- Motion Ð 363 Beyond Ð 67 rithms in Maintaining Progress in EXCLUSION DSP Ð 258 INTEX Ka-Band Experiment Ground Ter- minal Ð 15 Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by EXPOSURE Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- nique for the Armory Ð 139 79 on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels nas for LEO Satellites Ð EXHAUST EMISSION in Rats Ð 35 EXTRUDING Roadmap to MOVES2004 Ð 144 Relationships of Stress Exposures to Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle RVP and Temperature Corrections for Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded NiAl Ð 38 Nonroad Engine Modeling Ð 145 Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD EXHAUST GASES SEM Ð 98 EYE (ANATOMY) Investigation of Mixed Metal Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- A Feasibility Study on the Implementa- Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous say for Organophosphate Exposure tion of Teleophthalmology in the Medical Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Ox- -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains 178 ides Ð 150 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Regional Medical Command Ð tory Ð 200 EXOSPHERE F-18 AIRCRAFT Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- EXTINCTION Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Surfaces Ð 370 Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 FABRICATION EXPANSION EXTRACTION A Layer-based Layout Approach for Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- 99 tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- Micrometeorites from Polar Ice ties Ð tions Ð 244 Caps Ð 385 A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73

A-33 Advanced Base Station Antennas for FAILURE FATIGUE TESTS Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on Japan Ð 62 HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of Failures of DFT Ð 24 Composite Ð 337 Photoresists in Reducing Contamination Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- FATTY ACIDS on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast ing Ð 38 Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Simulations Ð 94 Failure Pattern Classification with the FAULT DETECTION Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- Electrical Fault Detection on Downed DC Better Dispatch Application- A Success work. Application on Submicron Linear Trolley Lines Ð 102 Story Ð 96 134 Technologies Ð Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 FAIRINGS Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer and Tested Ð 283 sors Ð 254 Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 FAN BLADES Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in Highly Efficient Amplifier for Ka-Band First Test of Fan Active Noise Control Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Communications Ð 67 (ANC) Completed Ð 5 works Ð 299 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- FAR FIELDS FAULT TOLERANCE straints Ð 102 Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Real-Time System Verification by Kappa- Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 Induction Ð 240 Developed Ð 27 Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Feasibility Assessment for the Use of Techniques Ð 88 Flow Concept Ð 102 Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Optically Based Flame Detection in the Numerical Simulation of Scattering from man Application Ð 174 Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- Wind Tunnel Ð 110 Iterative Physical Optics Ap- proach Ð 251 soscale Radiography Ð 273 Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic FEASIBILITY Technologies: Progress and Technical Is- FAR INFRARED RADIATION sues Ð 141 Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major A Feasibility Study on the Implementa- Element Composition on Near, Mid and tion of Teleophthalmology in the Medical Practical Superconductor Development Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains for Electrical Power Applications Ð 293 Regional Medical Command Ð 178 FAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Associated with CO Photodissociation in Company Records for a Proposed Process Ð 95 the Solar Nebula Ð 160 NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Sand Workers Ð 147 Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- The FUV Flux Irradiating the Surfaces of duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Protostellar Disks Ð 323 FEED SYSTEMS ing Ð 258 FARM CROPS A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy rain Antenna System Ð 93 Measurements for Diffusion Process Crops Ð 148 Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS Resonator Antennas Ð 54 FABRICS A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Spiral Antenna with Frequency- Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 FPGA Systems Ð 257 Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- FAST NEUTRONS Communication Systems Ð 51 sion Ð 42 Distinguishing Spontaneous Fission FEEDBACK CONTROL Neutrons from Cosmic-ray Back- Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using FADING ground Ð 275 A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Matlab Ð 239 Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: Local Fading Statistics from Ray- FEEDBACK Tracing Ð 76 Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- linium Ð 288 Investing in the Future by Learning from Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imag- the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- ing Ð 274 Gather Feedback from Deployed Army mand Link Ð 128 Forward Surgical Team Ð 179 FATIGUE (MATERIALS) FAILURE ANALYSIS Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Composite Ð 337 Development of a New Technol- FELDSPARS ogy Ð 227 Methodology Developed for Modeling the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and FAILURE MODES Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superal- Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- loys Ð 137 tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle On the Physical and Chemical Conse- Development of a New Technol- Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- ogy Ð 227 NiAl Ð 38 Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162

A-34 FEMALES The Design of a Frequency Domain In- A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the A Randomized Study of the Effects of terference Excision Processor Using CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Field Programmable Gate Arrays Ð 104 Wave Ð 247 Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- FIGHTER AIRCRAFT Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Risk Women After Prophylactic Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- 209 Oophorectomy Ð nology Ð 9 FDTD Method Ð 82 Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 Analysis of the FDTD Method via the and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Screening in Chinese American Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker 215 Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 Women Ð FILMS FERMIONS Control Methods for the Chemical- FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Elec- Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow larity at the Edges Ð 62 troweak Precision Constraints Ð 302 Trench Isolation Ð 132 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- FERRITES FILTRATION nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- Photoresists in Reducing Contamination FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 ance Calculation Ð 52 to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society CM Chondrites Ð 330 (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 International Symposium, Volume Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- 1Ð72 formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite ments Ð 150 Substrates Ð 92 Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD FINANCE Grid Ð 246 FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS Summary of Reports Issued and Partici- Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed An Experimental Investigation of the pation on Management Advisory Teams Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- and Special Audit/Evaluation Efforts Ð 7 Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FDTD Method Ð 44 Current Pulses Ð 107 Acquisition: Controls Over Purchase Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple FERROMAGNETISM Cards at Naval Medical Center San Di- Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Room Temperature Devices of Dilute ego Ð 199 ing FDTD Ð 91 Magnetic Semiconductors Ð 282 FINE STRUCTURE Modeling of Periodic Structures Using FIBER COMPOSITES Determining the Fine Structure of the the Finite Difference Time Domain Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped (FDTD) Ð 78 of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Boundary Layers Ð 9 Modeling Staircased Wires using the tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry FINITE DIFFERENCE THEORY 137 FDTD Method Ð 85 Walls Ð A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Iron-Containing Carbon Materials Fabri- rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- cated Ð 26 racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 tenna Ð 54 FIBER OPTICS A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE through Concrete Walls Using Effective (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 Wave Ð 247 Material Property Technique and FDTD Method Ð 91 Optically Based Flame Detection in the Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature by Using Non-Uniform Mesh Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- Wind Tunnel Ð 110 FDTD Ð 62 mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Analysis of the FDTD Method via the mogeneous Walls Ð 252 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 Relative Accuracy of Several Low- Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- for Compound Detection Ð 106 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 Domain Schemes Ð 75 Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Characterization of an Optically- The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog as Electronically Tunable Cata- Integrators for Maxwell’s Equa- lysts Ð 105 Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 tions Ð 247 FIELD OF VIEW Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Overview of Results from the Cassini Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD Function as a Boundary Condition for Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Grid Ð 246 Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- lems Ð 247 tions Ð 379 Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- tenna Ð 54 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method METHOD for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Cavity Ð 78 A Generalized Method for the Computa- FPGA Systems Ð 257 A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from agement Services Ð 317 racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258

A-35 Characterization of an Optically- FLATTENING Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 drules and Metal Grains Revealed by Lava Flow Ð 359 Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- X-Ray Computed Tomography FLUID MANAGEMENT Data Ð 164 sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross Interface Configuration Experiments Slot Ð 86 FLIGHT HAZARDS (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of on Fluids Ð 113 Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 FLUIDICS Over the Alps Ð 171 Finite Element Implementation of An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS Detection and Analysis Systems Ð 116 the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Equation Ð 248 at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison FLUORESCENCE with EDXS Ð 153 Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer FLIGHT SAFETY Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Readiness Review) Ð 17 Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- 63 Ð 323 erators for Finite Elements Simula- FLIGHT TESTS tion Ð 249 Doing Systems Engineering Without FLUX (RATE) Life Analysis Development and Verifica- Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- Research Center Ð 6 Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 erance Application of Multiple Through Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability FLUX Cracks in Plates With and Without (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Holes Ð 255 Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 FLOODS On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, FLY ASH larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 Part 9 Ð 331 Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Production of High Value Materials from Element Scattering Calculations in tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Combustion Ash Ð 147 ers Ð 77 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, FLYING PLATFORMS Prediction of Radiated Perturbations is Tilted Ð 361 Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- Platform Ð 10 ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Interface Configuration Experiments Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- lation Analysis Ð 11 mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity 113 Thickness Ð 88 on Fluids Ð FOAMS Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of FLOW CHARTS Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded The Advantages of Using Short Cycle Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 Time Manufacturing (SCM) Instead of Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Continuous Flow Manufacturing Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- FINS (CFM) Ð 306 ing Foam Ð 218 An Experimental Investigation of the Per- FLOW DISTRIBUTION formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array Molecular Dynamics Calculations Ð 112 FOLIAGE Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- FLOW MEASUREMENT FIRE PREVENTION tion in Foliage Ð 289 Laser Sheet Flow Visualization Devel- Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for oped for Lewis’ Icing Research Tun- FOOD Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 nel Ð 12 Development of Nanofibrous Mem- FIRES branes Towards Biological Sens- FLOW VISUALIZATION ing Ð 125 Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for Flow Visualization Proposed for Vacuum Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 Cleaner Nozzle Designs Ð 109 FORECASTING FLAMES Laser Sheet Flow Visualization Devel- Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Optically Based Flame Detection in the oped for Lewis’ Icing Research Tun- Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature nel Ð 12 ware Ð 257 Wind Tunnel Ð 110 VARTM Model Development and Verifi- cation Ð 224 Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropi- FLAPS (CONTROL SURFACES) cal Cyclone Intensity Guidance Ð 171 F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ FLUE GASES CE-22 Facility Ð 109 SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- vergence Associated With Severe Con- bing Ð 149 FLASH LAMPS vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube FLUID FILMS Data Ð 173 Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in Fluid Film Bearing Code Develop- Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as ment Ð 226 Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western GAU-8/A and LW30 Ð 42 FLUID FLOW North Pacific Ð 167 FLAT SURFACES A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Per- The Influence of Local Geometric Effects Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- formance of Along Coast Wind Events on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 ages Ð 165 During Frontal Passages Ð 169

A-36 Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- FREQUENCY HOPPING ments for Contingency Opera- surface Process Ð 388 Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation tions Ð 194 FRACTURING (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Ð 213 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS Over the Alps Ð 171 Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed The Impact of Background Resolution on Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Target Aquisitions Weapons Software Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- (TAWS) Sensor Performance Ð 169 FRAGMENTATION FDTD Method Ð 44 Implications of Internal Fragmentation on Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust the Structure of Comets Ð 320 FREQUENCY RANGES During UAE2 Ð 172 Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- FORM FACTORS Impacts Ð 342 Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Fac- FDTD Method Ð 82 tors Ð 303 FRAGMENTS Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Transition Form Factors of the Proton at Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- ment Ð 84 Higher Momentum Transfer Ð 275 ment Impact Ð 39 Spiral Antenna with Frequency- FORMATION FREE ENERGY The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark- Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Communication Systems Ð 51 Antiquark Pair Ð 303 Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the FREQUENCY RESPONSE Planetesimal Ð 343 FREQUENCIES An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for FORMULATIONS cation Algorithm Ð 254 Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Feasibility of Formulating DECON Frequency Extrapolation and Model- GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Based Parameterization of Antenna- GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 FORSTERITE An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main FREQUENCY SCANNING Beam Ð 82 EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 74 Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- FRICTION FOSSILS ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- Determination of Production Rates of Modeling The Backscattering Response teroids Ð 158 Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Chromite Grains Ð 154 cies Ð 53 FRUITS FOURIER TRANSFORMATION RCS Interpolation in Frequency and Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- Ionization Rates and Charge Production Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 tion Ð 84 The Dark Fruit of Globalization: Hostile One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency Use of the Internet Ð 237 and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Complementary Hemispherical Reflec- FUEL CELLS tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- ser Ð 127 Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Applications Ð 142 ment Ð 118 The Design of a Frequency Domain In- FRACTALS terference Excision Processor Using Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Iterative Network Models to Predict the Field Programmable Gate Arrays Ð 104 former Technologies Ð 143 Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION nas and Networks Ð 252 A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- tions Ð 143 FRACTIONATION Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Spiral Antenna with Frequency- FUEL CONSUMPTION tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Communication Systems Ð 51 an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- Vapor Plume Ð 153 sion Ð 16 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING FRACTURE MECHANICS Collaborative Applications Used in a FUEL INJECTION Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implica- Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. 364 tions for Fault Mechanics Ð Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 Final Report. Report 4 in a series of Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- 6Ð128 ropa Ð 161 mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 FRACTURES (MATERIALS) Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- System for Prediction of Stress Frac- Characterization of an Optically- cer Ð 181 tures Ð 207 Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- FUNCTIONS (MATHEMATICS) Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Ð 213 Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- mation in Electromagnetic Scattering Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains erators for Finite Elements Simula- from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 tion Ð 249 son Ð 245

A-37 FURNACES Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Part II Ð 361 Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- cesses Ð 97 and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic GARNETS Simulations Ð 94 Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- GEAR TEETH Characterization of Lead and Cadmium dence from Volcanic Glass Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Species in Emissions from Munitions De- Beads Ð 404 Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 activation Furnace Ð 31 GAS ANALYSIS Gear Crack Propagation Investiga- Diagnostics Adapted for Heat-Treating Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- tion Ð 129 Furnace Environment Ð 336 fied in Orgueil Ð 327 GELLED PROPELLANTS In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Lessons Learned with Metallized Gelled Poly Furnace Ð 135 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Propellants Ð 43 FUZZY SYSTEMS sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary GENE EXPRESSION Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Surfaces Ð 370 In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expres- Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Trapped Noble Gas Components and sion Ð 210 Using MODIS Ð 9 Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Fuzzy Logic Particle Tracking Ð 110 drite ALH84206 Ð 400 lating With Centrosome Amplification in GADOLINIUM GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Development and Progression of Breast Cancer Ð 193 Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- GENE THERAPY linium Ð 288 periment: First Results Ð 400 Protein Transduction Based Therapies for Breast Cancer Ð 203 GALACTIC CLUSTERS GAS DYNAMICS FUSE Observations of QSOs behind The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for GENERAL OVERVIEWS Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI Chondrule Formation: More Detailed An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite Emission Ð 322 Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the Results So Far Ð 350 Planetesimal Ð 343 GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- GAS FLOW Results Ð 351 Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, GENESIS MISSION Plasma-Based Multi-Pollutant Control ter Ð 324 Genesis: Removing Contamination from Technology for Utility Boilers Ð 149 GALERKIN METHOD Sample Collectors Ð 319 The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale GENES Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- A Molecular Connection Between Breast ing from a Perfectly Conducting Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the Planetesimal Ð 343 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Plate Ð 248 diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 GAS GIANT PLANETS GALILEO SPACECRAFT Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes Chemical Differentiation and Internal The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Companions Lost During Planetary Mi- Cell Death Ð 215 gration Ð 378 GAMES In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expres- Final Report: Assessment in Team GAS INJECTION sion Ð 210 Games Ð 233 Second Generation Advanced Reburning for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY trol Ð 148 lating With Centrosome Amplification in Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Development and Progression of Breast Red Spots Ð 345 GAS JETS Cancer Ð 193 Microgravity Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion GAMMA RAY BURSTS The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Devel- Flames Ð 111 December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- opment Ð 210 vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 GAS LASERS The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum Gas Lasers for Strong-Field Applica- Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Critical Surface Ð 294 tions Ð 274 Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- GAS TURBINE ENGINES GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETERS cer Patients Ð 215 Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings for tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Gas Turbine Engines Ð 6 GENETIC ALGORITHMS Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm GASES for Optimization of Electromagnetic Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- Structures Ð 74 on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Model Ð 256 Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Patch Elements Ð 84 High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenter- Chamber Ð 345 Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design ology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- GAMMA RAYS Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementa- nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by tion Ð 185 Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- GATES (CIRCUITS) Failure Pattern Classification with the nique for the Armory Ð 139 In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process work. Application on Submicron Linear Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 Flow Ð 298 Technologies Ð 134

A-38 Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS Design Approach based on Genetic Al- Reading the Record of Early Stages of Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, gorithms Ð 51 Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- Optimal Design of the Generalized The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink sults Ð 333 Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- and Mobile Elements: Implications of Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact rithm Ð 60 Early MER Results Ð 399 Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, GEOCHRONOLOGY Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus and Spherical Structures by Composite A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 324 Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- ages Ð Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- bia? Ð 358 GEOLOGY netic Medium Ð 82 Adventures (Arrrggghh!) in Crater Count- LIBS-based Detection of Geological GENETICS ing: Small Crater Controversies Ð 344 Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced tion Ð 355 Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and Cell Death Ð 215 Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the National Geoscience Data Repository Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- System. Phase III: Implementation and Breast Density Ð 183 tem Events Ð 334 Operation of the Repository. Semiannual Progress Report. 1st Half FY001 (Report Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real for October 2000-March 2001) Ð 309 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Time: Basic Concepts, Development and National Geoscience Data Repository Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Application of DETER Project Ð 140 loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in System. Phase III: Implementation and a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Operation of the Repository. Semiannual rhage Ð 202 New Constraints on Mars Denudation Progress Report. 2nd Half FY02. (Report Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog for April 2002-October 2002) Ð 309 Multi-Type Self Adaptive Genetic Pro- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- National Geoscience Data Repository gramming for Complex Applica- land, High Arctic Ð 389 tions Ð 235 System Phase III: Implementation and Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the Operation of the Repository Ð 310 Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Cancer Genes Ð 209 New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation 345 Protein Transduction Based Therapies cal History of Mars Ð and Ejection Processes, and Post- for Breast Cancer Ð 203 GEODESY Impact Environment Ð 167 GENOME Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on A Functional Genomics Approach to Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 gets in Yeast Ð 176 Fill Ð 343 GEOCHEMISTRY GEODYNAMICS GEOMETRICAL OPTICS A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 sion in Southeast Alba Patera from closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Chemical Differentiation and Internal Algorithm Ð 89 Chains Ð 411 Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 GEOMORPHOLOGY Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Model Approach Ð 330 eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Canada Ð 152 Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- Mars Ð 391 its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at bia? Ð 358 Determination of Production Rates of Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Chromite Grains Ð 154 Mars Ð 327 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- Cross Profile and Volume Analysis of Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the erence Systems Ð 225 Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- Bahram Valles on Mars Ð 155 pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- GEOLOGICAL FAULTS Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- sults Ð 409 Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implica- the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- tions for Fault Mechanics Ð 364 reo Camera Ð 366 cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar and Mars Ð 359 sion in Southeast Alba Patera from Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Potential for Life on Mars from Low- MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: Temperature Aqueous Weather- Chains Ð 411 Modeling of a Complex Crater with Cen- ing Ð 394 Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- tral Uplift Ð 332 Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- teau Near Juventae Chasma, GEOPHYSICS Aitken Basin Ð 396 Mars Ð 163 Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Site of Rio Tinto, Spain Ð 327

A-39 National Geoscience Data Repository Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- GRAZING INCIDENCE System. Phase III: Implementation and borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 Operation of the Repository. Semiannual GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 Progress Report. 2nd Half FY02. (Report GLYCOLS GRAZING for April 2002-October 2002) Ð 309 Feasibility of Formulating DECON GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects National Geoscience Data Repository GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray System Phase III: Implementation and Telescopes Ð 261 Operation of the Repository Ð 310 GOLD Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster GREAT PLAINS CORRIDOR (NORTH Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the AMERICA) Injection Ð 287 Composition of the Moon from the Apollo A Feasibility Study on the Implementa- Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment GRAIN SIZE tion of Teleophthalmology in the Medical of Inertia Ð 157 Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Results To Observe Grain Structure for Regional Medical Command Ð 178 Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 GREENHOUSE EFFECT First Report Ð 366 Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- Role of Rock/Fluid Characteristics in The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Carbon (CO2) Storage and Model- ing Ð 146 Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 GRAINS GHANA Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole GREEN’S FUNCTIONS The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Approximation Ð 245 Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- tions Ð 244 First Report Ð 366 tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the GLACIAL DRIFT Murchison and Murray Meteor- Modeling of Periodic Structures Using Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation ites Ð 109 the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Ð 78 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at GRANULAR MATERIALS Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of Function as a Boundary Condition for GLACIERS Rubble-Pile Structures Ð 154 Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive lems Ð 247 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, GRENADES Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 094 Ð 375 Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Part 14 Ð 397 GRAPHITE ity Ð 143 Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- GROUND PENETRATING RADAR Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley tary Rocks Ð 67 Fill Ð 343 Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Approximation Ð 245 Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Some Structural Elements of the Largest cent Climate Change Ð 356 Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Desert Ð 152 Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar GROUND STATIONS Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Mare Volcanism Ð 407 INTEX Ka-Band Experiment Ground Ter- The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are GRAPHS (CHARTS) minal Ð 15 the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- GROUND TESTS lapse Ð 363 toring System Ð 97 Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Using a Field Experience to Build Under- GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS tic to Remove Ground Target Returns standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence from the Training Data for STAP Applica- GLASS Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 tions Ð 233 Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- Environmental Influence of Gravity and GROUND TRUTH dence from Volcanic Glass Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated Observations of MMW Backscatter from 404 Beads Ð Wires Investigated Ð 93 Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of GROUND WATER GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- Dust Ð 320 sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- teroids Ð 158 The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence works Ð 336 for Impact Origin and Formation VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Age Ð 364 Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater GLAZES GRAVITATION Discharge Ð 347 Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, and Structures Using Plasma Pro- Chemical Differentiation and Internal Part 10 Ð 325 cesses Ð 21 Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone Formation on Mars Ð 371 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Time Domain Electromagnetics for Map- tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular Thickness and Subsurface Struc- ping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater Phones Ð 83 ture Ð 372 in Mars Analog Environments Ð 329

A-40 GROUND WIND Hospital-Based First Responder Mass HELICAL ANTENNAS Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with ated by the Chicxulub Impact Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 Event Ð 379 Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- GULF OF MEXICO CARE Benefit Design from the Private tenna Ð 52 Sector Ð 179 Demonstrating the Automated Change HELICOPTERS Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- Relationships of Stress Exposures to Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 The Military Healthcare System Third ing FDTD Ð 91 GULFS Party Collection Program: Analyzing the Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Effectiveness of the Other Health Insur- perimental Investigation of a Model- Hospitalization Experience of US military ance (OHI) Information Collection Pro- Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 Personnel Following Service in the 1991 cess Ð 187 HELIUM ISOTOPES Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf Transforming Health Service Capabilities 190 Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- War, and Bosnia Ð in the Army Reserve Ð 192 tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Relationships of Stress Exposures to Murchison and Murray Meteor- Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 HEARING Concept and Technology Exploration for ites Ð 109 GUN PROPELLANTS Transparent Hearing Ð 220 HELIUM Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Determination of Production Rates of Combustion Diagnostics for New, HEART Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Heart Pump Design for Cleveland Clinic Chromite Grains Ð 154 lants Ð 34 Foundation Ð 173 GUNS (ORDNANCE) Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused HEMATITE Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich putational Issues Associated with Param- Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- HEAT BALANCE Model Approach Ð 330 eter Estimations Ð 260 The Influence of Local Geometric Effects The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- and Erosion Ð 34 fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- HEAT EXCHANGERS MIS and TES Data Ð 387 HADRONS An Experimental Investigation of the Per- HEMORRHAGES Unraveling the Structure of Hadrons with formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array Effective Field Theories of QCD Ð 277 Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: HAFNIUM ISOTOPES HEAT OF FUSION Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Ð 31 loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in and an Early Differentiation in the Parent a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Body of Ureilites Ð 387 HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS rhage Ð 202 Fatigue Behavior and Deformation The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy HEPATITIS Ocean Ð 365 Investigated Ð 37 Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that of Disease Progression Ð 214 Methodology Developed for Modeling the Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of HETEROGENEITY dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superal- Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 Bodies Ð 365 loys Ð 137 GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 HALOGENS Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle HEURISTIC METHODS Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 NiAl Ð 38 toring System Ð 97 HANDLING EQUIPMENT HEAT STORAGE Local Search Strategies for Equational Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Experimental Results From the Thermal Satisfiability Ð 221 Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- tives Ð 101 HIERARCHIES ment Ð 43 Distributed Domain Generation Based on HAZARDS HEAT TRANSFER the Network Environment Characteristics Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: for Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks Ð 311 Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 An Experimental Investigation of the Per- formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array HIGH ACCELERATION HEALTH Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- HEAT TREATMENT pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- Conducting Bodies Ð 225 ventive Agent Ð 189 Diagnostics Adapted for Heat-Treating Furnace Environment Ð 336 HIGH ALTITUDE Determinants of Dispensing Location in the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- HEATING Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice Depolarisation Ð 168 gram Ð 178 Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Development of a Provider Profiling Tool ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source HIGH FREQUENCIES for Reappointment Ð 196 for Methane and Surface Alter- Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter ation Ð 408 in the Presence of a Stratified Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of Ground Ð 57 Company Records for a Proposed HEAVY IONS NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- Sand Workers Ð 147 Injection Ð 287 surements Ð 124

A-41 Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- HIGH TEMPERATURE Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings for for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 75 rays Ð Gas Turbine Engines Ð 6 Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- HIGH GAIN High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Gages Improved Ð 129 Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Optically Based Flame Detection in the nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 HIGH PRESSURE NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Wind Tunnel Ð 110 Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- HOSPITALS Chamber Ð 345 terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the drite Ð Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution 409 Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- Community Hospital Ð 192 Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked terior Models for Io Ð 372 Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 Developing a Strategic Information Sys- HIGHLANDS tems Plan for the Heidelberg US Army Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Medical Department Activity Ð 310 Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Graduate Management Project: Optimiz- Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 ing Cardiology and Radiology Services at HIGH RESOLUTION Origin of the Lunar Highland Evans Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Crust Ð 383 Hospital-Based First Responder Mass Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 gorithm to Derive Optical Properties cent Climate Change Ð 356 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral The Open Access Appointment System: Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 HIGHWAYS A Phased Implementation Approach at Roadmap to MOVES2004 Ð 144 Keller Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution HISTORIES HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of 393 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of counts of NASA and the Age of Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Space Ð 414 HULLS (STRUCTURES) Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison HMX A Generalized Method for the Computa- with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom tions Ð 384 HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Failures of DFT Ð 24 Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 HUMAN BEINGS tained by the High Resolution Stereo Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separa- Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- ide Ð 33 tion’ to a relationship of Trust Towards Martian Valley Networks and Associated Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Com- Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars HOMOGENIZING munication Ð 70 Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on HUMAN BODY (HRSC) Ð 117 Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics strates Ð 57 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from HORMONES mand Link Ð 128 the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING reo Camera Ð 366 genic Modifiers Ð 202 Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Analysis Ð 218 from the High Resolution Stereo Camera graphic Density Ð 182 Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for Year Ð 376 Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, Foreign Language and Speech Transla- and Breast Cancer Ð 208 tion Technologies in a Coalition Military The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Environment Ð 220 gion as Seen Through the First Year of Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation HUMAN PERFORMANCE Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Analysis of Career Progression and Job HIGH SPEED Life Issues Ð 216 Performance in Internal Labor Markets: The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied Identification of Signaling Proteins the ployees Ð 311 to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring Lines Ð 72 ity Ð 188 Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- Suppressive Role of Androgen- HIGH TEMPERATURE LUBRICANTS els, and Team Processes in Breathing Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Apparatus Rescues Ð 66 Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Be- Cancer Ð 189 tween Wearing Surfaces at High Tem- Communication and Team Performance peratures Ð 131 HORN ANTENNAS in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUC- A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication TORS Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Practical Superconductor Development An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main The Effect of Performance Based Incen- for Electrical Power Applications Ð 293 Beam Ð 82 tive Plans Ð 305

A-42 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS HYPOXEMIA Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Py- Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- rolyser (ACP) Experiment Ð 334 drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed roprotective in a Model of Traumatic HUYGENS PROBE by the Mars Express High Resolution Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 emia Ð 204 Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink HYPOXIA periment: First Results Ð 400 for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen and Mobile Elements: Implications of DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Measurements in Patients Which Clini- Early MER Results Ð 399 the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 ticipated Ð 382 The Search for Underground Hydrother- IAPETUS mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 Highlights Ð 387 Cassini UVIS Ð 351 HYDROXIDES HYDRATION The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- Two New Non-Powered Technolo- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 petus in Comparison: First Results from gies Ð 219 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging HYDROCARBON FUELS HYGRAL PROPERTIES Data Ð 406 Ionization Rates and Charge Production Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 ICE CLOUDS of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice HYDROCARBONS tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Depolarisation Ð 168 Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Walls Ð 137 graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- HYPERSONIC NOZZLES sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 periment: First Results Ð 400 Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Ionization Rates and Charge Production Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined ICE FORMATION in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 Corrections Ð 131 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution HYDROFLUORIC ACID HYPERSONIC VEHICLES from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Numerical Research of Capabilities of voirs Ð 392 Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Protection Ð 2 Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm HYDROGEN BONDS Using MODIS Ð 9 Managing Tight Binding Receptors for HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- New Separations Technologies Ð 30 Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Valles Outﬂow Channel Ð 382 Corrections Ð 131 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Decontamination Solution (Decon Mach 6 Integrated Systems Tests of ICE MAPPING Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Lewis’ Hypersonic Tunnel Facility Ð 15 Observations of the North Permanent Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged HYPERSONICS OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- tions Ð 388 Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- ICE HYDROGEN ity Ð 115 Effects of Process Parameters on Par- HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT Characterization of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and An Experimental Method to Estimate the Lake and River Ice Ð 278 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Collecting Time-sequenced Records of 63 Ð 323 pact Ð 410 Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Caps Ð 385 Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of ries Ð 324 Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imag- dust Ð 411 tering Loss Ð 390 ing Ð 274 Morphometry of Large Martian Impact Extent and Further Characteristics of HYDROGEOLOGY Craters Ð 339 Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- Planitia, Mars Ð 401 Formation of Mangala and Athabasca alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- Valles on Mars Ð 340 Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus age and Oxidation Ð 113 and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYPOTENSION In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- ﬂow Channels: Observations and Recent Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications Modeling Ð 344 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: for Ice Shell Properties Ð 398 Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- HYDROLOGY MODELS loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- rhage Ð 202 gets Ð 412 works Ð 336 HYPOTHESES Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- ries Ð 324 HYDROLOGY Simultaneous Localisation and Map Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 Depolarisation Ð 168

A-43 The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are IMAGE RESOLUTION High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian lapse Ð 363 Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- ages Ð 324 with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 tions Ð 384 IMAGERY Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expres- A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- sion Ð 210 Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- MIS Investigation Ð 335 ery Ð 141 Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel ICY SATELLITES Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry Results So Far Ð 350 tures of Landmines Ð 120 and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 IDENTIFYING Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Determining Simulation Requirements gorithm to Derive Optical Properties mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- and Identifying a Course of Action to From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral tion Ð 126 More Efficiently Support Acquisition Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 IMAGES rials Ð 354 Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast hancement via Baseline Reduc- Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- tion Ð 252 Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 What Works in Partnership Building for MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager HMIS: A Guide for the Los and Embedding of Palindrome and Results Ð 351 Angeles/Orange County Collabora- Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in tive Ð 309 Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- Overview of Results from the Cassini age Data Ð 233 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument IDENTITIES (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) tions Ð 379 tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Voltage Identify Based Encryption High Pressure Xenon Time Projection (VIBE) Ð 241 IMAGING SPECTROMETERS Chamber Ð 345 IGNEOUS ROCKS Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Progress in Horizontal and Slant-Path FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Imaging Using Specking Imaging Ð 319 noe Aubrite Ð 383 Using MODIS Ð 9 Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- sion Ð 366 sion Ð 359 Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- The Cratering Record of the Saturnian teau Near Juventae Chasma, Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Mars Ð 163 its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at petus in Comparison: First Results from IGNITERS Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Determination of the Basis for Tempera- Observations of the North Permanent Data Ð 406 ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Top Level User Specifications for Mask Propellant Guns Ð 291 OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Inspection Microscope Ð 117 tions Ð 388 IGNITION Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imag- Determination of the Basis for Tempera- Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ing Ð 187 ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Propellant Guns Ð 291 Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 IMPACT DAMAGE Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- IMAGING TECHNIQUES Scramjets Ð 291 alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip age and Oxidation Ð 113 IMAGE ANALYSIS Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- Production ADC Matching Perfor- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- 412 mance Ð 298 gets Ð tenna Comprised of a Periodically- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory IMAGE PROCESSING Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric Rod Ð 45 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Panel Ð 136 Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 IMPACT LOADS Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from age Processing Ð 140 Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Dust Ð 320 Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Texas Ð 152 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Measurement of Shock, Particle, and IMPACT MELTS RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Hole Oceanographic Institution Ð 281 hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Impact Melts? Ð 404

A-44 Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits IN SITU MEASUREMENT Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- A Case Study of Insitu-Aircraft Observa- Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition tions in a Waterspout Producing INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 Cloud Ð 170 Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 INDUSTRIES Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 Company Records for a Proposed nos Impact Crater Ð 159 IN VIVO METHODS AND TESTS NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expres- Sand Workers Ð 147 Element Systematics of Impact-Melt sion Ð 210 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- straints Ð 102 ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- INELASTIC SCATTERING Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older Many-body Theory of Deep Inelastic than Nectaris Ð 408 INCENTIVES Scattering Ð 278 The Effect of Performance Based Incen- IMPACT RESISTANCE tive Plans Ð 305 INERTIA Impact Properties of Metal Fan Contain- MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for ment Materials Being Evaluated for the INCLUSIONS Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia High-Speed Civil Transport Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Relief and Displacement-Dependent (HSCT) Ð 136 Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Loads Ð 6 cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- IMPACT STRENGTH ite Ð 402 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Impact Properties of Metal Fan Contain- Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE Agent-Based Simulation of Disease ment Materials Being Evaluated for the 176 Iron Meteorite Ð 381 Spread Aboard Ship Ð High-Speed Civil Transport Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of (HSCT) Ð 136 Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Evaporation Residues Measured by La- Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- IMPACT TESTS ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 veillance Ð 196 Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: INFLATABLE SPACE STRUCTURES Pathophysiology and Biomechan- INCONEL (TRADEMARK) ics Ð 195 Fatigue Behavior and Deformation A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy tenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic Development of an Advanced Composite Investigated Ð 37 Aperture Radar Ð 56 Material Model Suitable for Blast and Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Capturing and Modeling Knowledge Ob- putational Issues Associated with Param- 311 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- jectives: The Sacot Project Ð eter Estimations Ð 260 sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Electronic Collection Management and Panel Ð 136 INDEXES (DOCUMENTATION) Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Metadata for Electronic Information Re- IMPACT VELOCITY FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- sources Ð 315 Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or agement Services Ð 317 Impacts Ð 342 INDIA Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, IMPACT Implementation of the Federal Informa- India and Elemental Variations in Impact tion Security Management Act for Infor- Development of an Advanced Composite Crater Clays Ð 406 mation Technology Training and Aware- Material Model Suitable for Blast and ness Ð 239 Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION Efficacy of Intermittent Ventilation for Metadata for Electronic Information Re- Genesis: Removing Contamination from Providing Acceptable Indoor Air Qual- sources Ð 315 Sample Collectors Ð 319 ity Ð 149 Naval Automation and Information Man- IMPEDANCE INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT agement Technology Ð 4 Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical A Framework for Real-time Process Con- What Works in Partnership Building for Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- trol Ð 133 FDTD Method Ð 82 HMIS: A Guide for the Los Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 Angeles/Orange County Collabora- Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs tive Ð 309 with Different Permittivities Ð 53 New Business Models for Standard and ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- INFORMATION RETRIEVAL Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Molecular Database Construction and Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- Market Ð 318 Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- rays Ð 75 Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated ventional Pathogen Countermea- Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- sures Ð 316 ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 facturing Line Ð 307 Optimal Aide Security Information FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- The Effect of Performance Based Incen- Search (OASIS) Ð 228 ance Calculation Ð 52 tive Plans Ð 305 Scalable Parallel Approximate Formula- IMPROVEMENT INDUSTRIAL PLANTS tions of Multidimensional Spatial Auto- Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- Regression Models for Spatial Data Min- 256 Goals or Increasing Opportuni- tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling ing Ð ties? Ð 306 Methodology Ð 130 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316

A-45 INFORMATION SYSTEMS Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Antenna Research for PCS in Hong of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic hancement via Baseline Reduc- Kong Ð 90 Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked tion Ð 252 Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 Capturing and Modeling Knowledge Ob- INSULIN jectives: The Sacot Project Ð 311 INFRARED SIGNATURES Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- Developing a Strategic Information Sys- Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- tems Plan for the Heidelberg US Army cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- peutic Implication Ð 206 Medical Department Activity Ð 310 tures of Landmines Ð 120 Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Electronic Collection Management and INFRARED SPECTRA tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- roxenes: Further Correlations Between Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 field Ð 217 agement Services Ð 317 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, INSURANCE (CONTRACTS) Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Part 8 Ð 338 The Military Healthcare System Third Implementation of the Federal Informa- Party Collection Program: Analyzing the Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution tion Security Management Act for Infor- Effectiveness of the Other Health Insur- of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic mation Technology Training and Aware- ance (OHI) Information Collection Pro- Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked ness Ð 239 cess Ð 187 Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 Information Technology Management: INTEGRAL EQUATIONS INFRARED SPECTROMETERS Management of Information Technology A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- Transformations for the Solution of Inte- tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly gral Equations Ð 244 tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Publishing: Academic Information A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- Sources on the Internet Ð 313 One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: ments for Printed Antennas Analy- Complementary Hemispherical Reflec- sis Ð 89 Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Networks by tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- Priority Queuing Ð 66 copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- Efficient Representation of Electromag- Requirements Analysis and Course Im- ment Ð 118 netic Integral Equations Using Pre- provements for EO3502 Telecommunica- defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY tions Systems Engineering Ð 312 Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison tions Ð 251 with EDXS Ð 153 INFORMATION THEORY Electromagnetic Modeling of a Information Theoretic Comparison of Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR tion Module for Application to Spatial 30 ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 Spectromicroscopy Ð Power Combining Systems Ð 87 INHIBITORS INFORMATION TRANSFER Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- Breast Cancer Ð 176 Rough Surfaces Ð 252 quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- High-Assurance Security/Safety on the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Ð 317 helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- Angiogenic Breast Cancer The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole INFORMATION Therapy Ð 202 Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- Field Integral Equation Pertinent to quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 INJECTION Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 RHIC Injection System Ð 293 INFRARED IMAGERY INTEGRALS INJURIES Approximation of Integrals via Monte MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- ties Ð 255 Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features emia Ð 204 on Mars Ð 400 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of INFRARED RADIATION Patient Care in Support of the Global War Photoresists in Reducing Contamination on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- INSERTION LOSS Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded tures of Landmines Ð 120 Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- Applications: Panel Session Ð 108 Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared ters Ð 86 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Reflectance Microspectroscopy Ð 118 INSPECTION (MMIC) Phased Array Demonstrated With ACTS Ð 103 Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- MIS and TES Data Ð 387 mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Thickness Ð 88 Rock Around the World: Extending a Failure Pattern Classification with the Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- ence Using Infrared Research at work. Application on Submicron Linear nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Mars Ð 375 Technologies Ð 134 Process Ð 95

A-46 The Second Path: The Role of Algo- The Cratering Record of the Saturnian The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio rithms in Maintaining Progress in Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Associated with CO Photodissociation in DSP Ð 258 petus in Comparison: First Results from the Solar Nebula Ð 160 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential INTEGRATORS Data Ð 406 The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog of the New Horizons Mission During In- Integrators for Maxwell’s Equa- INTERNATIONAL TRADE terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 tions Ð 247 A Multi-Agent System for Tracking the Intent of Surface Contacts in Ports and INTERSYMBOLIC INTERFERENCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Waterways Ð 23 Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- The Encryption Export Policy Contro- anced Joint Development Projects and istics Ð 48 versy: Searching for Balance in the Infor- Contracted Independent Research Pro- mation Age Ð 310 viders Ð 308 INTRUSION DETECTION (COMPUTERS) INTERNETS Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks INTELLIGENCE A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- File Systems and Logging Ð 240 Focused Knowledge for the Battle- phony (IPT) Implementation at USA field Ð 242 Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 INTRUSION Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- and Valley Networks Concentrated at Publishing: Academic Information Low Paleolatitudes? Ð 361 tric Warfare? Ð 239 Sources on the Internet Ð 313 Report of the Defense Science Board Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- The Dark Fruit of Globalization: Hostile sion in Southeast Alba Patera from 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, Use of the Internet Ð 237 Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- INTEROPERABILITY Chains Ð 411 gration Ð 69 Collaborative Applications Used in a Intrusion Analysis in Military Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Representational and Inferential Re- Networks--An Introduction Ð 222 Coast Guard Law Enforcement and quirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 INVENTORIES in the Entity Re-Identification Task Ð 223 INTERPLANETARY DUST Weekday and Weekend Day Temporal GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Allocation of Activity in the Draft NON- INTERACTING GALAXIES Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary ROAD2004 Model Ð 145 Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- Dust Ð 320 Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- ION BEAMS ter Ð 324 Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Transport Line of BNL-AGS INTERACTIVE CONTROL sis Ð 323 Booster Ð 272 Control Methods for the Chemical- TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Design of a Resonant Extraction System Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: for the AGS Booster Ð 296 Trench Isolation Ð 132 Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster INTERGALACTIC MEDIA INTERPLANETARY SPACE Injection Ð 287 FUSE Observations of QSOs behind The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI of the New Horizons Mission During In- ION CYCLOTRON RADIATION Emission Ð 322 terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 INTERIOR BALLISTICS INTERPOLATION Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the RCS Interpolation in Frequency and ION SOURCES Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- tion Ð 84 High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy Environment Ð 116 Ion Sources Ð 274 Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- INTERMETALLICS mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- RHIC Performance and Future Development of New Cryocooler Regen- tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Plans Ð 274 erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic Compounds Ð 23 INTERSTELLAR CHEMISTRY IONIC COLLISIONS Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- ics Ð 275 Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial tine Soot? Ð 23 IONIZATION POTENTIALS Facilities Ð 113 INTERSTELLAR MATTER Ionization Rates and Charge Production INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separa- IONIZATION tion’ to a relationship of Trust Towards monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Com- tine Soot? Ð 23 ICOOL: A Simulation Code for Ionization Cooling of Muon Beams Ð 267 munication Ð 70 IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Ionization Rates and Charge Production ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- and Laser SNMS Ð 351 Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and Properties of Permanently Shadowed Solenoids Ð 269 Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- Regolith Ð 405 proach to Control Design for International Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- ancing Control System Ð 16 ries Ð 324 restrial Materials) Ð 412

A-47 IONS ISOTOPE RATIOS JET AIRCRAFT NOISE Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Zircons Ð 405 ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al Laboratory Ð 283 Surfaces Ð 370 Ratios in an Unaltered Allende NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic IO CAI Ð 395 Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady ISOTOPES Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- struction of Facilities Modifica- Relationship Between Volcanism and Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- tions Ð 283 Tectonism Ð 373 fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- Isotopic Constraints on the Petrology of JET ENGINE FUELS terior Models for Io Ð 372 Martian Meteorites Ð 151 JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- tions Ð 143 The Io Mountain Online Data- Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- base Ð 354 ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- JET FLOW IRAQ restrial Materials) Ð 412 Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Studied Ð 11 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Afghanistan Ð 240 Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 JP-8 JET FUEL IRON METEORITES ISOTOPIC LABELING JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of tions Ð 143 of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Interstellar Components in the Solar KALMAN FILTERS ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic Simultaneous Localisation and Map ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 Measurements with Isoprobes P and Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- TÐ413 Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 erophile Element Systematics of Group ITERATION KEVLAR (TRADEMARK) IVB Irons Ð 360 Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- Iron Meteorite Ð 381 Approximate Iteration Ð 246 sion Ð 42 IRON OXIDES ITERATIVE NETWORKS KINEMATICS FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Iterative Network Models to Predict the Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- noe Aubrite Ð 383 Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- bar Spine Loading Ð 218 nas and Networks Ð 252 The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- KINETIC ENERGY drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 ITERATIVE SOLUTION A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Transformations for the Solution of Inte- Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- 28 Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- gral Equations Ð 244 tors Ð talline Siderite Ð 389 Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or 342 IRON tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Impacts Ð Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Virtual Experiments to Determine Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- Local Search Strategies for Equational Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison 235 Satisfiability Ð 221 Analysis Ð to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in CM Chondrites Ð 330 Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- KINETIC HEATING tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- and Breast Cancer Ð 208 The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Iron-Containing Carbon Materials Fabri- Field Integral Equation Pertinent to KIRCHHOFF LAW OF RADIATION cated Ð 26 Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm The Core of the Moon - Molten or Surfaces Ð 244 Solid? Ð 362 JAMMERS Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- KITS IRRADIATION borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam JAMMING Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- Transport Line of BNL-AGS Acquisition: Acquisition of the EA-6B Im- ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc Booster Ð 272 proved Capability III Program Ð 8 Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- Radiation Dose Measurements of the ogy Ð 69 Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS Film Dosimeters Ð 276 Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation The FUV Flux Irradiating the Surfaces of of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- JAPAN Protostellar Disks Ð 323 veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Advanced Base Station Antennas for ments Ð 224 ISOLATION Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Japan Ð 62 KOREA Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 sors Ð 254 faction and Why Ð 134 KUIPER BELT ISOMERS Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in Antennas for PDC Systems in Ja- strained by High Resolution Spectros- (175)Lu Ð 269 pan Ð 61 copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319

A-48 Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: LASER MODE LOCKING Binaries Ð 325 Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency 410 LABORATORIES LENE Multiband Imager Ð and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Tech- Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- LANDSLIDES ser Ð 127 nical Highlights Ð 168 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied LASER RANGE FINDERS Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- from HRSC Data Ð 163 Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- DAR Data Ð 124 niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, sis Ð 323 Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPEC- LABOR and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- TROSCOPY Analysis of Career Progression and Job ity Ð 398 LIBS-based Detection of Geological Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Performance in Internal Labor Markets: LANGUAGES The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for ployees Ð 311 tion Ð 355 Foreign Language and Speech Transla- LACQUERS tion Technologies in a Coalition Military LASERS Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube Environment Ð 220 Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- DAR Data Ð 124 Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as ing the Future Force Ð 33 IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), GAU-8/A and LW30 Ð 42 a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- LAKE ICE LARGE EDDY SIMULATION ses of Stardust - Quantiﬁcation in SIMS 351 Characterization of the Microstructure Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation and Laser SNMS Ð and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Code for the Atmospheric Boundary Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- Lake and River Ice Ð 278 Layer Ð 168 Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses with Biological Systems Ð 216 LAKES Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Characterization of the Microstructure Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in LAUNCH VEHICLES the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Impact of a Military Reusable Launch Lake and River Ice Ð 278 Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and cused Logistics Ð 17 Sites on Mars Ð 392 Characterization Using DNS and LES Ð 260 LAUNCHING Extent and Further Characteristics of Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION Lethal Combination Ð 19 Planitia, Mars Ð 401 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- LAVA In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- ductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop Ð 94 A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin ages Ð 165 The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- by Using Non-Uniform Mesh FDTD Ð 62 Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous gion as Seen Through the First Year of Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Yield Management for Development and Lava Flow Ð 359 The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence Manufacture of Integrated Cir- cuits Ð 308 Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- for Impact Origin and Formation terior Models for Io Ð 372 Age Ð 364 LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES Rheological Properties of Late-Stage Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA tenna for an Inﬂatable L-band Synthetic Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 Radar Data Ð 386 Aperture Radar Ð 56 Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone LAMINAR FLOW LASER APPLICATIONS Formation on Mars Ð 371 An Experimental Investigation of the Per- Laser Sheet Flow Visualization Devel- formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array oped for Lewis’ Icing Research Tun- LAW (JURISPRUDENCE) 106 Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð nel Ð 12 Collaborative Applications Used in a LANDFORMS Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in LASER CAVITIES Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 Associated with Chasmata on Ve- 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- nus Ð 355 ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 Information Technology Management: Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus LASER DAMAGE Management of Information Technology Resources Within DoD Ð 231 and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses LAYOUTS on Mars Ð 400 with Biological Systems Ð 216 A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis Tools Ð 298 LANDING SITES LASER INTERFEROMETRY Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- A Layer-based Layout Approach for fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- ductor Manufacturing Conference And Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- MIS and TES Data Ð 387 Workshop Ð 94 ties Ð 99 MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Process Control and Monitoring with La- LEAD OXIDES bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- Species in Emissions from Munitions De- to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 narization Ð 99 activation Furnace Ð 31

A-49 LEADERSHIP The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- LINEAR POLARIZATION The Truth About Building and Maintaining omars and Beyond Ð 375 A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Successful Communities of Prac- LIFT Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 tice Ð 137 Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- LINEAR SYSTEMS LEADING EDGES Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 Load Planning Ð 115 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- LIPIDS sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing LIGHT CURVE Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Panel Ð 136 Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 LEAKAGE (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 LIQUID METALS Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and 108 on Core Compressor Studied Ð Nanostructured High Performance Ultra- approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a LEARNING CURVES violet and Blue Light Emitting Diodes for Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Solid State Lighting. Report for October Development of New Methodology and LIQUID NITROGEN 1, 2003-September 30, 2004 Ð 93 Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- Improvement Ð 299 LIGHT SCATTERING ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 An Improved Instrument for Investigating LEARNING Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 Final Report: Assessment in Team approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a Games Ð 233 Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Soot Particles Ð 130 Investing in the Future by Learning from LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET EN- the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to LIGHT SOURCES GINES Gather Feedback from Deployed Army Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the Development of Advanced Rocket En- Forward Surgical Team Ð 179 Advanced Light Source Ð 293 gine Technology for Precision Guided Missiles Ð 20 LEAST SQUARES METHOD Radiation Dose Measurements of the Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contem- Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic High-Aspect-Ratio Cooling Channel porary or Inflexible? Ð 260 Film Dosimeters Ð 276 Concept Tested in Lewis’ Rocket Engine Test Facility Ð 20 LENS ANTENNAS Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Matlab Ð 239 Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- Design Approach based on Genetic Al- lets and Jets Ð 114 LIGHT (VISIBLE RADIATION) gorithms Ð 51 Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the LIQUIDS Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Cassini UVIS Ð 351 Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- nos Impact Crater Ð 159 nas Ð 104 Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACES LENSES LIGHTNING Interface Configuration Experiments Enhancing Situational Awareness Using (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 on Fluids Ð 113 Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- LESIONS ing FDTD Ð 91 LITHIUM COMPOUNDS Population Based Assessment of MHC LIKELIHOOD RATIO Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Detection and Tracking as a Seamless Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- gies Ð 219 ment and Progression of Breast Cancer Process Ð 285 LITHIUM HYDROXIDES from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 LINE OF SIGHT Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A LETHALITY Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Lethal Combination Ð 19 Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target gies Ð 219 HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- LINE SPECTRA LITHOLOGY vivability Ð 234 FUSE Observations of QSOs behind Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI LEUKOCYTES Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Emission Ð 322 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- LINEAR ACCELERATORS sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- LCLS Prototype Undulator Re- LITHOSPHERE ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 port Ð 127 Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- LIBRARIES Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Sum- chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Economics of Electronic Information Pro- mary Report Ð 277 Thickness and Subsurface Struc- vision Ð 124 ture Ð 372 LINEAR ARRAYS Electronic Collection Management and Root Locus Properties of Adaptive Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Beamforming and Capon Estimation for and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 LIFE (DURABILITY) Uniform Linear Arrays Ð 263 LIVER Integrated Design Software Predicts the Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Com- Linear Arrays Ð 73 of Disease Progression Ð 214 ponents Ð 136 LINEAR EQUATIONS LOADS (FORCES) LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Two New Non-Powered Technolo- ing from a Perfectly Conducting Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity gies Ð 219 Plate Ð 248 Load Planning Ð 115

A-50 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated LUNAR COMPOSITION Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- tems in Shipboard Compart- facturing Line Ð 307 cellarum Ð 338 ments Ð 232 UTD-Based Propagation Model for the Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- LOCI Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mo- niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Root Locus Properties of Adaptive bile Communications System Ð 73 Tranquillitatis Ð 340 Beamforming and Capon Estimation for LOSSY MEDIA Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- Uniform Linear Arrays Ð 263 Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- dence from Volcanic Glass LOCOMOTION Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- Beads Ð 404 Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- cuits Ð 86 Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar ment and Locomotion as Affected by Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Zircons Ð 405 Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Climates Ð 170 Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Red Spots Ð 345 Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- LOW ALTITUDE The Composition and Origin of the gramming Work in Biological Systems Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 Locomotion in Virtual Environments and LUNAR CORE Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- LOW COST The Core of the Moon - Molten or vice Ð 231 Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Solid? Ð 362 349 Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor for Lunar Exploration Ð LUNAR CRATERS (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Challenges in PCS Antenna De- Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Cachexia Ð 210 sign Ð 51 India and Elemental Variations in Impact Crater Clays Ð 406 LOFTING Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A tem Ð 308 First Report Ð 366 LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT LOW EARTH ORBITS The Composition and Origin of the Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 ments for Contingency Opera- A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array tions Ð 194 for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 LUNAR CRUST Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- Force Support for Sea Base Opera- nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 tions Ð 71 ene Chemistry Ð 403 SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for On the Physical and Chemical Conse- Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- LOW FREQUENCIES Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 LOGISTICS Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Origin of the Lunar Highland Impact of a Military Reusable Launch Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars Crust Ð 383 Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and LUNAR ENVIRONMENT cused Logistics Ð 17 Temporal Variations and Changes of Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Base Ground and Satellite Low- from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- 410 Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 eter Ð Load Planning Ð 115 LUNAR EVOLUTION LOW SPEED WIND TUNNELS Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot Composition of the Moon from the Apollo General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Com- LOOP ANTENNAS of Inertia Ð 157 108 A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for plex Ð LUNAR EXPLORATION Handsets Ð 80 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- struction of Facilities Modiﬁca- LUNAR FAR SIDE Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- tions Ð 283 The Composition and Origin of the nas for pager Ð 80 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 LOW TEMPERATURE LORENTZ FORCE Potential for Life on Mars from Low- LUNAR GEOLOGY Lorentz Force Control of Turbu- Temperature Aqueous Weather- Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major lence Ð 143 ing Ð 394 Element Composition on Near, Mid and Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 LOSSES LOW THRUST A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Wireless Applications Ð 81 an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- Ocean Ð 365 Characterization of Two Novel Onco- sion Ð 16 LUNAR MANTLE genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss LOW VOLTAGE Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models dence from Volcanic Glass A Study of Boron Doping Proﬁle Control of Breast Cancer Ð 201 Beads Ð 404 for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 Signal IC Ð 101 Part 10 Ð 325

A-51 Mineralogical and Seismological Models Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 LUNAR MAPS LYMPH Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- Modiﬁable Risk Factors for Lymphedema on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 MACROPHAGES LUNAR MARIA The Combined Impact of Surgery and A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Element Composition on Near, Mid and toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Sample from a Young Procellarum Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 Flow? Ð 327 The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar MAGMA 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- etary Surfaces Ð 401 LUNAR SOIL cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar and Mars Ð 359 cellarum Ð 338 Soil Spectra Ð 165 The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Ocean Ð 365 niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Zircons Ð 405 MAGNESIUM ISOTOPES Tranquillitatis Ð 340 Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Element Composition on Near, Mid and and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Lava Flow Ð 359 Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- drule Formation: Evidence from Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 lution Ð 409 Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- LUNAR SURFACE Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Evaporation Residues Measured by La- ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- 401 from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 etary Surfaces Ð MAGNESIUM SULFATES MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous 377 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Ð Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Mare Volcanism Ð 407 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry MAGNESIUM Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identiﬁca- from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived 411 tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older biter Ð Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and than Nectaris Ð 408 Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary tem Events Ð 334 LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY Surfaces Ð 370 MAGNETARS Origin of the Lunar Highland Properties of Permanently Shadowed December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- Crust Ð 383 Regolith Ð 405 vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 LUNAR RAYS Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: MAGNETIC ANOMALIES Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- duced Currents Due to Positive Holes Part II Ð 361 nar Surface Brightness Using Data of and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Integral Observations Ð 367 namo Ð 374 LUNAR ROCKS A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- LUNAR TOPOGRAPHY Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes and Valley Networks Concentrated at 361 Sample from a Young Procellarum Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Low Paleolatitudes? Ð Flow? Ð 327 ages Ð 165 The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Impact Melts? Ð 404 Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic MAGNETIC BEARINGS Lava Flow Ð 359 Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings for Spectra with the Titanium Abundance LUTETIUM ISOTOPES Gas Turbine Engines Ð 6 Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in MAGNETIC FIELDS Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar (175)Lu Ð 269 Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy ene Chemistry Ð 403 Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple dence from Volcanic Glass diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Beads Ð 404 cer Ð 212 ing FDTD Ð 91

A-52 Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and MAINTENANCE Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a Domain Formation and Maintenance in tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 peutic Implication Ð 206 Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Cooperative Interactions During Human Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Pavements Ð 41 Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- Layer of Magnetized Turbulent tion Ð 198 Plasma Ð 74 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Measurements for Diffusion Process CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring MAGNETIC FLUX Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 MALES Complex Ð 182 MAGNETIC MATERIALS Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- genic Modifiers Ð 202 Breast Cancer Ð 176 erophile Element Systematics of Group An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Development of Quantum Dot Probes for IVB Irons Ð 360 Family Status on Retention, Promotion, Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- 180 netic Medium Ð 82 rine Corps Officers Ð 312 Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for from Electron Reflection Magnetom- Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- etry Ð 394 Life Issues Ð 216 helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- Identification of Signaling Proteins the Angiogenic Breast Cancer Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic Therapy Ð 202 Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- ity Ð 188 Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Can- MAGNETIC STORAGE cer Ð 182 Development of a Swashplateless Rotor Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separa- Using Magnetic Shape Memory Al- tion’ to a relationship of Trust Towards Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- loys Ð 39 Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Com- teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- munication Ð 70 cer Ð 181 MAGNETIC STORMS Overview of Results from the Cassini Suppressive Role of Androgen- Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Cancer Ð 189 Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes tions Ð 379 that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced MAMMARY GLANDS Cell Death Ð 215 MAGNETIZATION 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and Moon, Contributions from Impact In- ventive Agent Ð 189 Breast Density Ð 183 duced Currents Due to Positive Holes A Functional Genomics Approach to Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- graphic Density Ð 182 namo Ð 374 Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- gets in Yeast Ð 176 Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW and Breast Cancer Ð 208 MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- A Molecular Connection Between Breast enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Identification of Widely Applicable 209 Flow Ð 114 diated by Akt Kinase Ð Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Cancer Immunotherapy Ð 201 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- Cancer Ð 205 Screening in Chinese American enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Women Ð 215 Flow Ð 114 Analysis of the Link Between Acquired Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- naling Pathways in Breast Cancer cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Cells Ð 206 ity Ð 115 Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Integration of Pathologic Findings With MAGNETS lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- Higher Order Hard Edge End Field Ef- diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- fects Ð 270 cer Ð 212 vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel pole, and Combined Function Magnet tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Costs Ð 271 Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Precision Magnetic Elements for the Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With Invasive Potential Ð 205 lating With Centrosome Amplification in SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 Development and Progression of Breast MAINTAINABILITY Characterization of Two Novel Onco- Cancer Ð 193 genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Agent-Based Simulation of Disease of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 of Breast Cancer Ð 201 in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 sis of Microcalcifications on Mammo- Hospital-Based First Responder Mass grams for Breast Cancer Detec- New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 tion Ð 211 Adenocarcinoma Ð 174

A-53 Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- New Business Models for Standard and tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling 183 130 corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Methodology Ð Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy Market Ð 318 Modeling and Simulation Environment Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 Performance Analysis of Management for Composite Materials Manufacturing Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommu- and Testing Ð 27 Cancer Genes Ð 209 nications Networks Ð 71 A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Population Based Assessment of MHC The Effect of Performance Based Incen- tion Process for 0.18 micron and Class I Antigens Down Regulation as tive Plans Ð 305 Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- and Electrical Performance Ð 97 MANAGEMENT PLANNING ment and Progression of Breast Cancer A Study In The Continuous Improvement from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 A80 A New Perspective on Predictable Process: Implementation of an Opti- Factory Performance Ð 306 Predoctoral Training Program in Breast mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Cancer Research Ð 184 Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 in the Design of a New Nuclear Research A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Facility Ð 144 Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Summary of Reports Issued and Partici- vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Protein Transduction Based Therapies pation on Management Advisory Teams Signal IC Ð 101 for Breast Cancer Ð 203 and Special Audit/Evaluation Efforts Ð 7 Automated Lot Tracking and Identifica- The Combined Impact of Surgery and MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS tion System Ð 305 Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- Copper Interconnect Technology New ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 ment of Medical Report Translations (A Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 ing Ð 96 The Establishment of an Inflammatory Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Design for Manufacturability: A Key to men Repository Ð 201 toring System Ð 97 Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- The Functions of BRCA2 in Homologous Naval Automation and Information Man- lence Ð 301 Recombinational Repair Ð 212 agement Technology Ð 4 Development And Implementation Of An The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Devel- Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Automated Wafer Transport Sys- opment Ð 210 General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 tem Ð 100 The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- 258 Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð 207 ing Ð toring System Ð 97 The Open Access Appointment System: The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot A Phased Implementation Approach at Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Keller Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- What Works in Partnership Building for tem Ð 308 cer Patients Ð 215 HMIS: A Guide for the Los Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer Angeles/Orange County Collabora- anced Joint Development Projects and Collaborative Clinical Translational Re- tive Ð 309 Contracted Independent Research Pro- search Program Ð 188 Yield Management for Development and viders Ð 308 Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Manufacture of Integrated Cir- Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch search at the University of Texas M.D. cuits Ð 308 Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 MANPOWER tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS Analysis of Career Progression and Job Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Performance in Internal Labor Markets: Daily Clean Ð 305 rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics ployees Ð 311 In-line Defect Density Targets for New and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Technology from Development to Manu- Developing a Markov Model to be Used facturing Ð 132 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYS- as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy TEMS Nurse Corps Ð 259 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- straints Ð 102 Electronic Collection Management and Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Manufacturing and Reliability Improve- Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A ments in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - Implementation of the Federal Informa- Study of Manpower and Customer Ser- MOMCAPs Ð 299 vice Initiatives Ð 196 tion Security Management Act for Infor- Manufacturing for Design: Putting Pro- mation Technology Training and Aware- MANUALS cess Control in the Language of the ness Ð 239 Open Radio Communications Architec- Designer Ð 133 Performance Analysis of Management ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommu- Software Users Manual Ð 312 tiple Manufacturing Environ- nications Networks Ð 71 MANUFACTURING ments Ð 258 MANAGEMENT METHODS 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- A Framework for Real-time Process Con- ductor Manufacturing Conference And sured Extension Values per Defect to trol Ð 133 Workshop Ð 94 Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135

A-54 Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on MARKET RESEARCH Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars Operator Schedule in Semiconductor New Business Models for Standard and in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- Manufacturing Line Ð 100 ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- pact Ð 341 Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Goals or Increasing Opportuni- Market Ð 318 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 ties? Ð 306 MARKETING Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- Economics of Electronic Information Pro- Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 vision Ð 124 for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- ing Ð 336 Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay MARKING Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone tives Ð 101 and Tubulin Labeling Ð 186 Formation on Mars Ð 371 Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- MARKOV PROCESSES Wind-related Erosion Depressions duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Developing a Markov Model to be Used Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse ing Ð 258 as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 Nurse Corps Ð 259 The Advantages of Using Short Cycle MARS ENVIRONMENT Time Manufacturing (SCM) Instead of MARS ATMOSPHERE Continuous Flow Manufacturing Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- (CFM) Ð 306 Motion Ð 363 sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- works Ð 336 Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the MAPPING Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Mars: A Numerical Modeling log Environment: Clues to the Duration of on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Study Ð 398 Water on Mars? Ð 339 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Mars Ð 391 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Surfaces Ð 370 Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Simulations Ð 403 Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface LIBS-based Detection of Geological HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Simultaneous Localisation and Map torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- tion Ð 355 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- MAPS pography Ð 159 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- rent Martian Environmental Condi- age Processing Ð 140 Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 tions Ð 350 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, MARS CRATERS Part 10 Ð 325 Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Adventures (Arrrggghh!) in Crater Count- Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact ing: Small Crater Controversies Ð 344 Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 New Constraints on Mars Denudation Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog MARINE MAMMALS Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Cetacean Distributions Relative to Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First land, High Arctic Ð 389 Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 nia Current System Ð 284 Mechanically Produced Radical Species Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in MARINE METEOROLOGY Sites on Mars Ð 392 Martian Soils Ð 360 Determining the Fine Structure of the Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Time Domain Electromagnetics for Map- Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Part 15 Ð 408 ping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater Boundary Layers Ð 9 Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: in Mars Analog Environments Ð 329 New Constraints on Mars Denudation MARKERS Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog MARS EXPLORATION AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast land, High Arctic Ð 389 tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Cancer Ð 205 Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Rover Data Ð 364 Population Based Assessment of MHC Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Mars Ð 363 bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum ment and Progression of Breast Cancer to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Results Ð 351 Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- reo Camera Ð 366 tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Photometric Observations of Soils and Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- Morphometry of Large Martian Impact Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover field Ð 217 Craters Ð 339 Landing Sites Ð 329

A-55 Rock Around the World: Extending a Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of ence Using Infrared Research at Mars Ð 327 Mars Ð 356 Mars Ð 375 Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental dar Earth-based Observations of Mars Their Formation and Location Structur- Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 ally Controlled? Ð 377 The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- Classification and Distribution of Pat- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- The Search for Underground Hydrother- Mars Ð 391 sphere of Mars Ð 389 mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on tion Sequences with Mars Exploration MARS EXPRESS Mars: A Numerical Modeling Rover Data Ð 364 Study Ð 398 A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- ages Ð 165 tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 Model Approach Ð 330 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Crater Count Chronology and Timing of the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian from Electron Reflection Magnetom- Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison etry Ð 394 parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Integrating Global-Scale Mission tions Ð 384 Cross Profile and Volume Analysis of Datasets: Understanding the Martian Bahram Valles on Mars Ð 155 Martian Valley Networks and Associated Crust Ð 346 Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Part 9 Ð 331 (HRSC) Ð 117 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake reo Camera Ð 366 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Sites on Mars Ð 392 Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- from the High Resolution Stereo Camera MARS ROVING VEHICLES Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- Lewis Mars Pathfinder Microrover Ex- Year Ð 376 MIS and TES Data Ð 387 periments Ð 15 MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- Experiment Ð 131 vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike MARS LANDING SITES Results Ð 351 Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander ter Topography Ð 409 for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 MARS SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- omars and Beyond Ð 375 graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- sion in Southeast Alba Patera from ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 MARS SURFACE MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Chains Ð 411 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- MARS MISSIONS tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Using a Field Experience to Build Under- from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 voirs Ð 392 Discharge Ð 347 MARS PATHFINDER A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Lewis Mars Pathfinder Microrover Ex- Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- periments Ð 15 bia? Ð 358 ships on Mars Ð 358 Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Adventures (Arrrggghh!) in Crater Count- Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- Experiment Ð 131 ing: Small Crater Controversies Ð 344 tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous MARS PHOTOGRAPHS Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- Extent and Further Characteristics of Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Annual Change of Martian DDS- Planitia, Mars Ð 401 Seepages Ð 355 MARS (PLANET) Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First tions Ð 380 Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 ages Ð 165 Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic Alteration Phases Associated with High Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars Site of Rio Tinto, Spain Ð 327 Olivine on Mars Ð 352 Rover Landing Sites Ð 369 Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- and Valley Networks Concentrated at log Environment: Clues to the Duration of rent Martian Environmental Condi- Low Paleolatitudes? Ð 361 Water on Mars? Ð 339 tions Ð 350

A-56 Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and by the Mars Express High Resolution Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 Temporal Variations and Changes of Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover is Tilted Ð 361 Base Ground and Satellite Low- Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 lapse Ð 363 chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Thickness and Subsurface Struc- Morphometry of Large Martian Impact The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink ture Ð 372 Craters Ð 339 for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks and Mobile Elements: Implications of High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: Early MER Results Ð 399 the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- tions Ð 384 The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at logue Ð 384 Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 Observations of the North Permanent on Mars Ð 400 Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- tions Ð 388 Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- Integrating Global-Scale Mission MIS Investigation Ð 335 Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars Datasets: Understanding the Martian Two Successive Martian Years on the Crust Ð 346 in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- pact Ð 341 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Data Ð 395 Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- tained by the High Resolution Stereo Using a Field Experience to Build Under- pography Ð 159 Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied Temperature Aqueous Weather- Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 from HRSC Data Ð 163 ing Ð 394 Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Wind-related Erosion Depressions ity Ð 398 Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in Fill Ð 343 MARS VOLCANOES the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First teau Near Juventae Chasma, eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 Mars Ð 163 cent Climate Change Ð 356 Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution face: A Frequency Dependent Model for graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Rock Around the World: Extending a Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Part 10 Ð 325 Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model ence Using Infrared Research at Simulations Ð 403 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Mars Ð 375 Part 12 Ð 381 Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, tite Ð 386 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Part 14 Ð 397 Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Part 15 Ð 408 Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, cal History of Mars Ð 345 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Part II Ð 361 Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the ity Ð 398 Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, 340 Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Valles on Mars Ð Part 14 Ð 397 Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, ﬂow Channels: Observations and Recent New Constraints on Mars Denudation Part 15 Ð 408 Modeling Ð 344 Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 land, High Arctic Ð 389 Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, gion as Seen Through the First Year of cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Mars Ð 363 Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 and Mars Ð 359

A-57 Rheological Properties of Late-Stage MATERIALS TESTS MATHEMATICS Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the April1-June30,2003Ð 36 Program Ð 304 Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical MATRICES (MATHEMATICS) Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Efficient Representation of Electromag- cal History of Mars Ð 345 April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Ð 35 netic Integral Equations Using Pre- Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July Enhancing Fab Performance Under tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Ð 36 Team Council Methodology Ð 307 MARS MATHEMATICAL MODELS Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 Surfaces Ð 244 Model for Titanium-Based Matri- ces Ð 25 MASONRY Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted Results To Observe Grain Structure for How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha with Elastomeric Systems for Blast OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Process Control Approach Ð 253 Loads Ð 43 Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application CPA Relation Ð 50 Local Search Strategies for Equational Satisfiability Ð 221 of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Developing a Markov Model to be Used tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix 137 Walls Ð Nurse Corps Ð 259 Transform Approach for the Solution of Integral Equations Ð 245 MASS DISTRIBUTION Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- Martian Valley Networks and Associated nas and Scattering Ð 54 Quadratic Forms on Complex Random Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Ca- Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Finite Element Modelling of an Optical pacity Ð 264 Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer (HRSC) Ð 117 Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral drules and Metal Grains Revealed by Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Equations Ð 250 Based Parameterization of Antenna- X-Ray Computed Tomography MATRIX METHODS Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 Data Ð 164 Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- MASS SPECTROMETERS Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Optimal Grouping of Basis Func- tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- tions Ð 250 periment: First Results Ð 400 Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, MAXWELL EQUATION Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic Overview of Results from the Cassini Model for Titanium-Based Matri- The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument ces Ð 25 Integrators for Maxwell’s Equa- (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- tions Ð 247 tions Ð 379 Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric MEAN SQUARE VALUES MASS SPECTROSCOPY Thickness and Subsurface Struc- A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- Effects of Process Parameters on Par- ture Ð 372 ror Accounting for System Model Mis- ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and match Ð 257 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Implications of ACTS Technology on the Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- Stationary Solutions for the Rough Sur- Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- eling for Communication System Specifi- face Radar Backscatter Cross Sections face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Ap- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Beyond Ð 67 proach Ð 61 Surfaces Ð 370 Iterative Network Models to Predict the MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Regulatory System Involved in the nas and Networks Ð 252 Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Gear Crack Propagation Investiga- lei Ð 177 Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) Developed Ð 27 tion Ð 129 MATERIALS HANDLING Modeling The Backscattering Response MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Characterization of the Microstructure tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling cies Ð 53 and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Methodology Ð 130 Lake and River Ice Ð 278 Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Development And Implementation Of An through Concrete Walls Using Effective Development of Artificial Haircell Sen- Automated Wafer Transport Sys- Material Property Technique and FDTD sors Ð 120 tem Ð 100 Method Ð 91 DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative MATERIALS SELECTION Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Copper Interconnect Technology New Element Scattering Calculations in cations Ð 25 Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on ing Ð 96 ers Ð 77 the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Composite Ð 337 Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- flow Channels: Observations and Recent High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain tive Aluminum Ð 37 Modeling Ð 344 Gages Improved Ð 129

A-58 Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Relationships of Stress Exposures to through Concrete Walls Using Effective Services Project (DREAMS TM): sci- Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Material Property Technique and FDTD ence, Triage and Treatment MERCURY SURFACE Method Ð 91 (STAT) Ð 187 Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- ments for Contingency Opera- Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- sion Ð 42 tions Ð 194 sion Ð 359 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT Graduate Management Project: Optimiz- MESOSCALE PHENOMENA ing Cardiology and Radiology Services at Analyzing the Requirement for a De- Evans Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in ployed Warrior Medical Management Response to Surface and Mesoscale Center Table of Distribution and Allow- Improving Management of Pediatric Pa- Forcing Ð 120 ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical tients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiv- Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- Center Ð 194 ity Disorder at Naval Medical Center soscale Radiography Ð 273 Portsmouth Ð 175 MEDICAL PERSONNEL METABOLIC DISEASES Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 Developing a Markov Model to be Used Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st Military Section Editorials in Diabetes Nurse Corps Ð 259 General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 Technologies and Therapeutics Ð 186 Future Force and First Responders: Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- METABOLISM Building Ties for Collaboration and Le- Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Estimation of Warfighter Resting Meta- veraged Research and Develop- CARE Benefit Design from the Private bolic Rate Ð 191 ment Ð 315 Sector Ð 179 Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Precursor to the TRICARE Next Genera- Military Section Editorials in Diabetes to Supplement Traditional Teaching tion Program Ð 197 Technologies and Therapeutics Ð 186 Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- METADATA Training of Non-Medical Person- veillance System at Navy and Marine nel Ð 175 Metadata for Electronic Information Re- Corps MTFs Ð 313 sources Ð 315 MEDICAL SCIENCE The Open Access Appointment System: METAL CLUSTERS Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy A Phased Implementation Approach at Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- 193 (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 Keller Army Community Hospital Ð rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Predoctoral Training Program in Breast Transforming Health Service Capabilities METAL FATIGUE in the Army Reserve Ð 192 Cancer Research Ð 184 Fatigue Behavior and Deformation The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy tiple Perspectives Ð 318 to Supplement Traditional Teaching Investigated Ð 37 Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical HERON, Volume 48, No. 4, 2003 Ð 22 Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Training of Non-Medical Person- search at the University of Texas M.D. nel Ð 175 METAL FILMS Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials MELTING and Structures Using Plasma Pro- MEDICAL SERVICES Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: cesses Ð 21 Acquisition: Controls Over Purchase Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State Cards at Naval Medical Center San Di- for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- METAL FINISHING ego Ð 199 ing Ð 336 Guide to Developing an Environmental Management System for Metal Finishing Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Facilities Ð 37 vices Contracts Ð 199 Reading the Record of Early Stages of Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the Effects of Control Mode and R-Ratio on Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army MELTS (CRYSTAL GROWTH) the Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Community Hospital Ð 192 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule Composite Ð 337 Formation Ð 163 Analyzing the Requirement for a De- Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, ployed Warrior Medical Management MEMBRANES Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic Center Table of Distribution and Allow- Development of Nanofibrous Mem- Model for Titanium-Based Matri- ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical branes Towards Biological Sens- ces Ð 25 Center Ð 194 ing Ð 125 High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- MEMORY (COMPUTERS) Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- ment of Medical Report Translations (A tors Ð 28 Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Defect Related Yield Issues During Early METAL PARTICLES Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation Development of a New Technol- Iron-Containing Carbon Materials Fabri- Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical ogy Ð 227 cated Ð 26 Center Ð 177 Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- METAL PROPELLANTS Decisionmaker Forums Ð 186 urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Lessons Learned with Metallized Gelled Propellants Ð 43 Determinants of Dispensing Location in MENTAL HEALTH the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- METAL SURFACES gram Ð 178 Improving Management of Pediatric Pa- tients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiv- FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip Development of a Provider Profiling Tool ity Disorder at Naval Medical Center Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- for Reappointment Ð 196 Portsmouth Ð 175 larity at the Edges Ð 62

A-59 METAL-GAS SYSTEMS The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Body Ð 397 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Part 12 Ð 381 cer Patients Ð 215 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 METALLIC GLASSES METEORITE COLLISIONS Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 341 Come from Stardust? Ð 369 pact Ð LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: METALS METEORITE CRATERS Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 ments Ð 150 Canada Ð 152 High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- nos Impact Crater Ð 159 Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed tors Ð 28 Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 Sedimentary Inﬁll of the Gardnos Impact Impact Properties of Metal Fan Contain- Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- ment Materials Being Evaluated for the orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare High-Speed Civil Transport Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- (HSCT) Ð 136 melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from tage Ð 159 the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Ð 362 METAMORPHISM (GEOLOGY) Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Gpa Ð 166 Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- for Impact Origin and Formation Murchison and Murray Meteor- sults Ð 409 Age Ð 364 ites Ð 109 How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Modeling of a Complex Crater with Cen- Element Composition on Near, Mid and of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic tral Uplift Ð 332 Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 Body Ð 397 Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- METEORITE PARENT BODIES eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- ent Compaction History? Ð 320 for Methane and Surface Alter- ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- ation Ð 408 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 drule Formation: Evidence from Mineralogical Differences Between Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 Metamorphosed and Non- Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar sis Connection Ð 335 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer and an Early Differentiation in the Parent METEORITIC COMPOSITION 094 Ð 375 Body of Ureilites Ð 387 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- METEORITES Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of (CV) Ð 357 Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- Gpa Ð 166 drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Chemical Differentiation and Internal (CV) Ð 357 Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 aceous Chondrites Ð 332 Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa METASTASIS 401 etary Surfaces Ð 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Ð 377 A Molecular Connection Between Breast Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Analysis of the Link Between Acquired Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- ene Chemistry Ð 403 Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 ite Ð 402 Invasive Potential Ð 205 Determination of Production Rates of Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 Chromite Grains Ð 154 son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401

A-60 Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits METEORITIC MICROSTRUCTURES Simulations and Measurements for In- of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- door Wave Propagation through Periodic ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Structures Ð 251 ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 sis Connection Ð 335 The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- METEOROIDS Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Field Integral Equation Pertinent to noe Aubrite Ð 383 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale drite Ð 342 Meteorological Measurements With a Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- MWR-05XP Phased Array Radar Ð 172 ing from a Perfectly Conducting Isotopic Constraints on the Petrology of Plate Ð 248 Martian Meteorites Ð 151 METEOROLOGY Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- Laboratory for Atmospheres: 2004 Tech- nical Highlights Ð 168 the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 Equations Ð 250 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, METHANATION METHODOLOGY Part 14 Ð 397 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Production and Sequestration of CO(sub 2) in Un- A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- mineable Coal Seams Ð 148 tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- Methodology Ð 130 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the METHANE METHYLATION YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Can- Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- cer Ð 182 lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- METROLOGY NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source bearing Aubrite Ð 396 for Methane and Surface Alter- A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- ation Ð 408 phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- trology Constrained Multipart Number Methan de-Nox For Utility Pc Boilers. tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Fabricator Ð 134 sis Connection Ð 335 Quarterly Progress Report Ð 146 Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Methane de-Nox For Utility PC Boilers. On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule SEM Ð 98 Textures Ð 339 Quarterly Progress Report Ð 147 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- METHOD OF MOMENTS Measurements for Diffusion Process terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 drite Ð 409 ments for Printed Antennas Analy- MICE Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, sis Ð 89 Characterization of Two Novel Onco- a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss 182 Ð 326 sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models Slot Ð 86 Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition of Breast Cancer Ð 201 of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- MICROANALYSIS of Meteorites Ð 331 rays Ð 75 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides Effects of the Fast Multipole Method Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Sec- tage Ð 159 ments: Geochemical Consequences of tion Computations Ð 63 Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYS- Efficient Representation of Electromag- TEMS Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- netic Integral Equations Using Pre- MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve drule Formation: Evidence from defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation ity Ð 143 Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors drules and Metal Grains Revealed by tions Ð 251 X-Ray Computed Tomography with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Data Ð 164 Electromagnetic Modeling of a Reconfigurable Wires Ð 104 Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- TEM and NanoSIMS Study of tion Module for Application to Spatial Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Microelectromechanical Systems Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Ð 104 Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 MICROELECTRONICS Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed Operator Schedule in Semiconductor System Objects Ð 392 Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Manufacturing Line Ð 100 Substrates Ð 92 Trapped Noble Gas Components and MICROGRAVITY Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Experimental Results From the Thermal drite ALH84206 Ð 400 Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- Iterative Physical Optics Ap- ment Ð 43 Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that proach Ð 251 Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Interface Configuration Experiments dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity Bodies Ð 365 nas for pager Ð 80 on Fluids Ð 113

A-61 Microgravity Smoldering Combustion A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and Takes Flight Ð 44 tenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied 56 Microgravity Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Aperture Radar Ð to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Lines Ð 72 Flames Ð 111 A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- tenna Ð 56 MICROSTRUCTURE omars and Beyond Ð 375 A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 MICROINSTRUMENTATION A Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized Airborne UXO Surveys Using the Microstrip Antenna Using a Single Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein 200 MTADS Ð 119 Feed Ð 50 VP40 with Microtubules Ð Characterization of the Microstructure Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Antennas with Improved Beam Forming Lake and River Ice Ð 278 MICROMECHANICS and Gain Capabilities Ð 55 Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Micromechanics Analysis Code (MAC) Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- Results To Observe Grain Structure for Developed Ð 27 Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 rays Ð 50 MICROMETEORITES HERON, Volume 48, No. 4, 2003 Ð 22 Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Caps Ð 385 FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip ent Compaction History? Ð 320 MICROMETEOROIDS Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- MICROWAVE ANTENNAS Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of larity at the Edges Ð 62 Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories dust Ð 411 at USU Ð 47 MICROWAVE CIRCUITS A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive International Symposium, Volume Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to 1Ð72 Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Inset-Microstrip-Fed Circularly Polarized MICROORGANISMS (MMIC) Phased Array Demonstrated Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 With ACTS Ð 103 A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 Lines with Indented Grounds Ð 59 Specimens Ð 190 Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Trian- Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein gular Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 Transitions Process Ð 171 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip An- Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria tennas Ð 59 Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Mitigation Ð 42 Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 MICROSTRIP DEVICES Molecular Database Construction and WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- ventional Pathogen Countermea- crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 sures Ð 316 strate Ð 75 MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINES Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Transitions Process Ð 171 veillance Ð 196 A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 New Results from the Magellan Bistatic MICROPARTICLES Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Radar Experiment Ð 65 Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by MICROWAVES Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- Microwave Engineering Design Labora- dust Ð 411 Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler cuits Ð 86 Radar Systems Ð 304 MICROSCOPES Top Level User Specifications for Mask Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Inspection Microscope Ð 117 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Transitions Process Ð 171 MICROSCOPY Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip MIDDLE EAST Lines with Indented Grounds Ð 59 Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- Strategic Communications for the War on niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern sis Ð 323 Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- Anti-American Bias Ð 70 strates Ð 57 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS MIGRATION A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- Enhancing Fab Performance Under tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular ters Ð 86 Team Council Methodology Ð 307 Phones Ð 83 Optimum Design by Waveguide Model MILITARY OPERATIONS A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 ery Ð 141

A-62 Acquisition: Controls Over Purchase MILITARY PERSONNEL WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development Cards at Naval Medical Center San Di- A Comparison of the Post-Deployment and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- ego Ð 199 Hospitalization Experience of US military Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Agent-Based Simulation of Disease Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf MIMO (CONTROL SYSTEMS) Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Information Theoretic Comparison of An Analysis of the Feasibility of Imple- Advanced Physiological Monitoring of MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- menting Ultra Wideband and Mesh Net- FCS Soldiers Ð 261 ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 work Technology in Support of Military Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO Operations Ð 227 An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Family Status on Retention, Promotion, Systems Ð 3 Analyzing the Requirement for a De- and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263 ployed Warrior Medical Management rine Corps Officers Ð 312 Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- Center Table of Distribution and Allow- Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- ment of Medical Report Translations (A tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Center Ð 194 Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation Command and Control of Special Opera- MINE DETECTORS Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical tions Forces Missions in the US northern Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- Center Ð 177 Command Area of Responsibility Ð 69 tection Ð 140 Demonstrating the Automated Change Estimation of Warfighter Resting Meta- Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sen- Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- bolic Rate Ð 191 sor in Minefield Transit Ð 284 tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 Agent-Based Target Detection in MINERAL DEPOSITS A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- Determinants of Dispensing Location in 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- gram Ð 178 Foreign Language and Speech Transla- voirs Ð 392 tion Technologies in a Coalition Military Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- Environment Ð 220 Crater Count Chronology and Timing of quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- ments for Contingency Opera- plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, tions Ð 194 and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- Over the Alps Ð 171 Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Impact of a Military Reusable Launch tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 cused Logistics Ð 17 Improving Management of Pediatric Pa- tients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiv- Intrusion Analysis in Military Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- ity Disorder at Naval Medical Center Networks--An Introduction Ð 222 neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Portsmouth Ð 175 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Naval Automation and Information Man- Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 agement Technology Ð 4 Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Networks by Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water tric Warfare? Ð 239 Priority Queuing Ð 66 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separa- MILITARY VEHICLES ity Ð 398 tion’ to a relationship of Trust Towards A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Com- Human-Robot Interaction and Con- melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from munication Ð 70 trol Ð 17 the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- Virtual Experiments to Determine Gpa Ð 166 treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability tions Ð 170 Analysis Ð 235 The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 MILLIMETER WAVES Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- MINERALOGY Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Alteration Phases Associated with High CARE Benefit Design from the Private Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Sector Ð 179 An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- Olivine on Mars Ð 352 tenna Comprised of a Periodically- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric Rod Ð 45 and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Rover Landing Sites Ð 369 ogy Ð 174 Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke USA Air and Space Power in the 21st FDTD Method Ð 82 Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 Modeling The Backscattering Response Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared During UAE2 Ð 172 cies Ð 53 Reflectance Microspectroscopy Ð 118

A-63 Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A MISSILES Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the MINERALS Combustion Diagnostics for New, Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the tem Events Ð 334 lants Ð 34 Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- Development of Advanced Rocket En- Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- sults Ð 409 gine Technology for Precision Guided etary Basalts Ð 155 Missiles Ð 20 LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for Lethal Combination Ð 19 the Crystallization of Los Angeles and LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- Dhofar 378 Ð 376 Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 MISSION PLANNING Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Development of a Provider Proﬁling Tool Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations for Reappointment Ð 196 of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 with EDXS Ð 153 The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Hansa Ð 353 Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from MIXERS pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 ships on Mars Ð 358 Texas Ð 152 MIXING LAYERS (FLUIDS) Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions REE and Some Other Trace Elements Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Mixing and Transition Control Stud- from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- ied Ð 111 tions Ð 380 lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 MIXING FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- noe Aubrite Ð 383 Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- talline Siderite Ð 389 ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of Laboratory Ð 283 the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- MINES (EXCAVATIONS) MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS drite Ð 342 Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Identify Cumulative Trauma Expo- An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule sure Ð 218 closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Formation Ð 163 Algorithm Ð 89 Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Part 10 Ð 325 ing Foam Ð 218 Kong Ð 90 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, MINES (ORDNANCE) Development and Performance of an Part 12 Ð 381 L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- A Generalized Method for the Computa- ellite Communications Ð 55 Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station Mineralogical and Seismological Models Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 Antennas for PDC Systems in Ja- pan Ð 61 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Mineralogical Differences Between cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- UTD-Based Propagation Model for the Metamorphosed and Non- tures of Landmines Ð 120 Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mo- Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 bile Communications System Ð 73 MINIATURIZATION Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 MOBILITY orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of tage Ð 159 plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- MODELS bonates Ð 165 MINING A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 Fumes Ð 147 bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Palagonite-like Alteration Products on MINORITY CARRIERS Combustion Diagnostics for New, the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- lants Ð 34 Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Cleaning Process Ð 301 High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- MIRRORS plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 and Mars Ð 359 ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- Temperature Aqueous Weather- Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 eration Ð 15 ing Ð 394 MISSILE DEFENSE Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Aitken Basin Ð 396 rays Ð 49 and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Iron Meteorite Ð 381 Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34

A-64 Modeling Staircased Wires using the Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake FDTD Method Ð 85 63 Ð 323 Nest: A Preliminary Report of Reexami- nation Ð 402 Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using MOON The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Conserved Residue Information to Study Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the duced Currents Due to Positive Holes MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Planetesimal Ð 343 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of namo Ð 374 MODES Biological Material Ð 287 Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic LIBS-based Detection of Geological MOLECULES Sector Ð 76 Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- MODIS (RADIOMETRY) Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 tion Ð 355 Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Biological Information in a Memory Com- from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 Using MODIS Ð 9 posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION MOM (SEMICONDUCTORS) Aitken Basin Ð 396 The Military Healthcare System Third Manufacturing and Reliability Improve- Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- Party Collection Program: Analyzing the ments in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - nar Surface Brightness Using Data of Effectiveness of the Other Health Insur- MOMCAPs Ð 299 Integral Observations Ð 367 ance (OHI) Information Collection Pro- cess Ð 187 MOMENTS OF INERTIA The Asymmetric Cratering History of the Moon Ð 382 MODULATION Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- The Core of the Moon - Molten or Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment tion Classiﬁcation Methods for Digital Solid? Ð 362 of Inertia Ð 157 Communication Signals Ð 262 VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation MOMENTUM TRANSFER Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Ionization Rates and Charge Production MORPHOLOGY in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Transition Form Factors of the Proton at Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Higher Momentum Transfer Ð 275 Mars Ð 356 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY MOMENTUM Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, for Ice Shell Properties Ð 398 tensity Beams Ð 272 Mars Ð 363 MOSAICS MOISTURE CONTENT MONITORS In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- Flow Concept Ð 102 Observations of MMW Backscatter from ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 MOTION RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- MOLDING MATERIALS Operation Ð 265 gramming Work in Biological Systems Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding Pro- *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 cess Developed for High-Temperature MONOPOLE ANTENNAS High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Polyimide Matrix Composites Ð 26 Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Com- MOLECULAR CLOUDS plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics pact Base Station Antennas for PDC and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of System in Japan Ð 90 Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary MOTOR VEHICLES Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs Dust Ð 320 Roadmap to MOVES2004 Ð 144 with Different Permittivities Ð 53 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, MOTORS Part 9 Ð 331 MONOPOLES Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot Associated with CO Photodissociation in Communication Ð 78 Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Com- the Solar Nebula Ð 160 MONOPULSE ANTENNAS plex Ð 108 The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Ð 280 MOUNTAINS Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- MONTE CARLO METHOD Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves Approximation of Integrals via Monte forming Regions, and the Solar Over the Alps Ð 171 Nebula Ð 413 Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady MOLECULAR DYNAMICS ties Ð 255 Relationship Between Volcanism and Tectonism Ð 373 Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold 33 ing the Future Force Ð Region Performance Prediction and Its The Io Mountain Online Data- Molecular Dynamics Calculations Ð 112 Probability of Resolution Ð 261 base Ð 354 MOLECULAR GASES MOONQUAKES MOVING TARGET INDICATORS Gas Lasers for Strong-Field Applica- Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- tions Ð 274 Moonquakes Ð 378 ity Rejection Ð 121

A-65 Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- MULTISENSOR FUSION Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Ð 362 ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 Enhancing Situational Awareness Using NANOCOMPOSITES Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 Long CPI Wideband GMTI Ð 121 Defence Applications of Nanocomposite MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Materials Ð 23 Digital Communications for Current and Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Final Report: Nanocomposite Materi- Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- als Ð 26 nas Ð 104 MULTISPECTRAL BAND CAMERAS NANOCRYSTALS Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband MULTIMEDIA Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Preliminary Results Ð 118 to Supplement Traditional Teaching talline Siderite Ð 389 Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical MULTISTATIC RADAR NANOPARTICLES Training of Non-Medical Person- New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Final Report: Nanocomposite Materi- nel Ð 175 Radar Experiment Ð 65 als Ð 26 MULTIMODE RESONATORS MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS NANOSTRUCTURES (DEVICES) Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Smart Nanostructures from Computer Simulations Ð 293 MULTIPATH TRANSMISSION Process Control Approach Ð 253 A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- MUONS NANOTECHNOLOGY tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Phones Ð 83 Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- rials Ð 354 Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation nique for the Armory Ð 139 (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 as Electronically Tunable Cata- lysts Ð 105 Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- istics Ð 48 riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- MULTIPLE ACCESS erator Ð 270 Smart Nanostructures from Computer Simulations Ð 293 Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263 High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon MULTIPLEXING Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 NANOWIRES A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and as Electronically Tunable Cata- plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila Solenoids Ð 269 pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, lysts Ð 105 Muon Colliders: The Ultimate Neutrino and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical NARROWBAND Beamlines Ð 267 Specimens Ð 190 A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- MULTIPLICATION Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radia- lar Value Decomposition Ð 122 tion at Muon Colliders Ð 267 Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for NASA PROGRAMS the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Doing Systems Engineering Without Equations Ð 250 Cooling Experiment Ð 268 Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight MULTIPLIERS Studies for Muon Colliders at Center-of- Research Center Ð 6 Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Mass Energies of 10 TeV and 100 Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- TeV Ð 267 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) FDTD Method Ð 82 Targetry for a Mu+Mu- Collider Ð 268 Program Ð 304 MULTIPOLES MURCHISON METEORITE MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Relief and Displacement-Dependent Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- Loads Ð 6 MUSCLES lems Ð 264 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work Effects of the Fast Multipole Method Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Postures Ð 219 (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Sec- Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- tion Computations Ð 63 Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor struction of Facilities Modifica- (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- tions Ð 283 Cachexia Ð 210 tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- NASA SPACE PROGRAMS tions Ð 244 MUTATIONS The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 counts of NASA and the Age of ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Space Ð 414 Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above Regulation and Function of the NASTRAN Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Relief and Displacement-Dependent Loads Ð 6 allel MLFMA Ð 225 NAKHLITES The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich NATURAL GAS Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Field Integral Equation Pertinent to Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 03346 Ð 348 Facilities Ð 113

A-66 NAVIGATION Novel Functional Screen for New Breast NICKEL ALUMINIDES Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Cancer Genes Ð 209 Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded NiAl Ð 38 NAVY and Tubulin Labeling Ð 186 NICKEL HYDROGEN BATTERIES Analysis and Testing of a Digitized Appli- Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor cation for U.S. Navy Officer Recruit- (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- ing Ð 230 Cachexia Ð 210 teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- eration Ð 15 Department of the Navy Suicide Incident NEPTUNE (PLANET) Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- NICKEL 2002 Findings Ð 191 The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Companions Lost During Planetary Mi- Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- Developing a Markov Model to be Used gration Ð 378 as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy etary Basalts Ð 155 Nurse Corps Ð 259 NETWORKS New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Un- An Alternative Paradigm for Routing in of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and loading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Di- Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Ð 237 Temperatures Ð 156 ego Ð 229 Underwater Acoustic Networks: Evalua- NIGHT Sea Surface Height Predictions from the tion of the Impact of Media Access Con- Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- trol on Latency, in a Delay Constrained Activity Suggested by Thermal Images ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Network Ð 262 and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Simulations Ð 403 Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- NEURAL NETS veillance System at Navy and Marine Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in NIOBIUM Corps MTFs Ð 313 Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Hiqh Q at Low and Medium Field Ð 277 works Ð 299 NEAR EARTH ASTEROID RENDEZVOUS NITRAMINE PROPELLANTS MISSION NEUROLOGY An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function Failures of DFT Ð 24 Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker in Aging Workers Ð 214 XRS Data Ð 393 NITRIC OXIDE NEUTRAL GASES NEAR INFRARED RADIATION Ionization Rates and Charge Production Overview of Results from the Cassini Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- NITRIDES lites Ð 14 tions Ð 379 Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- roxenes: Further Correlations Between NEUTRINO BEAMS tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 Muon Colliders: The Ultimate Neutrino NITROGEN FLUORIDES Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Beamlines Ð 267 Reducing Perfluorinated Compound gorithm to Derive Optical Properties NEUTRINOS Emissions Ð 146 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Collecting Time-sequenced Records of NITROGEN ISOTOPES Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Caps Ð 385 graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Spectra with the Titanium Abundance periment: First Results Ð 400 Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 NEUTRON COUNTERS Two Successive Martian Years on the NITROGEN OXIDES Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Second Generation Advanced Reburning Element Composition on Near, Mid and Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 Data Ð 395 trol Ð 148 NEAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION NITROGEN NEUTRON SOURCES Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron Using the Lineate Imaging Near- ries Ð 324 Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 Source (SNS) Ð 295 The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear NEBULAE UAL-Based Simulation Environment for and Erosion Ð 34 Spallation Neutron Source Ring Ð 265 Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC NITROGUANIDINE 63 Ð 323 NEUTRONS Model for Combustion of Triple-Base NEODYMIUM Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 Determination of Production Rates of Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- ter Ð 324 NITROMETHANE Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Chromite Grains Ð 154 Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Fac- HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and tors Ð 303 NEON Failures of DFT Ð 24 Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the NITROUS OXIDES tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Effects of Process Parameters on Par- Murchison and Murray Meteor- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and ites Ð 109 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 NICKEL ALLOYS NEOPLASMS Methodology Developed for Modeling the NOISE REDUCTION Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Active Control of Turbulent Boundary ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superal- Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 loys Ð 137 Naval Applications Ð 286

A-67 Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications NOZZLE FLOW OBLIQUE WINGS for UAVs Ð 9 Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Oblique Wing Aerodynamics Ð 2 Studied Ð 11 NONCONDENSABLE GASES OCCUPATION Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the NOZZLE GEOMETRY Analysis of Career Progression and Job Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Performance in Internal Labor Markets: Mars: A Numerical Modeling Studied Ð 11 The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- Study Ð 398 NOZZLES ployees Ð 311 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Making a World of Difference Recruit- ment of Undergraduate Students at Effective Defect Detection and Classifi- Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined 131 USU Ð 304 cation Methodology Based on Integrated Corrections Ð Laser Scanning Inspection and Auto- NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER GENERA- OCEAN CURRENTS matic Defect Classification Ð 135 TION Cetacean Distributions Relative to Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- NONISOTHERMAL PROCESSES in the Design of a New Nuclear Research nia Current System Ð 284 Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Facility Ð 144 Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic OCEAN MODELS NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS Model for Titanium-Based Matri- ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- ces Ð 25 Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: joint Models: Testing and Applica- Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- tions Ð 254 NONLINEAR SYSTEMS linium Ð 288 Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- NUCLEAR PHYSICS Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses Level Densities and Radiative Strength ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 with Biological Systems Ð 216 Functions in (56)Fe and (57)Fe Ð 294 OCEAN SURFACE NONLINEARITY Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Sum- Cetacean Distributions Relative to mary Report Ð 277 Advanced Physiological Monitoring of Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- FCS Soldiers Ð 261 Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: nia Current System Ð 284 An Experimental Investigation of the Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- Sea Surface Height Predictions from the 288 Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- linium Ð Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration NUCLEAR REACTIONS ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Current Pulses Ð 107 Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An Vibration Suppression and Isola- linium Ð 288 Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 tion Ð 16 NUCLEONS OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Fac- Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean 303 eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy tors Ð Acoustic Propagation EXperiment Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- NUMERICAL ANALYSIS (LOAPEX) Ð 284 tients Ð 183 Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin OCEANOGRAPHY Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- by Using Non-Uniform Mesh Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses FDTD Ð 62 RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ð 281 with Biological Systems Ð 216 Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 OCEANS Cetacean Distributions Relative to Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering nia Current System Ð 284 NONUNIFORMITY Problems Ð 249 Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Mixing and Transition Control Stud- Acoustic Propagation EXperiment 111 Design Approach based on Genetic Al- ied Ð (LOAPEX) Ð 284 gorithms Ð 51 Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- NORTHERN HEMISPHERE tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by joint Models: Testing and Applica- Cometary Impact Ð 334 Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: tions Ð 254 Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 Ocean Ð 365 Iterative Physical Optics Ap- Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars proach Ð 251 in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- OILS pact Ð 341 Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- NOZZLE DESIGN gets Ð 412 former Technologies Ð 143 Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- OLIVINE Studied Ð 11 tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas Alteration Phases Associated with High F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ Model Ð 256 Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and CE-22 Facility Ð 109 NUTRITION Olivine on Mars Ð 352 Flow Visualization Proposed for Vacuum Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Cleaner Nozzle Designs Ð 109 Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 Impact Melts? Ð 404 Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- OASES Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Optimal Aide Security Information Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- Laboratory Ð 283 Search (OASIS) Ð 228 etary Basalts Ð 155

A-68 EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Pa- The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the rameterizations Ð 115 omars and Beyond Ð 375 Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 OPTICAL FIBERS ORBITS Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Long-Term Evolution of Orbits about a from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Precessing Oblate Planet: 1. The Case tions Ð 380 Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 of Uniform Precession Ð 322 Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- OPTICAL FILTERS tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 ORDNANCE sis Connection Ð 335 Airborne UXO Surveys Using the OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS MTADS Ð 119 On the Physical and Chemical Conse- Fiber Optic Repair and Maintainability quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- (FORM) Program Progresses Ð 65 MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- OPTICAL MEASUREMENT Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- ity Ð 143 Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear drite Ð 409 OPTICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- An Improved Instrument for Investigating ment Impact Ð 39 Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- ent Compaction History? Ð 320 OPTICAL PROPERTIES stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Number 148 Ð 46 gorithm to Derive Optical Properties Reading the Record of Early Stages of Standardized UXO Technology Demon- From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Number 249 Ð 46 OPTICAL RADAR A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- tenna Ð 48 stration Site Open Field Scoring Record DAR Data Ð 124 Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Number 354 Ð 123 Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Communication Ð 78 mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ONBOARD EQUIPMENT tion Ð 126 Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Lewis Mars Pathfinder Microrover Ex- OPTICS cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- trices Ð 141 periments Ð 15 Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS ONCOGENES Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the ORGANIC MATERIALS BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Cancer Genes Ð 209 OPTIMIZATION cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- trices Ð 141 The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- tion Process for 0.18 micron and Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source 97 terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- and Electrical Performance Ð for Methane and Surface Alter- cer Patients Ð 215 A Study In The Continuous Improvement ation Ð 408 Process: Implementation of an Opti- ON-LINE SYSTEMS Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Part 15 Ð 408 An Integrated Online Environment for side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 Antenna Education Ð 217 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- erence Systems Ð 225 Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets say for Organophosphate Exposure -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and OPERATORS (MATHEMATICS) Pairing Application Ð 256 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Con- Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace tory Ð 200 vex Object-Conformable Bound- and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic aries Ð 248 Simulations Ð 94 ORGANISMS Finite Element Implementation of Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity for Methane and Surface Alter- Equation Ð 248 Load Planning Ð 115 ation Ð 408 Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- ORGANIZATIONS erators for Finite Elements Simula- proach to Control Design for International Final Report: Nanocomposite Materi- 249 tion Ð Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- als Ð 26 ancing Control System Ð 16 OPHTHALMOLOGY Rewards, Structure and Alignment Affect Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a A Feasibility Study on the Implementa- Goal Attainment Ð 305 tion of Teleophthalmology in the Medical Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains Fabricator Ð 298 The Truth About Building and Maintaining Regional Medical Command Ð 178 ORBITAL MECHANICS Successful Communities of Prac- tice Ð 137 OPTICAL EQUIPMENT Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Binaries Ð 325 Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed ORTHOGONALITY Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Transform Approach for the Solution of FDTD Method Ð 44 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 Integral Equations Ð 245

A-69 OSCILLATIONS OXYGEN ISOTOPES PARALLEL PROCESSING (COMPUTERS) Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on In- Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- traseasonal Variability of Large-Scale Zircons Ð 405 Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- Circulations Over the Western North Pa- Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random cific Ð 280 NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at rials Ð 354 Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic pography Ð 159 Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer allel MLFMA Ð 225 The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence 182 Ð 326 on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- OSCILLATORS putational Issues Associated with Param- cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- eter Estimations Ð 260 Analysis of the FDTD Method via the forming Regions, and the Solar Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 Nebula Ð 413 PARAMETERIZATION Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Circular Polarization Ð 59 OXYGEN Based Parameterization of Antenna- A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 OSMIUM ISOTOPES Measurements in Patients Which Clini- Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Pa- Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 Element Systematics of Impact-Melt rameterizations Ð 115 Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- PARITY rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- erophile Element Systematics of Group Fugacity Ð 370 mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- IVB Irons Ð 360 Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O sors Ð 254 OSTEOBLASTS Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Landau Scenario of Chaotization for Analysis of the Link Between Acquired OZONE Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Beam Distribution Ð 294 Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with PARTICLE ACCELERATORS cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- ter Ð 95 Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- OVARIES tion and the UAL Software Environment Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 PALEOMAGNETISM to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Analysis and Compensation Ð 297 OXIDATION ments: Geochemical Consequences of Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 age and Oxidation Ð 113 PALEONTOLOGY Design of an AC-Dipole for use in Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O The Asymmetric Cratering History of the RHIC Ð 296 Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Moon Ð 382 Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster Mare Volcanism Ð 407 PALLADIUM Injection Ð 287 OXIDES High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Hiqh Q at Low and Medium Field Ð 277 Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Gages Improved Ð 129 Impact of Superbends at the ALS Ð 292 Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 PANORAMIC CAMERAS Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron 295 In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition Photometric Observations of Soils and Source (SNS) Ð for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Landau Scenario of Chaotization for Flow Ð 298 Landing Sites Ð 329 Beam Distribution Ð 294 Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs PARABOLIC REFLECTORS Optimization of the Parameters in the Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian tion Ð 296 Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- Techniques Ð 88 Processing and Analysis of the Mea- tion, and Biota Ð 38 sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 PARALLEL COMPUTERS OXIDIZERS RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Mechanically Produced Radical Species A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- ogy Ð 302 at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly Martian Soils Ð 360 Conducting Bodies Ð 225 PARTICLE BEAMS Effects of Process Parameters on Par- OXYGEN 18 Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- Element Scattering Calculations in ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and Mineralogical Differences Between Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Metamorphosed and Non- ers Ð 77 Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 PARTICLE DECAY Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster PARALLEL PLATES OXYGEN IONS Injection Ð 287 FUSE Observations of QSOs behind Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY Emission Ð 322 rays Ð 49 Fuzzy Logic Particle Tracking Ð 110

A-70 PARTICULATES Improving Management of Pediatric Pa- Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air tients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiv- a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 ity Disorder at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Ð 175 PERIDOTITE Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- The Establishment of an Inflammatory of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle ments Ð 150 Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group men Repository Ð 201 Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel of Meteorites Ð 331 The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor Soot Particles Ð 130 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- PATCH ANTENNAS Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Modeling of Periodic Structures Using A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- the Finite Difference Time Domain 78 tenna Ð 56 cer Patients Ð 215 (FDTD) Ð A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct PERIODIC VARIATIONS Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin Patient Care in Support of the Global War Simulations and Measurements for In- by Using Non-Uniform Mesh on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 door Wave Propagation through Periodic 62 Structures Ð 251 FDTD Ð PATTERN RECOGNITION Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- RCS Interpolation in Frequency and PERMAFROST Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: rays Ð 50 tion Ð 84 Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in ing Ð 336 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip works Ð 299 PERMEABILITY A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- PAVEMENTS larity at the Edges Ð 62 Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway ing Flanged Rectangular FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- Pavements Ð 41 Waveguide Ð 76 ance Calculation Ð 52 PAYLOADS PERMITTIVITY IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- International Symposium, Volume loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 tenna Ð 56 1Ð72 MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 PATHOGENESIS bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Regulatory System Involved in the to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 ing Flanged Rectangular Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Waveguide Ð 76 lei Ð 177 PENETRATION Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna PATHOGENS Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Mars Ð 356 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and PEPTIDES Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied Molecular Database Construction and CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring Lines Ð 72 ventional Pathogen Countermea- the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide sures Ð 316 PERSIAN GULF Complex Ð 182 Relationships of Stress Exposures to Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- roprotective in a Model of Traumatic veillance Ð 196 Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT PATHOLOGY emia Ð 204 An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Family Status on Retention, Promotion, Integration of Pathologic Findings With PERFORMANCE PREDICTION and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- A80 A New Perspective on Predictable rine Corps Officers Ð 312 ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Factory Performance Ð 306 vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 Analysis of Career Progression and Job Development and Performance of an Performance in Internal Labor Markets: PATIENTS L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen ellite Communications Ð 55 ployees Ð 311 Measurements in Patients Which Clini- cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 Iterative Network Models to Predict the Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contem- Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- porary or Inflexible? Ð 260 Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the nas and Networks Ð 252 Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated Community Hospital Ð 192 The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- Region Performance Prediction and Its facturing Line Ð 307 Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- Probability of Resolution Ð 261 eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy The Effect of Performance Based Incen- Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- Threshold Region Performance Predic- tive Plans Ð 305 tients Ð 183 tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- ing Localization Ð 122 PERSONNEL Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- Analysis of Career Progression and Job tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation PERFORMANCE TESTS Performance in Internal Labor Markets: Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- Life Issues Ð 216 Wireless Ground Sensor Network Ð 68 ployees Ð 311

A-71 Determining Simulation Requirements Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- and Identifying a Course of Action to of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed More Efficiently Support Acquisition Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- of Meteorites Ð 331 Substrates Ð 92 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 PHARMACOLOGY Meteorological Measurements With a Focused Knowledge for the Battle- Determinants of Dispensing Location in MWR-05XP Phased Array Radar Ð 172 field Ð 242 the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit 178 Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 gram Ð (MMIC) Phased Array Demonstrated Implementation of the Federal Informa- Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st With ACTS Ð 103 tion Security Management Act for Infor- General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a mation Technology Training and Aware- Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- Satellite Ð 47 ness Ð 239 Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- PHENOMENOLOGY PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function CARE Benefit Design from the Private Phenomenology and Cosmology of in Aging Workers Ð 214 Sector Ð 179 Weak Coupled String Theory Ð 269 Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription PHOEBE Natural Environments Ð 316 Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A Cassini UVIS Ð 351 PERTURBATION Study of Manpower and Customer Ser- PHOSPHATES Implications of Internal Fragmentation on vice Initiatives Ð 196 Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs the Structure of Comets Ð 320 PHASE ERROR Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Prediction of Radiated Perturbations A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Selenium and Other Trace Elements to from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 tion, and Biota Ð 38 PHASE SHIFT CIRCUITS PETROGENESIS PHOSPHORUS 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase A Molecular Connection Between Breast Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Shifter Ð 57 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 etary Basalts Ð 155 Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Modal Abundances of Carbon in Urei- PHASE SHIFT Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast lites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Cancer Ð 205 Ureilites Ð 403 Photometric Observations of Soils and Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS PETROGRAPHY Landing Sites Ð 329 Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 Breccias: Implications for Shock History, nas Ð 46 PHOTODISSOCIATION Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 tenna Ð 52 Associated with CO Photodissociation in Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and the Solar Nebula Ð 160 PHASE STABILITY (MATERIALS) Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with Surface Reactions Studied by Synchro- Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 tron Based Photoelectron Spectros- the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- copy Ð 295 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS drite Ð 342 PHOTOGEOLOGY Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- tions for Energetic Material Combustion Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- ter Topography Ð 409 PETROLOGY Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 Origin of the Lunar Highland Isotopic Constraints on the Petrology of Crust Ð 383 Martian Meteorites Ð 151 PHASED ARRAYS PHOTOGRAMMETRY Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- teau Near Juventae Chasma, Shifter Ð 57 gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and Mars Ð 163 Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- Editing Match Points Ð 226 Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An ity Rejection Ð 121 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed An Experimental Investigation of the Per- erence Systems Ð 225 Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a ductor Manufacturing Conference And Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- Workshop Ð 94 tage Ð 159 ment Ð 84 A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Characterization and Design Methodol- phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- Textures Ð 339 ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered trology Constrained Multipart Number Slot Antenna Ð 74 Fabricator Ð 134 Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and and Mars Ð 359 rays Ð 75 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96

A-72 PHOTOMETRY PILOT TRAINING RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia and Spherical Structures by Composite Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 to Supplement Traditional Teaching Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Training of Non-Medical Person- nar Surface Brightness Using Data of Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined nel Ð 175 Integral Observations Ð 367 Field Integral Equation Pertinent to PILOTLESS AIRCRAFT Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 PHOTONICS Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile PLANE WAVES Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design Environments Ð 10 Determination of Surface Currents by and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- Back Propagation of Field Measure- nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 ments Ð 85 PHOTORESISTS The Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on Aerial Vehicle Ð 8 Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and Grid Ð 246 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 PINS PLANET DETECTION An Experimental Investigation of the Per- PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Advanced Power Regulator Developed Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision for Spacecraft Ð 20 Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 PIONEER 10 SPACE PROBE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- of the New Horizons Mission During In- Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and ging the Barriers Ð 142 320 terplanetary Cruise Ð Characterization Using DNS and PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT PIONS LES Ð 260 Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- PLANETARY COMPOSITION Technologies: Progress and Technical Is- tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 Alteration Phases Associated with High sues Ð 141 PIXELS Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Olivine on Mars Ð 352 PH Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Mechanically Produced Radical Species pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in ships on Mars Ð 358 Martian Soils Ð 360 PLAGIOCLASE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Soil Spectra Ð 165 and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars PLANETARY CORES PLAINS Rover Landing Sites Ð 369 Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- PHYSICAL EXERCISE Their Formation and Location Structur- dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Demonstrating the Automated Change ally Controlled? Ð 377 Bodies Ð 365 Detection and Classification (ACDC) sys- Cross Profile and Volume Analysis of PLANETARY CRUSTS tem during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Bahram Valles on Mars Ð 155 Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05) Ð 124 Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Integrating Global-Scale Mission ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 Datasets: Understanding the Martian and Mars Ð 359 Crust Ð 346 PHYSICAL OPTICS PLANAR STRUCTURES Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Part 8 Ð 338 for Optimization of Electromagnetic Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Structures Ð 74 Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- New Observations of Crustal Plateau PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS tenna Ð 48 Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Ð 348 ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- cuits Ð 86 tite Ð 386 Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Characterization and Design Methodol- Sarin with Pyridostigmine Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Slot Antenna Ð 74 ological Effects Ð 185 for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase ing Ð 336 PHYSIOLOGY Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Advanced Physiological Monitoring of Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 FCS Soldiers Ð 261 Inset-Microstrip-Fed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 PLANETARY EVOLUTION Alternative Approaches to Improve Modeling of Periodic Structures Using Physiological Predictions Ð 311 Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? the Finite Difference Time Domain Steps Towards a Universal Biol- PIEZOELECTRICITY (FDTD) Ð 78 ogy Ð 385 Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Thickness Ð 88 Discharge Ð 347

A-73 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian face: A Frequency Dependent Model for New Observations of Crustal Plateau Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Ð 348 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, tions Ð 384 Part 8 Ð 338 Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Composition of the Moon from the Apollo the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- 367 393 of Inertia Ð 157 Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð ploration Rover Mission Ð Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 pography Ð 159 than Nectaris Ð 408 PLANETARY METEOROLOGY The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- Rheological Properties of Late-Stage Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Activity Suggested by Thermal Images The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model logue Ð 384 Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- Simulations Ð 403 PLANETARY GEOLOGY tite Ð 386 Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State PLANETARY SURFACES works Ð 336 for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- ing Ð 336 Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone etary Surfaces Ð 401 Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 Formation on Mars Ð 371 An Improved Instrument for Investigating Alteration Phases Associated with High Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Olivine on Mars Ð 352 Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Motion Ð 363 Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are cal History of Mars Ð 345 Their Formation and Location Structur- The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar ally Controlled? Ð 377 Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 is Tilted Ð 361 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Associated with Chasmata on Ve- Companions Lost During Planetary Mi- nus Ð 355 gration Ð 378 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake Using a Field Experience to Build Under- 392 biter Ð 411 Sites on Mars Ð standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Radar Experiment Ð 65 Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary ter Topography Ð 409 Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- Surfaces Ð 370 cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Push Ð 162 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- High Pressure Xenon Time Projection ships on Mars Ð 358 PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS Chamber Ð 345 Extent and Further Characteristics of Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium from Electron Reflection Magnetom- Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 etry Ð 394 Planitia, Mars Ð 401 Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- PLANETARY MANTLES tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen than Nectaris Ð 408 Fugacity Ð 370 Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, PLANETARY SYSTEMS V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- PLANETARY MAPPING Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, sults Ð 333 Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 Part 8 Ð 338 Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- Classification and Distribution of Pat- Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- tary Rocks Ð 67 terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- erence Systems Ð 225 sphere of Mars Ð 389 Integrating Global-Scale Mission PLANETARY TEMPERATURE Datasets: Understanding the Martian Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, Crust Ð 346 Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, sults Ð 333 Mars: A Numerical Modeling Part 8 Ð 338 HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Study Ð 398 Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 PLANETS Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Integrating Global-Scale Mission Long-Term Evolution of Orbits about a Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Datasets: Understanding the Martian Precessing Oblate Planet: 1. The Case of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Crust Ð 346 of Uniform Precession Ð 322

A-74 PLANNING Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Development of a Production Worthy Robust Path Planning With Imperfect Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Maps Ð 243 Mars: A Numerical Modeling Study Ð 398 POLLUTION CONTROL PLASMA ETCHING Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in in the Design of a New Nuclear Research the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Facility Ð 144 Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison 299 works Ð with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- bing Ð 149 PLASMA LAYERS tions Ð 384 Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Observations of the North Permanent POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function Layer of Magnetized Turbulent OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- in Aging Workers Ð 214 Plasma Ð 74 tions Ð 388 POLYCRYSTALS PLASMAS (PHYSICS) The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Overview of Plasma Induced Damage the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- Technologies: Progress and Technical Is- After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 lapse Ð 363 sues Ð 141 Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal POLYGONS Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- MIS Investigation Ð 335 Position in the National Spherical Torus Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 POLAR ORBITS The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- logue Ð 384 trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- and Structures Using Plasma Pro- POLYHEDRONS lites Ð 14 cesses Ð 21 Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- POLAR REGIONS teroids Ð 158 ics Ð 275 Properties of Permanently Shadowed Regolith Ð 405 POLYIMIDE RESINS Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding Pro- Scramjets Ð 291 POLARIMETRY cess Developed for High-Temperature Observations of MMW Backscatter from PLASTICS Polyimide Matrix Composites Ð 26 Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- POLYIMIDES Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 ding Ð 56 to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- PLATEAUS POLARIZATION (WAVES) cations Ð 25 A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding Pro- Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History cess Developed for High-Temperature A Radiating Element for an Active Air- of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Polyimide Matrix Composites Ð 26 borne Antenna Ð 47 New Observations of Crustal Plateau POLYMERS POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC RA- Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for DIATION Commercial Status of the PV Industry in Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Ð 348 2004-Identifying Important and Unimpor- Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip tant Factors Ð 22 PLATES (TECTONICS) Antennas with Improved Beam Forming Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot and Gain Capabilities Ð 55 Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- tery Materials Ð 42 Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- POLARIZED RADIATION cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip An- POLYMORPHISM Push Ð 162 tennas Ð 59 Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and 183 PLUMES POLARIZERS Breast Density Ð Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 POPULATIONS tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Cometary Impact Ð 334 POLICIES Population Based Assessment of MHC Defeating Anti-Americanism Ð 70 Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Information Technology Management: ment and Progression of Breast Cancer Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Management of Information Technology from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Vapor Plume Ð 153 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 POROSITY The Encryption Export Policy Contro- POISSON EQUATION Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- versy: Searching for Balance in the Infor- Landau Scenario of Chaotization for ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 310 Beam Distribution Ð 294 mation Age Ð Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- POLAR CAPS POLISHING cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical tering Loss Ð 390 Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution PORTABLE EQUIPMENT from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Control Methods for the Chemical- Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- voirs Ð 392 Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- Trench Isolation Ð 132 Collecting Time-sequenced Records of cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Caps Ð 385 mary of the Experience Ð 99 of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126

A-75 Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Devel- Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: opment, Training, and Fielding of Man- Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 Portable UGVs Ð 241 April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Ð 35 The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold POSITION (LOCATION) Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Region Performance Prediction and Its Determinants of Dispensing Location in Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July Probability of Resolution Ð 261 the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Ð 36 PROCESS CONTROL (INDUSTRY) gram Ð 178 POWER TRANSMISSION A Framework for Real-time Process Con- Observations in Improved Geolocation Face Gear Technology for Aerospace trol Ð 133 Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 A Layer-based Layout Approach for and Non-Signal Dependent Er- POYNTING-ROBERTSON EFFECT rors Ð 123 Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential ties Ð 99 Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, of the New Horizons Mission During In- Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- sured Extension Values per Defect to sors Ð 254 PRECESSION Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135 Long-Term Evolution of Orbits about a Process Control and Monitoring with La- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Precessing Oblate Planet: 1. The Case ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- of Uniform Precession Ð 322 ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY) narization Ð 99 Simultaneous Localisation and Map Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Rover Data Ð 364 The Effect of Performance Based Incen- Threshold Region Performance Predic- tive Plans Ð 305 tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- PREDICTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ing Localization Ð 122 Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- PRODUCTIVITY urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and POSTURE The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold Family Status on Retention, Promotion, Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- Postures Ð 219 Region Performance Prediction and Its Probability of Resolution Ð 261 rine Corps Officers Ð 312 Effects of Posture on Back Strength and PREDICTIONS Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the Lifting Capacity Ð 219 Recruiter Assessment Battery Ð 229 Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the POTABLE WATER Recruiter Assessment Battery Ð 229 Fab Implementation of a System for A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- PREFLIGHT ANALYSIS Breakage Events Ð 132 logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Readiness Review) Ð 17 In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical POTASSIUM ISOTOPES Poly Furnace Ð 135 Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- PRESSURE DEPENDENCE Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Performance and Productivity Improve- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Mare Volcanism Ð 407 Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Vapor Plume Ð 153 tions Ð 100 PRESSURE VESSELS POTASSIUM Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number tions for Energetic Material Combustion in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Fabricator Ð 298 ments: Geochemical Consequences of in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 PRESSURE PROGNOSIS Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor POTENTIAL FIELDS Environmental Influence of Gravity and Pressure on Arc Tracking of Insulated Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 Wires Investigated Ð 93 Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube POWDER METALLURGY PROGRAM VERIFICATION (COMPUT- Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in ERS) Microalloying Improves the Low-Cycle Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as Real-Time System Verification by Kappa- Fatigue Behavior of Powder-Extruded GAU-8/A and LW30 Ð 42 Induction Ð 240 NiAl Ð 38 PREVENTION VARTM Model Development and Verifi- POWER AMPLIFIERS Department of the Navy Suicide Incident cation Ð 224 Highly Efficient Amplifier for Ka-Band Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- Communications Ð 67 2002 Findings Ð 191 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Creation of Virtual Reality Modeling Lan- POWER CONVERTERS Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in guage (VRML) Appearance Data From Challenges in PCS Antenna De- Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 Geoclr Data Ð 230 sign Ð 51 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS PROGRESS POWER EFFICIENCY Level Densities and Radiative Strength Advanced Power Regulator Developed Functions in (56)Fe and (57)Fe Ð 294 The Second Path: The Role of Algo- for Spacecraft Ð 19 rithms in Maintaining Progress in PROBABILITY THEORY DSP Ð 258 POWER PLANTS Approximation of Integrals via Monte Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Carlo Methods, With an Applications to PROJECT MANAGEMENT Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- LOCAL TV Act: Administrative Funds April1-June30,2003 Ð 36 ties Ð 255 May No Longer Be Necessary Ð 64

A-76 PROJECTILES Suppressive Role of Androgen- Collimator Systems for the SNS Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Ring Ð 296 189 Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Cancer Ð Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum Environment Ð 116 The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Screen for Proton Beams Ð 266 Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- PROTECTION Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- tors Ð 28 Base Camp Protection and Survivability soscale Radiography Ð 273 Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Demonstration Program Ð 220 PROTON SCATTERING HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- vivability Ð 234 Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Virtual Experiments to Determine PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Telescopes Ð 261 Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Analysis Ð 235 Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- PROTONS ment and Locomotion as Affected by Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects PROPAGATION MODES Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated Climates Ð 170 Telescopes Ð 261 Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Profile Ð 88 PROTEINS Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Fac- An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using tors Ð 303 PROPELLANTS Conserved Residue Information to Study Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Transition Form Factors of the Proton at Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 275 Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 Higher Momentum Transfer Ð Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein PROTOPLANETARY DISKS The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 and Erosion Ð 34 The FUV Flux Irradiating the Surfaces of Characterization of Antibody Specific for Protostellar Disks Ð 323 PROPHYLAXIS Disease Associated Prion Protein Ð 205 Hospital-Based First Responder Mass PROTOPLANETS Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 PROPULSION SYSTEM CONFIGURA- cer Ð 181 TIONS Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Reading the Record of Early Stages of Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Thruster Ð 14 Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 Identification of Signaling Proteins the Mixing Process in Ejector Nozzles Stud- PROTOSTARS Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- ied at Lewis’ Aero-Acoustic Propulsion ity Ð 188 Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- Laboratory Ð 283 ries Ð 324 Mucin (MUC1) Expression and Function PROPULSION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE in Prostate Cancer Cells Ð 179 PSEUDOPOTENTIALS A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of Thruster Ð 14 Protein Transduction Based Therapies Superlattices Ð 107 for Breast Cancer Ð 203 PROPULSION PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for Regulation and Function of the Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 Effects of Posture on Back Strength and High Power Density and Low Vol- Lifting Capacity Ð 219 ume Ð 105 The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- PUBLIC RELATIONS PROPYLENE Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð 207 The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public Feasibility of Formulating DECON Affairs in the Global War on Terror- GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, PROTEOME ism Ð 314 GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- PULSE COMMUNICATION PROSTATE GLAND Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð 207 Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen tion Classification Methods for Digital Measurements in Patients Which Clini- PROTOCOL (COMPUTERS) Communication Signals Ð 262 cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with phony (IPT) Implementation at USA Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 Antennas for PDC Systems in Ja- pan Ð 61 Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mecha- API Development for Persistent Data nism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Ð 191 Sessions Support Ð 230 Electronic Collection Management and Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- Focused Knowledge for the Battle- Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc field Ð 242 tients Ð 183 Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- Measurement and Modeling of Temporal ogy Ð 69 Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Domain Formation and Maintenance in istics Ð 48 Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Life Issues Ð 216 Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Digital Communications for Current and Identification of Signaling Proteins the Digital Communications for Current and Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- PULSE DURATION ity Ð 188 PROTON BEAMS Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- Mucin (MUC1) Expression and Function AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- in Prostate Cancer Cells Ð 179 tensity Beams Ð 272 mogeneous Media Ð 61

A-77 PULSE RATE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RADAR CORNER REFLECTORS Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO LIBS-based Detection of Geological Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Systems Ð 3 Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Design Approach based on Genetic Al- torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- gorithms Ð 51 PULSED LASERS tion Ð 355 RADAR CROSS SECTIONS Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 surements Ð 124 with Biological Systems Ð 216 Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- PULSED RADIATION gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and nology Ð 9 Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- Editing Match Points Ð 226 Effects of the Fast Multipole Method diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Sec- mogeneous Media Ð 61 tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- tion Computations Ð 63 ing with an Automated Contact Angle PUPIL SIZE RCS Interpolation in Frequency and System Ð 297 Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels QUANTUM CHEMISTRY tion Ð 84 in Rats Ð 35 Final Report Summary of LDRD 02-LW- RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, 022 ‘Quantum Vibrations in Molecules: A PYROXENES and Spherical Structures by Composite New Frontier in Computational Chemis- Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Alteration Phases Associated with High try’ Ð 28 Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Stationary Solutions for the Rough Sur- Olivine on Mars Ð 352 QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS face Radar Backscatter Cross Sections Large-x Resummations in QCD Ð 274 Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Ap- Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- proach Ð 61 tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- Transition Form Factors of the Proton at tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Higher Momentum Transfer Ð 275 RADAR DATA Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- Unraveling the Structure of Hadrons with dar Earth-based Observations of Mars roxenes: Further Correlations Between Effective Field Theories of QCD Ð 277 with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 QUANTUM DOTS Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of ene Chemistry Ð 403 Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- QUANTUM MECHANICS Radar Data Ð 386 gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Critical Surface Ð 294 RADAR DETECTION Approximation of Integrals via Monte Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions QUARKS Carlo Methods, With an Applications to from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark- Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- tions Ð 380 Antiquark Pair Ð 303 ties Ð 255 Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- RADAR EQUIPMENT Soil Spectra Ð 165 ments Ð 277 Approximation of Integrals via Monte Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major QUARTZ Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Element Composition on Near, Mid and Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 ties Ð 255 Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- PYRRHOTITE tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Response to Surface and Mesoscale Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of Forcing Ð 120 tite Ð 386 Company Records for a Proposed NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- QUADRUPOLES Sand Workers Ð 147 tary Rocks Ð 67 Processing and Analysis of the Mea- RADAR GEOLOGY sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 QUASARS FUSE Observations of QSOs behind Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI tary Rocks Ð 67 LIBS-based Detection of Geological Emission Ð 322 RADAR IMAGERY Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 QUINOLINE Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- as Revealed by the Cassini RA- tion Ð 355 The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- DAR Ð 385 cient in PDR ABC Transporters to QUALITY CONTROL Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial RADAR MAPS Drugs Ð 198 Simultaneous Localisation and Map A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- RADAR ABSORBERS Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 trology Constrained Multipart Number A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Fabricator Ð 134 Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- RADAR MEASUREMENT Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- ing Flanged Rectangular Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of ment of Medical Report Translations (A Waveguide Ð 76 Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and RADAR ASTRONOMY Temporal Variations and Changes of Sampling Methodology for SEM-based Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and dar Earth-based Observations of Mars Base Ground and Satellite Low- Benefit Analysis Ð 133 with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412

A-78 RADAR SCATTERING RADIATIVE TRANSFER RADIOBIOLOGY Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. tering Loss Ð 390 Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of RADAR SIGNATURES Plasma Ð 81 Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- RADICALS RADIOCHEMISTRY surements Ð 124 Mechanically Produced Radical Species Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- RADIOGRAPHY 140 Martian Soils Ð 360 tection Ð Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- RADIO COMMUNICATION RADAR TARGETS soscale Radiography Ð 273 Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above Laboratory Testing Nearly Com- RADIOLOGY or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 plete Ð 64 Graduate Management Project: Optimiz- RADAR TRACKING Open Radio Communications Architec- ing Cardiology and Radiology Services at Design, Implementation and Testing of a ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Evans Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Software Interface Between the AN/ Software Users Manual Ð 312 Integration of Pathologic Findings With SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- Reconfigurable Computer Ð 227 RADIO FREQUENCIES ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Hardware Interface to Connect an A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- Local Fading Statistics from Ray- figurable Computer Ð 234 Tracing Ð 76 RADIOTELEPHONES Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- RADIATION DAMAGE An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP tems in Shipboard Compart- Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects Algorithm Ð 89 ments Ð 232 on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Telescopes Ð 261 Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs RADOMES with Different Permittivities Ð 53 A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from RADIATION DISTRIBUTION Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- pole, and Combined Function Magnet ing Flanged Rectangular tem for the Satellite Communication Waveguide Ð 76 Earth Antenna Ð 93 Costs Ð 271 RADIATION DOSAGE Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) RAINSTORMS An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- Microelectromechanical Systems Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice 168 tenna Comprised of a Periodically- (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Ð 104 Depolarisation Ð Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Mod- RAIN Rod Ð 45 ule Ð 266 Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - RADIATION EFFECTS WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development CPA Relation Ð 50 Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Implications of ACTS Technology on the ters Ð 86 Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From RADIO SOURCES (ASTRONOMY) eling for Communication System Specifi- Defects to Devices Ð 106 VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and Beyond Ð 67 RADIATION HARDENING Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From RADIO TRANSMISSION Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice Defects to Devices Ð 106 A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Depolarisation Ð 168 RADIATION HAZARDS Local Fading Statistics from Ray- RAMAN SPECTRA Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radia- Tracing Ð 76 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of tion at Muon Colliders Ð 267 RADIO TRANSMITTERS Biological Material Ð 287 RADIATION SHIELDING Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY A Radiating Element for an Active Air- Response to Surface and Mesoscale Forcing Ð 120 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of borne Antenna Ð 47 Biological Material Ð 287 RADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVE AGE DETERMINATION RAMJET ENGINES A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Handsets Ð 80 and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Facilities for Scramjet Improve- Body of Ureilites Ð 387 ment Ð 32 RADIATION THERAPY The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Defect Related Yield Issues During Early cer Ð 212 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES Development of a New Technol- ogy Ð 227 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical RADIOACTIVE WASTES RANGEFINDING Center Ð 177 Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- in the Design of a New Nuclear Research DAR Data Ð 124 eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy Facility Ð 144 RARE GASES Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- Methodology and Calculations for the Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: tients Ð 183 Assignment of Waste for the Large Un- Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy derground Waste Storage Tanks at Han- monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 ford Site Ð 150 tine Soot? Ð 23

A-79 Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Complementary Hemispherical Reflec- restrial Materials) Ð 412 works Ð 299 tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- Trapped Noble Gas Components and REAL VARIABLES copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- ment Ð 118 Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Locomotion in Virtual Environments and drite ALH84206 Ð 400 Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- REFLECTED WAVES RAREFACTION vice Ð 231 A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- RECEIVERS Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design ing Flanged Rectangular 76 age and Oxidation Ð 113 and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- Waveguide Ð nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS RATS Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Information Theoretic Comparison of A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 in Rats Ð 35 ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna RAY TRACING Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Applications Ð 64 A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- Local Fading Statistics from Ray- ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 REFLECTORS Tracing Ð 76 RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Design, Implementation and Testing of a drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled 84 closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Software Interface Between the AN/ Patch Elements Ð Algorithm Ð 89 SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E REFRACTION Reconfigurable Computer Ð 227 Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Hardware Interface to Connect an of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 mogeneous Walls Ð 252 AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E reconfigurable Computer Ð 234 REFRACTORY MATERIALS RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION DMBZ Polyimides Provide an Alternative RECONNAISSANCE Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 to PMR-15 for High-Temperature Appli- Report of the Defense Science Board GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 cations Ð 25 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, RDX Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- REFRIGERANTS An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- Report on the Supply and Demand of HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and gration Ð 69 CFC-12 in the USA, 1999 Ð 111 Failures of DFT Ð 24 RECREATION REGOLITH Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 Final Report: Assessment in Team A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- Games Ð 233 Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 ide Ð 33 RECTANGLES A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- REACTION KINETICS Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A An Experimental Method to Estimate the Studied Ð 11 Sample from a Young Procellarum Flow? Ð 327 Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from An Improved Instrument for Investigating 410 pact Ð Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 REACTIVITY ing Flanged Rectangular Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- Feasibility of Formulating DECON Waveguide Ð 76 orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross tage Ð 159 Slot Ð 86 READERS Properties of Permanently Shadowed 405 A Low-Power Remotely Readable Sen- Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation Regolith Ð sor Ð 224 Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the tions Ð 251 Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the REAL TIME OPERATION Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian REGRESSION ANALYSIS FPGA Systems Ð 257 Techniques Ð 88 Estimation of Warfighter Resting Meta- Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real REFLECTANCE bolic Rate Ð 191 Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Application of DETER Project Ð 140 A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- REGULATIONS Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- ing Flanged Rectangular Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional toring System Ð 97 Waveguide Ð 76 Regulatory System Involved in the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- lei Ð 177 Measurement of Shock, Particle, and cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Combustion Fronts Produced by En- tures of Landmines Ð 120 REGULATORS hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- Advanced Power Regulator Developed Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna for Spacecraft Ð 19 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Method Ð 60 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- Performance Analysis of Management Real-Time System Verification by Kappa- mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommu- Induction Ð 240 mogeneous Walls Ð 252 nications Networks Ð 71

A-80 RELIABILITY Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 RETARDING Manufacturing and Reliability Improve- Suppressive Role of Androgen- RESEARCH FACILITIES ments in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate MOMCAPs Ð 299 Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip Cancer Ð 189 Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve at USU Ð 47 RETINA Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- ity Ð 143 RESEARCH Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses Secure Service Provision for Reliable Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- with Biological Systems Ð 216 Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 anced Joint Development Projects and Contracted Independent Research Pro- RETRACTABLE EQUIPMENT REMOTE SENSING viders Ð 308 A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- RESERVES FDTD Method Ð 82 Transforming Health Service Capabilities RETROFITTING Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich in the Army Reserve Ð 192 Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- RESIDUAL GAS Model Approach Ð 330 Loads Ð 43 Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLES at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Process Ð 95 Impact of a Military Reusable Launch with EDXS Ð 153 Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- RESIDUES 17 Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- cused Logistics Ð An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- Conserved Residue Information to Study REVERBERATION tion Ð 126 Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 REVERSE ENGINEERING Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of REMOTE SENSORS Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Software-Intensive Systems Ð 262 A Low-Power Remotely Readable Sen- sor Ð 224 RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING RHENIUM ISOTOPES Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding Pro- Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- cess Developed for High-Temperature mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- erophile Element Systematics of Group Polyimide Matrix Composites Ð 26 360 tion Ð 126 IVB Irons Ð VARTM Model Development and Verifi- RHEOLOGY REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES cation Ð 224 Naval Automation and Information Man- Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- agement Technology Ð 4 RESONANT FREQUENCIES cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- tering Loss Ð 390 REPLACING Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- tenna Ð 54 Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, Rheological Properties of Late-Stage and Breast Cancer Ð 208 Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New RESONATORS Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 REQUIREMENTS Array Antenna Composed of Circularly Determining Simulation Requirements Polarized Dielectric Resonator Anten- RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS and Identifying a Course of Action to nas Ð 58 Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- More Efficiently Support Acquisition Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- naling Pathways in Breast Cancer Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Cells Ð 206 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric RING STRUCTURES RESCUE OPERATIONS Resonator Antennas Ð 54 Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Mars Ð 327 els, and Team Processes in Breathing Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenter- Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone Apparatus Rescues Ð 66 ology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San Formation on Mars Ð 371 Communication and Team Performance Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementa- in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing tion Ð 185 RISK Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication Information Technology Management: Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Management of Information Technology lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Observations in Improved Geolocation Resources Within DoD Ð 231 diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent cer Ð 212 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue rors Ð 123 Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Ð 213 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT veillance Ð 196 Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Identify Cumulative Trauma Expo- Kong Ð 90 RESUSCITATION sure Ð 218 Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Doing Systems Engineering Without Department of the Navy Suicide Incident in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Research Center Ð 6 2002 Findings Ð 191 loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in ORD Computational Toxicology Program a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema FY04 Activity Report Ð 28 rhage Ð 202 in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208

A-81 Population Based Assessment of MHC ROCKS Electromagnetic Modeling of a Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- tion Module for Application to Spatial ment and Progression of Breast Cancer Model Approach Ð 330 Power Combining Systems Ð 87 from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- SAFETY FACTORS RIVERS orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Characterization of the Microstructure Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- Identify Cumulative Trauma Expo- and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal tage Ð 159 sure Ð 218 Lake and River Ice Ð 278 The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks Readiness Review) Ð 17 ROBOT CONTROL and Mobile Elements: Implications of SAFETY MANAGEMENT A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Early MER Results Ð 399 Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer trol Ð 17 Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic ROBOTICS Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked SAFETY High-Assurance Security/Safety on A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Ð 317 Human-Robot Interaction and Con- RODS trol Ð 17 MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- 52 ity Ð 143 gramming Work in Biological Systems *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 ROOM TEMPERATURE SALINITY Room Temperature Devices of Dilute Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Magnetic Semiconductors Ð 282 Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 Robots Ð 317 ROOMS SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Afghanistan Ð 240 ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Devel- Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for opment, Training, and Fielding of Man- Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- sion Ð 16 Portable UGVs Ð 241 ROTARY WINGS Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of 164 say for Organophosphate Exposure for UAVs Ð 9 (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Civilians in the Field and Labora- proach to Control Design for International for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 tory Ð 200 Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) 16 ROBOTS ancing Control System Ð Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- sion Ð 366 Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using ROTATIONAL STATES Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in SAMPLERS Integrated Control Strategies Supporting (175)Lu Ð 269 Genesis: Removing Contamination from Sample Collectors Ð 319 Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile ROTATION 317 Robots Ð Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar SAMPLING Market-Based Complex Task Allocation Motion Ð 363 Sampling Methodology for SEM-based for Multirobot Teams Ð 243 Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and ROTORS Benefit Analysis Ð 133 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications SANDSTONES Afghanistan Ð 240 for UAVs Ð 9 Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- ROCK INTRUSIONS Development of a Swashplateless Rotor melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- Using Magnetic Shape Memory Al- the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: sion in Southeast Alba Patera from loys Ð 39 Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Gpa Ð 166 ROVING VEHICLES Chains Ð 411 MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- SATELLITE ANTENNAS On the Physical and Chemical Conse- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum rain Antenna System Ð 93 Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- ROCKET ENGINES RUBY tem for the Satellite Communication Earth Antenna Ð 93 Development of Advanced Rocket En- Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum gine Technology for Precision Guided Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Missiles Ð 20 Screen for Proton Beams Ð 266 Satellite Ð 47 Diagnostics Adapted for Heat-Treating RUSSIAN FEDERATION Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 Furnace Environment Ð 336 The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 ROCKET PROPELLANTS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and S MATRIX THEORY for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 Combustion Diagnostics for New, Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker lants Ð 34 Method Ð 60 Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281

A-82 Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCHEDULING tem for the Satellite Communication Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- Earth Antenna Ð 93 SEM Ð 98 Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Development and Performance of an Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS Load Planning Ð 115 ellite Communications Ð 55 Large-x Resummations in QCD Ð 274 Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Un- Highly Efficient Ampliﬁer for Ka-Band loading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Di- SCATTERING FUNCTIONS Communications Ð 67 ego Ð 229 Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- SCHIZOPHRENIA Implications of ACTS Technology on the trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- Requirements of Rain Attenuation Mod- lites Ð 14 Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over eling for Communication System Speciﬁ- Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a cation and Analysis at the Ka-Band and SCATTERING True Clausewitzian Analysis Ð 282 67 Beyond Ð A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm SCHOOLS Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Surfaces Ð 244 Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- Science Applications of Physics and tem Ð 50 trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- Chemistry for High School and College Low-Complexity, Digital lites Ð 14 Classes. Update. Ð 394 Encoder/Modulator Developed for High- Using a Field Experience to Build Under- Data-Rate Satellite B-ISDN Applica- Angular Characteristics of Electromag- standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 tions Ð 18 netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized SCHROEDINGER EQUATION Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Plasma Ð 81 Symmetries for the Euclidean Non- nas Ð 46 Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Linear Schroedinger Equation and Re- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly lated Free Equations Ð 222 tenna Ð 52 Approximate Iteration Ð 246 SCIENCE SATELLITE IMAGERY Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Enhancing Situational Awareness Using nas and Scattering Ð 54 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 Program Ð 304 Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- SATELLITE OBSERVATION ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 SCORING Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and No. 213 Ð 254 Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Temporal Variations and Changes of Substrates Ð 92 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Base Ground and Satellite Low- Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Number 148 Ð 46 Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Rough Surfaces Ð 252 SATELLITE SURFACES stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Number 249 Ð 46 Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering Standardized UXO Technology Demon- chotomy Ð 405 Problems Ð 249 stration Site Open Field Scoring Record Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Number 354 Ð 123 pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 245 Approximation Ð SCRUBBERS SATURN (PLANET) Numerical Simulation of Scattering from A Study In The Continuous Improvement The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field Process: Implementation of an Opti- Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Iterative Physical Optics Ap- mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- petus in Comparison: First Results from proach Ð 251 side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Data Ð 406 Element Scattering Calculations in Two New Non-Powered Technolo- SATURN RINGS Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- gies Ð 219 Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring ers Ð 77 SEA WATER Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 Optimal Grouping of Basis Func- Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- sion Control Measure for Ballast SATURN SATELLITES tions Ð 250 Tanks Ð 199 Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Simulations and Measurements for In- Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 door Wave Propagation through Periodic SEASONS Structures Ð 251 Two Successive Martian Years on the SCALARS Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Elec- Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- troweak Precision Constraints Ð 302 Data Ð 395 ing from a Perfectly Conducting SCALE MODELS Plate Ð 248 SEAS Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- perimental Investigation of a Model- SCENE GENERATION lation Analysis Ð 11 Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 Creation of Virtual Reality Modeling Lan- Collaborative Applications Used in a SCALERS guage (VRML) Appearance Data From Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in 230 Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO Geoclr Data Ð Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Systems Ð 3 Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 Homeland Security Missions Ð 68

A-83 Mahan’s Elements of Sea Power Applied Report of the Defense Science Board Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the to the Development of Space Task Force On Information Warfare Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Power Ð 13 -Defense (IW-D) Ð 313 Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment of Inertia Ð 157 Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Secure Service Provision for Reliable Force Support for Sea Base Opera- Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, tions Ð 71 Secure Water Supply Ð 126 Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A First Report Ð 366 SEATS System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle SELF ORGANIZING SYSTEMS The Dark Fruit of Globalization: Hostile The Truth About Building and Maintaining Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- Use of the Internet Ð 237 ing Foam Ð 218 Successful Communities of Prac- SEDIMENTARY ROCKS tice Ð 137 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROM- ETRY Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Rover Landing Sites Ð 369 a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- turing Ð 97 and Laser SNMS Ð 351 pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- Copper Interconnect Technology New ships on Mars Ð 358 NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- ing Ð 96 387 rials Ð 354 hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, High Power Density and Low Vol- Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Part 12 Ð 381 ume Ð 105 Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 SEDIMENTS Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- SECULAR VARIATIONS A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- tive Aluminum Ð 37 Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- bia? Ð 358 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES pography Ð 159 Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter SECURITY ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- Collaborative Applications Used in a ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 ser Ð 127 Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Determination of Production Rates of SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency Chromite Grains Ð 154 Defeating Anti-Americanism Ð 70 and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping ser Ð 127 quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 Some Structural Elements of the Largest SEMICONDUCTORS (MATERIALS) Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Evaluation of the Embedded Firewall 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- 236 Desert Ð 152 System Ð ductor Manufacturing Conference And Future Force and First Responders: Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the Workshop Ð 94 Building Ties for Collaboration and Le- Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis veraged Research and Develop- Tools Ð 298 ment Ð 315 Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the A Layer-based Layout Approach for High-Assurance Security/Safety on Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Ð 317 ties Ð 99 Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 A Study In The Continuous Improvement tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 Process: Implementation of an Opti- Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 SEEPAGE mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Implementation of the Federal Informa- Annual Change of Martian DDS- side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 tion Security Management Act for Infor- Seepages Ð 355 Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of mation Technology Training and Aware- Photoresists in Reducing Contamination SEISMIC ENERGY ness Ð 239 on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 Mineralogical and Seismological Models Information Technology Management: of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Management of Information Technology Applications: Panel Session Ð 108 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 SEISMOGRAPHS America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- Metadata for Electronic Information Re- Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- sources Ð 315 Nest: A Preliminary Report of Reexami- faction and Why Ð 134 nation Ð 402 Optimal Aide Security Information Better Dispatch Application- A Success Search (OASIS) Ð 228 SEISMOLOGY Story Ð 96 Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Planning for Success: Constructing a Characterization of an Optically- Moonquakes Ð 378 First Responder Planning Methodology Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- for Homeland Security Ð 316 Mineralogical and Seismological Models Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- Design for Manufacturability: A Key to tems in Shipboard Compart- Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- ments Ð 232 on Venus Ð 395 lence Ð 301

A-84 Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors SHIPS toring System Ð 97 with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Agent-Based Simulation of Disease Fab Implementation of a System for SENTINEL SYSTEM Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for Breakage Events Ð 132 Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Recovery Ð 114 Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher SERUMS Daily Clean Ð 305 Prospective and Retrospective Testing of SHOCK FRONTS In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Poly Furnace Ð 135 Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Measurement of Shock, Particle, and ogy Ð 174 Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Management of Multiple-Pass Con- hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 straints Ð 102 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- SHOCK HEATING Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- say for Organophosphate Exposure -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: tiple Manufacturing Environ- Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State ments Ð 258 Civilians in the Field and Labora- tory Ð 200 for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual ing Ð 336 Flow Concept Ð 102 SHALLOW WATER Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: SHOCK WAVES Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Breccias: Implications for Shock History, ter Ð 95 Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- Performance and Productivity Improve- sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Array Ð 288 ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray tions Ð 100 Development of a Swashplateless Rotor Flares Ð 325 Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on Using Magnetic Shape Memory Al- Overview of Results from the Cassini Operator Schedule in Semiconductor loys Ð 39 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Manufacturing Line Ð 100 SHAPE OPTIMIZATION (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Room Temperature Devices of Dilute Optimum Design by Waveguide Model tions Ð 379 Magnetic Semiconductors Ð 282 and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite tite Ð 386 Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 Goals or Increasing Opportuni- The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for ties? Ð 306 Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the 366 as Electronically Tunable Cata- sion Ð Planetesimal Ð 343 lysts Ð 105 SHAPES SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 COMET Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From A Generalized Method for the Computa- Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Defects to Devices Ð 106 tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from XRS Data Ð 393 Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Implications of Internal Fragmentation on tives Ð 101 Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic the Structure of Comets Ð 320 76 Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- Sector Ð SHROUDS duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows ing Ð 258 drules and Metal Grains Revealed by on Core Compressor Studied Ð 108 X-Ray Computed Tomography Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- SIDELOBES Data Ð 164 tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn copy Ð 117 SHEAR FLOW for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Mixing and Transition Control Stud- Simulated Annealing Optimization Ap- Measurements for Diffusion Process ied Ð 111 plied to Antenna Arrays with Failed Ele- Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 SHELTERS ments Ð 77 WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- with Elastomeric Systems for Blast A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Loads Ð 43 bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 SENSITIVITY Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- SIGNAL DETECTORS Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 SHERGOTTITES The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- SIGNAL PROCESSING cient in PDR ABC Transporters to les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial the Crystallization of Los Angeles and for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Drugs Ð 198 Dhofar 378 Ð 376 vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Signal IC Ð 101 SENSORS Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- Airborne UXO Surveys Using the tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Detection and Tracking as a Seamless MTADS Ð 119 sis Connection Ð 335 Process Ð 285

A-85 Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 288 out Ð ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- 094 Ð 375 Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 age Processing Ð 140 Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Smart Nanostructures from Computer Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263 Simulations Ð 293 Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE The Second Path: The Role of Algo- Iron Meteorite Ð 381 SIMULATED ANNEALING rithms in Maintaining Progress in Simulated Annealing Optimization Ap- DSP Ð 258 Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- plied to Antenna Arrays with Failed Ele- drules and Metal Grains Revealed by ments Ð 77 Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- X-Ray Computed Tomography tion in Foliage Ð 289 Data Ð 164 SIMULATION SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIOS The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Modeling and Simulation Environment Detection and Tracking as a Seamless 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method for Composite Materials Manufacturing Process Ð 285 Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 and Testing Ð 27 Multiple Model Particle Filtering For SILICON CARBIDES Agent-Based Simulation of Disease 121 Multi-Target Tracking Ð Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 Threshold Region Performance Predic- ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- restrial Materials) Ð 412 and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic ing Localization Ð 122 Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- Simulations Ð 94 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Murchison and Murray Meteor- Battle Command Metric Exploration in a Threshold Region Performance Predic- ites Ð 109 Stimulated Combat Environment Ð 228 tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless ing Localization Ð 122 SILICON DIOXIDE Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of SIGNATURES ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- ogy Ð 69 cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- dust Ð 411 tures of Landmines Ð 120 Determining Simulation Requirements Effects of Process Parameters on Par- and Identifying a Course of Action to Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and tection Ð 140 More Efficiently Support Acquisition WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- Secure Service Provision for Reliable Palagonite-like Alteration Products on ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Development of an Advanced Composite SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Material Model Suitable for Blast and Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 A Randomized Study of the Effects of Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Pin Wire Coating Trip Report Ð 40 Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- SILICON ISOTOPES ing the Future Force Ð 33 Risk Women After Prophylactic Oophorectomy Ð 209 Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- Evaporation Residues Measured by La- ance Calculation Ð 52 ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 SILANES Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- Effects of Process Parameters on Par- SILICON NITRIDES erators for Finite Elements Simula- ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- tion Ð 249 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple SILICATES Process Ð 95 Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Continued Characterization of Presolar SILICON POLYMERS ing FDTD Ð 91 Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- 399 bonaceous Chondrite Ð Results To Observe Grain Structure for perimental Investigation of a Model- Destruction of Presolar Silicates by OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 SILICON Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- 113 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules age and Oxidation Ð Formation Ð 163 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- vivability Ð 234 nos Impact Crater Ð 159 ging the Barriers Ð 142 Mechanically Produced Radical Species Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Martian Soils Ð 360 Cometary Impact Ð 334 Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- 101 Temperatures Ð 156 Cleaning Process Ð 301 tives Ð Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, In-line Defect Density Targets for New Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Technology from Development to Manu- 182 Ð 326 facturing Ð 132 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316

A-86 SINGLE CRYSTALS Electromagnetic Modeling of a SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Methodology Developed for Modeling the Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of tion Module for Application to Spatial Software-Intensive Systems Ð 262 Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superal- Optimal Aide Security Information loys Ð 137 Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Search (OASIS) Ð 228 formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed SINGULARITY (MATHEMATICS) SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Substrates Ð 92 Developing Dependable Software for a ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- System-of-Systems Ð 232 tures Ð 87 Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- Integrated Environment for Control Soft- On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- ware Engineering Ð 235 larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 rays Ð 49 Prediction of Radiated Perturbations OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Software-Intensive Systems Ð 262 Enhancing Situational Awareness Using from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- 77 Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð SOILS SLURRIES Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Focused Knowledge for the Battle- cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Development of a Production Worthy ﬁeld Ð 242 tures of Landmines Ð 120 Copper CMP Process Ð 96 SIZE DISTRIBUTION Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot SMALL SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY tection Ð 140 Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Advanced Power Regulator Developed Effects of Organic Matter on the Speciﬁ- Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- for Spacecraft Ð 19 cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- tem Ð 308 SMART STRUCTURES trices Ð 141 Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above sured Extension Values per Defect to ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135 mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 Innovative Methods for Investigating the Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- SMOLDERING drules and Metal Grains Revealed by Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Microgravity Smoldering Combustion Soil Ð 140 X-Ray Computed Tomography Takes Flight Ð 44 Data Ð 164 Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- SNC METEORITES hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 SLOPES Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- gorithm to Derive Optical Properties bonates Ð 165 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral niques Ð 279 Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Crops Ð 148 Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, sis Connection Ð 335 Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks ity Ð 398 Science Applications of Physics and and Mobile Elements: Implications of Chemistry for High School and College Early MER Results Ð 399 Progress in Horizontal and Slant-Path Classes. Update. Ð 394 Imaging Using Specking Imaging Ð 319 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- Decontamination Solution (Decon Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 mation in Electromagnetic Scattering Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- cal History of Mars Ð 345 SOLAR CELLS son Ð 245 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- SLOT ANTENNAS Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 ging the Barriers Ð 142 A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- ments for Printed Antennas Analy- SNOW COVER vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 sis Ð 89 Observations of MMW Backscatter from Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 SOLAR DYNAMIC POWER SYSTEMS Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity- Experimental Results From the Thermal Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and SNOW Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- Measurements Ð 48 OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- ment Ð 43 treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Characterization and Design Methodol- SOLAR ENERGY tions Ð 170 ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Slot Antenna Ð 74 SOCIAL FACTORS Thruster Ð 14 Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- SOLAR FLARES Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation rays Ð 75 Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Life Issues Ð 216 SLOTS Flares Ð 325 A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- SODIUM CHLORIDES SOLAR NEBULA Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Rover Data Ð 364 Dust Ð 320 Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- SOFT LANDING Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Slot Ð 86 Highlights Ð 387 Flares Ð 325

A-87 Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains SOLID PROPELLANTS SPACE COMMUNICATION from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Determination of the Basis for Tempera- INTEX Ka-Band Experiment Ground Ter- 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid minal Ð 15 Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Propellant Guns Ð 291 SPACE EXPLORATION Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- SOLUBILITY Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- drule Formation: Evidence from Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 nos Impact Crater Ð 159 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- counts of NASA and the Age of Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- ide Ð 33 Space Ð 414 drules and Metal Grains Revealed by SONAR SPACE FLIGHT X-Ray Computed Tomography Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- Data Ð 164 Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 omars and Beyond Ð 375 The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sen- SPACE MISSIONS Associated with CO Photodissociation in sor in Minefield Transit Ð 284 Mahan’s Elements of Sea Power Applied the Solar Nebula Ð 160 SOOT to the Development of Space Power Ð 13 The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- SPACE PROBES cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- Why Small is Beautiful - and How to forming Regions, and the Solar tine Soot? Ð 23 Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Nebula Ð 413 Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Asteroids Ð 343 SOLAR SPECTRA Soot Particles Ð 130 SPACE SHUTTLES Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- SORBENTS SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance strained by High Resolution Spectros- Readiness Review) Ð 17 Investigation of Mixed Metal copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastruc- SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLUTION Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Ox- ture: A Systems Analysis of Design Root Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock ides Ð 150 Causes and Effects Ð 261 Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray SOUND DETECTING AND RANGING SPACE STATION FREEDOM Flares Ð 325 Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Platform Ð 10 Space Station Evolution Sympo- sium Ð 18 for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 SOUND TRANSMISSION SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SOLAR SYSTEM Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic FLIGHTS Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Channel: Performance Characterization SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Readiness Review) Ð 17 Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Spatial Modulation in the Underwater SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM tem Events Ð 334 Acoustic Channel Ð 285 The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- counts of NASA and the Age of Continued Characterization of Presolar SOUND WAVES Space Ð 414 Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- Threshold Region Performance Predic- bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- SPACE WEATHERING ing Localization Ð 122 Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- SOUNDING Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 ter Ð 324 Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Hansa Ð 353 Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- Response to Surface and Mesoscale Forcing Ð 120 SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Experimental Results From the Thermal NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- Classification and Distribution of Pat- ment Ð 43 terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- rials Ð 354 Interface Configuration Experiments sphere of Mars Ð 389 Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar (ICE) Explore the Effects of Microgravity System Objects Ð 392 Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo on Fluids Ð 113 from Electron Reflection Magnetom- Microgravity Smoldering Combustion SOLAR WIND etry Ð 394 Takes Flight Ð 44 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on In- SPACECRAFT CHARGING SOLENOIDS traseasonal Variability of Large-Scale Circulations Over the Western North Pa- Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and cific Ð 280 Solenoids Ð 269 SPACECRAFT COMPONENTS SPACE BASED RADAR Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness SOLID ELECTROLYTES A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- Vibration Suppression and Isola- Low Temperature Cathode Supported tenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic tion Ð 16 Electrolytes Ð 40 Aperture Radar Ð 56 SPACECRAFT CONTROL SOLID PHASES SPACE CHARGE Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- 19 HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Magnetization and Space Charge Domi- plications on Planetary Exploration Ð Failures of DFT Ð 24 nated Beam Ð 270 Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13

A-88 SPACECRAFT DESIGN SPECTRA SPINE Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 Space Station Evolution Sympo- Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of sium Ð 18 Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 SPIRAL ANTENNAS Spiral Antenna with Frequency- Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastruc- DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile ture: A Systems Analysis of Design Root the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- Communication Systems Ð 51 Causes and Effects Ð 261 ticipated Ð 382 SPACECRAFT ELECTRONIC EQUIP- Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- SPLINES MENT tection Ð 140 Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Low-Complexity, Digital Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Terrain and its Implications for Terrain 256 Encoder/Modulator Developed for High- Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- Modeling by L1 Splines Ð Data-Rate Satellite B-ISDN Applica- tric Warfare? Ð 239 tions Ð 18 SPRAYERS Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- High Power Density and Low Vol- EWB: The Environment WorkBench Ver- tion Ð 126 ume Ð 105 sion 4.0 Ð 240 SPECTROMETERS STABILITY TESTS SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: tures of Landmines Ð 120 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Preliminary Results Ð 118 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- ity Ð 398 SPACECRAFT LANDING tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results copy Ð 117 Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Highlights Ð 387 SPECTRORADIOMETERS Recovery Ð 114 Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- SPACECRAFT POWER SUPPLIES STABILITY Advanced Power Regulator Developed Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications for Spacecraft Ð 20 Using MODIS Ð 9 for UAVs Ð 9 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS SPACECRAFT SHIELDING How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy Ð 118 and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to SPECTROSCOPY Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 SPACE-TIME ADAPTIVE PROCESSING Source (SNS) Ð 295 Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- Linear Arrays Ð 73 tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- STANDARDIZATION copy Ð 117 Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard SPALLATION Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Digital Communications for Current and Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Source (SNS) Ð 295 sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 SPEECH RECOGNITION Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Precision Magnetic Elements for the stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record An Evaluation of a Spoken Language SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 No. 213 Ð 254 Interface Ð 228 UAL-Based Simulation Environment for Standardized UXO Technology Demon- 265 Spallation Neutron Source Ring Ð SPEECH stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record An Evaluation of a Spoken Language SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION Number 148 Ð 46 Interface Ð 228 Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars SPENT FUELS stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Number 249 Ð 46 Temporal Variations and Changes of cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the trices Ð 141 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Base Ground and Satellite Low- stration Site Open Field Scoring Record SPHERES Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 Number 354 Ð 123 CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 STANDING WAVE RATIOS Nest: A Preliminary Report of Reexami- A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- SPHERICAL COORDINATES nation Ð 402 Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Second-Order Method for Interface Re- SPATIAL FILTERING construction in Orthogonal Coordinate STAR FORMATION Modeling of Periodic Structures Using Systems Ð 221 The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Ð 78 SPHERULES Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for forming Regions, and the Solar Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Nebula Ð 413 Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Vapor Plume Ð 153 LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 STARDUST MISSION SPINEL IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), SPECTRAL RESOLUTION Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 ene Chemistry Ð 403 and Laser SNMS Ð 351

A-89 STATIC LOADS Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- STRESS DISTRIBUTION MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter Used for neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Closed-Form Static Analysis With Inertia tained by the High Resolution Stereo tion Process for 0.18 micron and Relief and Displacement-Dependent Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Loads Ð 6 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- and Electrical Performance Ð 97 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Implications of Internal Fragmentation on the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- the Structure of Comets Ð 320 A80 A New Perspective on Predictable reo Camera Ð 366 Factory Performance Ð 306 STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Life Analysis Development and Verifica- tiple Manufacturing Environ- Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- ments Ð 258 Year Ð 376 erance Application of Multiple Through Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Cracks in Plates With and Without STEREOSCOPY 255 hancement via Baseline Reduc- Holes Ð Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- tion Ð 252 gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- Editing Match Points Ð 226 ropa Ð 161 duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- STEROIDS STRESS (PHYSIOLOGY) ing Ð 258 A Randomized Study of the Effects of Effects of Posture on Back Strength and Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Lifting Capacity Ð 219 GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- Risk Women After Prophylactic STRING THEORY STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS Oophorectomy Ð 209 Phenomenology and Cosmology of Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Weak Coupled String Theory Ð 269 Terrain and its Implications for Terrain STIFFNESS Modeling by L1 Splines Ð 256 Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Vibration Suppression and Isola- Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the STATISTICAL TESTS tion Ð 16 Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Statistical Methodology for Yield En- STIMULATION Environment Ð 116 hancement via Baseline Reduc- Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- 252 STRUCTURAL BASINS tion Ð lation Analysis Ð 11 Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- STATORS The Combined Impact of Surgery and Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Effect of Shrouded Stator Leakage Flows Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 on Core Compressor Studied Ð 108 toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 STEALTH TECHNOLOGY Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- STORAGE RINGS (PARTICLE ACCEL- duced Currents Due to Positive Holes ERATORS) nology Ð 9 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at namo Ð 374 STEELS BNL Ð 273 Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Precision Magnetic Elements for the chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 Thickness and Subsurface Struc- ment Impact Ð 39 RHIC Injection System Ð 293 ture Ð 372 STEEPEST DESCENT METHOD Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Matlab Ð 239 of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 Field Integral Equation Pertinent to STORAGE TANKS Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 Methodology and Calculations for the Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars Assignment of Waste for the Large Un- in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- STELLAR ATMOSPHERES derground Waste Storage Tanks at Han- pact Ð 341 Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in ford Site Ð 150 Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- STORMS Aitken Basin Ð 396 lution Ð 409 Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- STELLAR ENVELOPES vergence Associated With Severe Con- vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model gion as Seen Through the First Year of Continued Characterization of Presolar Data Ð 173 Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence STRUCTURAL DESIGN on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An Design of a Resonant Extraction System STELLAR LUMINOSITY Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 for the AGS Booster Ð 296 A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass STRAIN GAGES Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Gages Improved Ð 129 CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 STELLAR MAGNITUDE STRATIFICATION Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES (GEOLOGY) (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 in the Presence of a Stratified 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle STEREOPHOTOGRAPHY Ground Ð 57 Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Canada Ð 152 Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- STRATIGRAPHY Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367

A-90 STUDENTS The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- SUPERLATTICES Making a World of Difference Recruit- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of ment of Undergraduate Students at SULFIDES Superlattices Ð 107 USU Ð 304 Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION RAMJET Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- ENGINES Science Applications of Physics and ments: Geochemical Consequences of Facilities for Scramjet Improve- Chemistry for High School and College Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 ment Ð 32 Classes. Update. Ð 394 SULFUR DIOXIDES Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in SUBGROUPS Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Scramjets Ð 291 Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- Using the Lineate Imaging Near- SUPERSONIC FLOW tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air SUBJECTS SULFUR ISOTOPES Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel Metadata for Electronic Information Re- NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 sources Ð 315 Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- SUBLIMATION rials Ð 354 enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Flow Ð 114 Extent and Further Characteristics of SULFUR OXIDES Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) SUPERSONIC NOZZLES 401 Planitia, Mars Ð Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Effect of Tabs on a Rectangular Nozzle Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 Studied Ð 11 and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 SULFUR SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS SUBMARINES JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of tions Ð 143 Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Com- gies Ð 219 SUN plex Ð 108 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, SUBMERGING Part 9 Ð 331 SUPERSYMMETRY Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Phenomenology and Cosmology of mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Weak Coupled String Theory Ð 269 Management Ð 259 Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- SUPPORT SYSTEMS SUBSONIC WIND TUNNELS forming Regions, and the Solar Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an Nebula Ð 413 Force Support for Sea Base Opera- Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential tions Ð 71 SUBSTRATES of the New Horizons Mission During In- SUPPRESSORS A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 tenna Ð 56 180 SUPERCOMPUTERS Tumor Suppressor Ð Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Su- Suppressive Role of Androgen- tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- percomputer on a Chip) Ð 234 Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate peutic Implication Ð 206 Cancer Ð 189 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on SURFACE CRACKS Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact Analysis and Compensation Ð 297 Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- strates Ð 57 ropa Ð 161 Impact of Superbends at the ALS Ð 292 Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- SURFACE DEFECTS crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- SUPERCONDUCTIVITY The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- strate Ð 75 Commissioning of the Superconducting tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 ing with an Automated Contact Angle Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied GHz Ð 292 System Ð 297 to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Hiqh Q at Low and Medium Field Ð 277 Lines Ð 72 SURFACE EMITTING LASERS Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- pole, and Combined Function Magnet ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 surface Process Ð 388 Costs Ð 271 SURFACE FINISHING SUGARS RHIC Performance and Future Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast Plans Ð 274 jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- ing Ð 38 corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- SURFACE LAYERS SULFATES copy Ð 117 Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- Spectra with the Titanium Abundance SUPERCONDUCTORS (MATERIALS) fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 MIS and TES Data Ð 387 Experimental Evidence for Topological Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 copy Ð 117 Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- SUPERCRITICAL FLOW face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 lets and Jets Ð 114 Surfaces Ð 370

A-91 Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the SURFACE WATER Symmetries for the Euclidean Non- Surﬁcial Martian Regolith: Results of the Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 Linear Schroedinger Equation and Re- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 lated Free Equations Ð 222 Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- SURFACE PROPERTIES tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- SURGERY Investigation of Coherent Emission from surements Ð 124 the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Investing in the Future by Learning from Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to Surface Reactions Studied by Synchro- tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Gather Feedback from Deployed Army tron Based Photoelectron Spectros- Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 Forward Surgical Team Ð 179 copy Ð 295 Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 The Combined Impact of Surgery and Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR Spectromicroscopy Ð 30 Photometric Observations of Soils and Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- SYNCHROTRONS Landing Sites Ð 329 ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials SURVEILLANCE Advanced Light Source Ð 293 and Structures Using Plasma Pro- Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS cesses Ð 21 System for Prediction of Stress Frac- Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- tures Ð 207 BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 Environments Ð 10 SURFACE REACTIONS High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Rapid Identiﬁcation and Strain-Typing of Ion Sources Ð 274 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Motion Ð 363 Investigation of Coherent Emission from veillance Ð 196 Surface Reactions Studied by Synchro- the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 tron Based Photoelectron Spectros- Report of the Defense Science Board copy Ð 295 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- A Case Study of Insitu-Aircraft Observa- SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- tions in a Waterspout Producing Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface gration Ð 69 Cloud Ð 170 Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SURFACE ROUGHNESS veillance System at Navy and Marine Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Corps MTFs Ð 313 ity Rejection Ð 121 Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- SURVEYS Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface turing Ð 97 America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- DAR Ð 385 surements Ð 124 faction and Why Ð 134 Long CPI Wideband GMTI Ð 121 Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Investing in the Future by Learning from Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Ð 87 the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Gather Feedback from Deployed Army Radar Systems Ð 304 179 cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Forward Surgical Team Ð SYNTHETIC APERTURES tering Loss Ð 390 SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- phy Ð 373 tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Rough Surfaces Ð 252 gies Ð 219 SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- SWINE Information Technology Management: face: A Frequency Dependent Model for Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Management of Information Technology 231 the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Resources Within DoD Ð Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- Iterative Physical Optics Ap- a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- vivability Ð 234 rhage Ð 202 proach Ð 251 Optimizing Global Combat Logistics Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- SWITCHES Force Support for Sea Base Opera- Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- Analysis of the Link Between Acquired tions Ð 71 Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Expression of a Master Switch Gene of Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- veillance System at Navy and Marine lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Corps MTFs Ð 313 SURFACE TEMPERATURE Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) Defect Related Yield Issues During Early 359 sion Ð Microelectromechanical Systems Development of a New Technol- (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Ð 104 SURFACE VEHICLES ogy Ð 227 Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for SYMMETRY Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastruc- Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- ture: A Systems Analysis of Design Root Recovery Ð 114 symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 Causes and Effects Ð 261

A-92 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63 tic to Remove Ground Target Returns Associated with Chasmata on Ve- from the Training Data for STAP Applica- nus Ð 355 Beyond the Baseline: Proceedings of the tions Ð 233 Space Station Evolution Sympo- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- sium Ð 18 Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets sion in Southeast Alba Patera from Pairing Application Ð 256 MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Development And Implementation Of An Chains Ð 411 Automated Wafer Transport Sys- Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- tem Ð 100 mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- tion Ð 126 neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Doing Systems Engineering Without tained by the High Resolution Stereo Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Research Center Ð 6 HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- vivability Ð 234 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design Self-Organizing Networks (SONets) with Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- from HRSC Data Ð 163 nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 Application to Target Tracking Ð 241 Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady Requirements Analysis and Course Im- Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- Relationship Between Volcanism and provements for EO3502 Telecommunica- forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- Tectonism Ð 373 tions Systems Engineering Ð 312 Array Ð 288 Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastruc- Targetry for a Mu+Mu- Collider Ð 268 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 ture: A Systems Analysis of Design Root The Impact of Background Resolution on Causes and Effects Ð 261 Target Aquisitions Weapons Software Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION (TAWS) Sensor Performance Ð 169 EWB: The Environment WorkBench Ver- Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imag- Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the sion 4.0 Ð 240 ing Ð 274 Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars Ð 340 Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems TASKS View (J-IADS-VIEW) Ð 230 Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contem- Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Mach 6 Integrated Systems Tests of porary or Inflexible? Ð 260 Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 Lewis’ Hypersonic Tunnel Facility Ð 15 Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot SYSTOLIC ARRAYS Analysis Ð 218 Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time TEAMS cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Push Ð 162 FPGA Systems Ð 257 BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring TANGENTS Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- TEKTITES els, and Team Processes in Breathing ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Apparatus Rescues Ð 66 joint Models: Testing and Applica- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for tions Ð 254 Communication and Team Performance Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing Vapor Plume Ð 153 TANKS (CONTAINERS) Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication TELECOMMUNICATION Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Acquisition: Acquisition of the EA-6B Im- sion Control Measure for Ballast proved Capability III Program Ð 8 Tanks Ð 199 Rewards, Structure and Alignment Affect Goal Attainment Ð 305 Antenna Research for PCS in Hong TANTALUM OXIDES TECHNOLOGIES Kong Ð 90 On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 Digital Audio Radio Broadcast Systems Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Laboratory Testing Nearly Com- cesses Ð 97 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT plete Ð 64 TARGET ACQUISITION Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Agent-Based Target Detection in 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- ware Ð 257 Program Ð 304 Design, Implementation and Testing of a Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263 Software Interface Between the AN/ SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- Performance Analysis of Management ing Ð 300 Reconfigurable Computer Ð 227 Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommunications Networks Ð 71 Hardware Interface to Connect an Development of New Methodology and AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped 299 figurable Computer Ð 234 Improvement Ð Wireless Ground Sensor Network Ð 68 Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Quadratic Forms on Complex Random tion in Foliage Ð 289 Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Ca- a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 pacity Ð 264 TARGET RECOGNITION Report of the Defense Science Board TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION The Impact of Background Resolution on 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, Target Aquisitions Weapons Software Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- (TAWS) Sensor Performance Ð 169 Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- TARGETS TECTONICS gration Ð 69 A Functional Genomics Approach to Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? Requirements Analysis and Course Im- Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- Steps Towards a Universal Biol- provements for EO3502 Telecommunica- gets in Yeast Ð 176 ogy Ð 385 tions Systems Engineering Ð 312

A-93 USDA List of Acceptable Materials for TERMINAL BALLISTICS Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Use on Telecommunications Systems of Development of an Advanced Composite stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record RUS Borrowers Ð 103 Material Model Suitable for Blast and Number 148 Ð 46 Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 TELECONNECTIONS (METEOROLOGY) Standardized UXO Technology Demon- North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Tele- Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record connections Ð 172 Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- Number 249 Ð 46 ment Impact Ð 39 TELEMEDICINE TETHYS TERRAIN ANALYSIS Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Classification and Distribution of Pat- Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 TELEPHONES terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- The Cratering Record of the Saturnian 389 Advanced Base Station Antennas for sphere of Mars Ð Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in TERRAIN petus in Comparison: First Results from Japan Ð 62 Cross Profile and Volume Analysis of Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging TELEPHONY Bahram Valles on Mars Ð 155 Data Ð 406 A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, phony (IPT) Implementation at USA Terrain and its Implications for Terrain and Dione Ð 352 Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 Modeling by L1 Splines Ð 256 TETRAETHYL ORTHOSILICATE TELESCOPES High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- A Study In The Continuous Improvement Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- Process: Implementation of an Opti- on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Telescopes Ð 261 and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using TELEVISION SYSTEMS TEXTILES Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping LOCAL TV Act: Administrative Funds Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Some Structural Elements of the Largest Mitigation Ð 42 May No Longer Be Necessary Ð 64 Impact Field in the Western Egyptian TEXTURES TEMPERATE REGIONS Desert Ð 152 A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 ment and Locomotion as Affected by Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Mars Ð 363 On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Climates Ð 170 Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 Textures Ð 339 Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Per- GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 The Influence of Local Geometric Effects formance of Along Coast Wind Events The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 During Frontal Passages Ð 169 is Tilted Ð 361 THEMATIC MAPPING TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, Determination of the Basis for Tempera- V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- TERRESTRIAL PLANETS sults Ð 333 ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 Propellant Guns Ð 291 THEMIS PROJECT TERRORISM Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal TEMPERATURE CONTROL Base Camp Protection and Survivability Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for Demonstration Program Ð 220 High Power Density and Low Vol- MIS Investigation Ð 335 ume Ð 105 Planning for Success: Constructing a First Responder Planning Methodology THEOREMS TEMPERATURE EFFECTS for Homeland Security Ð 316 Local Search Strategies for Equational Satisfiability Ð 221 Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Strategic Communications for the War on the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern THEORETICAL PHYSICS alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Anti-American Bias Ð 70 Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public ments Ð 277 RVP and Temperature Corrections for Affairs in the Global War on Terror- THERAPY Nonroad Engine Modeling Ð 145 ism Ð 314 An Analysis of Transitional Doctor of TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct Physical Therapy Degrees for the De- Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Patient Care in Support of the Global War partment of Defense Ð 195 on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 Moonquakes Ð 378 Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of TEST FACILITIES lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars Characterizing Extreme Environments diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and for Army Testing Ð 45 cer Ð 212 Temporal Variations and Changes of Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- Base Ground and Satellite Low- Corrections Ð 131 peutic Implication Ð 206 Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 F119 Nozzle Flaps Tested at Lewis’ Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential CE-22 Facility Ð 109 the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- of the New Horizons Mission During In- helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Angiogenic Breast Cancer Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Therapy Ð 202 TENSILE STRESS Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- struction of Facilities Modifica- Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, ropa Ð 161 tions Ð 283 and Breast Cancer Ð 208

A-94 Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- THERMAL STRESSES Low Temperature Cathode Supported tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady Electrolytes Ð 22 Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Relationship Between Volcanism and Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Life Issues Ð 216 Tectonism Ð 373 Technologies: Progress and Technical Is- Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES sues Ð 141 roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Final Report Summary of LDRD 02-LW- Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- 022 ‘Quantum Vibrations in Molecules: A and Structures Using Plasma Pro- emia Ð 204 New Frontier in Computational Chemis- cesses Ð 21 Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy try’ Ð 28 THIN WALLS (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 THERMOCHEMISTRY An Experimental Investigation of the Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor Numerical Research of Capabilities of Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Current Pulses Ð 107 2 Protein Transduction Based Therapies Protection Ð for Breast Cancer Ð 203 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES THORIUM Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Military Section Editorials in Diabetes Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- talline Siderite Ð 389 Sample from a Young Procellarum Technologies and Therapeutics Ð 186 Flow? Ð 327 THERMAL ABSORPTION THERMODYNAMICS Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar A Case Study of Insitu-Aircraft Observa- Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution Red Spots Ð 345 of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic tions in a Waterspout Producing Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked Cloud Ð 170 THREAT EVALUATION Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39 An Investigation of Certain Thermody- A Multi-Agent System for Tracking the THERMAL ANALYSIS namic Losses in Minature Cryocool- Intent of Surface Contacts in Ports and How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite ers Ð 303 Waterways Ð 23 Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Innovative Methods for Investigating the of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Body Ð 397 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Soil Ð 140 Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELS on Mars Ð 400 Numerical Research of Capabilities of A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method THERMAL CONDUCTORS Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 Protection Ð 2 terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- 409 Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and drite Ð magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Venus Ð 326 THERMAL EMISSION Approximate Iteration Ð 246 Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark- One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Finite Element Implementation of Antiquark Pair Ð 303 Complementary Hemispherical Reﬂec- Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- THERMOLUMINESCENCE the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Equation Ð 248 ment Ð 118 Part 9 Ð 331 HERON, Volume 48, No. 4, 2003 Ð 22 Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- THERMAL ENERGY ent Compaction History? Ð 320 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Experimental Results From the Thermal Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- aceous Chondrites Ð 332 ment Ð 43 Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) THESES Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- THERMAL MAPPING The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- sion Ð 366 MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover tiple Perspectives Ð 318 Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- The Time Domain Discrete Green’s tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 THICKNESS Function as a Boundary Condition for Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging lems Ð 247 Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Associated with Chasmata on Ve- sion Ð 359 nus Ð 355 TILT ROTOR AIRCRAFT Observations of the North Permanent Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric perimental Investigation of a Model- OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Thickness and Subsurface Struc- Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 ture Ð 372 tions Ð 388 TIME DEPENDENCE THERMAL PROTECTION Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- The Advantages of Using Short Cycle mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Numerical Research of Capabilities of Time Manufacturing (SCM) Instead of Thickness Ð 88 Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- Continuous Flow Manufacturing ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD (CFM) Ð 306 Protection Ð 2 SEM Ð 98 TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS THERMAL SIMULATION THIN FILMS A Modiﬁed 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 Gages Improved Ð 129 racy with Low Resolution Ð 244

A-95 Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- TOLERANCES (MECHANICS) TOXICITY tenna Ð 54 Life Analysis Development and Verifica- Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels TIME MEASUREMENT erance Application of Multiple Through in Rats Ð 35 Distinguishing Spontaneous Fission Cracks in Plates With and Without Mechanically Produced Radical Species Neutrons from Cosmic-ray Back- Holes Ð 255 ground Ð 275 at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in TOMOGRAPHY Martian Soils Ð 360 High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Fumes Ð 147 Some Structural Elements of the Largest hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription Desert Ð 152 Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Decontamination Solution (Decon Study of Manpower and Customer Ser- Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 vice Initiatives Ð 196 of Inertia Ð 157 Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion TIME TOPOGRAPHY of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are TOXICOLOGY Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Their Formation and Location Structur- Channel: Performance Characterization ally Controlled? Ð 377 ORD Computational Toxicology Program and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 FY04 Activity Report Ð 28 Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae TISSUE CULTURING Associated with Chasmata on Ve- TRACE ELEMENTS The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis nus Ð 355 Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- nique for the Armory Ð 139 TITAN ATMOSPHERE of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Morphometry of Large Martian Impact Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Craters Ð 339 Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Radar Data Ð 386 monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- tine Soot? Ð 23 TITANIUM ALLOYS Aitken Basin Ð 396 Investigating the Sources of the Apollo Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and phy Ð 373 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Part 12 Ð 381 Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Prob- Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- ably Related to Crater Rim Col- Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- ment Impact Ð 39 lapse Ð 399 ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- restrial Materials) Ð 412 TITANIUM ISOTOPES Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Ð 362 System Objects Ð 392 ages Ð 324 Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs TITANIUM OXIDES TOPOLOGY Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide An Analysis of Network and Sensor Per- Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 formance Within IEEE 802.X Wireless tion, and Biota Ð 38 MESH Networks in the Tactical Network TITANIUM Topology (TNT) Ð 69 REE and Some Other Trace Elements Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless Spectra with the Titanium Abundance lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc TRACKED VEHICLES Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic ogy Ð 69 Model for Titanium-Based Matri- Natural Environments Ð 316 ces Ð 25 Domain Formation and Maintenance in Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 TRACKING (POSITION) TITAN A Tracker Assessment Tool for Compar- TORNADOES Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of ing Tracker Performance Ð 231 Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Automated Lot Tracking and Identifica- chotomy Ð 405 vergence Associated With Severe Con- vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model tion System Ð 305 Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Data Ð 173 Detection and Tracking as a Seamless as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Process Ð 285 DAR Ð 385 TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROM- ETER Fuzzy Logic Particle Tracking Ð 110 DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- joint Models: Testing and Applica- Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- ticipated Ð 382 tions Ð 254 ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- TOWED BODIES Multiple Model Particle Filtering For phy Ð 373 Multi-Target Tracking Ð 121 Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Self-Organizing Networks (SONets) with Highlights Ð 387 Recovery Ð 114 Application to Target Tracking Ð 241

A-96 TRAINING DEVICES IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society TSUNAMI WAVES Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- International Symposium, Volume Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: lation Analysis Ð 11 1Ð72 Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 TRAJECTORIES Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- TUMORS Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- Thickness Ð 88 Measurements in Patients Which Clini- lites Ð 14 TRANSMISSIONS (MACHINE ELEMENTS) cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for Face Gear Technology for Aerospace Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- Power Transmission Progresses Ð 5 genic Modifiers Ð 202 sion Ð 16 TRANSMISSION Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Invasive Potential Ð 205 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- Satellite Ð 47 Characterization of Two Novel Onco- sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing TRANSPARENCE genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Panel Ð 136 Concept and Technology Exploration for of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models TRAJECTORY PLANNING Transparent Hearing Ð 220 of Breast Cancer Ð 201 Robust Path Planning With Imperfect TRANSPONDERS CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- 243 Maps Ð Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring TRANSFERRING of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties mand Link Ð 128 Complex Ð 182 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Hospital-Based First Responder Mass Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195 ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Planning for Success: Constructing a rhage Ð 202 First Responder Planning Methodology Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 for Homeland Security Ð 316 Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Protein Transduction Based Therapies for Breast Cancer Ð 203 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Identification of Widely Applicable say for Organophosphate Exposure Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast TRANSFORMATIONS (MATHEMATICS) -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Cancer Immunotherapy Ð 201 Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Civilians in the Field and Labora- Integration of Pathologic Findings With ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 tory Ð 200 Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- TRANSIENT PRESSURES TRANSPORTATION ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Impact of a Military Reusable Launch vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor cused Logistics Ð 17 duced Currents Due to Positive Holes Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- TRANSPORTER Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 namo Ð 374 The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor TRANSISTORS cient in PDR ABC Transporters to (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Cachexia Ð 210 as Electronically Tunable Cata- Drugs Ð 198 lysts Ð 105 TREADMILLS TUNGSTEN ALLOYS TRANSITION FLOW Locomotion in Virtual Environments and Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Mixing and Transition Control Stud- Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- ing Ð 38 ied Ð 111 vice Ð 231 TRANSITION METALS TRIANGULATION TUNGSTEN ISOTOPES Development of New Cryocooler Regen- Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Trian- (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic gular Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 and an Early Differentiation in the Parent 387 Compounds Ð 23 TROPICAL REGIONS Body of Ureilites Ð The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma TRANSLATING Characterizing Extreme Environments for Army Testing Ð 45 Ocean Ð 365 Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- ment of Medical Report Translations (A North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Tele- Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 connections Ð 172 Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for TROPICAL STORMS Bodies Ð 365 Foreign Language and Speech Transla- Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropi- tion Technologies in a Coalition Military cal Cyclone Intensity Guidance Ð 171 TUNGSTEN Environment Ð 220 Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROS- Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and COPY North Pacific Ð 167 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical TUNING Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Transitions Process Ð 171 Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Tele- as Electronically Tunable Cata- TRANSMISSION LINES connections Ð 172 lysts Ð 105 A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a TRUNCATION ERRORS TUNNEL JUNCTIONS Cavity Ð 78 Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- mary of the Experience Ð 99 tions Ð 244 copy Ð 117

A-97 TURBOFAN ENGINES Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, UNLOADING First Test of Fan Active Noise Control and Dione Ð 352 Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Un- (ANC) Completed Ð 5 loading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Di- ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPY ego Ð 229 TURBULENCE MODELS Top Level User Specifications for Mask Fluid Film Bearing Code Develop- Inspection Microscope Ð 117 UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES ment Ð 226 Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION TURBULENCE DAR Data Ð 124 Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Cassini UVIS Ð 351 Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the Research Technologies Ð 3 Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized Investigation of Coherent Emission from Plasma Ð 81 the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Natural Environments Ð 316 Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 URANIUM Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 Lorentz Force Control of Turbu- ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA lence Ð 143 Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Pa- Results So Far Ð 350 rameterizations Ð 115 trices Ð 141 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETERS Statistical Characteristics of Multiple URBAN TRANSPORTATION Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Using the Lineate Imaging Near- of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 30 Plasma Ð 74 Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð UREILITES Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, and Dione Ð 352 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- Part 12 Ð 381 netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- UNDERGROUND STORAGE mosphere Ð 167 Modal Abundances of Carbon in Urei- Methodology and Calculations for the lites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Assignment of Waste for the Large Un- Ureilites Ð 403 Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and derground Waste Storage Tanks at Han- Characterization Using DNS and ford Site Ð 150 Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: LES Ð 260 Reading the Record of Early Stages of UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Adaptive Channel Equalization in the of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic and an Early Differentiation in the Parent TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER Channel: Performance Characterization Body of Ureilites Ð 387 Active Control of Turbulent Boundary and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean USER MANUALS (COMPUTER PRO- 286 GRAMS) Naval Applications Ð Acoustic Propagation EXperiment TURBULENT FLAMES (LOAPEX) Ð 284 Open Radio Communications Architec- Microgravity Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Software Users Manual Ð 312 Flames Ð 111 Acoustic Channel Ð 285 USER REQUIREMENTS TURBULENT FLOW Underwater Acoustic Networks: Evalua- Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence tion of the Impact of Media Access Con- Electronic Collection Management and 314 Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 trol on Latency, in a Delay Constrained Electronic Information Services Ð Lorentz Force Control of Turbu- Network Ð 262 Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- lence Ð 143 quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELS Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Top Level User Specifications for Mask Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Inspection Microscope Ð 117 Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- VACCINES Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random UNITED STATES Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 phony (IPT) Implementation at USA for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCIES Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- Decisionmaker Forums Ð 186 VACUUM CHAMBERS tenna Ð 56 Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the ULTRASONICS Affairs in the Global War on Terror- BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid ism Ð 314 Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- USA Air and Space Power in the 21st VACUUM gel Ð 335 Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Flow Visualization Proposed for Vacuum Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imag- Cleaner Nozzle Designs Ð 109 UNIVERSITIES ing Ð 187 VALLEYS Making a World of Difference Recruit- ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY ment of Undergraduate Students at A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- USU Ð 304 sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- cellarum Ð 338 works Ð 336 Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- UNIX (OPERATING SYSTEM) Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Re- mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater Tranquillitatis Ð 340 source Management Ð 236 Discharge Ð 347

A-98 Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on VARIATIONS Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Adaptive Channel Equalization in the V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic sults Ð 333 Fill Ð 343 Channel: Performance Characterization New Observations of Crustal Plateau Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- VECTORS (MATHEMATICS) Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Ð 348 eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and cent Climate Change Ð 356 magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Venus Ð 326 Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Approximate Iteration Ð 246 VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Valles on Mars Ð 340 America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- tions Ð 244 faction and Why Ð 134 Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- VERY LONG BASE INTERFEROMETRY The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 logue Ð 384 VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Finite Element Implementation of Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in surface Process Ð 388 the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave VIBRATION DAMPING VANADIUM ALLOYS Equation Ð 248 Improved Acoustic Blanket Developed and Tested Ð 283 Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear VEINS (PETROLOGY) Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite VIBRATION ISOLATORS ment Impact Ð 39 Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness VAPOR DEPOSITION of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Vibration Suppression and Isola- Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- Body Ð 397 tion Ð 16 vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 VENTILATION VIBRATION Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Efficacy of Intermittent Ventilation for Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications Emissions Ð 146 Providing Acceptable Indoor Air Qual- for UAVs Ð 9 ity Ð 149 VAPOR PHASE LUBRICATION Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Be- Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- tween Wearing Surfaces at High Tem- proved Operation of a Downdraft tions Ð 102 peratures Ð 131 Table Ð 145 Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency VAPOR PHASES VENUS ATMOSPHERE and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling ser Ð 127 Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 on Venus Ð 395 Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- VENUS (PLANET) VINYL POLYMERS tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Cometary Impact Ð 334 eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis VIRAL DISEASES talline Siderite Ð 389 Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 VAPOR PRESSURE Magellan SAR Brightness Data Ð 412 RVP and Temperature Corrections for Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Characterization of Antibody Specific for Nonroad Engine Modeling Ð 145 Associated with Chasmata on Ve- Disease Associated Prion Protein Ð 205 Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Ð 31 nus Ð 355 Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, of Disease Progression Ð 214 VAPORS V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- VIRTUAL REALITY Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact sults Ð 333 Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, lation Analysis Ð 11 sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Part 12 Ð 381 Creation of Virtual Reality Modeling Lan- An Experimental Method to Estimate the Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar guage (VRML) Appearance Data From Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Geoclr Data Ð 230 Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling pact Ð 410 Locomotion in Virtual Environments and on Venus Ð 395 Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- vice Ð 231 on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels surface Process Ð 388 in Rats Ð 35 VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot hicles Ð 10 Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for VIRULENCE cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Push Ð 162 Vapor Plume Ð 153 Regulatory System Involved in the VENUS SURFACE Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- VARIABILITY Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- lei Ð 177 Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on In- pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 traseasonal Variability of Large-Scale VIRUSES Circulations Over the Western North Pa- Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein cific Ð 280 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200

A-99 Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism The Io Mountain Online Data- Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot of Disease Progression Ð 214 base Ð 354 Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of VOLCANOLOGY High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood tem Ð 308 How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Effective Defect Detection and Classifi- ogy Ð 174 of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic cation Methodology Based on Integrated VISCOPLASTICITY Body Ð 397 Laser Scanning Inspection and Auto- matic Defect Classification Ð 135 Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 Fab Implementation of a System for Model for Titanium-Based Matri- Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- ces Ð 25 Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Breakage Events Ð 132 Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar VISCOSITY Mare Volcanism Ð 407 Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Fugacity Ð 370 The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis VISCOUS FLOW Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Failure Pattern Classification with the Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 work. Application on Submicron Linear VOLTAGE REGULATORS Technologies Ð 134 VISIBLE SPECTRUM Advanced Power Regulator Developed Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar for Spacecraft Ð 20 Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal VISUAL CONTROL Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Cleaning Process Ð 301 Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical nas and Scattering Ð 54 Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Poly Furnace Ð 135 VISUAL OBSERVATION VORTICES Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface tiple Manufacturing Environ- Moonquakes Ð 378 Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 ments Ð 258 Implications of Internal Fragmentation on Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual the Structure of Comets Ð 320 Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in Flow Concept Ð 102 the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 VISUAL PERCEPTION Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Agent-Based Target Detection in VULNERABILITY Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 ter Ð 95 Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment VLASOV EQUATIONS and Defense Ð 237 Overview of Plasma Induced Damage Landau Scenario of Chaotization for After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 Beam Distribution Ð 294 Virtual Experiments to Determine Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD VOICE COMMUNICATION Analysis Ð 235 SEM Ð 98 Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Foreign Language and Speech Transla- WAFERS Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- tion Technologies in a Coalition Military 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semicon- tives Ð 101 Environment Ð 220 ductor Manufacturing Conference And VOID RATIO Workshop Ð 94 Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip An- Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in tennas Ð 59 Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- VOLCANOES turing Ð 97 duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- ing Ð 258 A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Photoresists in Reducing Contamination The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- ages Ð 165 on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- ing with an Automated Contact Angle Better Dispatch Application- A Success System Ð 297 eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Story Ð 96 Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- Fabricator Ð 298 Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, ing Ð 300 Mars Ð 327 Yield Analysis and Data Management Control Methods for the Chemical- Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Trench Isolation Ð 132 DAR Ð 385 WALKING Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Locomotion in Virtual Environments and Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed vice Ð 231 by the Mars Express High Resolution Development And Implementation Of An Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Automated Wafer Transport Sys- WALL TEMPERATURE tem Ð 100 Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven Relationship Between Volcanism and Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis Tectonism Ð 373 toring System Ð 97 Rise Volcanism? Ð 373

A-100 WALLS WATER CONSUMPTION WATERWAYS Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with A Multi-Agent System for Tracking the with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Intent of Surface Contacts in Ports and Loads Ð 43 ter Ð 95 Waterways Ð 23 Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application WATER CURRENTS WAVE DISPERSION of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Analysis of the FDTD Method via the tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 Walls Ð 137 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- rent Martian Environmental Condi- Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- WARFARE tions Ð 350 Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD Grid Ð 246 A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead Hospitalization Experience of US military with the Deep Water Isotopic Current Relative Accuracy of Several Low- Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Analyzer (DWICA) Ð 111 Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf Domain Schemes Ð 75 War, and Bosnia Ð 190 WATER FLOW WAVE EQUATIONS Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive rent Martian Environmental Condi- True Clausewitzian Analysis Ð 282 Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 tions Ð 350 Focused Knowledge for the Battle- Finite Element Implementation of field Ð 242 WATER POLLUTION Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Secure Water Supply Ð 126 the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Equation Ð 248 WATER TREATMENT Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on Secure Water Supply Ð 126 Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full WATER VAPOR strates Ð 57 Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and WAVE FRONTS tric Warfare? Ð 239 Venus Ð 326 High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Measurement of Shock, Particle, and formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion WATER WAVES Combustion Fronts Produced by En- - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An WAVE FUNCTIONS Relationships of Stress Exposures to Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic Sector Ð 76 Report of the Defense Science Board WATER Task Force On Information Warfare Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- WAVE INTERACTION -Defense (IW-D) Ð 313 log Environment: Clues to the Duration of Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- Water on Mars? Ð 339 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- Afghanistan Ð 240 Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial tures Ð 87 Strategic Communications for the War on Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of WAVE PROPAGATION Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern Mars Ð 356 Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Anti-American Bias Ð 70 Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 through Concrete Walls Using Effective Material Property Technique and FDTD The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Method Ð 91 Affairs in the Global War on Terror- Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water ism Ð 314 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 ity Ð 398 Simulations and Measurements for In- Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- door Wave Propagation through Periodic Patient Care in Support of the Global War Structures Ð 251 on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 bonates Ð 165 WAVEFORMS WARNING SYSTEMS Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Detec- gets Ð 412 and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter tion Tools for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- Evaluation, Threat Analysis and Typical Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with ser Ð 127 Cases Ð 223 Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- ter Ð 95 WAVEGUIDE ANTENNAS System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 A Radiating Element for an Active Air- Secure Water Supply Ð 126 WASHING borne Antenna Ð 47 Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial Two New Non-Powered Technolo- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna gies Ð 219 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Applications Ð 64 WASTE MANAGEMENT Decontamination Solution (Decon WAVEGUIDES Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 ics Ð 41 Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Guide to Developing an Environmental Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Management System for Metal Finishing Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- ing Flanged Rectangular Facilities Ð 37 sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Waveguide Ð 76

A-101 Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- WIND EROSION Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Wind-related Erosion Depressions ment Ð 84 Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse ware Ð 257 Electromagnetic Modeling of a and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- Air Virtual at Sea (VAST) Platform Stimu- WIND (METEOROLOGY) tion Module for Application to Spatial lation Analysis Ð 11 Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- vivability Ð 234 Simulations Ð 403 tures Ð 87 WEAR Wind-related Erosion Depressions Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Be- Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- tween Wearing Surfaces at High Tem- and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 rays Ð 49 peratures Ð 131 WIND TUNNEL DRIVES Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot Sector Ð 76 and Erosion Ð 34 Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot WEATHER FORECASTING Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Com- On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- plex Ð 108 larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 Singular Vector Growth over Short Time- Scales Ð 169 WIND TUNNEL TESTS Optimum Design by Waveguide Model and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- WEATHERING Drive Motor Improved for 8- by 6-Foot crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- Supersonic Wind Tunnel/9- by 15-Foot Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 log Environment: Clues to the Duration of Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Com- 108 Water on Mars? Ð 339 plex Ð The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Mach 6 Integrated Systems Tests of Function as a Boundary Condition for Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Lewis’ Hypersonic Tunnel Facility Ð 15 Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- lems Ð 247 ships on Mars Ð 358 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and WAVELENGTHS Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: New Constraints on Mars Denudation Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- Relative Accuracy of Several Low- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog struction of Facilities Modifica- 283 Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- tions Ð Domain Schemes Ð 75 land, High Arctic Ð 389 Optically Based Flame Detection in the NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature WAVELET ANALYSIS Potential for Life on Mars from Low- Wind Tunnel Ð 110 A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix Temperature Aqueous Weather- Transformations for the Solution of Inte- ing Ð 394 WIND VELOCITY gral Equations Ð 244 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Per- is Tilted Ð 361 formance of Along Coast Wind Events Efficient Representation of Electromag- During Frontal Passages Ð 169 netic Integral Equations Using Pre- WEATHER defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- tions Ð 170 WINDING tions Ð 251 Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- During UAE2 Ð 172 rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society tions Ð 102 International Symposium, Volume WEDGES 1Ð72 On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- WINDS ALOFT larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering WEIGHT REDUCTION ated by the Chicxulub Impact Event Ð 379 Problems Ð 249 A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- WING PANELS tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 WHEELS The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix Experiment Ð 131 sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Transform Approach for the Solution of Panel Ð 136 Integral Equations Ð 245 WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION Intentional Jamming Suppression in a WINGS Optimal Grouping of Basis Func- Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- tions Ð 250 ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Linear Arrays Ð 73 and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for istics Ð 48 A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral WIGGLER MAGNETS tenna Ð 48 Equations Ð 250 LCLS Prototype Undulator Re- An Alternative Paradigm for Routing in WEAPON SYSTEMS port Ð 127 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Ð 237 A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process WILD 2 COMET Collaborative Applications Used in a Modeling and Simulation Environment Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in for Composite Materials Manufacturing Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Coast Guard Law Enforcement and and Testing Ð 27 ages Ð 324 Homeland Security Missions Ð 68

A-102 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society X RAY SOURCES The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Deﬁ- International Symposium, Volume First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside cient in PDR ABC Transporters to 1Ð72 from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Information Theoretic Comparison of eter Ð 410 Drugs Ð 198 MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- X RAY SPECTROMETERS YIELD ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 tems in Shipboard Compart- XRS Data Ð 393 Development of New Methodology and ments Ð 232 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- Technique to Accelerate Region Yield WIRE tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- Improvement Ð 299 Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 copy Ð 117 Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Modeling Staircased Wires using the X RAY SPECTROSCOPY hancement via Baseline Reduc- 252 FDTD Method Ð 85 Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- tion Ð niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Pin Wire Coating Trip Report Ð 40 Yield Analysis and Data Management sis Ð 323 Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 Reconﬁgurable Wires Ð 104 X RAY TELESCOPES YTTRIUM OXIDES Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects Low Temperature Cathode Supported nas Ð 46 on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- WIRING Telescopes Ð 261 September 30, 2001 Ð 21 Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- X RAYS ZEOLITES mary of the Experience Ð 99 Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- WORKSTATIONS Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous nique for the Armory Ð 139 EWB: The Environment WorkBench Ver- Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 sion 4.0 Ð 240 Impact of Superbends at the ALS Ð 292 ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS WROUGHT ALLOYS Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Fatigue Behavior and Deformation Part 9 Ð 331 Zircons Ð 405 Mechanisms in Inconel 718 Superalloy XENON The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar Investigated Ð 37 MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method X RAY DETECTORS enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic Flow Ð 114 ZIRCONIUM OXIDES High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Low Temperature Cathode Supported out Ð 288 High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- September 30, 2001 Ð 21 X RAY FLUORESCENCE Chamber Ð 345 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry YEAST ZODIACAL LIGHT from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- A Functional Genomics Approach to Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- biter Ð 411 Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- strained by High Resolution Spectros- copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- gets in Yeast Ð 176 tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- Regulation and Function of the Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, copy Ð 117 Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 Part 9 Ð 331

A-103 Personal Author Index

Aarsvold, John N. The Search for Underground Hydrother- Akella, Ram Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- New Business Models for Standard and Lymph Nodes Ð 211 ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Abatan, Ayo O. Agnew, Marshall C. Market Ð 318 Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- Sampling Methodology for SEM-based tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and Walls Ð 137 cent Climate Change Ð 356 Benefit Analysis Ð 133 Abbott, S. R. Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Agouris, Peggy Commissioning of the Superconducting hancement via Baseline Reduc- A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 tion Ð 252 Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- GHz Ð 292 Akkus, Ozan ery Ð 141 Abe, M. Acoustic Emission Based Surveillance Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Ahlfeldt, Anders System for Prediction of Stress Frac- (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- tures Ð 207 drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Akyurtlu, A. Patch Elements Ð 84 Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Investigation of Mixed Metal Preliminary Results Ð 118 Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous Ahrens, L. A. Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Ox- Abell, P. A. Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster ides Ð 150 Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations Injection Ð 287 Akyurtlu, J. F. of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 Ahrens, L. Investigation of Mixed Metal Hansa Ð 353 AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Sorbent/Catalysts for the Simultaneous tensity Beams Ð 272 Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Ox- Abrams, Judith ides Ð 150 Population Based Assessment of MHC Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Alamgir, S. Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- mary of the Experience Ð 99 ment and Progression of Breast Cancer eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 BNL Ð 273 Albin, E. F. Acton, C. Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Aili, Yusup Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- 329 from the High Resolution Stereo Camera VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth parelli Basin, Mars Ð Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Albin, Ed F. Year Ð 376 Ainley, David G. Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 Acuna, M. H. Cetacean Distributions Relative to Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- Alderman, J. from Electron Reflection Magnetom- nia Current System Ð 284 Radiation Dose Measurements of the etry Ð 394 Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic Aisen, Paul S. Adams, Brent N. Film Dosimeters Ð 276 Case Study: Preparing the Gastroenter- Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Aleinikoff, John N. ology Clinic at Naval Medical Center San say for Organophosphate Exposure Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Diego (NMCSD) for T-NEX Implementa- -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact tion Ð 185 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 tory Ð 200 Adams, E. R. Alemany, J. A. The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Aistov, A. V. Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Interstellar Components in the Solar Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Measurements with Isoprobes P and Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- TÐ413 Plasma Ð 81 field Ð 217 Adams, John W. Alessi, J. G. Aittola, M. Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- High-Intensity, High Charge-State Heavy ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Ion Sources Ð 274 143 of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 former Technologies Ð Alexander, C. M. O. D. Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Adams, P. M. Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Mars Ð 363 at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a with EDXS Ð 153 Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Vapor Plume Ð 153 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover Alexander, C. M. OD. Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164

B-1 Alexander, David S. Amandus, H. Anderson, William R. Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Feasibility Study of the Adequacy of Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Applications Ð 142 Company Records for a Proposed Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 NIOSH Study of Silicosis in Industrial Alexander, Jeremy B. Andersson, B-G Sand Workers Ð 147 Enhancement of the Daytime Goes- Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC Based Aircraft Icing Potential Algorithm Amari, S. 63 Ð 323 Using MODIS Ð 9 Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Andersson, B.-G. Alhargan, Fayez A. The FUV Flux Irradiating the Surfaces of Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic Amari, Smain Protostellar Disks Ð 323 Sector Ð 76 Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated Ando, Makoto Alimenti, F. Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Profile Ð 88 Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Ammar, El-Hadi FDTD Method Ð 82 A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 Slot Ð 86 Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- Amone, R. A. Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall FDTD Method Ð 44 Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- rays Ð 49 Allen, B. M. gorithm to Derive Optical Properties MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Ando, Takashi Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 Anders, A. nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 The Search for Underground Hydrother- Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials Andrew, Rex and Structures Using Plasma Pro- mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean cesses Ð 21 ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 Acoustic Propagation EXperiment Allen, C. C. Andersen, Anja C. (LOAPEX) Ð 284 Why Small is Beautiful - and How to Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Ang, V. J. ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Asteroids Ð 343 Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- for Methane and Surface Alter- teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- ation Ð 408 Andersen, Bogi eration Ð 15 Allen, J. S. Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- Antolak, A. Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- Science Applications of Physics and cer Ð 181 soscale Radiography Ð 273 Chemistry for High School and College Andersen, D. T. Classes. Update. Ð 394 Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Aoki,Y. Allen, James tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Naval Automation and Information Man- rent Martian Environmental Condi- acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- agement Technology Ð 4 tions Ð 350 tem Ð 50 Allen, Swati D. Anderson, D. Aparicio, S. Focused Knowledge for the Battle- eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at Management of Multiple-Pass Con- field Ð 242 BNL Ð 273 straints Ð 102 Anderson, H. U. Allen, Tracy L. Arai, Egidio Low Temperature Cathode Supported Precursor to the TRICARE Next Genera- Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- tion Program Ð 197 Time: Basic Concepts, Development and September 30, 2001 Ð 21 Allgair, John Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Low Temperature Cathode Supported Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- Electrolytes Ð 22 Arai, Hiroyuki tiple Manufacturing Environ- Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin ments Ð 258 Anderson, James C. by Using Non-Uniform Mesh Allis, R. G. Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded FDTD Ð 62 Applications: Panel Session Ð 108 Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Arai, T. Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado Anderson, Liana Oighenstein First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- 2002-December 31, 2002 Ð 146 Time: Basic Concepts, Development and eter Ð 410 Allton, J. H. Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Anderson, P. E. Genesis: Removing Contamination from from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- 319 Sample Collectors Ð Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- biter Ð 411 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: Al-Raweshidy, H. S. pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Finite Element Modelling of an Optical of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Anderson, W. R. Aral, Hiroyuki Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Base Station Antennas Inside Tunnels Aman, M. J. Combustion Diagnostics for New, and Subway Stations, and Outdoor Com- Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- pact Base Station Antennas for PDC VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 lants Ð 34 System in Japan Ð 90

B-2 Arce, Gonzalo R. Ash, R. D. Bahar, Ezekiel Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Stationary Solutions for the Rough Sur- Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- erophile Element Systematics of Group face Radar Backscatter Cross Sections ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 IVB Irons Ð 360 Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Ap- proach Ð 61 Secure Service Provision for Reliable Asher, Pranoti M. Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Baharav, Zachi Archer, D. E. Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 Optimal Grouping of Basis Func- tions Ð 250 Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in Asphaug, E. A. (175)Lu Ð 269 Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Bai, Jining Identification of Widely Applicable Archiab, Robert Asphaug, E. Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Tumor-Associated Antigens for Breast Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- Cancer Immunotherapy Ð 201 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record teroids Ð 158 Number 249 Ð 46 Bai, M. Atreya, S. Archiable, Robert Design of an AC-Dipole for use in Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- RHIC Ð 296 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record periment: First Results Ð 400 eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at No. 213 Ð 254 BNL Ð 273 Au, W. Standardized UXO Technology Demon- A Study In The Continuous Improvement Baines, K. H. stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Process: Implementation of an Opti- Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Number 148 Ð 46 mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 chotomy Ð 405 stration Site Open Field Scoring Record Baker, Eric H. Number 354 Ð 123 Auger, Alain Capturing and Modeling Knowledge Ob- Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- Archinal, B. jectives: The Sacot Project Ð 311 putational Issues Associated with Param- Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- eter Estimations Ð 260 erence Systems Ð 225 Aulicino, Luigi Eduardo Pinheiro Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Baker, Eva L. Arnold, David V. Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Application of DETER Project Ð 140 of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Radar Systems Ð 304 Aumick, S. ments Ð 224 Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Arnold, Eugen nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Baker, Ian A Radiating Element for an Active Air- Process Ð 95 Characterization of the Microstructure borne Antenna Ð 47 and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Aylor, Stephen J. Lake and River Ice Ð 278 Arnold, G. Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Baker, V. R. Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Facilities Ð 113 Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for sion Ð 359 Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Babikian, Richard Mars Ð 327 Aronson, A. A80 A New Perspective on Predictable Collimator Systems for the SNS Factory Performance Ð 306 Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Ring Ð 296 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Artemieva, N. duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering ing Ð 258 Balanis, Constanine A. on Titan with Implications for the Age of Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Badie, Shirin S. formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Arvidson, R. A. Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Substrates Ð 92 Photometric Observations of Soils and Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Badijukov, D. D. Balanis, Constantine A. Landing Sites Ð 329 The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter for Impact Origin and Formation Arvidson, R. E. in the Presence of a Stratified Age Ð 364 57 Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Ground Ð graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Badjukov, D. D. Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Arvidson, R. Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 ing FDTD Ð 91 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Badyukov, G. D. Balbastre, Juan V. Results Ð 351 The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Prediction of Radiated Perturbations Asada, N. Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Bagdasarova, A. for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Open Radio Communications Architec- Balda, Juan C. Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Software Users Manual Ð 312 High Power Density and Low Vol- ume Ð 105 sion Ð 366 Baggeroer, Arthur B. Asari, Kazuyoshi A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- Ballard, J. R. VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth ror Accounting for System Model Mis- Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 match Ð 257 tection Ð 140

B-3 Balllas, Gerasimos Barrozo, Chris Baurie, Robert A. Modeling of Lightning Effects on Simple Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Structures and Helicopter Airframes us- Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Scramjets Ð 291 ing FDTD Ð 91 veillance Ð 196 Bavari, Sina Balme, Matthew L. Barth, John A. Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Cetacean Distributions Relative to VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- nia Current System Ð 284 Baxter, Paul D. Banaszkiewicz, M. A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- Bartoszek, Thomas lar Value Decomposition Ð 122 MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Information Technology Management: Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Management of Information Technology Beadle, Mark 359 sion Ð Resources Within DoD Ð 231 A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- rain Antenna System Ð 93 Banerjee, B. Barty, A. Representational and Inferential Re- Top Level User Specifications for Mask A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for quirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning Inspection Microscope Ð 117 Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 in the Entity Re-Identification Bechstein, S. Task Ð 223 Basilevsky, A. T. Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic Baragiola, R. A. drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- by the Mars Express High Resolution out Ð 288 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Becker, J. A. sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Baskin, Clayton M. Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in Surfaces Ð 370 A Case Study of Insitu-Aircraft Observa- (175)Lu Ð 269 Baras, John S. tions in a Waterspout Producing Beckett, S. Distributed Domain Generation Based on Cloud Ð 170 Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- the Network Environment Characteristics Baskin, S. I. nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 for Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks Ð 311 Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Process Ð 95 Barker, Nancie Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Beckham, Haskell Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Bass, D. Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Results Ð 351 Beckwith, Bill Cleaning Process Ð 301 Bass, Deborah High-Assurance Security/Safety on Barker, S. A. Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Ð 317 Methodology and Calculations for the sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Bedair, S. M. Assignment of Waste for the Large Un- Basso, C. Room Temperature Devices of Dilute derground Waste Storage Tanks at Han- Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Magnetic Semiconductors Ð 282 ford Site Ð 150 Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Bednar, A. J. Barlow, Fred D. tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for Batchelor, K. cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- High Power Density and Low Vol- Simulation, Generation, and Character- trices Ð 141 ume Ð 105 ization of High Brightness Electron Beebe, David J. 265 Barlow, N. G. Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 Bateman, D. G. Detection and Analysis Systems Ð 116 Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Bell, J. F., III Barnouin-Jha, O. S. nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry Photometric Observations of Soils and and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 Bauer, S. Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Landing Sites Ð 329 Barnwell, William Garrard graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Bell, J., III Distributed Actuation and Sensing on an periment: First Results Ð 400 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Ð 4 Baum, Linda G. Results Ð 351 Elucidation of a Novel Cell Death Mecha- Barra, F. Bell, J. nism in Prostate Epithelial Cells Ð 191 A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Bauman, R. A. graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Sample from a Young Procellarum Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 327 Flow? Ð roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Bell, Kristine L. Barron, Charlie N. Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- emia Ð 204 A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- Sea Surface Height Predictions from the ror Accounting for System Model Mis- Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- Baur, H. match Ð 257 ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Determination of Production Rates of Bellucci, G. Barrozo, C. P. Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Chromite Grains Ð 154 Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- chotomy Ð 405 pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Murchison and Murray Meteor- Beltran, F. Specimens Ð 190 ites Ð 109 A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63

B-4 Bench, G. Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- Beyer, R. A. Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- erator Ð 270 Determination of the Basis for Tempera- soscale Radiography Ð 273 Higher Order Hard Edge End Field Ef- ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Propellant Guns Ð 291 Benelli, K. fects Ð 270 LIBS-based Detection of Geological Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- Bhatti, A. Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 pole, and Combined Function Magnet Finite Element Modelling of an Optical torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Costs Ð 271 Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer tion Ð 355 Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Berger, E. L. Benitz, Gerald Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Bialkowski, M. E. Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambigu- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Development and Performance of an ity Rejection Ð 121 Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- ellite Communications Ð 55 Benkhoff, J. Vapor Plume Ð 153 Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- Bibring, J. P. Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of ments Ð 277 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Mars Ð 356 Berggren, P. the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- tions Ð 384 sion Ð 359 els, and Team Processes in Breathing Bennett, Craig Apparatus Rescues Ð 66 Bibring, Jean-Pierre A Functional Genomics Approach to Communication and Team Performance Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Identify Novel Breast Cancer Gene Tar- in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at 160 gets in Yeast Ð 176 Apparatus Fireﬁghters’ Communication Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Bensel, Carolyn K. Bibring, J-P. Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Bergin, Jameson S. Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- ment and Locomotion as Affected by Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- 368 Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather tic to Remove Ground Target Returns tion to OMEGA Ð Climates Ð 170 from the Training Data for STAP Applica- Bibring, J.-P. tions Ð 233 Bentlage, James R. Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Berglund, Larry Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Alternative Approaches to Improve chotomy Ð 405 Fabricator Ð 298 Physiological Predictions Ð 311 Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and Benton, Bernard J. Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Observations of the North Permanent on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels Management Ð 259 Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by in Rats Ð 35 Berman, Justin B. OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- tions Ð 388 Ben-Tsur, Mira Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application In-line Defect Density Targets for New of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Bichsel, H. Technology from Development to Manu- tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle facturing Ð 132 Walls Ð 137 Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 Ben-Zvi, I. Bernard, William Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Bidstrup, Philip R. Magnetization and Space Charge Domi- with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Why Small is Beautiful - and How to nated Beam Ð 270 Bernhard, P. Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Design Considerations for Low Field Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Asteroids Ð 343 Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Bieser, F. with High Charge Electron Bunch Ð 271 restrial Materials) Ð 412 Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle Simulation, Generation, and Character- Bernhardt, B. Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using ization of High Brightness Electron MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Biggins, Sue Berczi, Sz. Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Regulation and Function of the to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Bernstein, L. A. Billings, Roger L. of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in Scheduling Ammunition Loading and Un- Body Ð 397 (175)Lu Ð 269 loading for U.S. Navy Ships in San Di- Berezhnoy, A. A. Bertelsen, P. ego Ð 229 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Binder, Michael J. on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Results Ð 351 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- Bertozzi, Carolyn R. ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Berezi, Sz. Non-Invasive Imaging of In Vivo Breast former Technologies Ð 143 Annual Change of Martian DDS- Cancer Tissue Utilizing Metabolically In- Seepages Ð 355 corporated Unnatural Sugars Ð 183 Birang, Manush Process Control and Monitoring with La- Berg, J. S. Beskar, Christopher R. ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG Cold Plasma Cavity Active Stealth Tech- tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 nology Ð 9 narization Ð 99

B-5 Bird,T.S. Blejer, Dennis Boeloeni, Ladislau Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 Environments Ð 10 Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Bless, S. J. Bogard, D. D. nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Birx, Deborah L. jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- ing Ð 38 Prospective and Retrospective Testing of etary Surfaces Ð 401 High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Blewett, D. T. Bogdanowicz, Zbigniew Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets 174 ogy Ð Bliss, Daniel W. Pairing Application Ð 256 Biryukov, V. M. Information Theoretic Comparison of Bohannan, B. MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- Optimization of the Parameters in the Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- veillance System at Navy and Marine tion Ð 296 Blizard, K. G. Corps MTFs Ð 313 Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Bischoff, A. Bohn-Meyer, Marta MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Mitigation Ð 42 Doing Systems Engineering Without Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Blough, J. Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight sion Ð 359 Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Research Center Ð 6 Bish, D. L. Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Boiteau, V. Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- April1-June30,2003Ð 36 Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Blouin, Cathy crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal strate Ð 75 The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 ing Ð 300 Bolas, Mark Concept and Technology Exploration for Blount, Mike Bishop, B. Transparent Hearing Ð 220 Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 Bollen, Andrew Blunt, Gregory Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Bishop, J. L. Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- ics Ð 195 hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- ing Ð 300 Boltz, Michelle Bisognano, J. Blyn, Lawrence B. Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Sum- an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and mary Report Ð 277 Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Bissett, W. P. veillance Ð 196 Bonal, J. Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Boatz, Jerry A. Management of Multiple-Pass Con- gorithm to Derive Optical Properties straints Ð 102 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Bond, A. Bobashev, S. V. Blackerby, Jason S. System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- Accuracy of Western North Pacific Tropi- enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Bonds, Kevin M. cal Cyclone Intensity Guidance Ð 171 Flow Ð 114 Pharmacy Wait Time and Prescription Blair, Julie M. Errors at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Bobick, T. G. Medical Center Outpatient Pharmacy: A The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Effects of Posture on Back Strength and of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Study of Manpower and Customer Ser- Lifting Capacity Ð 219 vice Initiatives Ð 196 Blais, Jennifer Boboltz, David Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to Bonefacic, Davor Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- Production ADC Matching Perfor- Objects Ð 322 mance Ð 298 Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- Bock, Robert D. rays Ð 50 Blalock, Stephen P. Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Booth, Earl R., Jr. Determination of Surface Currents by cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Back Propagation of Field Measure- tures of Landmines Ð 120 NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic ments Ð 85 Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and Boddu, Veera M. Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- Blanco-Cano, X. Characterization of Lead and Cadmium struction of Facilities Modifica- Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Species in Emissions from Munitions De- tions Ð 283 Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 activation Furnace Ð 31 Borg, Stephen E. Blaskiewicz, M. Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 Optically Based Flame Detection in the Instabilities in the Spallation Neutron and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- NASA Langley 8-ft High- Temperature Source (SNS) Ð 295 ide Ð 33 Wind Tunnel Ð 110 Blecka, M. Bodt, Barry A. Boria,V.E. MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Battle Command Metric Exploration in a Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation 228 Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Stimulated Combat Environment Ð Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- sion Ð 359 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 tions Ð 251

B-6 Borja, C. Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Brindley, T. Iterative Network Models to Predict the Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Rock Around the World: Extending a Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- gel Ð 335 Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- nas and Networks Ð 252 Bradshaw, Jeffrey ence Using Infrared Research at Mars Ð 375 Bornemann, Jens Naval Automation and Information Man- Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated agement Technology Ð 4 Britt, D. T. Classification and Distribution of Pat- Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Brady, S. M. Profile Ð 88 terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- sphere of Mars Ð 389 Borowick, John J. cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Observations in Improved Geolocation cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Brown, A. Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent and Mars Ð 359 Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Brain, D. A. 123 rors Ð December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- Brown, K. A. Borum, Dawn vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam Transport Line of BNL-AGS Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Brandon, A. D. Booster Ð 272 vices Contracts Ð 199 A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 Boryta, M. Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Brandstadt, Jeff Screen for Proton Beams Ð 266 Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- chotomy Ð 405 Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the Boucher, M. Brandstaetter, F. BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Brown, K. New Constraints on Mars Denudation Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog ene Chemistry Ð 403 tensity Beams Ð 272 Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- land, High Arctic Ð 389 FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Design of a Resonant Extraction System noe Aubrite Ð 383 for the AGS Booster Ð 296 Bouras, I. Mineralogical Differences Between Brown, R. H. On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Metamorphosed and Non- Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 cesses Ð 97 Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Brandt, J. P. chotomy Ð 405 Bowser, Mark Overview of Results from the Cassini Brownlee, D. E. MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Flow Concept Ð 102 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- tions Ð 379 Boye, Carol A. edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Brantley, S. L. CM Chondrites Ð 330 Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- Fabricator Ð 298 log Environment: Clues to the Duration of Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Water on Mars? Ð 339 Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Boylan, G. L. ages Ð 324 Determining Simulation Requirements Brasier, M. D. and Identifying a Course of Action to Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? Bruemmer, D. More Efficiently Support Acquisition Steps Towards a Universal Biol- Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- ogy Ð 385 Research Technologies Ð 3 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Brennan, Linda M. Buchanan, James H. Boynton, W. V. A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Ð 31 Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- Bucher, J. R. Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- Mars: A Numerical Modeling Brennan, S. ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- Study Ð 398 cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect Integrating Global-Scale Mission niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 Datasets: Understanding the Martian sis Ð 323 Crust Ð 346 Budzko, David C. Brenner, Rafi Two Successive Martian Years on the North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Tele- Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 connections Ð 172 a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Buettner, Leonard C. Data Ð 395 Breuer, Kenneth Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Ð 31 Active Control of Turbulent Boundary Boynton, W. Bulken-Hoover, Jamie Layers for Drag and Noise Reduction in Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Naval Applications Ð 286 Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 Lorentz Force Control of Turbu- Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- lence Ð 143 ogy Ð 174 Bradley, J. P. Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- Briggs, John Bulow, R. niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Analysis of the Predictive Accuracy of the Mineralogical and Seismological Models sis Ð 323 Recruiter Assessment Battery Ð 229 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329

B-7 Bunch, T. E. Burr, R. Cahill, J. T. Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- veillance System at Navy and Marine Aitken Basin Ð 396 sis Connection Ð 335 Corps MTFs Ð 313 Cahill, James G. Bunch, T. Burrows, William E. Walter Reed Army Medical Center Direct Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- Patient Care in Support of the Global War Breccias: Implications for Shock History, counts of NASA and the Age of on Terrorism Inpatient Casualties Ð 192 Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Space Ð 414 sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Cairns, G. L. Burton, Dennis T. Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Production Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based and Sequestration of CO(sub 2) in Un- Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- Decontamination Solution (Decon mineable Coal Seams Ð 148 tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Calcutt, S. Buonassisi, T. Burton, Kenneth R., Jr MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Influence of Antarctic Oscillation on In- Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 traseasonal Variability of Large-Scale sion Ð 359 Circulations Over the Western North Pa- Buratti, B. J. Calero, Eva K. cific Ð 280 Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Busch, D. H. High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood chotomy Ð 405 Managing Tight Binding Receptors for Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Burchell, M. J. New Separations Technologies Ð 30 ogy Ð 174 Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Bush, Timothy M. Callahan, P. Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- phy Ð 373 dust Ð 411 ter Ð 95 Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Callan, C. Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Bushnell, Dennis M. Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Cameron, David G. Applications Ð 142 Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Burdian, Stephen V. Bustamante, L. in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Collaborative Applications Used in a SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Butland, R. J. Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 rhage Ð 202 Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with Burgeson, Christine D. Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 Campbell, Ricardo America, Japan, and Europe: Which Ar- Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- eas Have the Edge in Customer Satis- nas Ð 46 faction and Why Ð 134 tures of Landmines Ð 120 Butterworth, A. L. Burghard, Ray Campbell, S. A. Genesis: Removing Contamination from In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Effects of Process Parameters on Par- Sample Collectors Ð 319 Poly Furnace Ð 135 ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Burkhardt, C. 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Buxton, W. Campoli, Michael R. Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 CTL-Tumor Cell Interaction: The Genera- drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende tion of Molecular Probes of Monitoring (CV) Ð 357 Bylsma, Wesley the HLA-A*0201-HER-2/neu Peptide Creation of Virtual Reality Modeling Lan- Complex Ð 182 Burnett, D. S. guage (VRML) Appearance Data From Genesis: Removing Contamination from Geoclr Data Ð 230 Canfield, D. Sample Collectors Ð 319 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Byrd, Edward F. Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Norephedrines Ð 29 An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Burnett, David C. HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Cano, Roberto J. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Failures of DFT Ð 24 VARTM Model Development and Verifi- on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels cation Ð 224 Cabrol, N. in Rats Ð 35 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Capitanio, Dennis Burns, Mark Results Ð 351 Advantages to Point of Use Filtration of Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- Photoresists in Reducing Contamination ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- Caffall, Dale S. on the Wafer Surface Ð 98 mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 Developing Dependable Software for a System-of-Systems Ð 232 Capitelli, Mario Burnside, W. D. A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main Caffee, M. W. Thruster Ð 14 Beam Ð 82 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Caple, R. Burr, D. M. Caglayan, Alper Performance and Productivity Improve- Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Mars Ð 327 ery Ð 141 tions Ð 100

B-8 Caravaggio, M. Carroll, Bonnie Cecala, A. B. Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Electronic Collection Management and Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Electronic Information Services Ð 314 for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 turing Ð 97 Carson, Daniel D. Cerman, Guray Carbone, Thomas A. Mucin (MUC1) Expression and Function An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition in Prostate Cancer Cells Ð 179 Family Status on Retention, Promotion, for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- Flow Ð 298 Carter, Campbell D. rine Corps Officers Ð 312 Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Cestaro, Ronald Carignan, G. Scramjets Ð 291 Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Carter, Robert H. and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- periment: First Results Ð 400 Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 tery Materials Ð 42 Chaabane, Adnen Carin, L. Propagation Modeling of Wireless Sys- Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above Casey, Sean tems in Shipboard Compart- or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 ments Ð 232 Carlson, Donald Chabalowski, Cary F. Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Cassarino, Craig Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Facilities Ð 113 ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- former Technologies Ð 143 Failures of DFT Ð 24 Carlson, R. W. Chadwick, P. E. Casscells, S. W. Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group Services Project (DREAMS TM): sci- of Meteorites Ð 331 ence, Triage and Treatment Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- (STAT) Ð 187 nas Ð 46 Carlsson, E. Cassels, F. J. Chair, Ricky Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Chan, C. H. for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Carlsten, B. Kong Ð 90 Towards Advanced Electron Beam Cassiani, N. Brightness Enhancement and Condition- Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- ing Ð 276 on Mars Ð 400 tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Carman, D. W. Cassidy, T. A. Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Caron, Roger Surfaces Ð 370 Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Improving Management of Pediatric Pa- lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 tients with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactiv- Castano, B. Chan, Cy P. ity Disorder at Naval Medical Center Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Portsmouth Ð 175 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- FPGA Systems Ð 257 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Carpenter, M. Chan, David A. Development of New Methodology and Castillo, Steven Process Control and Monitoring with La- Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- Improvement Ð 299 Element Scattering Calculations in tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- narization Ð 99 Carpio, Ronald ers Ð 77 The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- Chan, K. K. tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- Cathcart, J. M. A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array ing with an Automated Contact Angle Analysis of Soil and Environmental Pro- for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 System Ð 297 cesses on Hyperspectral Infrared Signa- Chandrachood, Madhavi tures of Landmines Ð 120 Carr, G. L. Development of a Production Worthy Investigation of Coherent Emission from Catlett, D. Copper CMP Process Ð 96 the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Chandrasekaran, B. Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Representational and Inferential Re- Carr, M. Development of a New Technol- quirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation ogy Ð 227 in the Entity Re-Identification Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Task Ð 223 Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Catmull, Kelvin B. Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Chandrashekar, Karthikeyan Carra, John H. Measurements for Diffusion Process Domain Formation and Maintenance in Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Caton, Randall H. Chang, Chao-Fan Carrano, C. J. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- A Layer-based Layout Approach for Progress in Horizontal and Slant-Path 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- Imaging Using Specking Imaging Ð 319 Program Ð 304 ties Ð 99

B-9 Chang, S. S. Chen, David J. Cheung, Chun-Tung Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion The Functions of BRCA2 in Homologous A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Recombinational Repair Ð 212 Wireless Applications Ð 81 Chang, Shao-Kung Chen, Hsing-Yi Cheville, Andrea L. A Layer-based Layout Approach for Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Assessment of Lymphedema Risk Fol- Semiconductor Fabrication Facili- through Concrete Walls Using Effective lowing Lymph Node Dissection and Ra- ties Ð 99 Material Property Technique and FDTD diation Therapy for Primary Breast Can- Chang, X. Method Ð 91 cer Ð 212 Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a Chen, Junghuei Chew, W. C. Magnetization and Space Charge Domi- The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- nated Beam Ð 270 Biological Information in a Memory Com- pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 Design Considerations for Low Field Conducting Bodies Ð 225 Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun Chen, Liang with High Charge Electron Bunch Ð 271 Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Development of a Production Worthy tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- Chang, Y. Copper CMP Process Ð 96 tions Ð 244 A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63 Chen, M. Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Chapin, William L. Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Elec- ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 Concept and Technology Exploration for troweak Precision Constraints Ð 302 Transparent Hearing Ð 220 Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole Chen, Nan G. Approximation Ð 245 Chapline, G. Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imag- Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum ing Ð 187 Critical Surface Ð 294 Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- Chen, Qiang allel MLFMA Ð 225 Chatterjee, A. Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole nas for pager Ð 80 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Field Integral Equation Pertinent to Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of Chen, R. S. Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Chavez, Jose L. Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Chew, Weng Cho Analysis of Patient Cycle Times at the Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on Urgent Care Clinic at Moncrief Army Chen, Shu G. Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- strates Ð 57 Community Hospital Ð 192 Characterization of Antibody Specific for Checkai, Ronald T. Disease Associated Prion Protein Ð 205 Chi, J. Innovative Methods for Investigating the Chen, Wen-Shyang Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Inset-Microstrip-Fed Circularly Polarized crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Soil Ð 140 Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 strate Ð 75 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Small Circularly Polarized Microstrip An- Chia, Y. W. M. Decontamination Solution (Decon tennas Ð 59 Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 Cheek, Gary Chen, Xiaoyuan A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis Development of Quantum Dot Probes for Chien, S. Tools Ð 298 Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Breast Cancer Angiogenesis Ð 180 Cheek, R. tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Cheng, Jui-Ching Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Chikamura, Akihisa for Optimization of Electromagnetic Cheeseman, B. A. Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot Structures Ð 74 Development of an Advanced Composite Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Material Model Suitable for Blast and Cheng, Shu F. Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- tem Ð 308 Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Chehroudi, B. with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Chinn, Jeff Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- Cherkaschina, O. S. Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD lets and Jets Ð 114 Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains SEM Ð 98 Chen, Alec and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Chio, Tanhuat A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Chernikov, V. A. Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- rays Ð 75 Signal IC Ð 101 Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 Chen, Chun Wah Chirgwin, John M. Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Chesnokov, Y. A. Tumor-Secreted Autocrine Motility Factor Natural Environments Ð 316 Optimization of the Parameters in the (AMF): Casual Role in a Animal Model of RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- Cachexia Ð 210 Chen, Claire tion Ð 296 Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Chitturi, Prasanna of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- Cheung, B. Sampling Methodology for SEM-based veloped by the DARWARS Environ- A Tracker Assessment Tool for Compar- Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and ments Ð 224 ing Tracker Performance Ð 231 Benefit Analysis Ð 133

B-10 Chiusano, G. Cichy, B. Cohn, R. K. Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- lets and Jets Ð 114 Process Ð 95 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Colangeli, L. Cho, E. H. Ciesla, Fred J. MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- bing Ð 149 Chondrule Formation: More Detailed sion Ð 359 Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the Choi, Jihoon Cole, G. P. Planetesimal Ð 343 Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- Electrical Fault Detection on Downed DC mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- Ciovati, G. Trolley Lines Ð 102 tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Hiqh Q at Low and Medium Field Ð 277 Cole, M. J. Chokai, J. Ciplickas, Dennis J. Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- the Crystallization of Los Angeles and dust Ð 411 Ciric, I. R. Dhofar 378 Ð 376 Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix Chornay, D. J. Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Transformations for the Solution of Inte- Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- 244 gral Equations Ð Come from Stardust? Ð 369 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Colegrove, S. B. Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- Surfaces Ð 370 cuits Ð 86 A Tracker Assessment Tool for Compar- ing Tracker Performance Ð 231 Chou, Hsi-Tseng On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix Colella, P. Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Transform Approach for the Solution of through Concrete Walls Using Effective Integral Equations Ð 245 Second-Order Method for Interface Re- Material Property Technique and FDTD construction in Orthogonal Coordinate Method Ð 91 Cirincione, G. H. Systems Ð 221 Identity-Based Random Key Predistribu- Coleman, E. J. Chow, Y. L. tion for Army MANETs Ð 238 Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Clark, B. Coleman, K. 398 HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Christensen, P. R. Clark, Susan J. Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Rock Around the World: Extending a Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Can- April1-June30,2003 Ð 36 Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- cer Ð 182 Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical ence Using Infrared Research at Clarke, Jerry Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Mars Ð 375 35 A Generalized Method for the Computa- April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Ð Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July Christesen, Steven D. Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Ð 36 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of Clarkson, Kathleen Coleman, Norman Biological Material Ð 287 Feasibility Assessment for the Use of Auction Algorithm for Weapons/Targets Christie, Karl O. Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Pairing Application Ð 256 174 Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, man Application Ð Collier, M. R. Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Cleary, Kevin R. Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Christoffersen, R. Periscopic Spine Surgery Ð 213 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Cleaveland, Rance Surfaces Ð 370 Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary Integrated Environment for Control Soft- Dust Ð 320 ware Engineering Ð 235 Collins, Emmanuel G., Jr. Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Chu, Tah-Hsiung Clifford, S. Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping sors Ð 254 Method Ð 60 Some Structural Elements of the Largest Colonna, G. Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Chugh, Raj A Model For Ammonia Solar Thermal Desert Ð 152 A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Thruster Ð 14 rain Antenna System Ð 93 Cloutis, E. Colosi, John A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 Acoustic Propagation EXperiment Chun, Peggy Coburn, William (LOAPEX) Ð 284 Doing Systems Engineering Without Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- Conkling, C. R. Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight surements Ð 124 V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Mod- Research Center Ð 6 ule Ð 266 Cogollos, S. Chung, Leland W. Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation Conroy, P. J. Accelerated Tumor Cell Death by Angio- Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear genic Modifiers Ð 202 tions Ð 251 and Erosion Ð 34

B-11 Cooper, Brett Coughlin, Joseph D. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- Forecasting the Onset and Intensity of on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels nas and Scattering Ð 54 Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves in Rats Ð 35 Over the Alps Ð 171 Cooray, F. R. Crumpler, L. Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- Cournoyer, M. E. Results of Rover Localization and Topo- nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- in the Design of a New Nuclear Research ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Corgne, A. Facility Ð 144 Cryan, M. Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulﬁdes in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Cowles, Timothy J. Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical ments: Geochemical Consequences of Cetacean Distributions Relative to Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- FDTD Method Ð 82 nia Current System Ð 284 Corlett, J. Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Cox, J. Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- 265 Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Cooling RF Cavities Ð FDTD Method Ð 44 RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector 207 Cullen, J. R. Cooling Experiment Ð 268 for DNA Vaccines Ð Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam Cornelius, K. M. Coy,E.B. Transport Line of BNL-AGS Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- Booster Ð 272 lets and Jets Ð 114 Analysis Ð 218 Cullen, J. Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Coyne, James C. Design of a Resonant Extraction System Identify Cumulative Trauma Expo- Hot Flashes Among Prostate Cancer Pa- for the AGS Booster Ð 296 tients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation sure Ð 218 Cumley, G. C. Therapy: Psychosocial and Quality of Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- Life Issues Ð 216 Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics bar Spine Loading Ð 218 of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- Craddock, R. A. mand Link Ð 128 Cornish, Graham P. A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Cummins, T. K. Economics of Electronic Information Pro- sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retroﬁtted vision Ð 124 works Ð 336 with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Cornuelle, Bruce D. A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Loads Ð 43 ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- Cunningham, Calum joint Models: Testing and Applica- bia? Ð 358 tions Ð 254 A80 A New Perspective on Predictable Crawford, I. A. Factory Performance Ð 306 Cornwall, M. LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Curtis, Michael Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 331 Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Corpoin, J. LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 trol Ð 17 in the Design of a New Nuclear Research Cremers, D. A. Cutts, J. A. Facility Ð 144 LIBS-based Detection of Geological Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Correia, Joaquin S. Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 Agent-Based Target Detection in torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Dake, Marcia A. 3-Dimensional Environments Ð 229 tion Ð 355 The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- Cosentino, Bridgette Crittenden, Paul tiple Perspectives Ð 318 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Stationary Solutions for the Rough Sur- Damavarapu, Reddy Flow Concept Ð 102 face Radar Backscatter Cross Sections Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 Based on a Two Scale Full Wave Ap- and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- Costantino, Joseph P. proach Ð 61 ide Ð 33 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- graphic Density Ð 182 Crockett, Donald E. Danby, G. Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Precision Magnetic Elements for the Cosway, Richard G. tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Radar Systems Ð 304 Dandouras, J. Measurements for Diffusion Process Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Croghan, Thomas Overview of Results from the Cassini Determinants of Dispensing Location in Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Cotter, Gladys the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Electronic Collection Management and gram Ð 178 tions Ð 379 Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Croisant, W. J. Das Gupta, Tapas K. 1 ALPHA-Hydroxyvitamin D5 as a Che- Cottone, Larry An Experimental Investigation of the motherapeutic and Possibly Chemopre- Characterization of Lead and Cadmium Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- ventive Agent Ð 189 Species in Emissions from Munitions De- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration activation Furnace Ð 31 Current Pulses Ð 107 Daum, Frederick E. Adaptive Arrays and Tracking Ð 280 Couch, Ronald N. Crouse, Charles L. Development of a Swashplateless Rotor Innovative Methods for Investigating the Davcy, S. J. Using Magnetic Shape Memory Al- Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in A Tracker Assessment Tool for Compar- loys Ð 39 Soil Ð 140 ing Tracker Performance Ð 231

B-12 Davey, Samuel DeJoseph Jr, C. A. deosReyes, E. Simultaneous Localisation and Map Ionization Rates and Charge Production Prediction of Radiated Perturbations Building Using the Probabilistic Multi- in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- Hypothesis Tracker Ð 255 ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 Dejus, R. J. Davies, A. G. LCLS Prototype Undulator Re- DePinto, Gary Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- port Ð 127 Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Delaney, J. S. Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- DeRoo, Roger D. Davis, A. M. tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Observations of MMW Backscatter from Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 Evaporation Residues Measured by La- Vapor Plume Ð 153 Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 Delfyett, Peter J., Jr GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 Davis, D. W. Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency Derugin, Nikita Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: lets and Jets Ð 114 Modelocked Semiconductor Diode La- Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Davis, J. L. ser Ð 127 ics Ð 195 Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted delRio, Carlos Desai, Anjali with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Loads Ð 43 Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Davis, Joseph A., Sr Techniques Ð 88 veillance Ð 196 An Analysis of Network and Sensor Per- delRio, J. E. Fernandez DeShazer, David formance Within IEEE 802.X Wireless SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional MESH Networks in the Tactical Network Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 Regulatory System Involved in the Topology (TNT) Ð 69 Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Demaree, J. D. lei Ð 177 Davis, Larry S. The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- and Erosion Ð 34 DesMarais, D. J. cation Algorithm Ð 254 Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Demetriou, Demetrakis graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Davis, Sarah Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 mission Coefficients for Different Inho- deSouza, P. A. Implementation of the Federal Informa- mogeneous Walls Ð 252 tion Security Management Act for Infor- MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- mation Technology Training and Aware- Demick, J. bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of ness Ð 239 Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Davis, Stephen F. periment: First Results Ð 400 Starting Errors in Numerical Approxima- Desportes, C. tions to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas Demidova, S. I. Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Model Ð 256 Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar New Constraints on Mars Denudation Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Davis, Victoria A. ene Chemistry Ð 403 Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 land, High Arctic Ð 389 Demmin, Gretchen L. Dawson, S. deViron, O. Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Littlest Higgs Model and One-Loop Elec- VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar troweak Precision Constraints Ð 302 Motion Ð 363 Demura, H. de Jager, K. Devoivre, T. Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Fac- On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 tors Ð 303 Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) cesses Ð 97 De Jong, Marla J. Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- DeVore, Ronald A. The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- sion Ð 366 tiple Perspectives Ð 318 Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- Deng, Hai age Processing Ð 140 Deaton, Russell Efficient Representation of Electromag- Dewan, Jay P. The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- netic Integral Equations Using Pre- How Will the Indian Military’s Upgrade Biological Information in a Memory Com- defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 and Modernization of Its ISR, Precision Denk, T. Strike, and Missile Defense Affect the Decking, W. Stability in South Asia? Ð 7 A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Dey, Supriyo Advanced Light Source Ð 293 The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Challenges in PCS Antenna De- DeGrange, Walter C. Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- sign Ð 51 Optimizing Global Combat Logistics petus in Comparison: First Results from Modeling of Periodic Structures Using Force Support for Sea Base Opera- Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging the Finite Difference Time Domain tions Ð 71 Data Ð 406 (FDTD) Ð 78 Dehant, V. Dente, G. Di Crescenzo, Giovanni Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of Secure Service Provision for Reliable Motion Ð 363 Superlattices Ð 107 Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237

B-13 Di, K. Do-Nhat, Tam Duan, Yuhua Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Modes in Metallic Waveguides of Elliptic An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Sector Ð 76 Conserved Residue Information to Study ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Doose, L. R. Dichter, Bronislaw K. DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Duarte, Valdete Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray ticipated Ð 382 Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Telescopes Ð 261 Application of DETER Project Ð 140 DOS Santos Coelho, Jose Diehl, Diane S. Underwater Acoustic Networks: Evalua- Dubick, Michael A. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiation tion of the Impact of Media Access Con- Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Therapy Services at Tripler Army Medical trol on Latency, in a Delay Constrained in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Center Ð 177 Network Ð 262 Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in DiLorenzo, S. D’Ottavio, T. Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- rhage Ð 202 ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from ogy Ð 302 the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Duffy, Stephen F. reo Camera Ð 366 Dougherty, A. J. Size Effects in Ceramic Materials: Com- Ding, Kung-Hau Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- putational Issues Associated with Param- Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- eter Estimations Ð 260 Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 tion in Foliage Ð 289 Dupuis, Ronald N., Jr. Dixon, Margaret L. Dougherty, M. K. Enhancing Fab Performance Under A Feasibility Study on the Implementa- Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Team Council Methodology Ð 307 Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 tion of Teleophthalmology in the Medical Durda, Daniel D. Treatment Facilities in the Great Plains Doute, S. Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Regional Medical Command Ð 178 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of ated by the Chicxulub Impact Dixon, Robert the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Event Ð 379 A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Durlach, Nathaniel for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- tions Ð 384 Concept and Technology Exploration for Signal IC Ð 101 Observations of the North Permanent Transparent Hearing Ð 220 Dixon, William V. Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Durst, Bart FUSE Observations of QSOs behind OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Base Camp Protection and Survivability 388 Galaxy Clusters and of Galactic O VI tions Ð Demonstration Program Ð 220 Emission Ð 322 Dovichi, Norman J. Dusa, Mircea Djordjevic, Miroslav The Single Cell Proteome Project - Cell- Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Cycle Dependent Protein Expression in SEM Ð 98 Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- Breast Cancer Cell Lines Ð 207 Dussopt, L. nas Ð 104 Dowell, D. Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating Doctor, Bhupendra P. Towards Advanced Electron Beam Circular Polarization Ð 59 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Brightness Enhancement and Condition- say for Organophosphate Exposure ing Ð 276 DUston, C. -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Dowling, Norman E. Civilians in the Field and Labora- on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- tory Ð 200 VARTM Model Development and Verifi- Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 cation Ð 224 Doggett, T. duToit, C. F. Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Drake, M. J. Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 bearing Aubrite Ð 396 DuToit, C. F. Doherty, Tammy J. Draper, D. S. Variable radiation pattern of helix anten- Estimation of Warfighter Resting Meta- The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink nas Ð 46 bolic Rate Ð 191 for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks and Mobile Elements: Implications of Duvak, Daniel Dohm, J. M. Early MER Results Ð 399 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Drigani, F. plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Duxbury, T. C. Domanik, K. J. from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Derived from Stardust Stereoim- NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Year Ð 376 ages Ð 324 bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Domingo, M. Drury, O. Dwinell, R. D. A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic Commissioning of the Superconducting Local Fading Statistics from Ray- High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 Tracing Ð 76 out Ð 288 GHz Ð 292 An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Du, Yang Dyar, M. D. closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Observations of MMW Backscatter from Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Algorithm Ð 89 Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387

B-14 Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major Elachi, C. Emmerman, Philip J. Element Composition on Near, Mid and Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Focused Knowledge for the Battle- Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- field Ð 242 DAR Ð 385 Dypvik, H. Engelhard, Curt Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Statistical Methods for Measurement Re- Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 phy Ð 373 duction in Semiconductor Manufactur- Dziadek, Ed Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and ing Ð 258 Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Epps, John S. Communication Ð 78 Radar Data Ð 386 Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Easter, BIll El-Diwani, Esam A. vices Contracts Ð 199 Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Ershov, A. P. rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- anced Joint Development Projects and Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 Contracted Independent Research Pro- Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel viders Ð 308 El-Hefnawi, Fatma M. With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Ebert, Kenneth A. Esquivel, P. Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Devel- rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 A Study In The Continuous Improvement opment, Training, and Fielding of Man- Process: Implementation of an Opti- Portable UGVs Ð 241 El-Khamy, Said E. mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- Ebine, Yoshio Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 Dual Frequency Resonant Base Station (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 Esselle, Karu P. Antennas for PDC Systems in Ja- FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip pan Ð 61 Elliott, Richard Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- Echigo, H. Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- larity at the Edges Ð 62 tiple Manufacturing Environ- Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Esteban, H. acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- ments Ð 258 Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation tem Ð 50 El-Masry, Nadia A. Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- Ecker, David J. Room Temperature Devices of Dilute tions Ð 251 Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Magnetic Semiconductors Ð 282 Evans, Arthur W., III Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Elmers, H. J. veillance Ð 196 A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Eddlemon, Eric E. ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- trol Ð 17 Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface restrial Materials) Ð 412 Evans, N. E. Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Elphic, R. C. Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Eddy, J. of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- Red Spots Ð 345 An Improved Instrument for Investigating mand Link Ð 128 Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 El-Raouf, Hany E. Evans, Ronald A. A Modified 3D Fourth Order FDTD Algo- Edelstein, A. S. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure rithm M3d(24) for Improving Phase Accu- Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels racy with Low Resolution Ð 244 with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 in Rats Ð 35 El-Rouby, Alaa E. Edwards, Lucy E. Everett, H. R. Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 El-Rouby, Alaa Robots Ð 317 Modeling The Backscattering Response Edwards, T. B. Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 Research Technologies Ð 3 cies Ð 53 Efroimsky, Michael Failla, David P. Long-Term Evolution of Orbits about a Elshabini, Aicha Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for SMARR (Safety and Mission Assurance Precessing Oblate Planet: 1. The Case Readiness Review) Ð 17 of Uniform Precession Ð 322 High Power Density and Low Vol- ume Ð 105 Egorob, O. B. Fairbank, John A. El-Shenawee, M. Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy Relationships of Stress Exposures to Crops Ð 148 The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Health in Gulf War Veterans Ð 185 Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Ehlmann, B. Field Integral Equation Pertinent to Faiz, M. M. Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- Results Ð 351 tenna Ð 56 Emerson, Lyndal R. Ekbia, Hamid R. The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Fan, Ming-Yan Sustaining the Army Training Mission by cient in PDR ABC Transporters to A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- Re-Thinking Decision Support Systems: Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial tenna Ð 48 Shifting from Decision-Making Individu- Drugs Ð 198 als to Sense-Making Agents Ð 242 Fan, Yong-Hui Emery, J. P. Effective Defect Detection and Classifi- Ekechukum, A. A. Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for cation Methodology Based on Integrated Bioelectricalchemical Process Develom- Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Laser Scanning Inspection and Auto- ent Ð 29 Mars Ð 327 matic Defect Classification Ð 135

B-15 Fang, Shu-Cherng Feickert, Carl A. Finlayson, E. Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- Terrain and its Implications for Terrain of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- proved Operation of a Downdraft Modeling by L1 Splines Ð 256 tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Table Ð 145 Walls Ð 137 Faragher, Gregory P. Fiolitakis, A. Observations in Improved Geolocation Feldman, Moshe Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Micrometeorites from Polar Ice 385 and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Caps Ð rors Ð 123 trol Ð 17 Fiorani, G. Feldman, W. C. Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Farrand, W. Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Red Spots Ð 345 Results Ð 351 Firneis, M. G. Felter, T. Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot Photometric Observations of Soils and Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- soscale Radiography Ð 273 cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Landing Sites Ð 329 Push Ð 162 Fenstemacher, T. Farrell, J. P. Fischer, Greg Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Simulation, Generation, and Character- Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 ization of High Brightness Electron turing Ð 97 Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 Fischer, Verlyn Ferguson, Dave Farrington, N. Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to Robust Path Planning With Imperfect Production ADC Matching Perfor- 243 Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Maps Ð mance Ð 298 Research Technologies Ð 3 Fermen-Coker, Muege Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- Fasanella, Edwin L. Numerical Simulation of Adiabatic Shear ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Due to Frag- mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 ment Impact Ð 39 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- Fischer, W. sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Fernandez, M. Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- Panel Ð 136 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- tion and the UAL Software Environment Fassett, Caleb I. straints Ð 102 to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Fernow, R. C. RHIC Injection System Ð 293 Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- ICOOL: A Simulation Code for Ionization RHIC Performance and Future eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Cooling of Muon Beams Ð 267 Plans Ð 274 cent Climate Change Ð 356 Ferriere, L. Fisher, Paul Fastook, J. L. 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Daily Clean Ð 305 Canada Ð 152 Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Fisher, S. E. posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley Ferron, J. R. An Integrated Online Environment for Fill Ð 343 Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction Antenna Education Ð 217 and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and Feaster, Shawn R. Fitzpatrick, Sean Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Position in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis say for Organophosphate Exposure Tools Ð 298 -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Fessler, Brian Flamini, E. Civilians in the Field and Labora- Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering tory Ð 200 Using High Resolution Clementine on Titan with Implications for the Age of Data Ð 378 Fedotov, A. V. Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Numerical Research of Capabilities of Few, D. Fleischer, I. Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Research Technologies Ð 3 bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Protection Ð 2 Fewkes, J. Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Fegley, B., Jr. Development of New Methodology and Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Flessner, Kyle Venus Ð 326 Improvement Ð 299 A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Fey, Alan L. Fei, Y. vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Signal IC Ð 101 Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides Objects Ð 322 in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Floettmann, K. ments: Geochemical Consequences of Filiberto, J. Towards Advanced Electron Beam Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Brightness Enhancement and Condition- Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 ing Ð 276 Feickert, C. A. An Experimental Investigation of the Findley, Allen L. Flynn, Matthew Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- Quantifying Impact of WIP Delivery on Feasibility Assessment for the Use of romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration Operator Schedule in Semiconductor Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Current Pulses Ð 107 Manufacturing Line Ð 100 man Application Ð 174

B-16 Fogel, A. Foroughipour, Mahmoudreza Freund, F. BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring FDTD Analysis of an Inclined Microstrip Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- Patch Antenna, Considering Field Singu- Moon, Contributions from Impact In- els, and Team Processes in Breathing larity at the Edges Ð 62 duced Currents Due to Positive Holes Apparatus Rescues Ð 66 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Forray, F. L. namo Ð 374 Foglia, Ginamarie Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 Frey, B. A. High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Forsythe, Keith W. Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- ogy Ð 174 Information Theoretic Comparison of trices Ð 141 MIMO Wireless Communication Receiv- Foing, B. ers in the Presence of Interference Ð 3 Frey, R. Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Fortes, A. D. Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at ments Ð 277 Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Fridgeirsdottir, Kristin Foit, F. F. DAR Ð 385 Statistical Methodology for Yield En- hancement via Baseline Reduc- Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Fortson, N. Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from tion Ð 252 Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Friedl, Karl E. Texas Ð 152 Foster, Bryce Technologies for Metabolic Monitoring Foley, Daniel J. Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in Military Section Editorials in Diabetes 300 186 Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface a Semiconductor Facility Ð Technologies and Therapeutics Ð Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Fouts, T. Friedrich, S. Folkard, M. Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector 207 out Ð 288 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. for DNA Vaccines Ð Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of France, Martin E. Frost, D. Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 Mahan’s Elements of Sea Power Applied New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Folkman, Judah to the Development of Space Temperatures Ð 156 Prevention of the Angioenic Switch in Power Ð 13 Human Breast Cancer Ð 198 Franceschetti, Giorgio Fryxell, G. E. Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of Folsom, B. A. A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Surfaces Ð 244 Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- Second Generation Advanced Reburning ics Ð 41 for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- trol Ð 148 mation in Electromagnetic Scattering Fueten, F. from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Fontijn, A. son Ð 245 neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and tained by the High Resolution Stereo Combustion Diagnostics for New, Franco, Jennie Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Fujii, M. lants Ð 34 Daily Clean Ð 305 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Ford, P. G. Frederick, Al on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- New Results from the Magellan Bistatic New Business Models for Standard and Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Radar Experiment Ð 65 Fujimoto, Jyohei dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Forest, M. Market Ð 318 A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for Handsets Ð 80 A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Freed, Nikki for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 Fujimoto, Kyobei Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna Forget, F. Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- veillance Ð 196 tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Fujimura, Akio Freese, Herbert from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous voirs Ð 392 Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- Lava Flow Ð 359 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Array Ð 288 the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Fujioka, Hiromu Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Frei, S. Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Martian Valley Networks and Associated Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and tions Ð 384 Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- Express High Resolution Stereo Camera tem Ð 308 Forhan, T. (HRSC) Ð 117 Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Fujisaki, K. Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- Freiburger, L. Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- lence Ð 301 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Afghanistan Ð 240 tem Ð 50 Forman, L. Distinguishing Spontaneous Fission Freitag, Lee Fulton, Joe Neutrons from Cosmic-ray Back- Spatial Modulation in the Underwater MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual ground Ð 275 Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Flow Concept Ð 102

B-17 Furey, Heather H. Ganguly, J. Gasselt, S. v. RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Hole Oceanographic Institution Ð 281 Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Furse, Cynthia Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Year Ð 376 Hands-on Electromagnetics: Microstrip tem Events Ð 334 Circuit and Antenna Design Laboratories Gassner, D. M. at USU Ð 47 Ganti, T. Crystalline Chromium Doped Aluminum Annual Change of Martian DDS- Making a World of Difference Recruit- Oxide (Ruby) Use as a Luminescent Seepages Ð 355 ment of Undergraduate Students at Screen for Proton Beams Ð 266 USU Ð 304 Gao, Lixin Gates, D. A. Furuuchi, Hiroki Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction and Defense Ð 237 A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for and Isoﬂux Control of Plasma Shape and Handsets Ð 80 Garber, Judy E. Position in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 A Randomized Study of the Effects of Furuya, M. Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Gaume, Ralph A. Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Risk Women After Prophylactic Objects Ð 322 Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Oophorectomy Ð 209 Gautier, F. Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Garcia, Gregory E. sion Ð 366 Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Gaddis, L. say for Organophosphate Exposure tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Results Ð 351 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Gavrilenko, V. G. tory Ð 200 Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Gadgil, A. netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the Garcia, J. Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized proved Operation of a Downdraft A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method Plasma Ð 81 Table Ð 145 for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Gaffey, M. J. Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Garcia, R. Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations Layer of Magnetized Turbulent of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling Plasma Ð 74 Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 on Venus Ð 395 Gavrin, A. J. Hansa Ð 353 Gardner, Barbara M. Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Gagnepain-Beyneix, J. Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 Mitigation Ð 42 Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Gardner, K. Gay, Barry Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Information Technology Management: Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the of Inertia Ð 157 Management of Information Technology BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Gaillard, M. K. Gardner, T. G. Ge, Renwei Phenomenology and Cosmology of Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Weak Coupled String Theory Ð 269 Secure Service Provision for Reliable for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Server Pooling in MANET Ð 237 Galescu, Lucian Garino, M. Sereno Gebert, Mark Naval Automation and Information Man- Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- Feasibility Assessment for the Use of agement Technology Ð 4 245 tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Gallagher, Paul Garrett, P. E. man Application Ð 174 Strategic Communications for the War on Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in Gelak, M. R. Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern (175)Lu Ð 269 Anti-American Bias Ð 70 MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Garscadden, A. Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Gallagher, S. Ionization Rates and Charge Production ity Ð 143 Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 Geller, J. M. Analysis Ð 218 Garvey, D. M. RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Operation Ð 265 Postures Ð 219 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 Gellman, Gregg W. Effects of Posture on Back Strength and Gaska, R. Using Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Lifting Capacity Ð 219 WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development to Supplement Traditional Teaching Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Methods: A Pilot Program for Medical bar Spine Loading Ð 218 Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Training of Non-Medical Person- nel Ð 175 Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Gaskin, Thomas Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- Department of the Navy Suicide Incident Gendrin, A. ing Foam Ð 218 Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- 2002 Findings Ð 191 Galley, L. tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Gasnault, O. Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151

B-18 Geng, N. Gillis, J. J. Glickman, Randolph D. Fast Multipole Method for Targets Above Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- Laser Bioeffects Resulting from Non- or Buried in Lossy Soil Ð 92 Aitken Basin Ð 396 Linear Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses with Biological Systems Ð 216 Gentleman-Ingersoll, Janet The Composition and Origin of the Rewards, Structure and Alignment Affect Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 Gohn, S. Goal Attainment Ð 305 The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Results from a Scientiﬁc Test Hole in the Geolingo, Harld J. Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Gillman, Amelie r. Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Graduate Management Project: Optimiz- A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass ing Cardiology and Radiology Services at Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision Golden, D. C. Evans Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Georg, AGunda I. Ginsberg, M. D. Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels bonates Ð 165 Secure Water Supply Ð 126 and Tubulin Labeling Ð 186 Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Giraud, Roger S. Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Georgakopoulos, Stavros V. Pharmaceutical Logistics at the 121st talline Siderite Ð 389 Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity- General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Ð 315 Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and Goldman, Geoffrey H. Measurements Ð 48 Gisler, G. Physics-Based High Performance Com- puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Gerdes, D. Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- Broadband Applications in Computa- Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- gets Ð 412 tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 ments Ð 277 Goldsmith, Charles L. Gerhart, G. Gittings, M. Robust, Reliable, Radio Frequency (RF) Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- Microelectromechanical Systems Afghanistan Ð 240 etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- gets Ð 412 (MEMS) Capacitive Switches Ð 104 Gersonde, Rainer Goldsmith, R. Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits Givens, R. S. of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Managing Tight Binding Receptors for Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition New Separations Technologies Ð 30 (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 Glaesemann, K. R. Golombek, M. Gervais, John Final Report Summary of LDRD 02-LW- Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Enhancing Fab Performance Under 022 ‘Quantum Vibrations in Molecules: A graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Team Council Methodology Ð 307 New Frontier in Computational Chemis- ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 try’ Ð 28 Gesztesi, A. Gondet, B. Annual Change of Martian DDS- Glamoclija, M. Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- Seepages Ð 355 Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Gianfelice, E. of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Sum- Glaspy, John A. High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of mary Report Ð 277 The UCLA-Community Breast Cancer the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Giarola, Attilio Jose Collaborative Clinical Translational Re- search Program Ð 188 with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Characterization of an Optically- tions Ð 384 Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- Glass, B. J. Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 Maﬁc Polyhydrated Sulfates and Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Gidopoulos, N. I. New Constraints on Mars Denudation Observations of the North Permanent Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer De- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by scription Explains Neutron Compton Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Scattering Anomaly Ð 273 land, High Arctic Ð 389 tions Ð 388 Giegandt, Anke Glass, B. P. Gondet, Brigitte Better Dispatch Application- A Success Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Story Ð 96 tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Giguere, T. A. Vapor Plume Ð 153 Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Glass, Peter Gong, Z. Gilewitch, Daniel A. In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Characterizing Extreme Environments Poly Furnace Ð 135 Natural Environments Ð 316 for Army Testing Ð 45 Glenn, J. W. Gonser, Kristina Gilhooly, Jim AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of Control Methods for the Chemical- tensity Beams Ð 272 Biological Material Ð 287 Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Trench Isolation Ð 132 Design of a Resonant Extraction System Gonyer, R. G. for the AGS Booster Ð 296 Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Gillespie, Jaysen Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Mitigation Ð 42 New Business Models for Standard and Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Gonzalez, Avelino J. BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Market Ð 318 RHIC Injection System Ð 293 Environments Ð 10

B-19 Gonzalez, Richard Grant, Don Gregg, T. K. P. Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Measurements for Diffusion Process cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Management Ð 259 Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth and Mars Ð 359 Gonzalo, Ramon Grant, J. Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Griesbach, Jacob D. Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 Techniques Ð 88 ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Griffin, Joseph Grant, P. G. Goodman, J. Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Gordon, A. Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- gel Ð 335 ware Ð 257 Development of New Methodology and Grate, J. W. Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Grimm, R. E. Soil Carbon Changes for Bioenergy Improvement Ð 299 Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Crops Ð 148 Gordon, Richard K. mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Graves, D. T. Discharge Ð 347 say for Organophosphate Exposure Second-Order Method for Interface Re- Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and construction in Orthogonal Coordinate flow Channels: Observations and Recent Civilians in the Field and Labora- Systems Ð 221 Modeling Ð 344 tory Ð 200 Gray, Gregory C. Grinkov, V. Yu. A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Gorelick, N. Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Hospitalization Experience of US military Rock Around the World: Extending a Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 ence Using Infrared Research at Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf Mars Ð 375 War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Grinner, K. Martian Valley Networks and Associated Gotkis, Y. Grebs, T. Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Express High Resolution Stereo Camera mary of the Experience Ð 99 turing Ð 97 (HRSC) Ð 117 Gotoh, Hideto Greeley, R. Grondona, M. Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Re- Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- source Management Ð 236 Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Groppo, J. G. Gottlieb, J. J. Wind-related Erosion Depressions Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse Production of High Value Materials from tions for Energetic Material Combustion and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Greeley, Ronald Combustion Ash Ð 147 Gould, R. W., Jr. Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Grosfils, E. B. Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar gorithm to Derive Optical Properties Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Gross, J. CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, Grady, Scott J. Simulations Ð 403 f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Green, David vices Contracts Ð 199 A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Grossman, J. C. rain Antenna System Ð 93 Smart Nanostructures from Computer Graf, W. Simulations Ð 293 Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Green, M. Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Grove, T. L. tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Cooling Experiment Ð 268 (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Graham, G. A. Greenberg, Marc C. and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Body of Ureilites Ð 387 Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Characterization and Design Methodol- Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered Gschneidner, K. A. Slot Antenna Ð 74 Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Development of New Cryocooler Regen- Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Greene, Carmen M. erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel Compounds Ð 23 Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Gschwendtner, E. gel Ð 335 Greenough, J. A. Spiral Antenna with Frequency- Granacki, John J. Second-Order Method for Interface Re- Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile MONARCH: Next Generation SoC (Su- construction in Orthogonal Coordinate Communication Systems Ð 51 percomputer on a Chip) Ð 234 Systems Ð 221 Guan, Ning Granet, C. Greenwood, Andrew D. Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 Equations Ð 250

B-20 Guan, Y. Gwinner, K. Halekas, J. S. Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Haley, Mark V. Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Gwinner, R. Innovative Methods for Investigating the Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Soil Ð 140 bonates Ð 165 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Decontamination Solution (Decon a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Haack, Henning Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 182 Ð 326 Why Small is Beautiful - and How to Hall, J. L. Gudaitis, Mike Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Open Radio Communications Architec- Asteroids Ð 343 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 Haberman, J. Software Users Manual Ð 312 Hall, Lynne A. Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- Guest, John graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- tiple Perspectives Ð 318 Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- periment: First Results Ð 400 cellarum Ð 338 Hall, Per Habermehl, M. Breast Cancer - A Disease of a Suscep- Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- Collecting Time-sequenced Records of tible Subgroup of Women Ð 204 niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Tranquillitatis Ð 340 Caps Ð 385 Hall, William Physics-Based High Performance Com- Guicheteau, Jason A. Hackwil, Terence puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman of Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- Broadband Applications in Computa- Biological Material Ð 287 cellarum Ð 338 tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 Guinn, J. Hackwill, Terence Hallatt, Dave Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- Open Radio Communications Architec- graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Tranquillitatis Ð 340 Software Users Manual Ð 312 Guinness, E. Hadaway, S. Hallberg, J. Photometric Observations of Soils and Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover tary Rocks Ð 67 Landing Sites Ð 329 Halliday, A. N. Hadjiiski, Lubomir (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Guldi, R. Computer-Aided Interval Change Analy- and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and sis of Microcalciﬁcations on Mammo- Body of Ureilites Ð 387 Defect Related Yield Issues During Early grams for Breast Cancer Detec- Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar Development of a New Technol- tion Ð 211 ogy Ð 227 System Objects Ð 392 Hagerty, J. J. Guler, H. Haloda, Jakub Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Red Spots Ð 345 COOL Experiment Ð 269 Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Hahn, B. C. Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 Gunn, Mynetta Integrating Global-Scale Mission Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher Hamara, D. K. Datasets: Understanding the Martian Daily Clean Ð 305 Two Successive Martian Years on the Crust Ð 346 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Gupta, Aaron Haiges, Ralf Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY A Generalized Method for the Computa- Data Ð 395 tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Hamilton, D. C. Overview of Results from the Cassini Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 Haigh, Julian R. Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Guryleva, N. V. Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation say for Organophosphate Exposure tions Ð 379 of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Hamilton, Richard a. by Means of Separation Flow Control- Civilians in the Field and Labora- ling Ð 1 tory Ð 200 Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Guseva, E. N. Haldemann, A. F. C. Fabricator Ð 298 Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Hamilton, S. J. and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 dar Earth-based Observations of Mars with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Guthrie, Thomas G. Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Design, Implementation and Testing of a Hale, A. S. Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Software Interface Between the AN/ Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- SPS- 65(V)1 Radar and the SRC-6E sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 tion, and Biota Ð 38 Reconﬁgurable Computer Ð 227 Hale, T. L. Hamilton, V. E. Gutierrez, Louis M. Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Alteration Phases Associated with High Agent-Based Simulation of Disease Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Spread Aboard Ship Ð 176 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Olivine on Mars Ð 352

B-21 One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Hanova, J. Hare, T. M. Complementary Hemispherical Reflec- 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, erence Systems Ð 225 copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- Canada Ð 152 ment Ð 118 Hargitai, H. Hansen, C. J. Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the The Io Mountain Online Data- An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite base Ð 354 Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Results So Far Ð 350 Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Hargitai, Henrik cal History of Mars Ð 345 Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Cassini UVIS Ð 351 Bilingual Map of Mercury Ð 354 Hammer, J. E. Harmon, Russell S. Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and and Dione Ð 352 Characterizing Extreme Environments for Army Testing Ð 45 Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- Hansen, V. L. 03346 Ð 348 Crustal Plateaus as Ancient Large Im- Harms, Paul H. Hammer, Joachim pact Features: A Hypothesis Ð 348 Determination of Surface Currents by Future Force and First Responders: New Observations of Crustal Plateau Back Propagation of Field Measure- Building Ties for Collaboration and Le- Surface Histories, Venus: Implications for ments Ð 85 veraged Research and Develop- Crustal Plateau Hypotheses Ð 348 Harpold, D. ment Ð 315 Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Hamrick, C. A. surface Process Ð 388 graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- periment: First Results Ð 400 bar Spine Loading Ð 218 Hanson, George W. Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- Harris, Eric S. Han, Dong-Ho ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- Flexible Display Technologies...Do They Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter tures Ð 87 Have a Role in the Cockpit? Ð 11 in the Presence of a Stratified Ground Ð 57 Hansson, A. Harris, R. D. Han, J. Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Detec- LIBS-based Detection of Geological tion Tools for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Nanostructured High Performance Ultra- Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Evaluation, Threat Analysis and Typical violet and Blue Light Emitting Diodes for torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- Cases Ð 223 Solid State Lighting. Report for October tion Ð 355 1, 2003-September 30, 2004 Ð 93 Hansson, E. Harris, R. S. Han, L. Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Detec- Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- tion Tools for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Breccias: Implications for Shock History, pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 Evaluation, Threat Analysis and Typical Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- Cases Ð 223 Han, Sang-Kyun sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Hapke, B. W. Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 An Improved Instrument for Investigating Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Han, Y. F. Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Harrison, K. H. Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- chotomy Ð 405 Tharsis Recharge and the Martian Out- Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 flow Channels: Observations and Recent Hanada, Hideo Hardenburger, Tom Modeling Ð 344 Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Harrison, K. P. Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal Evolution of Martian Valley Network For- Haneishi, Misao Cleaning Process Ð 301 mation: Surface Runoff to Groundwater Array Antenna Composed of Circularly Discharge Ð 347 Polarized Dielectric Resonator Anten- Hardersen, P. S. nas Ð 58 Detailed Mineralogical Characterizations Harrison, Keith P. Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies Hanke, T. of Four S-Asteroids: 138 Tolosa, 306 Unitas, 346 Hermentaria, and 480 and Valley Networks Concentrated at Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Hansa Ð 353 Low Paleolatitudes? Ð 361 Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Harding, Matthew T. Harter, James A. Hankins, Steven D. An Experimental Investigation of the Per- Life Analysis Development and Verifica- tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- The Open Access Appointment System: formance of Staggered PIN-FIN Array erance Application of Multiple Through A Phased Implementation Approach at Laminar Flow Heat Exchangers Ð 106 Cracks in Plates With and Without Keller Army Community Hospital Ð 193 Hardwick, Steven J. Holes Ð 255 Hanlon, Alexandra L. Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Hierarchical Nonlinear Mixed Effect Mod- Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Hartle, R. E. eling: Defining Post-radiation Therapy ter Ð 95 Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Relapse in Prostate Cancer Pa- face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Hardy, M. A. tients Ð 183 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Surfaces Ð 370 Hanna, J. C. Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Hartmann, W. K. Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- Adventures (Arrrggghh!) in Crater Count- Valles on Mars Ð 340 tion, and Biota Ð 38 ing: Small Crater Controversies Ð 344

B-22 Hartwig, K. T. Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- by the Mars Express High Resolution pography Ð 159 tors Ð 28 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Harvey, James F. Martian Valley Networks and Associated Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Fill Ð 343 for Optimization of Electromagnetic (HRSC) Ð 117 Structures Ð 74 Head, James W. Hauschild, K. Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- Harvey, R. P. Rotational Bands and Isomeric States in rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala Syrtis Major as the Source Region of the (175)Lu Ð 269 Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 Nakhlite/Chassigny Group of Martian Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Meteorites: Implications for the Geologi- Hausrath, E. M. Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- cal History of Mars Ð 345 Basalt Weathering Rates in a Mars Ana- log Environment: Clues to the Duration of eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Hasebe, N. Water on Mars? Ð 339 cent Climate Change Ð 356 Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Hawke, B. R. Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- Red Spots Ð 345 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using logue Ð 384 High Pressure Xenon Time Projection The Composition and Origin of the Healy, D. P. Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 Chamber Ð 345 Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Hasegawa, S. Heath Jr, Robert W. Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Hay,K.J. Spherical Linear Interpolation for Trans- (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Characterization of Lead and Cadmium mit Beamforming in MIMO-OFDM sys- Species in Emissions from Munitions De- tems with Limited Feedback Ð 289 Hasenmueller, E. A. activation Furnace Ð 31 Heavens, N. G. The Hydration and Dehydration of Hy- drous Ferric Iron Sulfates Ð 340 Hay,S.G. Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Simple Ka-Band Earth Coverage Anten- at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Hashimoto, T. nas for LEO Satellites Ð 79 with EDXS Ð 153 Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Hayashi, M. R. Hebert, Martial Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- Preliminary Results Ð 118 Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray DAR Data Ð 124 Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Flares Ð 325 Hecht, M. H. for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Hayes, J. The Influence of Local Geometric Effects Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- on Mars Polar Processes Ð 153 Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- Heck, R. sion Ð 366 ity Ð 115 Determination of Production Rates of Haskin, L. A. Haynes, Greg Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Chromite Grains Ð 154 Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Lethal Combination Ð 19 Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- tions Ð 380 tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Head, J. N. Murchison and Murray Meteor- Hassan, Noha Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander ites Ð 109 A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Heden, O. tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular Phones Ð 83 Head, J. W., III Perfect Codes from the Dual Point of Rheological Properties of Late-Stage View I Ð 222 Hatsuda, T. Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Hedengren, D. C. Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 Methodology and Calculations for the acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Head, J. W. Assignment of Waste for the Large Un- tem Ð 50 Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- derground Waste Storage Tanks at Han- ford Site Ð 150 Hauber, E. eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 Heggy, E. Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Loss Tangent Map of the Martian Sur- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at face: A Frequency Dependent Model for the Near Equatorial Regions Ð 356 Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping sults Ð 333 Some Structural Elements of the Largest Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Impact Field in the Western Egyptian neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Desert Ð 152 tained by the High Resolution Stereo drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 by the Mars Express High Resolution Heilman, Eric G. Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Battle Command Metric Exploration in a 228 Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Stimulated Combat Environment Ð from HRSC Data Ð 163 Radar Experiment Ð 65 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316

B-23 Heisen, P. T. Hennigan, Gary Omnidirectional Antennas for Wireless Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Open-Region, Elecromagnetic Finite- Communication Ð 78 Satellite Ð 47 Element Scattering Calculations in Hertel, Nolan Anisotropic Media on Parallel Comput- Intraoperative Imaging for Sentinel Heitbrink, W. A. ers Ð 77 Lymph Nodes Ð 211 Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Henning, W. for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 Herzig, Joseph F., Jr Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic An Analysis of the Feasibility of Imple- High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Helbert, J. menting Ultra Wideband and Mesh Net- out Ð 288 Beyond the Equilibrium Paradigm:Glacial work Technology in Support of Military Deposits in the Equatorial Regions of Henry, Gregory W. Operations Ð 227 Mars Ð 356 A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Herzog, G. F. Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Potassium Isotope Fractionation in Aus- Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- tralasian Microtektites: Evidence for sion Ð 359 Henry, M. Evaporation and Re-Condensation in a Vapor Plume Ð 153 Helbing, S. Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Science Applications of Physics and Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Hess, Christopher Chemistry for High School and College Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- Classes. Update. Ð 394 FDTD Method Ð 82 sured Extension Values per Defect to Henry, Paula P. Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135 Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency An Evaluation of a Spoken Language Hess, P. Interface Ð 228 Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- On the Physical and Chemical Conse- FDTD Method Ð 44 Henry, Stephen M. quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- A Search for Transiting Neptune-Mass Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 Heldmann, J. L. Extrasolar Planets in High-Precision Hester, Jeff Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Photometry of Solar-Type Stars Ð 321 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Accelerated Concept Exploration of Fu- rent Martian Environmental Condi- Henz, Brian J. ture Combat Systems Using Evolutionary tions Ð 350 A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Algorithms and Enterprise Soft- Modeling and Simulation Environment ware Ð 257 Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: for Composite Materials Manufacturing Heuer, M. Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- and Testing Ð 27 tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Herd, R. K. rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Helfenstein, P. On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Heyman, E. Textures Ð 339 A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Herkenhoff, K. E. Function as a Boundary Condition for Hemmer, M. Photometric Observations of Soils and Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- lems Ð 247 Processing and Analysis of the Mea- Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 Landing Sites Ð 329 Hezel, D. C. Herkenhoff, K. 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Henderson, Brenda S. Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustic Results Ð 351 drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Wind Tunnel: Background Noise and (CV) Ð 357 Flow Survey Results Prior to FY05 Con- Herman, Robert Hickman, J. J. struction of Facilities Modiﬁca- Report of the Defense Science Board tions Ð 283 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- for Compound Detection Ð 106 Henderson, R. lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- Hicks, C. W. Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 gration Ð 69 Electromagnetic Modeling of a Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- Hendrix, A. R. Hero, Alfred Multiple Model Particle Filtering For tion Module for Application to Spatial An Overview of Cassini UVIS Icy Satellite Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Results So Far Ð 350 Multi-Target Tracking Ð 121 Herr, K. C. Hiesinger, H. Iapetus and Phoebe as Measured by the Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Cassini UVIS Ð 351 MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Ultraviolet Views of Enceladus, Tethys, tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 and Dione Ð 352 The Search for Underground Hydrother- Rheological Properties of Late-Stage Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Henke, K. R. mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- 374 Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð Production of High Value Materials from Herrick, R. R. Higa, Michiya the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal Stereo Matching Tool, a Freeware Pro- In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 Combustion Ash Ð 147 gram for Viewing Stereo Imagery and Hildebrand, A. R. Editing Match Points Ð 226 Henkel, T. 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), Herscovici, Naftali Canada Ð 152 a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- ses of Stardust - Quantiﬁcation in SIMS Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift and Laser SNMS Ð 351 rays Ð 50 of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164

B-24 The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- Hoffman, E. J. Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Prob- hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- ably Related to Crater Rim Col- Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- roxenes: Further Correlations Between lapse Ð 399 lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 Hill, D. H. Hiroishi, T. Hoffman, ick NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Origin of the Northern Lowlands of Mars Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance bearing Aubrite Ð 396 in a Single String-of-Pearls Im- on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- pact Ð 341 Hill, D. R. Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- Hoffmann, H. Hirokawa, Jiro treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation tions Ð 170 Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Hiller, L. J. Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junc- Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- tion for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectros- sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- copy Ð 117 Slot Ð 86 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Hillis, David B. Model Antenna of 76GHz Pest-wall Waveguide Fed Parallel Plate Slot Ar- Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- rays Ð 49 formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 Hirsch, R. by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Hillman, E. Communication and Team Performance Martian Valley Networks and Associated Martian Central Pit Craters Ð 357 in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Hills, G. during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Performance and Productivity Improve- (HRSC) Ð 117 Hirvonen, J. K. ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Public Outreach and Archiving of Data The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- from the High Resolution Stereo Camera and Erosion Ð 34 tions Ð 100 Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Hilscher, David F. Hively, L. M. Year Ð 376 Fab Implementation of a System for Advanced Physiological Monitoring of Hogenboom, D. L. Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer- FCS Soldiers Ð 261 Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Breakage Events Ð 132 Hoang, T. Q. Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with 297 Hilton, Susan M. MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Applications to Europa and Mars Ð Department of the Navy Suicide Incident Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Holcomb, Franklin H. Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- ity Ð 143 Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- 2002 Findings Ð 191 Hock, V. F. ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Hines, Cynthia M. Secure Water Supply Ð 126 former Technologies Ð 143 Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Holczer, Karoly Emissions Ð 146 Hock, Vincent F. Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- Accelerated Development of a High Field Hines, Harry B. ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Single Electron Spin Microscope Ð 107 Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional niques Ð 279 Regulatory System Involved in the Holden, Joan Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Hodge, Gail Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher lei Ð 177 Electronic Collection Management and Daily Clean Ð 305 Hirano, Makoto Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Holden, P. A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Metadata for Electronic Information Re- The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- sources Ð 315 Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- ing Flanged Rectangular cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- Waveguide Ð 76 Hodgkiss, William S. forming Regions, and the Solar Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Nebula Ð 413 Hirano, Takuichi Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 Edge-Based FEM Analysis for MoM Ba- Holder, E. J. sis Functions in a Waveguide Cross Hodo, Wayne D. Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- Slot Ð 86 Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- Pavements Ð 41 netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- Hirata, N. mosphere Ð 167 Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Hoeft, Raegan M. Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Holland, K. Preliminary Results Ð 118 Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- trol Ð 17 mary of the Experience Ð 99 Hird, Linda Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Hoff, L. Holloway, Christopher L. High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- ogy Ð 302 Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Ð 87 ogy Ð 174 Hoffman, D. A. Holman, H. Y. N. Hiroi, T. Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar with the Deep Water Isotopic Current Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR Soil Spectra Ð 165 Analyzer (DWICA) Ð 111 Spectromicroscopy Ð 30

B-25 Holsapple, K. A. Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Asteroid Spin Data: No Evidence of tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- Rubble-Pile Structures Ð 154 Murchison and Murray Meteor- bia? Ð 358 ites Ð 109 Holsclaw, G. M. Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Hori, Toshikazu Howard, Jack Advanced Base Station Antennas for Spectra with the Titanium Abundance Genetic Algorithm-Based System Design Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 and Photonics-Based Receiver Tech- Japan Ð 62 Holtkamp, N. nologies Program SETA Support Ð 253 High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon Horn, George W. Howard, Stephen L. Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- Investigation of Reliance on Flash Tube tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling Lacquer Seals for Proper Performance in RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Methodology Ð 130 Cooling Experiment Ð 268 Medium-Caliber Ammunition such as Horn, Wayne GAU-8/A and LW30 Ð 42 Holtzman, R. Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Howe, Bruce The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Two New Non-Powered Technolo- Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean Function as a Boundary Condition for gies Ð 219 Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- Acoustic Propagation EXperiment lems Ð 247 Horner, Grgory (LOAPEX) Ð 284 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Howenstine, Jared B. Holzheid, A. Measurements for Diffusion Process New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Morphometry of Large Martian Impact Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 339 of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Craters Ð Temperatures Ð 156 Horner, Michael S. Hoyos, Sebastian Determining the Fine Structure of the Homan, Barrie E. Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Entrainment Zone in Cloud-Topped Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Boundary Layers Ð 9 ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Horst, Albert W. Hoyt, Reed hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Alternative Approaches to Improve Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Physiological Predictions Ð 311 Honda, Chikatoshi Environment Ð 116 Formation Process of Lunar Sinuous Hrbek, J. Horton, J. Wright, Jr. Rilles by Thermal Erosion of Basaltic Surface Reactions Studied by Synchro- Lava Flow Ð 359 Results from a Scientiﬁc Test Hole in the tron Based Photoelectron Spectros- Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact copy Ð 295 Honesto, J. Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Hsu, Chung-I G. Horvaith, A. erophile Element Systematics of Group Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip IVB Irons Ð 360 Annual Change of Martian DDS- Lines with Indented Grounds Ð 59 Seepages Ð 355 Hong, Ic-Pyo Hsu, Pang-Cheng Horz, F. Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Hsu, Wei-Biao Thickness Ð 88 Derived from Stardust Stereoim- ages Ð 324 Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of Hong, Xiaoyu the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- Hosojima, T. VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth drite Ð 342 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Hua, Xin Hood, Lon L. Chamber Ð 345 Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- Are Martian Crustal Magnetic Anomalies Hosono, K. drite Ð 342 and Valley Networks Concentrated at First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside 361 Low Paleolatitudes? Ð from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Huang, Chih-Yu The Planetesimal Bow Shock Model for eter Ð 410 Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- Chondrule Formation: More Detailed Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Simulations in the Near Vicinity of the from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Huang, H. Planetesimal Ð 343 biter Ð 411 Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 Hoogenboom, T. Housean, G. A. Huang, Jiunn-Ming Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Associated with Chasmata on Ve- Associated with Chasmata on Ve- Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering nus Ð 355 nus Ð 355 Problems Ð 249 Hoppa, G. V. Housen, K. R. Huang, John Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Nudging an Asteroid with Explosives or A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Impacts Ð 342 Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar Hoppe, Jeff How, H. System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 tenna for an Inﬂatable L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Ð 56 Hoppe, P. Howard, A. D. NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Huang, Xi Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- Hormone Replacement Therapy, Iron, rials Ð 354 works Ð 336 and Breast Cancer Ð 208

B-26 Huber, Heinz Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Ide, Harushige MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group Handsets Ð 80 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the of Meteorites Ð 331 Igarashi, George YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 Hupe, G. M. An Experimental Method to Estimate the Hudas, G. Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group pact Ð 410 of Meteorites Ð 331 Huddleston, John Iitsuka, Yasushi Information Technology Management: Hurlburt, Harley E. Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Management of Information Technology Sea Surface Height Predictions from the tenna Ð 52 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- Iizuka, Y. ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Hudson, David Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al The Quantitation of Surface Modifica- Hurowitz, J. A. Ratios in an Unaltered Allende tions in 200 and 300 mm Wafer Process- Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- CAI Ð 395 ing with an Automated Contact Angle pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- Iliescu, Daniel System Ð 297 ships on Mars Ð 358 Characterization of the Microstructure Huebner, W. Mechanically Produced Radical Species and Mechanical Properties in Seasonal Low Temperature Cathode Supported at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Lake and River Ice Ð 278 Electrolytes. Report for April 1, 2001- Martian Soils Ð 360 Imam, Salma September 30, 2001 Ð 21 Huson, S. A. MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Huebnerr, W. Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Flow Concept Ð 102 Low Temperature Cathode Supported Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from Ingersoll, Tim Electrolytes Ð 40 the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Texas Ð 152 The Effect of Performance Based Incen- Huei-Yu Wang, Judy tive Plans Ð 305 Impact of Culture on Breast Cancer Hutcheon, I. D. Ingerson, P. Screening in Chinese American Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Women Ð 215 drule Formation: Evidence from Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Huggins, R. W. Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 Inokuchi, Masayuki Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Hutchison, L. Yield Management for Development and Satellite Ð 47 Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and Manufacture of Integrated Cir- Hughes, S. S. Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 cuits Ð 308 Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- Hutter, Lou Iodice, Antonio cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Surfaces Ð 244 and Mars Ð 359 vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Ip, Felipe Hughes, Tim Signal IC Ð 101 Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- Huynh, C. tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 Hull, P. Ipatov, S. I. Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Huynh, G. D. Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- 130 Soot Particles Ð Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion strained by High Resolution Spectros- Humayun, M. of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Hyde, T. W. Ireland, T. R. 358 bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Hung, Mien-Chie Binaries Ð 325 Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- Training Program in Breast Cancer Re- Hyman, Elizabeth search at the University of Texas M.D. forming Regions, and the Solar Anderson Cancer Center Ð 184 Non-Line-Of-Sight Launch System - A Nebula Ð 413 Lethal Combination Ð 19 Hunstad, A. Irving, A. J. System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 Hynek, B. M. Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa Hunt, P. A. is Tilted Ð 361 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Ð 377 On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule Textures Ð 339 Hyvarinen, M. Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Huntley, Henry L. Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public tage Ð 159 Ibanez-Guzman, J. Affairs in the Global War on Terror- Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- ism Ð 314 Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Natural Environments Ð 316 Hupe, A. C. sis Connection Ð 335 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- Ida, Ichirou Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group tage Ð 159 width Product Ð 49 of Meteorites Ð 331

B-27 Irving, Anthony J. Ivanov, A. B. Jackson, John C. Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 MIS Investigation Ð 335 Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Irwin, R. P., III. Ivanov, B. A. Jackson, Karen E. A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- works Ð 336 by the Mars Express High Resolution sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Panel Ð 136 Irwin, R. P., III Jackson, Paul A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Shock Melting of Permafrost on Mars: The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- Water Ice Multiphase Equation of State of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 bia? Ð 358 for Numerical Modeling and Its Test- ing Ð 336 Jackson, Preston A. Ishibashi, Ko The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time An Experimental Method to Estimate the Modeling of a Complex Crater with Cen- FPGA Systems Ð 257 Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor tral Uplift Ð 332 Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Jackson, Thomas A. pact Ð 410 Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Scramjets Ð 291 Ishiguro, M. Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Jacobsen, Lance S. (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Ivanov, M. A. Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Abundance, Geological Settings, and Ar- Scramjets Ð 291 Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband eal Distribution of Young Small Shield Jacobsen, S. B. Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Volcanoes on Venus Ð 333 Preliminary Results Ð 118 The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Geological Mapping of Quadrangles V-3, Interstellar Components in the Solar Ishii, H. A. V-7, and V-57, Venus: Preliminary Re- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- sults Ð 333 Measurements with Isoprobes P and niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History TÐ413 sis Ð 323 of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Jacqmin, David Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Ivanova, M. A. Experimental Results From the Thermal Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Energy Storage-1 (TES-1) Flight Experi- gel Ð 335 FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- ment Ð 43 noe Aubrite Ð 383 Ishii, T. Jadhav, M. Mineralogical Differences Between Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Metamorphosed and Non- Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- 327 Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 fied in Orgueil Ð tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 Jaeger, W. L. Iversen, James D. Ishimaru, R. Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Mars Ð 327 Cometary Impact Ð 334 Ivliev, A. I. Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- Israel,G.M. Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- terior Models for Io Ð 372 eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Py- Jaenchen, J. ent Compaction History? Ð 320 rolyser (ACP) Experiment Ð 334 Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Istratov, A. A. for Impact Origin and Formation Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Age Ð 364 rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Jain, A. Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Design of an AC-Dipole for use in Ito, Koichi aceous Chondrites Ð 332 RHIC Ð 296 A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the Iwaniczko, E. CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE Jakosky, B. M. Wave Ð 247 Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- Potential for Life on Mars from Low- vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 Temperature Aqueous Weather- Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small ing Ð 394 Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- Iwata, Ryuichi width Product Ð 49 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase James, Carl S. Shifter Ð 57 Evaluation of COAMPS Forecasting Per- Ito, M. formance of Along Coast Wind Events Closure Temperatures of the Short-lived Izor, Raymond C. During Frontal Passages Ð 169 Decay Systems, Be-B in Melilite and Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Al-Mg in Anorthite: Implications For the Emissions Ð 146 James, G. L. Chronology of CAIs and Early Solar Sys- Compact Low-Sidelobe Corrugated Horn tem Events Ð 334 Jackson, Artie for Global-Earth Coverage Ð 48 Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Pa- Ivankin, M. A. rameterizations Ð 115 Jander, H. Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation BA Rescue Team Performance Exploring of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements Jackson, J. Team Situation Awareness, Mental Mod- by Means of Separation Flow Control- Precision Magnetic Elements for the els, and Team Processes in Breathing ling Ð 1 SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 Apparatus Rescues Ð 66

B-28 Communication and Team Performance Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Jeschonek, B. in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication by the Mars Express High Resolution veillance System at Navy and Marine during Rescue Operations Ð 66 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Corps MTFs Ð 313 Jandhyala, V. Martian Valley Networks and Associated Jessberger, E. The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars MERTIS: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Spectrometer for the Bepi-Colombo Mis- Field Integral Equation Pertinent to (HRSC) Ð 117 sion Ð 359 Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Jette, M. A. from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Jandieri, G. V. SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Re- Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First source Management Ð 236 Angular Characteristics of Electromag- Year Ð 376 netic Wave Multiple Scattered in the Jian, X. Nonstationary Collisional Magnetized Javid, Melodi P. Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Plasma Ð 81 Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Natural Environments Ð 316 Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Jiang,Huiling diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- Jayaraman, B. Analysis of Patch Antenna with Short Pin mogeneous Media Ð 61 Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- by Using Non-Uniform Mesh Statistical Characteristics of Multiple proved Operation of a Downdraft FDTD Ð 62 Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in Table Ð 145 Jiao, C. Q. Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Jeddeloh, Jeffrey A. Ionization Rates and Charge Production Plasma Ð 74 in Hydrocarbon Fuels Ð 32 Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Jandieri, V. G. Regulatory System Involved in the Jin, B. Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Development of New Methodology and diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- lei Ð 177 Technique to Accelerate Region Yield mogeneous Media Ð 61 Improvement Ð 299 Jeffs, Brian D. Jankowski, Thaddeus K., Sr Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Jin, Jian-Ming Planning for Success: Constructing a and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- Finite Element Analysis of Complex Axi- First Responder Planning Methodology istics Ð 48 symmetric Radiating Structures Ð 51 for Homeland Security Ð 316 Jenden, Donald J. Job, P. K. Janney, P. E. Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of Radiation Dose Measurements of the Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Sarin with Pyridostigmine Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic 276 Evaporation Residues Measured by La- -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Film Dosimeters Ð ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 ological Effects Ð 185 Jobst, Mark Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contem- Janssen, M. Jeng, Shyb-Kang porary or Inflexible? Ð 260 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering Joffe, Hadine Radar Data Ð 386 Problems Ð 249 A Randomized Study of the Effects of Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Japzon, Andrea Jensen, K. Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- Electronic Collection Management and Towards Advanced Electron Beam Risk Women After Prophylactic Electronic Information Services Ð 314 Brightness Enhancement and Condition- Oophorectomy Ð 209 ing Ð 276 Jaret, S. J. Johansson, H. Crater Count Chronology and Timing of Jensen, Michael A. Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: Ridged Plains Emplacement at Schia- Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- parelli Basin, Mars Ð 329 and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 istics Ð 48 Johns, Steven L. Jaros, J. An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- Microwave Engineering Design Labora- Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna ments Ð 277 tories: C-Band Rail SAR and Doppler Radar Systems Ð 304 Applications Ð 64 Jarvis, Jill Jentsch, Florian Johnson, C. F. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels with Elastomeric Systems for Blast in Rats Ð 35 Human-Robot Interaction and Con- trol Ð 17 Loads Ð 43 Jaumann, R. Johnson, C. L. Jepsen, Karl J. Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Mineralogical and Seismological Models Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Bone Geometry as a Predictor of Tissue of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Fragility and Stress Fracture Risk Ð 213 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Johnson, J. R. Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Jernsletten, J. A. Photometric Observations of Soils and Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Fast-Turnoff Transient Electromagnetic Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 (TEM) Field Study at the Mars Analog Landing Sites Ð 329 Site of Rio Tinto, Spain Ð 327 Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Time Domain Electromagnetics for Map- of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic tained by the High Resolution Stereo ping Mineralized and Deep Groundwater Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 in Mars Analog Environments Ð 329 Plagioclase Endmembers Ð 39

B-29 Johnson, M. Jones, Lisa E. Jurewicz, A. J. G. Photometric Observations of Soils and The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- Jurewicz, A. Landing Sites Ð 329 sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Panel Ð 136 Genesis: Removing Contamination from Johnson, N. M. Sample Collectors Ð 319 Jones, R. H. Phlogopite Decomposition, Water, and Jurgens, R. F. Venus Ð 326 Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Johnson, Natasha M. 182 Ð 326 dar Earth-based Observations of Mars with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- Jones, Randy ries Ð 324 High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Kabakian, Adour Johnson, R. E. rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- Physics-Based High Performance Com- puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Broadband Applications in Computa- face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Jorgensen, John Leif Surfaces Ð 370 Why Small is Beautiful - and How to Kadish, Jon Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Implications of Internal Fragmentation on Johnson, Raymond W. Asteroids Ð 343 the Structure of Comets Ð 320 Developing a Markov Model to be Used as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy Joseph, Michael A. Kadono, Toshihiko Nurse Corps Ð 259 Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- An Experimental Method to Estimate the vices Contracts Ð 199 Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Johnson, T. V. Joswiak, D. J. Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O pact Ð 410 Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- Kahn, S. A. Johnston, Kenneth J. edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in COOL Experiment Ð 269 Objects Ð 322 CM Chondrites Ð 330 Kalamaras, Mary Jouny, I. Jolliff, B. J. The Infinite Journey: Eyewitness Ac- Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Wavelet Beamspace STAP For Uniform counts of NASA and the Age of from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Linear Arrays Ð 73 Space Ð 414 tions Ð 380 Joy,K.H. Kalia, Rajiv K. Jolliff, B. L. LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- age and Oxidation Ð 113 Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 Sample from a Young Procellarum Kalinina, G. V. Flow? Ð 327 Joyce, Geoffrey Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- jOLLIFF, b. l. Determinants of Dispensing Location in eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Composition of Meridiani Hematite-rich the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- ent Compaction History? Ð 320 gram Ð 178 Spherules: A Mass-Balance Mixing- The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence Model Approach Ð 330 Joyce, Geoggrey for Impact Origin and Formation Age Ð 364 Jolliff, Bradley L. Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Kallemeyn, Gregory W. Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units CARE Benefit Design from the Private Using High Resolution Clementine Sector Ð 179 Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Data Ð 378 Reading the Record of Early Stages of Jozsa, S. Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 Jones, B. How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Rock Around the World: Extending a Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis Kalleson, E. Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact ence Using Infrared Research at Body Ð 397 Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Mars Ð 375 Jull, A. J. TImothy Kallstrom, George Jones, Dennis P. Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 for Optimization of Electromagnetic Jun, Hu Structures Ð 74 Kamp, L. Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Jones, J. H. magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Isotopic Constraints on the Petrology of Approximate Iteration Ð 246 chotomy Ð 405 Martian Meteorites Ð 151 Jungeward, G. A. Kanak, K. M. Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 Jones, Jon Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- Juntunen, Jaakko S. Structures and Dust Devil-like Vortices in ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- the Martian Boundary Layer Ð 368 larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 Jones, Lee W. Kanapady, R. Examining the Effects of Exercise Train- Jurdy, Donna M. Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target ing on Tumor Response to Anthracycline- Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- Based Chemotherapy Ð 203 Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 vivability Ð 234

B-30 Kaneko, H. The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance for Impact Origin and Formation Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Age Ð 364 gel Ð 335 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Kasprzak, W. Kearsley, A. Kanner, L. C. Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- periment: First Results Ð 400 tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Kebukawa, Y. Kaste, Richard C. In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Kapadia, Chetna Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316 phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- Optimal Aide Security Information teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 Search (OASIS) Ð 228 Kastella, Keith Multiple Model Particle Filtering For Keefe, K. Kara, A. B. Multi-Target Tracking Ð 121 Local Search Strategies for Equational Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Satisfiability Ð 221 Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- Kastner, R. ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Keefner, J. W. Function as a Boundary Condition for Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Kara, Ali Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- Fugacity Ð 370 UTD-Based Propagation Model for the lems Ð 247 Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mo- Kegler, Ph. bile Communications System Ð 73 Katehi, Linda P. B. An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Karachev, A. A. for Optimization of Electromagnetic of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and 156 Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Structures Ð 74 Temperatures Ð Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel Kehoe, Ryan M. With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 Kato, M. First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside Characteristic Errors in 120-H Tropical Karaman, I. from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Cyclone Track Forecasts in the Western High Density Amorphous Metal Matrix eter Ð 410 North Pacific Ð 167 Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetra- tors Ð 28 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Keil, E. from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- Karapetsas, Konstantinos biter Ð 411 erator Ð 270 Building a Simulation Toolkit for Wireless Mesh Clusters and Evaluating the Suit- Kattenhorn, Simon A. Keil, K. ability of Different Families of Ad Hoc Compressive Anti-Cracks at the Tips of EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Protocols for the Tactical Network Topol- Strike-Slip Faults on Europa and Implica- gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the ogy Ð 69 tions for Fault Mechanics Ð 364 Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Katz, J. Karatekin, O. Keller, J. W. Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Motion Ð 363 Kavan, L. face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- Kargel, J. S. Development of New Methodology and sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Surfaces Ð 370 and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars Improvement Ð 299 Keller, John Rover Landing Sites Ð 369 Kawakami, Haruo MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Flow Concept Ð 102 Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with tenna Ð 52 Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Keller, L. P. Kaya, Bulent GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of Karmakar,N. C. An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary Development and Performance of an Dust Ð 320 L-Band Phased Antenna for Mobile Sat- Family Status on Retention, Promotion, ellite Communications Ð 55 and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Ma- TEM and NanoSIMS Study of rine Corps Officers Ð 312 Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Karner, J. M. Kazar, Baris M. Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- Scalable Parallel Approximate Formula- Kelley, Michael S. etary Basalts Ð 155 tions of Multidimensional Spatial Auto- Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Regression Models for Spatial Data Min- Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 Karresand, M. ing Ð 256 Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks Kelly, Kenneth C. Kaznessis, Yiannis N. File Systems and Logging Ð 240 A Dual Polarization, Active, Microstrip An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using Intrusion Analysis in Military Antenna for an Orbital Imaging Radar Conserved Residue Information to Study System Operating at L-Band Ð 56 Networks--An Introduction Ð 222 Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 Kemner, K. Karzhavin, Yuri Kearsley, A. T. Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of Overview of Plasma Induced Damage Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from ics Ð 41 Kashkarov, L. L. Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Come from Stardust? Ð 369 Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- Kempel, L. eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase ent Compaction History? Ð 320 Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92

B-31 Kendra, Kari L. Khalil, A. I. Killgore, M. The Combined Impact of Surgery and Electromagnetic Modeling of a NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Immunomodulation With Low Dose Cy- Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- bearing Aubrite Ð 396 toxan and GM-CSF in the Early Treat- tion Module for Application to Spatial ment of Breast Cancer Ð 188 Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Kilp, Stephen Doing Systems Engineering Without Kenkmann, T. Khalilzad, Zalmay Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Thin-Skin Delamination of Target Rocks USA Air and Space Power in the 21st Research Center Ð 6 Around the Ries Crater: The Effect of Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Spallation and Ejecta Drag Ð 371 Kim, Byunggyoo Khan, A. New Business Models for Standard and Kennedy, Kevin R. Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Department of the Navy Suicide Incident Composition of the Moon from the Apollo dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Market Ð 318 2002 Findings Ð 191 of Inertia Ð 157 Kim, Inki The Core of the Moon - Molten or Kerbaugh, Michael L. Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- Solid? Ð 362 Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a anced Joint Development Projects and Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Khan, M. A. Contracted Independent Research Pro- Fabricator Ð 298 WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development viders Ð 308 and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Kerce, J. C. Kim, K. J. Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- Kharzeev, D. Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- mosphere Ð 167 ics Ð 275 Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- Kereszturi, A. Khoo, C. ter Ð 324 Annual Change of Martian DDS- LIBS-based Detection of Geological Towards Advanced Electron Beam 355 Seepages Ð Samples at Low Pressures (\h0.0001 Brightness Enhancement and Condition- Cross Proﬁle and Volume Analysis of torr) for Moon and Asteroid Explora- ing Ð 276 Bahram Valles on Mars Ð 155 tion Ð 355 Kim, Kristopher T. Khoo, Sing S. Kerner, T. Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Mod- Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) tion in Foliage Ð 289 ule Ð 266 Using the Lineate Imaging Near- Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) Ð 30 Kim, S. Kerzhanovich, Viktor V. Ki, J. Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 Rock Around the World: Extending a Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- Kimmel, R. Keshav, S. ence Using Infrared Research at Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulﬁdes Mars Ð 375 sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- Kiang, Jean-Fu ity Ð 115 ments: Geochemical Consequences of Cylindrical and Rectilinear Microstrip Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 Kimura, M. Lines with Indented Grounds Ð 59 Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Kesler, Morris P. Kiefer, W. S. Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Determination of Surface Currents by Using a Field Experience to Build Under- cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Back Propagation of Field Measure- standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 ite Ð 402 ments Ð 85 Kiefer, Walter S. Kimura, Yuichi Keszthelyi, L. P. Gravity Models of the Hemispheric Di- Alternating-Phase Single-Layer Slotted Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for chotomy in Eastern Mars: Lithospheric Waveguide Arrays at 25 GHz Band Ð 83 Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Thickness and Subsurface Struc- Mars Ð 327 ture Ð 372 King, B. J. Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- Keszthelyi, L. Morphometry of Large Martian Impact tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- Craters Ð 339 terior Models for Io Ð 372 Muon Colliders: The Ultimate Neutrino Kikuchi, Juyuhiko Beamlines Ð 267 Some Simple Models for Rootless Cone VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Formation on Mars Ð 371 Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Potential Hazards from Neutrino Radia- tion at Muon Colliders Ð 267 Ketchum, L. H. Kilfoyle, Daniel Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Spatial Modulation in the Underwater Studies for Muon Colliders at Center-of- roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Acoustic Channel Ð 285 Mass Energies of 10 TeV and 100 TeV Ð 267 Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- Kilic, Ozlem emia Ð 204 Novel Method for Numerically Accurate King, D. T., Jr. Kewisch, J. Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Brec- Compensation for Bunch Emittance in a nas Ð 104 cias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Bel- ize Ð 139 Magnetization and Space Charge Domi- Killen, R. M. nated Beam Ð 270 Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- King, J. Design Considerations for Low Field face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Short Phot-Injected RF Electron Gun sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A with High Charge Electron Bunch Ð 271 Surfaces Ð 370 First Report Ð 366

B-32 King, Mary-Claire Kirkland, L. E. Klopson, Jadon E. Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Mars Analog Field Infrared Spectroscopy Collaborative Applications Used in a Cancer Genes Ð 209 at Alunite, Clark County, NV: Comparison Wireless Environment at Sea for Use in with EDXS Ð 153 Coast Guard Law Enforcement and King, P. L. Homeland Security Missions Ð 68 Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- Klostergaard, Jim Rover Data Ð 364 tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 New Agents for Taxol-Resistant Breast King, S. D. The Search for Underground Hydrother- Adenocarcinoma Ð 174 mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven Klug, S. L. Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 Rock Around the World: Extending a Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 Kirkland, Laurel Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- King, Timothy L. Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units ence Using Infrared Research at Hardware Interface to Connect an Using High Resolution Clementine Mars Ð 375 AN/SPS-65 Radar to an SRC-6E recon- Data Ð 378 Kminek, G. ﬁgurable Computer Ð 234 Kita,N.T. The ESA Exploration Programme: Ex- King, W. C. Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages omars and Beyond Ð 375 Characterizing Extreme Environments and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules for Army Testing Ð 45 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Knowles, B. A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock King, William R. Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Flares Ð 325 Knudson, M. M. Facilities Ð 113 Kitazato, K. Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Kingsley, Elizabeth A. Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of ics Ð 195 The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Kleine, T. Knutzon, Jared S. Kinman, W. s. The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Ð 362 Ocean Ð 365 hicles Ð 10 Kinnebrew, Pam Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Kobayashi, M.-N. Base Camp Protection and Survivability Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Demonstration Program Ð 220 dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Bodies Ð 365 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Kinstler, Daniel P. Developing a Markov Model to be Used Kleinfelder, S. Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using as a Force Shaping Tool for the Navy Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Nurse Corps Ð 259 Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Chamber Ð 345 Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 Kintis, Mark Kobayashi, S. A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 Kleinknecht, Jochen Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using New Business Models for Standard and High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Kiple, Joseph B. ASIC Products in the Semiconductor In- Chamber Ð 345 Feasibility of Formulating DECON dustry: Competing on Cost and Time-to- Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Market Ð 318 GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Kletetschka, G. Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Kirchoff, M. R. Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady Moon, Contributions from Impact In- ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer Relationship Between Volcanism and duced Currents Due to Positive Holes 094 Ð 375 Tectonism Ð 373 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) namo Ð 374 Kirk,H.G. Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- Targetry for a Mu+Mu- Collider Ð 268 Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- sion Ð 366 ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 Kirk,R.L. Koc, S. RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Klima, R. L. Multilevel FMA for the Discrete Dipole phy Ð 373 Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared Approximation Ð 245 Reﬂectance Microspectroscopy Ð 118 Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Kodama, S. Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major ages Ð 324 Element Composition on Near, Mid and Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- erence Systems Ð 225 Klingelhoefer, G. Koditschek, Daniel E. Kirk, R. MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Computational Neuromechanics: Pro- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of gramming Work in Biological Systems Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface *AND* RHex: The CNM Hexapod Ð 243 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 DAR Ð 385 Koeberl, Christian Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Klipp, C. L. The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A Radar Data Ð 386 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 First Report Ð 366

B-33 Koehler, U. Kolsrud, T. Kortenkamp, Steve Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Symmetries for the Euclidean Non- The Fate of Neptune’s Primordial Trojan from the High Resolution Stereo Camera Linear Schroedinger Equation and Re- Companions Lost During Planetary Mi- Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First lated Free Equations Ð 222 gration Ð 378 Year Ð 376 Komatsu, G. Korycansky, D. G. Koehn, P. A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- ages Ð 165 Polyhedron Modeling of Rubble-Pile As- sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary teroids Ð 158 Surfaces Ð 370 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Kosacki, I. Kogiso,Satoshi the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Low Temperature Cathode Supported reo Camera Ð 366 40 tenna Ð 52 Electrolytes Ð Komatsu, M. Kogut, G. Koscheev, A. P. EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Robots Ð 317 monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- tine Soot? Ð 23 Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Komura, K. Research Technologies Ð 3 Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Kosinski, John A. Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- Koh, G. Kono, Yusuke tion Classiﬁcation Methods for Digital Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine De- VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Communication Signals Ð 262 tection Ð 140 Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Observations in Improved Geolocation Kohler, D. D. Konstantinovskij, R. S. Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air and Non-Signal Dependent Er- gorithm to Derive Optical Properties Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel rors Ð 123 From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Kostama, V.-P. Koppula, Prashanth Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Kohler, J. L. of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- Voltage Identify Based Encryption rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- (VIBE) Ð 241 Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two tions Ð 102 Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Koprowski, Peter M. Mars Ð 363 Kohlstedt, D. L. Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two- Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Fugacity Ð 370 Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity Load Planning Ð 115 Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains Kohout, T. and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- Korabelnikov, A. V. ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 Numerical Research of Capabilities of The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- gion as Seen Through the First Year of Kohout, Tomas Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Protection Ð 2 Kostoff, Ronald N. duced Currents Due to Positive Holes Korokhin, V. V. Science and Technology Metrics Ð 314 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- Kostrikov, A. A. namo Ð 374 nar Surface Brightness Using Data of The Martian North Polar Cap Spirals are Koizumi, E. Integral Observations Ð 367 the Traces of an Ancient Ice Sheet Col- Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- lapse Ð 363 les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for Korotev, R. L. Kotov, V. I. the Crystallization of Los Angeles and A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Dhofar 378 Ð 376 ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Optimization of the Parameters in the Sample from a Young Procellarum RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- Kolb, E. J. Flow? Ð 327 tion Ð 296 Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are Their Formation and Location Structur- Compositions of Three Lunar Meteorites: Kotwaliwale, Chitra ally Controlled? Ð 377 Meteorite Hills 01210, Northeast Africa Regulation and Function of the 001, and Northwest Africa 3136 Ð 377 Ipl1/Aurora Kinase Ð 184 Kolesnikov, O. M. Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation Korteniemi, J. Kovacs, Zs. of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite by Means of Separation Flow Control- Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis ling Ð 1 Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Body Ð 397 Kolesov, G. M. Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History REE and Some Other Trace Elements of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Koyama, Hiroshi Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Yield Management for Development and lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Manufacture of Integrated Cir- cuits Ð 308 Kolmakov, A. Mars Ð 363 Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Koyama, Junji as Electronically Tunable Cata- gion as Seen Through the First Year of Chaotic Occurrence of Some Deep lysts Ð 105 Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Moonquakes Ð 378

B-34 Kozak, Mark Krich, Steven I. Kuehner, S. M. Ground Moving Target Tracking and Ex- Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- ploitation Performance Measures Ð 125 orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Krimigis, S. M. Kozlovsky, V. A. Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- Overview of Results from the Cassini tage Ð 159 Facilities for Scramjet Improve- Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument ment Ð 32 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- tions Ð 379 tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Kozyrev, A. S. sis Connection Ð 335 Two Successive Martian Years on the Kring, David A. Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY ated by the Chicxulub Impact of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Data Ð 395 Event Ð 379 Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group of Meteorites Ð 331 Kraal, E. R. Kristoffersen, A. Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Kuester, Edward F. Investigation of Room Ventilation for Im- Effective Boundary Conditions for Rough Kraft, M. D. proved Operation of a Downdraft Surfaces with a Thin Cover Layer Ð 87 Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Table Ð 145 the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Kuhn, Gerhard Krivosheya, K. V. Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition Kramer, G. Y. Kronrod, V. A. ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Chemical Differentiation and Internal Kuller, Lewis Impact Melts? Ð 404 Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- Krot, A. N. graphic Density Ð 182 dence from Volcanic Glass Beads Ð 404 Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Kuperman, William A. Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Kramer, Georgiana Y. cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units ite Ð 402 Kurat, G. Using High Resolution Clementine EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Data Ð 378 Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- Investigating the Sources of the Apollo Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 ene Chemistry Ð 403 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- Kramer, S. L. Formation Ð 163 noe Aubrite Ð 383 Investigation of Coherent Emission from Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Mineralogical Differences Between Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, Metamorphosed and Non- Kramer, T. ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 094 Ð 375 Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE Research Technologies Ð 3 Krot, a. N. Iron Meteorite Ð 381 Krasilnikov, A. V. Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- drule Formation: Evidence from Kurnas, Carl W. Facilities for Scramjet Improve- Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based 32 Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 ment Ð Decontamination Solution (Decon Krassilnikov, A. S. Kruhlak, Robert J. Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- Relationship of Coronae, Regional Plains Kurup, U. and Rift Zones on Venus Ð 156 Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD Grid Ð 246 Representational and Inferential Re- Kreslavsky, M. A. quirements for Diagrammatic Reasoning New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Krupp, N. in the Entity Re-Identiﬁcation Radar Experiment Ð 65 Overview of Results from the Cassini Task Ð 223 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Permanent CO2 Deposits on Mars at Kuskov, O. L. (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Low Obliquity: The Role of Surface To- Chemical Differentiation and Internal tions Ð 379 pography Ð 159 Structure of Europa and Callisto Ð 367 Kreslavsky, M. Kubota, T. Kuster, Eric J. Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Determination of Surface Currents by Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Back Propagation of Field Measure- Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Kuchler, K. ments Ð 85 Kreslavsky, Mikhail A. The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Deﬁ- Kuta, E. Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian cient in PDR ABC Transporters to Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- Drugs Ð 198 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 cent Climate Change Ð 356 Kudlacik, Joe Kutyrev, A. S. Kretzer, S. In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- Poly Furnace Ð 135 strained by High Resolution Spectros- ics Ð 275 copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Kuebler, K. Kreucher, Chris Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Kuyunko, N. S. Multiple Model Particle Filtering For from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Multi-Target Tracking Ð 121 tions Ð 380 aceous Chondrites Ð 332

B-35 Kuzmin, R. O. Lanagan, P. D. Larsen, K. W. Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- dar Earth-based Observations of Mars HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 ticipated Ð 382 with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Wind-related Erosion Depressions Landesa, L. Larsen, T. Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Kuznetsov, I. V. Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- 182 Ð 326 lems Ð 264 Wind-related Erosion Depressions Larson, S. L. Within a Small Impact Craters in Chryse Landgraf, M. Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- and Elysium Planitiae on Mars Ð 363 The Sun’s Dust Disk: Discovery Potential cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Kwinn, M. J., Jr. of the New Horizons Mission During In- trices Ð 141 terplanetary Cruise Ð 320 Determining Simulation Requirements Lasheras, Juan C. and Identifying a Course of Action to Landis, Howard Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence More Efficiently Support Acquisition Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on Laden With Bubbles or Droplets Ð 116 Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and Laskar, J. ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- Kyllonen, Patrick Lane, M. D. tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Integrated Spectroscopic Studies of An- from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- hydrous Sulfate Minerals Ð 387 voirs Ð 392 veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Lane, Melissa D. Lauer, H. V., Jr. ments Ð 224 Evidence for Aqueously Precipitated Sul- Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Kyprianou, Ross fates in Northeast Meridiani Using THE- Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Approximation of Integrals via Monte MIS and TES Data Ð 387 talline Siderite Ð 389 Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Lang, N. P. Lauer, H. V. Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- Venusian Channel Formation as a Sub- ties Ð 255 Genesis: Removing Contamination from surface Process Ð 388 Sample Collectors Ð 319 Kyte, Frank T. Langenhorst, F. Detailed Results on Analyses of Deposits Lauretta, D. S. Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the of the Eltanin Impact, Recovered in Sedi- Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at ment Cores from Polarstern Expedition from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 ANT-XVIII/5a Ð 380 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the Nebular-Formation Theory Ð 161 Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the Langevin, Y. Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- bearing Aubrite Ð 396 tion to OMEGA Ð 368 La Veigne, J. Lavery, John E. High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Heavy-Tailed, Non-Gaussian Nature of Investigation of Coherent Emission from the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Terrain and its Implications for Terrain Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Modeling by L1 Splines Ð 256 Laheurte, J-M. with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Lavrentjeva, Z. A. Array of Coupled Oscillators Generating tions Ð 384 REE and Some Other Trace Elements Circular Polarization Ð 59 Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Lahtela, H. lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Lavrukhin, G. N. Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Observations of the North Permanent by Means of Separation Flow Control- Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by ling Ð 1 Mars Ð 363 OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- tions Ð 388 Lawrence, D. J. The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar gion as Seen Through the First Year of Langsdorf, E. L. Red Spots Ð 345 Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Classification and Distribution of Pat- The Composition and Origin of the Lam, Maggie terned Ground in the Southern Hemi- sphere of Mars Ð 389 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Lanyi, William F. ics Ð 195 Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Lawrence, Frederick P. vices Contracts Ð 199 Lambert, Matthew A. Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Laparra, O. tives Ð 101 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Program Ð 304 tion Process for 0.18 micron and Lawrence, S. J. Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Lan, Wen-Chin Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke and Electrical Performance Ð 97 Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of Numerical Studies of Wave Propagation Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 through Concrete Walls Using Effective Lapygin, V.I. Material Property Technique and FDTD Facilities for Scramjet Improve- The Composition and Origin of the Method Ð 91 ment Ð 32 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382

B-36 Lawton, D. C. Lee, Nigel Leitner, D. 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle Threshold Region Performance Predic- Commissioning of the Superconducting Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 Canada Ð 152 ing Localization Ð 122 GHz Ð 292 Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift Lee, Pascal Leitner, J. J. of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Why Earth-like Plate-Recycling Cannot Leap, T. New Constraints on Mars Denudation Operate on Venus at Present: A Theoreti- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog cal Estimation of Trench Pull and Ridge Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Push Ð 162 veillance System at Navy and Marine land, High Arctic Ð 389 Corps MTFs Ð 313 Leitner, M. A. Lee, Seung Ryeol Commissioning of the Superconducting LeBihan, Jean Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 Simpliﬁed Analysis of a Three Line Mi- Element Systematics of Impact-Melt GHz Ð 292 crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- Lemieux, Edward strate Ð 75 ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- LeBoff, Meryl Lee, Sunwoong sion Control Measure for Ballast A Randomized Study of the Effects of Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Tanks Ð 199 Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Lemmon, M. Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- tering Loss Ð 390 Risk Women After Prophylactic Photometric Observations of Soils and Oophorectomy Ð 209 Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover ropa Ð 161 Landing Sites Ð 329 Lebreton, J.-P. Lee, T. H. The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results Lenz, David E. An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main Highlights Ð 387 Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Beam Ð 82 say for Organophosphate Exposure Lecroy, Jessica Lee, William W. -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Civilians in the Field and Labora- Center of Gravity Schizophrenia Over Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- tory Ð 200 Kosovo: An ‘Eccentric’ War in Need of a forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- True Clausewitzian Analysis Ð 282 Array Ð 288 LeonidasdaSilvaSouzaSobrinho, Carlos Leder, Philip Lee, Y. Y. Characterization of an Optically- Controlled Double-Channel Lossy- Characterization of Two Novel Onco- Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam Dielectric Waveguide Ð 73 genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Transport Line of BNL-AGS of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models Booster Ð 272 Leontieva, E. M. of Breast Cancer Ð 201 Design of a Resonant Extraction System The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar Lee, D-C. for the AGS Booster Ð 296 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry Lee, Yung P. and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Subarray Beam-Space Adaptive Beam- Leou, Jeng-Long Body of Ureilites Ð 387 forming for a Dynamic Long Towed- Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Lee, Dong-Jin Array Ð 288 Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering Problems Ð 249 Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- LeFeuvre, M. tem for the Satellite Communication The Asymmetric Cratering History of the Lerman, L. Earth Antenna Ð 93 Moon Ð 382 Could Martian Strawberries Be? - Prebi- otic Chemical Evolution on an Early Wet Lee, Fourmun Lefkowitz, Lee J. Mars Ð 391 Yield Analysis and Data Management Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Do Martian Blueberries Have Pits? - Ar- Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 say for Organophosphate Exposure tifacts of an Early Wet Mars Ð 391 -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Lee, Ivan C. Civilians in the Field and Labora- Lescinsky, D. T. JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- tory Ð 200 Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- tions Ð 143 Lefort, A. tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Lee, J. B. Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus Rover Data Ð 364 Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 Leshin, L. A. tary Rocks Ð 67 Legg, Amy C. Hydrogen Abundances in Metal Grains Lee, Jason S. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- from the Hammadah Al Hamra (HaH) Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) 237 Metal-rich Chondrite: A Test of the 161 sion Control Measure for Ballast Program Ð 304 Nebular-Formation Theory Ð Tanks Ð 199 Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Lehmus, Outi tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Lee, J. Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs bonates Ð 165 Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features with Different Permittivities Ð 53 on Mars Ð 400 Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, Leisner, J. S. a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Lee, K. F. Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring 182 Ð 326 A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 Letherer, Brian Lee, M. T. Leistritz, D. C. Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor Measurements for Diffusion Process Resonator Antennas Ð 54 for Compound Detection Ð 106 Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95

B-37 Letowski, Tomasz R. Li, Hsueh-Jyh Lilja, David J. An Evaluation of a Spoken Language Minimum and Maximum Time-Localized Scalable Parallel Approximate Formula- Interface Ð 228 Complex-Valued Wavelets for Scattering tions of Multidimensional Spatial Auto- Problems Ð 249 Regression Models for Spatial Data Min- Letrou, C. ing Ð 256 A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- Li, Jian-Yang ments for Printed Antennas Analy- HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Lillis, R. J. sis Ð 89 Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 Leung, K. W. Li, Mien Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Statistical Methodology for Yield En- Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Resonator Antennas Ð 54 hancement via Baseline Reduc- from Electron Reflection Magnetom- tion Ð 252 etry Ð 394 Lever, J. H. Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Li, Ping Lim, D. Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Caps Ð 385 SEM Ð 98 New Constraints on Mars Denudation Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Li, Pui-Kai Leverington, D. W. Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Evaluation of Candidate Crater-Lake Development of Dual Acting Inhibitors for land, High Arctic Ð 389 Sites on Mars Ð 392 Breast Cancer Ð 176 Lim, L. F. Leveritt, C. S. Li, Q. Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New The Role of Nitrogen in Gun Tube Wear Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker and Erosion Ð 34 tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy XRS Data Ð 393 Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Levi, D. H. Lin, Chih-Hung Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- Sampling Methodology for SEM-based vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Benefit Analysis Ð 133 Levine, J. S. Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 Lin, Chun-Shin Survey (ARES) Mission to Mars Ð 385 FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- Li, R. agement Services Ð 317 Levine, Paul H. Results of Rover Localization and Topo- The Establishment of an Inflammatory graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- Lin, Mark W. Breast Cancer Registry and Biospeci- ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application men Repository Ð 201 of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- Li,S.Q. tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Levrard, B. Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- Walls Ð 137 A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Lin, Mike C. from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine voirs Ð 392 lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Facilities Ð 113 High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Li, S.Q. the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Lin, Nancy Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy A Randomized Study of the Effects of with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal tions Ð 384 Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- Li, Xiao-Lei Risk Women After Prophylactic Levy, Joseph S. Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- Oophorectomy Ð 209 Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala Lin, R. P. Lia, T. L. Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- Norephedrines Ð 29 Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- Liang, Y. from Electron Reflection Magnetom- logue Ð 384 On the Physical and Chemical Conse- etry Ð 394 quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- Linde H. Lewis, G. Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Liberti, Joseph Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO Linderman, Mark H. Systems Ð 3 Lewis, R. J. FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- Libourel, G. agement Services Ð 317 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Norephedrines Ð 29 Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule Linderman, Richard W. Formation Ð 163 Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Leya, I. Lichy, Jack H. Applications Ð 236 Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar System Objects Ð 392 Inducible siRNA Vectors for Probing Sig- FPGA Acceleration of Information Man- naling Pathways in Breast Cancer agement Services Ð 317 Li, D. Cells Ð 206 Lindgren, I. High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon Lilach, Y. Communication and Team Performance Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs in BA Teams A Field Study of Breathing RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon as Electronically Tunable Cata- Apparatus Firefighters’ Communication Cooling Experiment Ð 268 lysts Ð 105 during Rescue Operations Ð 66

B-38 Lindgren, P. Liu, Chang Longenberger, R. F. Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Development of Artificial Haircell Sen- Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in nos Impact Crater Ð 159 sors Ð 120 Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- turing Ð 97 Lindmark, Bjoern Liu, Cheh-Ming Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Loomis, M. B. drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled Wireless Applications Ð 81 Mercury Removal in a Non-Thermal, Patch Elements Ð 84 Plasma-Based Multi-Pollutant Control Liu, Hanli Technology for Utility Boilers Ð 149 Lindsay, J. F. Non-Invasive Monitoring of Breast Tumor Does the Planet Drive the Biosphere? Oxygenation: A Key to Tumor Therapy Lopes, R. M. Steps Towards a Universal Biol- Planning and Tumor Prognosis Ð 177 Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface ogy Ð 385 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Liu, M.-C. DAR Ð 385 Lindstroem, M. Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Ratios in an Unaltered Allende Lopes, R. Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation CAI Ð 395 RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- and Ejection Processes, and Post- phy Ð 373 Impact Environment Ð 167 Liu, Qinghui VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Lindstrom, Joel Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- Radar Data Ð 386 ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Liu, R. H. Lorand, Robert T. former Technologies Ð 143 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and Norephedrines Ð 29 Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Lindstrom, M. M. Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Livi, S. Facilities Ð 113 Science Applications of Physics and Overview of Results from the Cassini Chemistry for High School and College Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Loredo, S. Classes. Update. Ð 394 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the tions Ð 379 Local Fading Statistics from Ray- Ling, Hao Tracing Ð 76 Efficient Representation of Electromag- Livingston, David M. netic Integral Equations Using Pre- Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- defined Wavelet Packet Basis Ð 250 Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Algorithm Ð 89 Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Lizotte, Andrew M. Based Parameterization of Antenna- Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- Lorenz, C. A. Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing FeO-rich Xenoliths in the Staroye Pesya- noe Aubrite Ð 383 RCS Interpolation in Frequency and F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- Lizotte, M. Lorenz, R. D. tion Ð 84 OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Lingle, Wilma L. Software-Intensive Systems Ð 262 phy Ð 373 Investigation of Gene Expression Corre- Lobo, R. P. S. M. Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and lating With Centrosome Amplification in Investigation of Coherent Emission from Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Development and Progression of Breast the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Radar Data Ð 386 Cancer Ð 193 Lognonne, P. Lorenz, R. Link, L. S. Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Potential for Life on Mars from Low- on Venus Ð 395 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Temperature Aqueous Weather- DAR Ð 385 ing Ð 394 The Core of the Moon - Molten or Solid? Ð 362 Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering Lisko, Scott C. on Titan with Implications for the Age of Analysis and Forecasts of 300 hPa Di- Lokos, William A. Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Deflection-Based Structural Loads Esti- vergence Associated With Severe Con- Lottero, Richard E. vection Using ETA-212 and MM5 Model mation From the Active Aeroelastic Wing High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Data Ð 173 F/A-18 Aircraft Ð 7 Measurement of Shock, Particle, and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. Lombardi, Donald P. Combustion Fronts Produced by En- Mineralogical and Seismological Models The Tetraspanin Metastasis Supressor hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Gene, KAI1/CD82, and the Proto- Oncogene, Her-2/neu, as Molecular De- Louzada, K. L. Little, Brenda J. terminants of Metastasis in Breast Can- Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- cer Patients Ð 215 tite Ð 386 sion Control Measure for Ballast Tanks Ð 199 Long, D. Lowe, J. J. Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite- Litvak, M. I. bearing Aubrite Ð 396 Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Long, J. B. Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- Lowell, Larry HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 roprotective in a Model of Traumatic Manufacturing and Reliability Improve- Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- ments in Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors - Litvak, M. L. emia Ð 204 MOMCAPs Ð 299 Two Successive Martian Years on the Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Long, S. M. Lowman, P. D., Jr. Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar Origin of the Lunar Highland Data Ð 395 Backscatter Data in ArcGIS Ð 396 Crust Ð 383

B-39 Lu, C. Luiro, K. The delta(sup 17)O/delta(sup 18)O Ratio Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Associated with CO Photodissociation in COOL Experiment Ð 269 Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied the Solar Nebula Ð 160 from HRSC Data Ð 163 Lu, Hsin-Chia Lyul, A. Y. Antenna Gain and Scattering Measure- Luk, K. M. REE and Some Other Trace Elements ment Using Reflective Three-Antenna A Miniature 2-Layer Patch Antenna Ð 79 Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Method Ð 60 lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Lu, Jianrong Kong Ð 90 Macdonald, V. W. Characterization of Two Novel Onco- Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric Human Recombinant Factor VIIa is Neu- genic Pathways Collaborting With Loss Resonator Antennas Ð 54 roprotective in a Model of Traumatic of p53 or Activated Neu in Mouse Models Brain Injury and Secondary Hypox- of Breast Cancer Ð 201 Lukacs, B. emia Ð 204 Lu, Jui-Han How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Trian- Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis MacKay, W. W. gular Microstrip Antennas Ð 58 of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic RHIC Injection System Ð 293 Body Ð 397 Lu, M. MacKay, W. A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- Lukomskiy, A. K. RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of ogy Ð 302 Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars Lu, Yilong for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and Mackulak, Gerald T. Optimal Design of the Generalized Temporal Variations and Changes of Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- Base Ground and Satellite Low- tives Ð 101 rithm Ð 60 Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 Mackwell, S. J. Lu, Ying Lunine, J. I. Dunite Viscosity Dependence on Oxygen Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, Saturn Satellite Densities and the C/O Fugacity Ð 370 Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- Chemistry of the Solar Nebula Ð 330 mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- Maclennan, J. sors Ð 254 Lunine, J. Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Lucchitta, B. K. Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Composition of the Moon from the Apollo as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Light Layer and Sinuous Ridges on Pla- Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment DAR Ð 385 teau Near Juventae Chasma, of Inertia Ð 157 Mars Ð 163 Numerical Modeling of Impact Cratering MacPherson, G. J. on Titan with Implications for the Age of Luce, S. L. Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- Titan’s Surface Ð 160 Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- drule Formation: Evidence from ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- Luotsinen, Linus J. Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 tive Aluminum Ð 37 Collaborative UAV Exploration of Hostile Madsen, G. J. Environments Ð 10 Lucey, P. G. Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Lussier, L.-S. strained by High Resolution Spectros- Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 tions for Energetic Material Combustion Maekawa,Y. One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Complementary Hemispherical Reflec- acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- tance and Thermal Emission Spectros- Lyke, James tem Ð 50 copy Using a Single FTIR Instru- Reconfigurable Wires Ð 104 ment Ð 118 Lyle, Karen H. Magloczki, G. Quantitative Mineralogy of South Pole- The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Aitken Basin Ð 396 Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Process Ð 95 The Composition and Origin of the sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Panel Ð 136 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 Magnone, J. P. The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Lynett, P. J. Development of Nanofibrous Mem- branes Towards Biological Sens- Lucey, Paul G. Offshore Breaking of Impact Tsunami: Van Dorn was Right Ð 158 ing Ð 125 Properties of Permanently Shadowed Regolith Ð 405 Lyon, I. C. Mahler, G. Ludewig, H. Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- Collimator Systems for the SNS Mahmoud, M. S. nique for the Armory Ð 139 Ring Ð 296 An SBH Antenna with a Pulse Type Main Luening, K. Lyon, I. Beam Ð 82 Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), Majumdar, Adhip P. niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- sis Ð 323 ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties and Laser SNMS Ð 351 in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Lugara, D. Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- A Gabor Frame Based Method of Mo- Lyons, J. R. loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in ments for Printed Antennas Analy- Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- sis Ð 89 Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 rhage Ð 202

B-40 Makris, Nicholas C. Mangaser, Ramon Marshall, Susan L. Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Copper Interconnect Technology New Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Foreign Language and Speech Transla- tering Loss Ð 390 ing Ð 96 tion Technologies in a Coalition Military Environment Ð 220 Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- Mangold, N. ropa Ð 161 Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and Martensson, T. Malcolm, A. Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 Singular Vector Growth over Short Time- Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for Scales Ð 169 Manley, Geoffrey T. Natural Environments Ð 316 Martin, Carol C. Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Iterative Detection for Multi-User MIMO Malia, Jennifer A. Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Systems Ð 3 Prospective and Retrospective Testing of ics Ð 195 High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Martin, Donald P. Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Manley, M. The Advantages of Using Short Cycle ogy Ð 174 A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Time Manufacturing (SCM) Instead of tion Process for 0.18 micron and Malisuwan, Settapong Continuous Flow Manufacturing Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction (CFM) Ð 306 The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and and Electrical Performance Ð 97 Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied Martin, J. M. to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Manning, C. E. Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Lines Ð 72 Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Malitsky, N. Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 UAL-Based Simulation Environment for Manousakis, Kyriakos Martin, M. C. 265 Spallation Neutron Source Ring Ð Distributed Domain Generation Based on Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live Malkin, Jesse D. the Network Environment Characteristics Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR Spectromicroscopy Ð 30 Determinants of Dispensing Location in for Dynamic Ad-Hoc Networks Ð 311 the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- Martin, P. G. Marchant, D. R. gram Ð 178 Determining Simulation Requirements Regional Mid-Latitude Glaciation on and Identifying a Course of Action to Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- Mars: Evidence for Marginal Glacial De- Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- More Efficiently Support Acquisition posits Adjacent to Lineated Valley Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- CARE Benefit Design from the Private Fill Ð 343 Sector Ð 179 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Marchant, David R. Malone, Farris Martin, P. Evidence for Remnants of Late Hespe- A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Elastic Thickness Estimates for Coronae rian Ice-rich Deposits in the Mangala for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Associated with Chasmata on Ve- Valles Outflow Channel Ð 382 vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- nus Ð 355 Signal IC Ð 101 Marchant, David r. Martines, Larry Malone, Kathleen E. Regional Mid-Latitude Late Amazonian Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema Valley Glaciers on Mars: Origin of Lin- Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 eated Valley Fill and Implications for Re- tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal cent Climate Change Ð 356 Cleaning Process Ð 301 Malone, Philip G. Martinez, David R. Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Marchant, David R. Pavements Ð 41 The Origin and Evolution of Oriented- Amending Moore’s Law for Embedded Network Polygonally Patterned Ground: Applications: Panel Discussion Ð 144 Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- The Antarctic Dry Valleys as Mars Ana- ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Martins-Camelo, L. logue Ð 384 niques Ð 279 A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 Maloney, James G. Marcoux, F. Determination of Surface Currents by A Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Martz, H. E. Back Propagation of Field Measure- for LEO Satellite Communications Ð 55 Feasibility of Proton Radiography for Me- soscale Radiography Ð 273 ments Ð 85 Marcus, M. A. Modeling Staircased Wires using the Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Maruoka, T. FDTD Method Ð 85 rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Maly, P. M. Marhas, K. K. Second Generation Advanced Reburning Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- Marusic, A. for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 trol Ð 148 Murchison and Murray Meteor- Masarik, J. Manatt, K. S. ites Ð 109 Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- An Improved Instrument for Investigating Marinangeli, L. Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 ter Ð 324 Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Mandell, Myron J. Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Maskarinec, Gertraud Spacecraft Potential Control Ð 13 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Genetic Plymorphisms, Estrogens, and Breast Density Ð 183 Manga, M. Marshall Jr, Orange S. Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- Massey, Mary S. from Electron Reflection Magnetom- ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Hospital-Based First Responder Mass etry Ð 394 niques Ð 279 Prophylaxis Plan Ð 195

B-41 Masson, P. Mauk, B. H. McClung, Christina Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Overview of Results from the Cassini Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- No. 213 Ð 254 tions Ð 379 Mastumoto, Koji Standardized UXO Technology Demon- VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Maul, J. stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Number 148 Ð 46 Matekovits, L. ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- restrial Materials) Ð 412 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Number 249 Ð 46 tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 Maurano, Luis Eduardo Pinheiro Mather, J. C. Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Time: Basic Concepts, Development and stration Site Open Field Scoring Record 123 strained by High Resolution Spectros- Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Number 354 Ð copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Maurice, S. McCoy, T. J. Matis,H.S. Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- erophile Element Systematics of Group Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 IVB Irons Ð 360 Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 Mawn, Andrew McDaniel, Melissa A. Matrajt, G. The Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Oblique Wing Aerodynamics Ð 2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 8 Aerial Vehicle Ð McDevitt, T. L. Measurements of Ferric Iron in Cronst- edtite from a Hydrated IDP: Comparison Maxwell, T. A. Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- to Ferric Iron Contents in Cronstedtite in A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- CM Chondrites Ð 330 sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- tive Aluminum Ð 37 works Ð 336 Matson, D. L. McDonald, J. R. The Huygens Mission at Titan: Results May, Gary S. Airborne UXO Surveys Using the Highlights Ð 387 Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in MTADS Ð 119 Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Matson, Kathy L. McDonald, K. T. works Ð 299 Innovative Methods for Investigating the Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Mayes, P. COOL Experiment Ð 269 Soil Ð 140 A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- McDonough, E. A. Backed Slot Array Ð 83 Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels Maynard, Daniel N. plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila in Rats Ð 35 Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Matsuda, Y. Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Fabricator Ð 298 Specimens Ð 190 Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- Mayott, Gregory McDonough, W. F. nique for the Armory Ð 139 Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Potassium-bearing Iron-Nickel Sulfides Matsui, Takafumi Digital Communications for Current and in Nature and High-Pressure Experi- An Experimental Method to Estimate the Future Force Sensors Ð 72 ments: Geochemical Consequences of Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor Potassium in the Earth’s Core Ð 157 Mayton, A. Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- pact Ð 410 Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- erophile Element Systematics of Group Matsui, T. ing Foam Ð 218 IVB Irons Ð 360 Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- McEwen, A. S. tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by McAuley, Anthony Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Cometary Impact Ð 334 Domain Formation and Maintenance in Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, Matthews, John Mars Ð 327 Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated McCay, Todd McFadden, Lucy A. with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- Risk Management Exercise in a Wafer facturing Line Ð 307 Fab Utilizing Dynamic Simulation Ð 307 HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 Mattson, William D. McClanahan, T. P. McGilberry, William H. Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New ing the Future Force Ð 33 Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker Flexible Display Technologies...Do They XRS Data Ð 393 Have a Role in the Cockpit? Ð 11 Matukov, D. I. The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar McCleskey, Carey M. McGregor, Ottis W., III 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Space Shuttle Operations and Infrastruc- Command and Control of Special Opera- Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 ture: A Systems Analysis of Design Root tions Forces Missions in the US northern Causes and Effects Ð 261 Command Area of Responsibility Ð 69 Matz, K.-D. Martian Valley Networks and Associated McClintock, W. E. McGuire, Jeffrey M. Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Spectra with the Titanium Abundance on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels (HRSC) Ð 117 Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 in Rats Ð 35

B-42 McInerney, M. K. McMeen, D. J. Mellon, M. T. An Experimental Investigation of the Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- Satellite Ð 47 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration rent Martian Environmental Condi- McMillan, R. W. Current Pulses Ð 107 tions Ð 350 Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- McInerney, Michael K. Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- Northern Hemisphere Gullies on Mars: Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- Analysis of Spacecraft Data and Implica- ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- mosphere Ð 167 tions for Formation Mechanisms Ð 350 niques Ð 279 McMurry, P. H. Menard, J. E. McIntyre, G. Effects of Process Parameters on Par- Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction Design of an AC-Dipole for use in ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and and Isoﬂux Control of Plasma Shape and RHIC Ð 296 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Position in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 McIntyre, Mike McNally, Peter Mende, N. P. How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha Statistical Methodology for Yield En- and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate hancement via Baseline Reduc- MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- Process Control Approach Ð 253 tion Ð 252 enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Flow Ð 114 McKay, C. P. McNamara, K. M. Mendybaev, R. A. Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Genesis: Removing Contamination from tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Sample Collectors Ð 319 Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Evaporation Residues Measured by La- rent Martian Environmental Condi- McNerney, A. J. 350 ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 tions Ð Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Transport Line of BNL-AGS Mercer, James New Constraints on Mars Denudation Booster Ð 272 Cruise Report: Long-Range Ocean Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Acoustic Propagation EXperiment McNerney, A. Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- (LOAPEX) Ð 284 land, High Arctic Ð 389 Design of a Resonant Extraction System for the AGS Booster Ð 296 Mercier, James R. McKay, D. S. Dynamic Capacity Modeling Ð 308 McNesby, Kevin L. Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Merekin, D. V. ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source High Brightness Imaging for Real Time Enhancement of Efficiency of Operation for Methane and Surface Alter- Measurement of Shock, Particle, and of High-Speed Aircraft Engine Elements ation Ð 408 Combustion Fronts Produced by En- hanced Blast Explosives Ð 290 by Means of Separation Flow Control- McKeegan, K. D. ling Ð 1 McReynolds, Julie Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Merkel, R. Ratios in an Unaltered Allende Science Applications of Physics and Shock Reduction for Low-Coal Shuttle CAI Ð 395 Chemistry for High School and College Car Operators Using Viscoelastic Seat- McKenzie, Mark T. Classes. Update. Ð 394 ing Foam Ð 218 Defeating Anti-Americanism Ð 70 McSween, H. Y., Jr. Mermagen, Timothy J. McKerley, Sally S. Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- An Evaluation of a Spoken Language Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard drules and Metal Grains Revealed by Interface Ð 228 X-Ray Computed Tomography Digital Communications for Current and Mertens, V. Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Data Ð 164 Martian Valley Networks and Associated Mckinney, W. R. McWhirter, John Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Tracking Chemical Changes in a Live A Novel Technique for Broadband Singu- Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Cell: Biomedical Applications of SR-FTIR lar Value Decomposition Ð 122 (HRSC) Ð 117 Spectromicroscopy Ð 30 Medina, V. F. Mertzman, Stanley A. McKinnon, W. B. Effects of Organic Matter on the Speciﬁ- Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Mountain Building on Io: An Unsteady Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 trices Ð 141 Relationship Between Volcanism and Messenger, S. Tectonism Ð 373 Meehan, James R. GEMS Revealed: Spectrum Imaging of McLennan, S. M. Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Aggregate Grains in Interplanetary Digital Communications for Current and Dust Ð 320 Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Future Force Sensors Ð 72 pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- TEM and NanoSIMS Study of ships on Mars Ð 358 Megill, Todd A. Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Integrating Global-Scale Mission The Dark Fruit of Globalization: Hostile Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 Use of the Internet Ð 237 Datasets: Understanding the Martian Meth, M. Crust Ð 346 Mehra, V. Design of an AC-Dipole for use in Mechanically Produced Radical Species Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal RHIC Ð 296 at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Martian Soils Ð 360 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Metzgar, D. A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- McMahon, G. Melcer, T. plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila Development of New Methodology and Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Technique to Accelerate Region Yield veillance System at Navy and Marine and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Improvement Ð 299 Corps MTFs Ð 313 Specimens Ð 190

B-43 Meyer, C. Michelsen, Rene Miller, G. E. Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Why Small is Beautiful - and How to Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Zircons Ð 405 Detect Another 10 Billion Small Main Belt Satellite Ð 47 Asteroids Ð 343 Meyersdorf, Doron Miller, John Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in Michielssen, E. Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 A Dual Mode Log-Periodic Cavity- tiple Manufacturing Environ- Backed Slot Array Ð 83 ments Ð 258 Mezger, K. An Integrated Online Environment for Miller, Marcus S. The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Antenna Education Ð 217 Ocean Ð 365 The Encryption Export Policy Contro- The Steepest Descent Fast Multipole versy: Searching for Balance in the Infor- Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Method (SDFMM) for Solving Combined mation Age Ð 310 Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Field Integral Equation Pertinent to Miller, Martin S. dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Rough Surface Scattering Ð 90 Bodies Ð 365 Model for Combustion of Triple-Base Michielssen, Eric Propellant with Detailed Chemistry Ð 34 Mezzanolla, P. Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 Miller, M. Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- Michnoff, R. J. Combustion Diagnostics for New, FDTD Method Ð 44 RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Operation Ð 265 lants Ð 34 Mezzanotte, P. Michnoff, R. Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical Miller, Peter Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal FDTD Method Ð 82 ogy Ð 302 Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- ing Ð 300 Miceli, Frank Migliaccio, Maurizio A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- Miller, Scot Surfaces Ð 244 anced Joint Development Projects and Evaluation of Information Assurance Re- Contracted Independent Research Pro- Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- quirements in a Net-Centric Army Ð 315 viders Ð 308 mation in Electromagnetic Scattering from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- Miller, William J. Michael, B. D. son Ð 245 Reducing Perﬂuorinated Compound Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the Emissions Ð 146 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. Miglietta, Guglielmo L. Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of Italian Army and Society: From ‘Separa- Mills, D. Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 tion’ to a relationship of Trust Towards Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Men in Uniform, Strategic Value of Com- Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping Michael, G. munication Ð 70 Some Structural Elements of the Largest Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Mikouchi, T. Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Desert Ð 152 Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for Milosevic, Michael F. Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- the Crystallization of Los Angeles and A Study of Transrectal Tumor Oxygen neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Dhofar 378 Ð 376 Measurements in Patients Which Clini- tained by the High Resolution Stereo cally Localized Prostate Cancer Ð 208 Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Mikula, V. Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the Ming, D. W. Michael, Nelson L. Moon, Contributions from Impact In- MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of duced Currents Due to Positive Holes bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- namo Ð 374 to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 ogy Ð 174 Milazzo, M. Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Michaels, R. S. Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Development of Advanced Rocket En- terior Models for Io Ð 372 bonates Ð 165 gine Technology for Precision Guided Milkereit, B. Thermal Characterization of Fe3O4 Missiles Ð 20 The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Nanoparticles Formed from Poorly Crys- Michaels, Timothy I. Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A talline Siderite Ð 389 First Report Ð 366 Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Miraglia, Stephanie Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Miller, A. L. Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- Simulations Ð 403 bing Ð 149 ing Ð 300 Michailov, A. V. Miller, Arthur J. Mishra, Sourabh Facilities for Scramjet Improve- ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear and Ad- Development of a Production Worthy ment Ð 32 joint Models: Testing and Applica- Copper CMP Process Ð 96 tions Ð 254 Michalski, J. R. Mislevy, Robert Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Miller, Dennis Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure of Individual and Team Proﬁciencies De- alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 in Rats Ð 35 ments Ð 224

B-44 Misra, S. Miyachi, T. Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a India and Elemental Variations in Impact on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Crater Clays Ð 406 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Molnar, P. Mitchell, D. G. Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor Overview of Results from the Cassini High Pressure Xenon Time Projection for Compound Detection Ð 106 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Chamber Ð 345 Momayezi, M. (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Miyajima, M. Digital Signal Processors for Cryogenic tions Ð 379 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using High-Resolution X-Ray Detector Read- Mitchell, D. L. High Pressure Xenon Time Projection out Ð 288 345 December 27th Magnetar Event Obser- Chamber Ð Montain, S. J. vations by Mars Global Surveyor Ð 321 Miyamoto, H. Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Evidence for a Second Martian Dynamo Basaltic Ring Structures as an Analog for Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- from Electron Reflection Magnetom- Ring Features in Athabasca Valles, tional Stress: Supporting Future Force etry Ð 394 Mars Ð 327 Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- field Ð 217 Mitchell, James Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- Monteiro, O. R. Implementation of the Federal Informa- tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials tion Security Management Act for Infor- Miyamoto, M. and Structures Using Plasma Pro- cesses Ð 21 mation Technology Training and Aware- Crystallization Experiment of Los Ange- ness Ð 239 les Basaltic Shergottite: Implication for Montgomery, J. Information Technology Management: the Crystallization of Los Angeles and Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Management of Information Technology Dhofar 378 Ð 376 Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Resources Within DoD Ð 231 EBSD Study of Amoeboid Olivine Aggre- Development of a New Technol- ogy Ð 227 Mitchell, K. L. gates with Low-Ca Pyroxenes in the Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- Y-81020 CO3.0 Chondrite Ð 157 Montmessin, F. terior Models for Io Ð 372 Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- A GCM Recent History of Northern Mar- lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 tian Polar Layered Deposits: Contribution Mitchell, P. from Past Equatorial Ice Reser- Development of New Methodology and Miyamoto, Mitsuo voirs Ð 392 Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Wet Chemical Cleaning for Damaged Improvement Ð 299 Layer Removal Inside the Deep Sub- High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of Micron Contact Hole Ð 40 the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Mitrofanov, I. G. Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Miyazaki, A. with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite tions Ð 384 Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 Montoya, Thomas P. cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Two Successive Martian Years on the ite Ð 402 Modeling Staircased Wires using the Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 FDTD Method Ð 85 Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Mizukami, Masashi Montull, J. Ignacio Alonso Data Ð 395 Doing Systems Engineering Without Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Thinking About It at NASA Dryden Flight Mitsuhashi, R. Failure Pattern Classification with the Research Center Ð 6 Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Moalem, Yoel work. Application on Submicron Linear tem Ð 50 Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to Technologies Ð 134 Production ADC Matching Perfor- Mittal, Sanjiv Moore, J. M. mance Ð 298 Statistical Methodology for Yield En- A Noachian/Hesperian Hiatus and Ero- hancement via Baseline Reduc- Effective Defect Detection and Classifi- sive Reactivation of Martian Valley Net- tion Ð 252 cation Methodology Based on Integrated works Ð 336 Laser Scanning Inspection and Auto- A Sedimentary Platform in Margaritifer Mittra, Raj matic Defect Classification Ð 135 Challenges in PCS Antenna De- Sinus, Meridiani Terra, and Ara- 358 sign Ð 51 Modugno, Francesmary bia? Ð Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Alluvial Fans on Mars Ð 156 Modeling of Periodic Structures Using graphic Density Ð 182 the Finite Difference Time Domain Moore, J. (FDTD) Ð 78 Moehlmann, D. T. F. Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado Mittra, T. R. tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 2002-December 31, 2002 Ð 146 netic Medium Ð 82 Mohan, Ram V. Moore, Matthew J. Miura, N. A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Modeling and Simulation Environment Response to Surface and Mesoscale (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 for Composite Materials Manufacturing Forcing Ð 120 and Testing Ð 27 Miura, Y. N. Morabito, Diane Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in Mokhov, N. V. Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- Pathophysiology and Biomechan- lution Ð 409 tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 ics Ð 195

B-45 MoraesdeFreitas, Ramon Mosallaei, H. Murphy, J. R. Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Design Approach based on Genetic Al- Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Application of DETER Project Ð 140 gorithms Ð 51 Mars: A Numerical Modeling Morefield, Sean W. RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, Study Ð 398 Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- and Spherical Structures by Composite Murray, J. B. ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- niques Ð 279 Mosegaard, K. drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Moreira, Mauricio Alves Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment Murtaza, G. Application of DETER Project Ð 140 of Inertia Ð 157 Finite Element Modelling of an Optical Morera, Raquel The Core of the Moon - Molten or Antenna using Piezoelectric Polymer Domain Formation and Maintenance in Solid? Ð 362 Coated D-Fibre Ð 24 Large Ad hoc Networks Ð 238 Moseley, S. H. Murumoto, Tsunehisa Moretti, A. Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon strained by High Resolution Spectros- Shifter Ð 57 copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 Mushi, S. E. RF Accelerating Structure for the Muon Moser, Debra K. Volumetric and Optical Studies of High- Cooling Experiment Ð 268 The Manuscript Option Dissertation: Mul- Pressure Phases of MgSO4-H2O with tiple Perspectives Ð 318 Applications to Europa and Mars Ð 297 Morgan, J. G. Moser, S. S. Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Mustard, J. F. cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- trices Ð 141 tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Morgan, Z. Moses, Bruce D. On the Physical and Chemical Conse- Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Mafic Polyhydrated Sulfates and quences of Lunar Picritic Magma- Spectrum Dominance and Network Cen- Kieserite in Capri Chasma Ð 151 tric Warfare? Ð 239 Anorthosite Reaction Ð 162 Nagahara, H. Mosig, Juan R. Mori, K. Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Global Mapping of Elemental Abundance PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules on Lunar Surface by SELENE Gamma- Miniaturisation Ð 74 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Ray Spectrometer Ð 362 Moskovits, M. Nagashima, K. Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Morishita, Hisabi Destruction of Presolar Silicates by as Electronically Tunable Cata- A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- lysts Ð 105 Handsets Ð 80 son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 Mostefaoui, S. Morishita, Y. Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 094 Ð 375 NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Moroney, Daniel J. Nakada, Kuniyoshi Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- Forecasting Medical Materiel Require- rials Ð 354 180 deg/alpha deg Combined Phase ments for Contingency Opera- Shifter Ð 57 tions Ð 194 Moynihan, Thomas J. Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Nakamae, Koji Moroz, L. V. Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- Effect of 300mm Wafer and Small Lot Mineralogical Differences Between sion Ð 42 Size on Final Test Process Efficiency and Metamorphosed and Non- Cost of LSI Manufacturing Sys- Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 Mueller, D. tem Ð 308 Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction Moroz, L. and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and Nakamoto, T. Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- Position in the National Spherical Torus Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock roxenes: Further Correlations Between Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 Mueller, G. Flares Ð 325 Morris, R. V. Performance and Productivity Improve- Nakamura, A. M. MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum tions Ð 100 Preliminary Results Ð 118 to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Muller, R. Nakamura, K. Photometric Observations of Soils and Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover TEM and NanoSIMS Study of Landing Sites Ð 329 Murch, R. D. Hydrated/Anhydrous Phase Mixed IDPs: Antenna Research for PCS in Hong Cometary or Asteroidal Origin? Ð 401 Morton, Richard Kong Ð 90 Investing in the Future by Learning from Nakamura, R. the Past: Developing a Survey Tool to Murphy, J. B. Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Gather Feedback from Deployed Army Investigation of Coherent Emission from Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Forward Surgical Team Ð 179 the NSLS VUV Ring Ð 295 Preliminary Results Ð 118

B-46 Nakamura, T. M. Nashashibi, Adib Y. Neidert, J. Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 Combustion Diagnostics for New, cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Nashashibi, Adib ite Ð 402 lants Ð 34 Modeling The Backscattering Response Nakamura, T. of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Nekvasil, H. Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of cies Ð 53 The Earth/Mars Dichotomy in Mg/Si and Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Al/Si Ratios: Is It Real? Ð 404 Nasongkhin, Ruj Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Nelle, Timothy dust Ð 411 How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- Process Control Approach Ð 253 VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- drite Ð 409 Natarajan, A. Nelli, S. M. Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Trapped Noble Gas Components and for Compound Detection Ð 106 Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Mars: A Numerical Modeling drite ALH84206 Ð 400 Naterstad, J. Study Ð 398 Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Nakamura, Yosio Crater: A Field Report Ð 138 Nelson, H. H. Spatial Extent of a Deep Moonquake Naujokaitis, Robert Airborne UXO Surveys Using the Nest: A Preliminary Report of Reexami- MTADS Ð 119 nation Ð 402 Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Measurements for Diffusion Process Nelson, M. J. Nakamuta, Y. Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Modal Abundances of Carbon in Urei- Navsariwala, Umesh India and Elemental Variations in Impact lites: Implications for the Petrogenesis of Crater Clays Ð 406 Ureilites Ð 403 A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink Nakano, Aiichiro ding Ð 56 for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- and Mobile Elements: Implications of alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- Nazarov, M. A. Early MER Results Ð 399 age and Oxidation Ð 113 Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- Nelson, R. M. Nakano, H. ene Chemistry Ð 403 An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a Mineralogical Differences Between Cavity Ð 78 Metamorphosed and Non- Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Nakano, Hisamatsu Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- chotomy Ð 405 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Nelson, T. O. Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 Addressing Pollution Prevention Issues Nakashima, D. The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence in the Design of a New Nuclear Research Trapped Noble Gas Components and for Impact Origin and Formation Facility Ð 144 Exposure History of the Enstatite Chon- Age Ð 364 drite ALH84206 Ð 400 Nemchin, A. A. Nazzario, R. C. Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Nakashima, S. Numerical Investigations of Kuiper Belt Zircons Ð 405 In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Binaries Ð 325 phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- Nemoto, E. teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 Neakrase, Lynn D. V. Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Nakayama, K. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Nesbitt, H. W. A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Cavity Ð 78 Simulations Ð 403 Comparison of Predicted Salt Precipita- tion Sequences with Mars Exploration Namburu, Raju Neakrase, Lynn D. Rover Data Ð 364 A Generalized Method for the Computa- Dust Devils on Mars: Effects of Surface Nett, Jeremy tional Study of the Effect of Hull Bottom Roughness on Particle Threshold Ð 400 Shapes on Mine-Blast Loading from Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 Detonation of an Explosive Ð 258 Neal, C. R. Nettles, J. W. Namiki, N. Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Impact Melts? Ð 404 Size and Shape Distributions of Chon- Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis drules and Metal Grains Revealed by Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- X-Ray Computed Tomography Magellan SAR Brightness Data Ð 412 dence from Volcanic Glass Data Ð 164 Beads Ð 404 Namiki, Takefumi Neubert, Joshua R. Petrology of Nakhlite MIL 03346 Ð 362 A New FDTD Algorithm Free from the Properties of Permanently Shadowed CFL Condition Restraint for a 2D-TE Neal, Clive R. Regolith Ð 405 Wave Ð 247 Distinguishing High-Al Mare Basalt Units Neuffer, D. P. Using High Resolution Clementine Narasimham, V. Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, Data Ð 378 Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water India and Elemental Variations in Impact Investigating the Sources of the Apollo and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- Crater Clays Ð 406 14 High-Al Mare Basalts Ð 155 ity Ð 398

B-47 Neuhaus, Peter Newill, James F. Niemann, H. B. Naval Automation and Information Man- Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Cassini-Huygens Aerosol Collector Py- agement Technology Ð 4 Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics rolyser (ACP) Experiment Ð 334 Environment Ð 116 Neukam, G. Niemann, H. Newsom, H. E. A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- India and Elemental Variations in Impact ages Ð 165 periment: First Results Ð 400 Crater Clays Ð 406 Nijhawan, S. Neukum, G. The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink Effects of Process Parameters on Par- A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 and Mobile Elements: Implications of WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Early MER Results Ð 399 Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Ng, Hwee P. Niles, P. B. Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 Performance Analysis of Management Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Techniques for SONET/SDH telecommu- tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, bonates Ð 165 Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution nications Networks Ð 71 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Ngai, Eugene C. Nimmo, F. Formation of Methane on Mars by Fluid- Evidence for Snow and Ice Accumulation Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- Rock Interaction in the Crust Ð 383 Aiding Debris Flow and Glacial Flow at borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 Mid- to Low-Latitudes on Mars Ð 341 Nguyen, A. N. Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications for Ice Shell Properties Ð 398 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in Continued Characterization of Presolar Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- Nindl, B. C. from HRSC Data Ð 163 bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Nguyen, Cam Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 A Wide-Band Uniplanar Mixer Ð 73 tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Microstrip Spurline Band-Pass Fil- field Ð 217 Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, ters Ð 86 Mars Ð 363 Nguyen, D. Nishihara, S. Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed on Mars Ð 400 by the Mars Express High Resolution Nguyen, Tam L. Nishiizumi, K. Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Nishimura, H. ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from Nguyen, T. Impact of Superbends at the ALS Ð 292 the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Performance and Productivity Improve- reo Camera Ð 366 ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Nittler, L. R. Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Public Outreach and Archiving of Data Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker from the High Resolution Stereo Camera tions Ð 100 XRS Data Ð 393 Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Niccoli, M. Year Ð 376 Seismic Velocity Study of the Rim Uplift Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 Rheological Properties of Late-Stage of the Steen River Impact Crater Ð 164 Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Nicholis, M. G. Noble, J. Evidence from HRSC Ð 357 Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Platform Ð 10 Mare Volcanism Ð 407 gion as Seen Through the First Year of Noble, S. K. Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 Nicholls, G. Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Soil Spectra Ð 165 Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 petus in Comparison: First Results from Process Ð 95 Noguchi, T. Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Nicholson, Gary Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Data Ð 406 Better Dispatch Application- A Success Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Story Ð 96 Neukum, Gerhard dust Ð 411 Nickel, J. G. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Nonaka, H. Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Simulations Ð 403 allel MLFMA Ð 225 Nielsen, K. Norfleet, William Neumann, G. A. Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Joint Crossover Solutions of Altimetry (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 Two New Non-Powered Technolo- and Image Data on 433 Eros Ð 406 gies Ð 219 Nielsen, P. H. Newburn, R. L. An Experimental Investigation of the Norman, M. D. Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Nonlinear Response of Thin-Walled Fer- Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- Derived from Stardust Stereoim- romagnetic Shields to Short-Duration tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older ages Ð 324 Current Pulses Ð 107 than Nectaris Ð 408

B-48 The Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Nyquist, L. E. Ohna, Sohsuke Sun and Implications for Oxygen Pro- Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and An Experimental Method to Estimate the cessing in Molecular Clouds, Star- Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor forming Regions, and the Solar etary Surfaces Ð 401 Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- Nebula Ð 413 pact Ð 410 Obelleiro, F. Nouri, F. An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Ohtake, M. A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: tion Process for 0.18 micron and Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction lems Ð 264 LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 and Electrical Performance Ð 97 O’Brien, William J. Ojeda, D. Ntaflos, T. Future Force and First Responders: Management of Multiple-Pass Con- Deep-seated Crustal Material in Dhofar Building Ties for Collaboration and Le- straints Ð 102 Lunar Meteorites: Evidence from Pyrox- veraged Research and Develop- Ojiro, Yasushi ene Chemistry Ð 403 ment Ð 315 Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Mineralogical Differences Between Occhipinti, G. tenna Ð 52 Metamorphosed and Non- Metamorphosed CM Chondrites Ð 332 Seismic Interior/Atmospheric Coupling Okada, T. on Venus Ð 395 Nubla, A. First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside O’Connell, K. P. from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for eter Ð 410 Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 Performance of a Handheld PCR Instru- ment in the Detection of Bacillus anthra- Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Nulty, J. cis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Development of New Methodology and pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect biter Ð 411 Technique to Accelerate Region Yield of Interferents on Assay Results Ð 126 Improvement Ð 299 Okazaki, R. ODonoghue, Geoffrey Origin and Thermal History of Lithic Ma- Nunez, Patrick A Comparison of Critical Area Analysis terials in the Begaa LL3 Chon- High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Tools Ð 298 drite Ð 409 rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics Oehler, D. Z. Okubo, Chris H. and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Impact Metamorphism of Subsurface Or- Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike ganic Matter on Mars: A Potential Source Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- Nuno, L. for Methane and Surface Alter- ter Topography Ð 409 Prediction of Radiated Perturbations ation Ð 408 from Currents Inside Slotted Screens Us- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- ing a Hybrid FEM Procedure Ð 77 Oerter, B. sion in Southeast Alba Patera from V123 Beam Synchronous Encoder Mod- MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Nurani, Raman K. ule Ð 266 Chains Ð 411 How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate Ogawa, K. Okudaira, K. Process Control Approach Ð 253 First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Nurani, Raman eter Ð 410 Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- dust Ð 411 urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Okudaira, O. Nurmikko, A. V. biter Ð 411 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Nanostructured High Performance Ultra- High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Ohba, Y. violet and Blue Light Emitting Diodes for Chamber Ð 345 Solid State Lighting. Report for October Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of 1, 2003-September 30, 2004 Ð 93 (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Okyudo, M. Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Nusca, Michael J. O’Hearn, Brian E. (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics ment and Locomotion as Affected by Oleng, Nicholas Environment Ð 116 Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Alternative Approaches to Improve Development of Advanced Rocket En- Climates Ð 170 Physiological Predictions Ð 311 gine Technology for Precision Guided Ohkawa, Sumio Oliva, R. Missiles Ð 20 Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for Management of Multiple-Pass Con- Nussbaumer, J. the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral straints Ð 102 Equations Ð 250 Extent and Further Characteristics of Oliver, James H. Former Glaciated Terrain in Elysium Ohman, T. VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- Planitia, Mars Ð 401 Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the hicles Ð 10 Nuth, Joseph A. III Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- Ollikainen, Jani Protostars are Nature’s Chemical Facto- pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs ries Ð 324 sults Ð 409 with Different Permittivities Ð 53 Nycz, J. C. Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, O’May, Janet F. The Peripheral Peak Ring: A Complex Mars Ð 363 Impact Crater Morphologic Feature Prob- Battle Command Metric Exploration in a 228 ably Related to Crater Rim Col- Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Stimulated Combat Environment Ð lapse Ð 399 Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Urban Combat Data Mining Ð 316

B-49 Onder, Murat Shock-metamorphosed and Shock- Pacis, E. B. Locomotion in Virtual Environments and melted CaCO3-bearing Sandstones from Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Analysis of a New Virtual Walking De- the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile vice Ð 231 Melting of Calcite at approx. 10-20 Robots Ð 317 Gpa Ð 166 O’Neil, Harold F. Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Final Report: Assessment in Team Ott, U. Research Technologies Ð 3 Games Ð 233 Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: Padillo, Jose M. Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Simulation of Test Wafer Consumption in monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- a Semiconductor Facility Ð 300 tine Soot? Ð 23 veloped by the DARWARS Environ- Paganelli, F. ments Ð 224 Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Ong, L. restrial Materials) Ð 412 as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- DAR Ð 385 etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- Overbay, Larry, Jr. RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- gets Ð 412 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- phy Ð 373 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Ongstad, a. Number 148 Ð 46 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Superlattices Ð 107 Radar Data Ð 386 stration Site. Open Field Scoring Record Orefice, M. Number 249 Ð 46 Page, M. R. Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 stration Site Open Field Scoring Record Page, S. J. Organiscak, J. A. Number 354 Ð 123 Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Overbay, Larry for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 Standardized UXO Technology Demon- Pahlsson, N. Ori, G. G. stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record No. 213 Ð 254 System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- Overholt, J. Paillou, P. ages Ð 165 Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using Mapping Buried Impacts Craters Using Ground-penetrating Radar: Mapping Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Some Structural Elements of the Largest Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Overpeck, J. T. Impact Field in the Western Egyptian Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Desert Ð 152 Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A Pailom, Chayutra ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from First Report Ð 366 the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- API Development for Persistent Data Ozawa, T. reo Camera Ð 366 Sessions Support Ð 230 Ground-based Lightcurve Observation of Palafox, George Ormo, J. (25143) Itokawa, 2001-2004 Ð 164 Antenna Optimization Study on Stryker New Drill-Core Data from the Lockne Ozima, M. Vehicle Using FDTD Technique Ð 281 Crater, Sweden: The Marine Excavation Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in and Ejection Processes, and Post- Palka, Eugene J. Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- Impact Environment Ð 167 Characterizing Extreme Environments lution Ð 409 for Army Testing Ð 45 Ortega, Carlos Ozorovich, Y. R. Palme, H. Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Geoelectrical Markers and Oreols of Failure Pattern Classification with the 3-Dimensional Chemical Analyses of Subsurface Frozen Structures on Mars Components in the Carbonaceous Chon- Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- for Long-Term Monitoring of Spatial and work. Application on Submicron Linear drites Acfer 209 (CR) and Allende Temporal Variations and Changes of (CV) Ð 357 Technologies Ð 134 Martian Cryolitozone Structure on the New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Ortega, C. Base Ground and Satellite Low- Frequency Radar Measurements Ð 412 of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Management of Multiple-Pass Con- Temperatures Ð 156 straints Ð 102 Pace, Jennifer The Hf-W Age of the Lunar Magma Osborn, Michelle A. Determinants of Dispensing Location in Ocean Ð 365 the TRICARE Senior Pharmacy Pro- Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based gram Ð 178 Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that Decontamination Solution (Decon Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Pharmacy Use and Costs in Employer- dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Provided Health Plans. Insights for TRI- Bodies Ð 365 Oshigami, S. CARE Benefit Design from the Private Cross-Sectional Profile of Baltis Vallis Sector Ð 179 Palmer, Jeffrey Channel on Venus: Reconstruction from Analysis of the USMC FITREP: Contem- Magellan SAR Brightness Data Ð 412 Pachece, Marguerite A. porary or Inflexible? Ð 260 RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Osinski, G. R. Hole Oceanographic Institution Ð 281 Palmer, Kevin A. Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 New Constraints on Mars Denudation Pacifici, A. Implementation of the Federal Informa- Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog A Probable Fluid Lava Flow in the Hebes tion Security Management Act for Infor- Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Mensa (Mars) Studied by HRSC Im- mation Technology Training and Aware- land, High Arctic Ð 389 ages Ð 165 ness Ð 239

B-50 Palmer, R. B. Park, Steven Pearl, J. C. Cost Optimization of Non-Scaling FFAG Enhancing Fab Performance Under Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Lattices for Muon Acceleration Ð 271 Team Council Methodology Ð 307 sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Model for Determining Dipole, Quadru- Parker, B. Pearton, Stephen J. pole, and Combined Function Magnet Design of an AC-Dipole for use in 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- Costs Ð 271 RHIC Ð 296 ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 Palumbo, L. Parker, Joel William Pecharsky, A. O. Linac Collective Effects. Subgroup Sum- HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Development of New Cryocooler Regen- mary Report Ð 277 Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic Compounds Ð 23 Pan, Tony Parks, D. Development of a Production Worthy A Study In The Continuous Improvement Pecharsky, V. K. Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Process: Implementation of an Opti- Development of New Cryocooler Regen- Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD mized Scrubber To Replace TEOS Back- erator Materials--Ductile Intermetallic SEM Ð 98 side Etch Post SOG Etchback Ð 95 Compounds Ð 23 Pang, Yuan-Ping Parleas, J. Peck, J. Molecular Database Construction and Spiral Antenna with Frequency- The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Mining: A General Approach to Uncon- Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A ventional Pathogen Countermea- Communication Systems Ð 51 First Report Ð 366 sures Ð 316 Parnell, J. Pedersen, Michael Panter, S. S. Liquid Immiscibility in Suevite Melt, Gard- Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: nos Impact Crater Ð 159 with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Peel, Chris ics Ð 195 New Constraints on Mars Denudation An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink Papadas, C. Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- Pelkey, S. land, High Arctic Ð 389 Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Composi- cesses Ð 97 Parrish, Robin tions in Syrtis Major: Full MGM Applica- PapaRao, S. Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- tion to OMEGA Ð 368 Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and vices Contracts Ð 199 Perko, K. L. Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Parsa, Z. Phased Array Transmit Antenna for a Development of a New Technol- Satellite Ð 47 ogy Ð 227 Landau Scenario of Chaotization for Beam Distribution Ð 294 Perlovsky, Leonid I. Papike, J. J. Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, Muon Colliders - Ionization Cooling and tion in Foliage Ð 289 Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- Solenoids Ð 269 etary Basalts Ð 155 Parshukov, A. V. Perri, Sabrina R. Pappalardo, Robert T. Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Engineered Autologous Stromal Cells for the Delivery of Kringle 5, a Potent Endot- Europa’s Porous Ice Rheology and Impli- Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the helial Cell Specific Inhibitor, for Anti- cations for Ice-penetrating Radar Scat- HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 Angiogenic Breast Cancer tering Loss Ð 390 Patel, Sharad Therapy Ð 202 Surface Generated Cracks on Eu- A C/X/Ku-band Dual Polarized Casseg- Perry, R. ropa Ð 161 rain Antenna System Ð 93 CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, Pappas, A. G. A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 Secure Water Supply Ð 126 Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Perryman, Lara Paquette, P. Patton, Mark B. The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Alternate High Efficiency Particulate Air A Case Study of Internet Protocol Tele- of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 (HEPA) Filtration System Ð 150 phony (IPT) Implementation at USA Coast Guard Headquarters Ð 238 Persson, M. Paranicas, C. Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks Overview of Results from the Cassini Patty, Kira D. File Systems and Logging Ð 240 Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- Digital Communications for Current and Pesce-Rodriguez, R. A. tions Ð 379 Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Determination of the Basis for Tempera- ture Compensation in ETC Ignited Solid Parihar, Vijay Paule, E. Propellant Guns Ð 291 Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- Management of Multiple-Pass Con- riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 straints Ð 102 Pesonen, L. J. Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- Paris, M. Paxton, S. T. ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 Many-body Theory of Deep Inelastic Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- Scattering Ð 278 tary Rocks Ð 67 Petaev, M. I. The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Park, Han-Kyu Pearcy, CHarles M., II Interstellar Components in the Solar Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- The Impact of Background Resolution on Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Target Aquisitions Weapons Software Measurements with Isoprobes P and Thickness Ð 88 (TAWS) Sensor Performance Ð 169 TÐ413

B-51 Petek, J. Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar Pizzillo, Thomas J. Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Soil Spectra Ð 165 Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- Platform Ð 10 Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- surements Ð 124 Peters, Megan lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Physics-Based High Performance Com- Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Pyroxene Spectroscopy: Effects of Major puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Measurements for Diffusion Process Element Composition on Near, Mid and Broadband Applications in Computa- Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Far-Infrared Spectra Ð 155 tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 Peterson, C. A. Pike, Lee S. Platoff, G. E. The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Real-Time System Verification by Kappa- Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused Peterson, J. S. Induction Ð 240 Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Electrical Fault Detection on Downed DC Pilat, F. Pocs, T. Trolley Lines Ð 102 Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- Annual Change of Martian DDS- Peterson, M. tion and the UAL Software Environment Seepages Ð 355 System IT Security Assessment Ð 222 to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 Podgorski, William A. Petrenko, Victor F. Processing and Analysis of the Mea- A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utiliza- In-Situ Study of Atmospheric Ice Ð 279 sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 tion ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling Petrov, K. Pilon, Tom Methodology Ð 130 Singlet Free Energies of a Static Quark- Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- Podosek, F. A. Antiquark Pair Ð 303 ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in Petruny, L. W. Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Brec- Pinelli, Thomas E. lution Ð 409 cias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Bel- Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- ize Ð 139 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Pogorelsky, I. V. Pettengill, G. H. Program Ð 304 Gas Lasers for Strong-Field Applica- tions Ð 274 New Results from the Magellan Bistatic Ping, Jinsong Radar Experiment Ð 65 VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth Poirier, J. L. Pham, T. Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon tion in Foliage Ð 289 Platform Ð 10 Pino, M. R. An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Polcyn, Amy F. Philips, Brett Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large Biomechanical Analyses of Body Move- Control Methods for the Chemical- Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- ment and Locomotion as Affected by Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow lems Ð 264 Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Trench Isolation Ð 132 Climates Ð 170 Pinto, James N. Phillips, Carlton T. Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Pollard, W. H. Innovative Methods for Investigating the Emissions Ð 146 Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Soil Ð 140 Piper, D. Z. rent Martian Environmental Condi- Phillips, R. J. Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs tions Ð 350 Tectonic Pressurization of Aquifers in the Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Formation of Mangala and Athabasca Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Pollitt, Clinton Valles on Mars Ð 340 Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- Quantifying Capacity Loss Associated tion, and Biota Ð 38 The Etched Terrain in Arabia Terra, Mars, with Staffing in a Semiconductor Manu- 307 is Tilted Ð 361 Pirinoli, P. facturing Line Ð Phuong, Tri T. Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- Polycarpou, Anastasis C. Small Polarimetric Adaptive Array for Air- tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 Analysis of Coupling Between Cavity- borne GPS Jammer Suppression Ð 12 Pirtskhalaishvili, N. G. Backed Slot Antennas: FDTD, FEM and Measurements Ð 48 Pianetta, P. Running Power Spectrum of Pulsed Ra- Hard X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy Tech- diation in an Absorptive Randomly Inho- Analysis of HF Antennas on a Helicopter niques at SSRL for Astromaterials Analy- mogeneous Media Ð 61 in the Presence of a Stratified sis Ð 323 Ground Ð 57 Pirtskhlaishvili, N. G. Piatak, David J. Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Finite-Element Investigation of Scan Per- Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in formance Characteristics of Probe-Fed perimental Investigation of a Model- Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Phased Arrays on Magnetized Ferrite Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 Plasma Ð 74 Substrates Ð 92 Pidgeon, R. T. Pitlick, J. Pooke, K. F. Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- 405 Zircons Ð tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 Pierce, Neal G. rent Martian Environmental Condi- Poole, Toy S. Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- tions Ð 350 toring System Ð 97 Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Pivarnik, P. E. Pavements Ð 41 Pieters, C. M. Development of Nanofibrous Mem- Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared branes Towards Biological Sens- Poor, H. V. Reflectance Microspectroscopy Ð 118 ing Ð 125 Multiuser MIMO Systems Ð 263

B-52 Pope, M. C. Pramanik, D. Ptitsin, V. Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Application of the SXF Lattice Descrip- Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from tion Process for 0.18 micron and tion and the UAL Software Environment the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction to the Analysis of the LHC Ð 292 Texas Ð 152 and Electrical Performance Ð 97 BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact Popov, Alexandre Prasert, Sunyaruk Analysis and Compensation Ð 297 Multi-Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Re- Processing and Analysis of the Mea- with Controllable Radiation Pattern Ð 80 mote Sensing for Scene Classifica- sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 tion Ð 126 Porco, C. C. RHIC Injection System Ð 293 The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Prata, Aluizio, Jr. Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- An Ultra-Wideband Nested Coaxial Ptitsyn, V. petus in Comparison: First Results from Waveguide Feed for Reflector Antenna eRHIC, A Future Electron-Ion Collider at Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Applications Ð 64 BNL Ð 273 Data Ð 406 Pratt, Jerry Puente, C. Porco, C. Naval Automation and Information Man- Iterative Network Models to Predict the A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- agement Technology Ð 4 Performance of Sierpinski Fractal Anten- Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 nas and Networks Ð 252 Prebys, E. J. Porr, Lauren E. Instrumentation Channel for the MU- Pulskamp, Jeff Observations in Improved Geolocation COOL Experiment Ð 269 Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent with a MEMS Flux Concentrator Ð 123 and Non-Signal Dependent Er- Preisig, James rors Ð 123 Adaptive Channel Equalization in the Pulsone, Nicholas B. Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 Porter, T. Todd Channel: Performance Characterization Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space and Robust Equalizers Ð 264 Puntambekar, Kumar Science Applications of Physics and Development of a Production Worthy Chemistry for High School and College Presser, T. S. Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Classes. Update. Ð 394 Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Purdy, Daniel S. Portmann, G. Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Slow Orbit Feedback at the ALS Using Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- Matlab Ð 239 tion, and Biota Ð 38 ment Ð 84 Postma, Barry D. Prettyman, T. H. Pushkin, K. N. Robust Constrained Optimization Ap- Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using proach to Control Design for International Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Auto Bal- Mars: A Numerical Modeling Chamber Ð 345 ancing Control System Ð 16 Study Ð 398 Qing, Xian-Ming Potts, David C. Price, Jana Manufacturing for Design: Putting Pro- A Novel Single-Feed Circular Polarized Making a World of Difference Recruit- Slotted Loop Antenna Ð 47 cess Control in the Language of the ment of Undergraduate Students at 133 Designer Ð USU Ð 304 Qu, Zheng Poulet, F. Prise, K. M. Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Extended Abstracts. Proceedings of the the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian 6th International Workshop/12th L. H. Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Quan, W. Gray Workshop: Microbeam Probes of with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- A Comparative Study of Wavelet Matrix Cellular Radiation Response Ð 278 tions Ð 384 Transformations for the Solution of Inte- gral Equations Ð 244 Observations of the North Permanent Probus, Mark C. Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Analyzing the Requirement for a De- On the Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Matrix OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- ployed Warrior Medical Management Transform Approach for the Solution of tions Ð 388 Center Table of Distribution and Allow- Integral Equations Ð 245 ances at Landstuhl Regional Medical Poulet, Francois Center Ð 194 Raaen, E. Observations of Calcium Sulfate Depos- Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- its at High Latitudes by OMEGA/Mex at Procell, Lawrence R. graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Km/Pixel Resolutions Ð 160 Feasibility of Formulating DECON periment: First Results Ð 400 GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Powards, David S. GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Rader, Charles M. Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact Prothro, L. B. FPGA Systems Ð 257 Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 MarsLab at the Nevada Test Site: Rover Power Variable Training STAP Ð 263 Powers, George Search for Subsurface Hydrothermal Ac- tivity Exposed by Small Craters Ð 373 Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Radhakrishnan, Kaladhar Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial The Search for Underground Hydrother- Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Lines on Facilities Ð 113 mal Activity Using Small Craters: An Ex- Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Sub- ample from the Nevada Test Site Ð 374 strates Ð 57 Prakash, Anand Virtual Experiments to Determine Protopopescu, V. A. Radice, Glenn L. Behind-Armor Debris for Survivability Advanced Physiological Monitoring of Cellular Origin of Breast Tumors With Analysis Ð 235 FCS Soldiers Ð 261 Invasive Potential Ð 205

B-53 Rafkin, Scot C. R. Finite Element Implementation of Ray, Stephen E. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Bayliss-Turkel Boundary Operators in Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Activity Suggested by Thermal Images the Three-Dimensional Vector Wave Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Equation Ð 248 Environment Ð 116 Simulations Ð 403 Frequency-Domain Complementary Op- Raymond, K. N. erators for Finite Elements Simula- Raftenberg, Martin N. Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of tion Ð 249 Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- Ramalho Correia, Ana Maria ics Ð 41 sion Ð 42 New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Rayter, John Publishing: Academic Information Simulation Analysis of 300mm Intrabay Rahmat-Samii, Yahya Sources on the Internet Ð 313 Automation Vehicle Capacity Alterna- Optimal Design of the Generalized tives Ð 101 Three-Parameter Aperture Distribution Ramos, G. by the Emperor-Selective Genetic Algo- Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- Reddy, Boojala V. rithm Ð 60 sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- An Efficient Docking Algorithm Using ments Ð 150 Conserved Residue Information to Study Rahmat-Samii, Y. Ran, Yang Protein-Protein Interactions Ð 197 An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- Reddy, Rajashaker G. tenna Comprised of a Periodically- cation Algorithm Ð 254 Analysis and Testing of a Digitized Appli- Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric cation for U.S. Navy Officer Recruit- Rod Ð 45 Ranallo, R. T. ing Ð 230 Non-Uniform Luneburg Lens Antennas: A Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Design Approach based on Genetic Al- Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector Redeker, Fritz gorithms Ð 51 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 Development of a Production Worthy Copper CMP Process Ð 96 RCS Reduction in Planar, Cylindrical, Ranen, M. C. and Spherical Structures by Composite The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of Redfern, M. S. Coatings using Genetic Algorithms Ð 77 Interstellar Components in the Solar Effects of Restricted Workspace on Lum- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic bar Spine Loading Ð 218 Rai, G. Measurements with Isoprobes P and Redmond, H. L. Integrated X-ray and Charged Particle TÐ413 The Crustal Dichotomy and Edge Driven Active Pixel CMOS Sensor Arrays using Rankenburg, K. Convection: A Mechanism for Tharsis Epitaxial Silicon Sensitive Region Ð 269 A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Rise Volcanism? Ð 373 bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð 358 Raitala, J. Redvik, Jonatan Anomalous Depressions on the Circum- Rao, N. Simulated Annealing Optimization Ap- Hellas Crater Floors as Seen in the First Effects of Process Parameters on Par- plied to Antenna Arrays with Failed Ele- Year MEX HRSC Images Ð 377 ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and ments Ð 77 Geochemistry of the Dark Veinlets in the WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Reed, C. Granitoids from the Souderfjarden Im- Rarick, K. R. Test and Evaluation of Medical Data Sur- pact Structure, Finland: Preliminary Re- Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth veillance System at Navy and Marine sults Ð 409 Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Corps MTFs Ð 313 Landslides and the Tectonic Scarp in tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Reed, Jaime Coprates Chasma: Examples Studied Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- An Investigation of Certain Thermody- from HRSC Data Ð 163 field Ð 217 namic Losses in Minature Cryocool- Major Episodes of the Hydrologic History Rash, Clarence E. ers Ð 303 of Hesperia Planum, Mars Ð 158 Flexible Display Technologies...Do They Reedy, R. c. Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Have a Role in the Cockpit? Ð 11 Calculations of the Fluxes of 10-250 keV Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Ratches, J. Lunar Leakage Gamma Rays Ð 372 Mars Ð 363 Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Reedy, R. C. Preliminary Study of Polygonal Impact Platform Ð 10 Effects of Cutoffs on Galactic Cosmic- Craters in Argyre Region, Mars Ð 166 Ratnarajah, Tharmalingam Ray Interactions in Solar-System Mat- 324 The Ancient Lakes in Hellas Basin Re- Quadratic Forms on Complex Random ter Ð gion as Seen Through the First Year of Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Ca- Reese, Y. Mars Express HRSC-Camera Ð 386 pacity Ð 264 Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and The Gagarin Ring Structure, Russia: A Ravipati, C. B. Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- Possible Meteorite Crater Ð 367 etary Surfaces Ð 401 A Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized Raju, Usha Microstrip Antenna Using a Single Rehfeld, Sherri A. Feed Ð 50 A Scale MOUT Facility for Studying Population Based Assessment of MHC Human-Robot Interaction and Con- Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Rawat, Banmati S. trol Ð 17 Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Simplified Analysis of a Three Line Mi- ment and Progression of Breast Cancer crostrip Coupler on Anisotropic Sub- Reiff, C. from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 strate Ð 75 Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Platform Ð 10 Ramahi, Omar M. Ray, Richard I. Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Con- Evaluation of Deoxygenation as a Corro- Reifman, Jaques vex Object-Conformable Bound- sion Control Measure for Ballast Alternative Approaches to Improve aries Ð 248 Tanks Ð 199 Physiological Predictions Ð 311

B-54 Reiss, D. Richter, F. M. Roberts, Scott D. Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Stability Analysis of a Towed Body for Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Evaporation Residues Measured by La- Shipboard Unmanned Surface Vehicle Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 Recovery Ð 114 Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- Ricles, Shannon S. Robin, D. neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 2003- Dynamic Aperture Measurements at the tained by the High Resolution Stereo 2004 NASA SCIence Files(trademark) Advanced Light Source Ð 293 Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 304 Program Ð Impact of Superbends at the ALS Ð 292 Martian Valley Networks and Associated Ridley, R. S., Sr. Robinson, C. H. Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Express High Resolution Stereo Camera MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- (HRSC) Ð 117 97 turing Ð ity Ð 143 Reiss, Dennis Riel, Michael A. Robinson, M. S. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Comparison of Newly Acquired Lunar Activity Suggested by Thermal Images say for Organophosphate Exposure and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Spectra with the Titanium Abundance -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and Maps Derived from Clementine Ð 342 Simulations Ð 403 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Ren, Fan tory Ð 200 Robinson, T. G. RHIC Injection System Ð 293 1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting La- Riggins, Liyang ser With Dielectric Mirrors Ð 128 Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Robinson, Tod E. Renfro, Michael Implementation of the Federal Informa- Correlation of Ellipsonometric Modeling Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconﬁg- tion Security Management Act for Infor- Results To Observe Grain Structure for urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 mation Technology Training and Aware- OPO Film Stacks Ð 300 ness Ð 239 Renz, F. Robitaille, George Righter,K. MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Standardized UXO Technology Demon- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, stration Site Blind Grid Scoring Record Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- No. 213 Ð 254 etary Basalts Ð 155 to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Robl, T. L. Retallack, G. J. Rilling, J. Pilot Demonstration of Technology for the Reexamination of Quartz Grains from the OASIS: Opening-Up Architectures Of Production of High Value Materials from 262 Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Software-Intensive Systems Ð the Ultra-Fine (PM 2.5) Fraction of Coal Combustion Ash Ð 147 Graphite Peak, Antarctica Ð 160 Rimmer, R. Roden, Michael Reynolds, R. J. High Power RF Coupler Design for Muon Cooling RF Cavities Ð 265 Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Dynamical Zodiacal Cloud Models Con- Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 strained by High Resolution Spectros- Ritter, Corinne M. copy of the Zodiacal Light Ð 319 Transforming Health Service Capabilities Rodionov, D. S. Riccio, Daniele in the Army Reserve Ð 192 MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of A Kirchhoff Scattering Model for fBm Rizk, B. Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Surfaces Ð 244 DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Strategies to Apply the Kirchhoff Approxi- the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- Rodriguez, Alejandra mation in Electromagnetic Scattering ticipated Ð 382 Information Technology Management: from Gaussian Surfaces: A Compari- Roatsch, T. son Ð 245 Management of Information Technology Martian Valley Networks and Associated Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Rice, Betsy M. Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Rodriguez, J. L. Energetic Material Simulations: Advanc- Express High Resolution Stereo Camera 117 ing the Future Force Ð 33 (HRSC) Ð An Efficient Solution of the Generalized Multipole Technique (GMT) for Large Roatsch, Th. Richards, Mark A. Two-Dimension Scattering Prob- Public Outreach and Archiving of Data The Second Path: The Role of Algo- lems Ð 264 from the High Resolution Stereo Camera rithms in Maintaining Progress in Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Rodriquez, L. DSP Ð 258 Year Ð 376 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- straints Ð 102 Richardson, Thomas Robb, Merlin L. Beyond Cost-of-Ownership: A Causal Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Roelof, E. C. Methodology for Costing Wafer Process- High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Overview of Results from the Cassini ing Ð 300 Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Richmond, Christ D. ogy Ð 174 (MIMI) During the First Year of Opera- tions Ð 379 A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- Robbins, Paul D. ror Accounting for System Model Mis- Protein Transduction Based Therapies Rogan, S. match Ð 257 for Breast Cancer Ð 203 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan Ð 240 The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold Robbins, Ronny C. Region Performance Prediction and Its MATLAB Algorithms for Rapid Detection Rogers, D. Probability of Resolution Ð 261 and Embedding of Palindrome and Rock Around the World: Extending a Threshold Region Performance Predic- Emordnilap Electronic Watermarks in Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- tion for Adaptive Matched Field Process- Simulated Chemical and Biological Im- ence Using Infrared Research at ing Localization Ð 122 age Data Ð 233 Mars Ð 375

B-55 Rogers, J. Rossing, Mary A. Runnels, Scott Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features Modifiable Risk Factors for Lymphedema Filling the Technology Gap through Bal- on Mars Ð 400 in Breast Cancer Survivors Ð 208 anced Joint Development Projects and Contracted Independent Research Pro- Rogers, L. Roth, Michael J. viders Ð 308 Rock Around the World: Extending a Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Rushmer, T. ence Using Infrared Research at Rowell, Chris A Model for Siderophile Element Distri- Mars Ð 375 358 Physics-Based High Performance Com- bution in Planetary Differentiation Ð Rogers, T. puting Using Higher-Order Methods for Russell, C. T. Rock Around the World: Extending a Broadband Applications in Computa- Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 ence Using Infrared Research at Rowley, C. Mars Ð 375 Russell, Christopher T. Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Rohrer, Ulrich Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Automated Lot Tracking and Identifica- ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 tion System Ð 305 Royster, R. D., IV. Russell, K. L. Romero, K. Prospective and Retrospective Testing of A Multiplex PCR for Detection of Myco- Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood plasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila on Mars Ð 400 Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Rong, Graham ogy Ð 174 and Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Specimens Ð 190 A Framework for Real-time Process Con- Rubie, D. C. trol Ð 133 New Results of Metal/Silicate Partitioning Russell, Kevin Rooda, J. E. of Ni and Co at Elevated Pressures and Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Temperatures Ð 156 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- veillance Ð 196 and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic Rubio, J. Simulations Ð 94 A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method Russell, Pamela J. Rose, Kenneth for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis Copper Interconnect Technology New Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 Paradigms for BEOL Manufactur- Rubow, K. Russell, P. ing Ð 96 Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- Roselli, L. and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical ments Ð 150 Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- Ruderman, M. Russell, S. S. FDTD Method Ð 82 Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226: Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 331 Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Rudnick, Karl Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of LAP 02205, LAP 02224 and LAP 02226- Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- Lunar Mare Basaltic Meteorites Ð 151 FDTD Method Ð 44 Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- veillance Ð 196 Rust, Jack W. Rosencrance, S. W. Fuel Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories for Concentrate Interaction Testing Ð 29 Rudorff, Bernardo Friedrich Theodor Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real an Asteroid Sample Return Mis- Rosendo, M. Time: Basic Concepts, Development and sion Ð 16 Management of Multiple-Pass Con- Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Ruthel, Gordon straints Ð 102 Ruehle, Dustin Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Rosenthal, Guy Matching Automated CD SEMs in Mul- VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: tiple Manufacturing Environ- Pathophysiology and Biomechan- ments Ð 258 Rutherford, M. J. ics Ð 195 Experimental Crystallization of Fe-rich Rulkens, H. J. A. Basalt: Application to Cooling Rate and Roser, T. Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Oxygen Fugacity of Nakhlite MIL- AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic 03346 Ð 348 tensity Beams Ð 272 Simulations Ð 94 Pressure Dependence of Graphite-C-O Flying Wire System in the AGS Ð 295 Rumble, D., III Phase Equilibria and Its Role in Lunar Rosner, Raymond J. Mineralogy and Petrology of Lunar Mete- Mare Volcanism Ð 407 orite NWA 3136: A Glass-welded Mare Wafer Line Productivity Optimization in a Rutledge, David B. Multi-Technology Multi-Part-Number Regolith Breccia of Mixed Heri- A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Fabricator Ð 298 tage Ð 159 Wireless Applications Ð 81 Rossi, A. P. Rumble, D., III. Morphology and Morphometry of Fluid- Petrology and Multi-Isotopic Composition Rutten, Matt ized Ejecta Blankets: New Results from of Olivine Diogenite NWA 1877: A Mantle Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on the Mars Express High Resolution Ste- Peridotite in the Proposed HEDO Group an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and reo Camera Ð 366 of Meteorites Ð 331 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Rossi, E. W. Rumelioglu, Sertac Rutten, M. Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work Evaluation of the Embedded Firewall A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Postures Ð 219 System Ð 236 Polish Cleaning Strategies Ð 130

B-56 Ryan, Margaret A. Sakamoto, N. Santee, William A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Destruction of Presolar Silicates by Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Hospitalization Experience of US military Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Personnel Following Service in the 1991 son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 Management Ð 259 Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Santiago, D. I. War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, Gamma Ray Bursts from a Quantum Ryan, Paula ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer Critical Surface Ð 294 094 Ð 375 A Randomized Study of the Effects of Santo, Fernando Del Bon Espirito Tibolone on Bone Density, Menopausal Sakharov, V. A. Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Symptoms, and Breast Density in High- MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Risk Women After Prophylactic enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Oophorectomy Ð 209 Flow Ð 114 Santos, L. Sabbagh, S. A. Sakimoto, S. E. H. Medical Textiles For Uniform Bacteria Real-time Equilibrium Reconstruction Petrologic Evidence for Multiple, Chemi- Mitigation Ð 42 and Isoflux Control of Plasma Shape and cally Evolved Magma Batches and Impli- Position in the National Spherical Torus cations for Plains Volcanism on Earth Sarabandi, Kamal Experiment (NSTX) Ð 290 and Mars Ð 359 An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Electromagnetic Sabet, Kazem F. Samant, Vivek Structures Ð 74 Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of An Accelerated Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Numerical Simulation of Scattering from for Optimization of Electromagnetic Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- veillance Ð 196 Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field Structures Ð 74 Iterative Physical Optics Ap- Sabouret, E. Sampath, Rangarajan proach Ð 251 Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch Sarcione, M. Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- veillance Ð 196 A Milstar Low Profile Antenna Ð 63 tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Sana, Peyman Saribudak, E. Sacki, T. A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Thermal Analysis of Aqueous Features Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- on Mars Ð 400 Defect Related Yield Issues During Early vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- Sarkar, Tapan K. Development of a New Technol- Signal IC Ð 101 Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale ogy Ð 227 Sanad, Mohamed Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- Sadai, A. A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip An- ing from a Perfectly Conducting Management of Multiple-Pass Con- tenna for Portable GPS/Cellular Plate Ð 248 straints Ð 102 Phones Ð 83 Sartoris, J. J. Measurement of Currents in Lake Mead Sadler, Brian M. Sanchez, A. Management of Multiple-Pass Con- with the Deep Water Isotopic Current Intentional Jamming Suppression in a Analyzer (DWICA) Ð 111 Frequency-Domain Ultra-Wideband Mul- straints Ð 102 Sarver, J. ticarrier Communication Receiver Ð 71 Sanchez, Joan Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- Safavi-Naeini, S. Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip April1-June30,2003 Ð 36 niques Ð 279 Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without Sarwal, Alok HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 Sandifer, John B. Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 Meteorological Measurements With a Sahai, S. K. MWR-05XP Phased Array Radar Ð 172 Sasaki, Makoto Ground Penetrating Radar in Sedimen- Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- tary Rocks Ð 67 Sandler, N. 80 On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate nas for pager Ð Sahely, Touraj Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Sasaki, S. Physics-Based High Performance Com- cesses Ð 97 Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- puting Using Higher-Order Methods for lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Broadband Applications in Computa- Sandstrom, C. tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 Development of New Methodology and Viscous Flows from Poleward-facing Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Walls of Impact Craters in Middle Lati- Sain, Vicky Improvement Ð 299 tudes of the Alba Patera Area Ð 333 Information Technology Management: Sanford, Ward E. Sateren, Warren Management of Information Technology Results from a Scientific Test Hole in the Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Central Uplift, Chesapeake Bay Impact High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood Saito, J. Structure, Virginia, USA Ð 154 Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- ogy Ð 174 Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Sanin, A. B. Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Two Successive Martian Years on the Sato, Gentei Preliminary Results Ð 118 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Variable Radiation Pattern of Helix An- Preliminary Design of Visualization Tool Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY tenna Ð 52 Data Ð 395 for Hayabusa Operation Ð 407 Sato, Jin- Shape Modeling for the Asteroid (25143) Sannier, Adrian V. Evaluation for Dielectric Loaded Small Itokawa, AMICA of Hayabusa Mis- VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- Dipole Antennas using Efficiency: Band- sion Ð 366 hicles Ð 10 width Product Ð 49

B-57 Satogata, T. Schenk, P. Schoenhense, G. RHIC Data Correlation Methodol- Normal Faulting on Europa: Implications Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- ogy Ð 302 for Ice Shell Properties Ð 398 ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- restrial Materials) Ð 412 Sattler, Linda The Io Mountain Online Data- Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting base Ð 354 Schokman, Rowena Goals or Increasing Opportuni- Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein ties? Ð 306 Scherer, E. Tungsten Isotopes Provide Evidence that VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 Saunders, Matthew Core Formation in Some Asteroids Pre- Scholten, F. Correlation of Digital Image Metrics to dates the Accretion of Chondrite Parent Delta-like Deposits in Xanthe Terra, Production ADC Matching Perfor- Bodies Ð 365 mance Ð 298 Mars, as Seen with the High Resolution Schertler, Mark J. Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 347 Intelligent Line Monitor: Maximum Pro- ductivity through an Integrated and Auto- Voltage Identify Based Encryption Martian Valley Networks and Associated mated Line Monitoring Strategy Ð 299 (VIBE) Ð 241 Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera Saunders, R. S. Schey, D. (HRSC) Ð 117 Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the mary of the Experience Ð 99 Scholtz, C. A. HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Impact Crater, Schill, J. Two Successive Martian Years on the Ghana, West Africa, Drilling Project: A Simulation, Generation, and Character- First Report Ð 366 Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 ization of High Brightness Electron Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 Schoonen, M. A. A. Data Ð 395 Schindler, John K. Mechanically Produced Radical Species Sausa, R. C. at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Advanced Burn-Rate Modeling and Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Martian Soils Ð 360 Combustion Diagnostics for New, tion in Foliage Ð 289 Schroeder, C. Rocket-Missile and Gun Propel- Schlueter, Robert lants Ð 34 MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- Semiconductor Metrics: Conflicting bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Savage, S. J. Goals or Increasing Opportuni- Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum 306 Defence Applications of Nanocomposite ties? Ð to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Materials Ð 23 Schmidt, Lanny D. Schuler, M. Final Report: Nanocomposite Materi- JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applica- Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in als Ð 26 tions Ð 143 Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Sawaya, Kunio Schmitt, B. turing Ð 97 Radiation efficiency of small loop anten- High LMD GCM Resolution Modeling of nas for pager Ð 80 Schultz, Ludolf the Seasonal Evolution of the Martian Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia Scalera, Jonathan E. Northern Permanent Cap: Comparison Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð 370 A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time with Mars Express OMEGA Observa- FPGA Systems Ð 257 tions Ð 384 Schultz, P. H. Scanlan, Brian Observations of the North Permanent Accessory Phases in Argentine Impact Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Cap of Mars in Mid-Summer by Breccias: Implications for Shock History, Which One is Right for Me? Ð 133 OMEGA/MEX at km per Pixel Resolu- Emplacement Dynamics, Vapor Compo- tions Ð 388 sition and Target Lithologies Ð 340 Scanlon, M. Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Schmitz, B. Evidence for Shocked Feldspars and Platform Ð 10 Determination of Production Rates of Ballen Quartz in 450,000 Year Old Argen- tine Impact Melt Breccias Ð 347 Scanlon, Michael V. Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Chromite Grains Ð 154 Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Schultz, R. A. formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion Schneberk, D. Landslides in Interior Layered Deposits, - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, Valles Marineris, Mars: Effects of Water Scanlon, W. G. f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 and Ground Shaking on Slope Stabil- ity Ð 398 Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics Schneider, John B. of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecom- Schultz, Richard A. mand Link Ð 128 Inhomogeneous Waves and Faster-than- Light Propagation in the Yee FDTD Evidence of Normal Faulting and Dike Schade, U. Grid Ð 246 Intrusion at Valles Marineris from Pit Cra- Anomalous Spectra of High-Ca Py- ter Topography Ð 409 Relative Accuracy of Several Low- roxenes: Further Correlations Between Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- Evidence of Tharsis-Radial Dike Intru- NIR and Mossbauer Patterns Ð 352 Domain Schemes Ð 75 sion in Southeast Alba Patera from Schaubert, Daniel H. MOLA-based Topography of Pit Crater Effects of Slotline Cavity on Dual- Schneider, R. D. Chains Ð 411 Polarized Tapered Slot Antenna Ar- Alteration Phases Associated with High Schutt, J. W. rays Ð 75 Concentrations of Orthopyroxene and Olivine on Mars Ð 352 Mars, Always Cold, Sometimes Wet: Scheidler, Mike New Constraints on Mars Denudation Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Schoenbaechler, M. Rates and Climate Evolution from Analog Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar Studies at Haughton Crater, Devon Is- sion Ð 42 System Objects Ð 392 land, High Arctic Ð 389

B-58 Schutt-Aine, J. E. Selvam, Panneer Shamble, Ed Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic Direct Cooling of Propulsion Drives for In-line Defect Density Targets for New Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- High Power Density and Low Vol- Technology from Development to Manu- allel MLFMA Ð 225 ume Ð 105 facturing Ð 132 Schutt-Aine, Jose E. Semedo, Alvaro A. Shang, J. S. Analysis of the FDTD Method via the The North Atlantic Oscillation Influence Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- Discrete Oscillator Ð 246 on the Wave Regime in Portugal: An sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- Extreme Wave Event Analysis Ð 282 ity Ð 115 Schwenzfeier, Eva Semerikov, A. A. Shankar, Vijaya Broadband, Dual Polarised Microstrip Statistical Characteristics of Multiple Physics-Based High Performance Com- Antennas with Improved Beam Forming Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in puting Using Higher-Order Methods for and Gain Capabilities Ð 55 Layer of Magnetized Turbulent Broadband Applications in Computa- Plasma Ð 74 Schwerdtfeger, Roland tional Electromagnetics (CEM) Ð 279 A Dual Band Low PIM Feed System for Semones, E. Cassegrain Applications Ð 63 Radiation Dose Measurements of the Shanker, Balasubramaniam Insertion Devices Using Radiachromic Fast Multipole Acceleration Using Imped- A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual ance Matrix Localization Ð 79 Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Film Dosimeters Ð 276 Senecal, A. G. Shanthikumar, J. George Scotto, Jacqueline Development of Nanofibrous Mem- How to Simultaneously Reduce alpha Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure branes Towards Biological Sens- and beta Error with SPC? A Multivariate on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels ing Ð 125 Process Control Approach Ð 253 in Rats Ð 35 Senecal, K. J. Shapiro, Jeremy Scrabis, Christopher Development of Nanofibrous Mem- USA Air and Space Power in the 21st Information Technology Management: branes Towards Biological Sens- Century: Strategic Appraisal Ð 13 Management of Information Technology ing Ð 125 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Senshu, H. Sharifzadeh, Shahin Scremin, Oscar U. Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- In-line Defect Density Targets for New tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Technology from Development to Manu- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of facturing Ð 132 Sarin with Pyridostigmine Cometary Impact Ð 334 -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Sergeev, S. A. Sharp, T. G. ological Effects Ð 185 The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of Scuseria, Gustavo E. 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- drite Ð 342 An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Sertel, K. Palagonite-like Alteration Products on Failures of DFT Ð 24 Effects of the Fast Multipole Method the Earth and Mars 2: Secondary Miner- (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Sec- alogy of Crystalline Basalts Weathered Seams, C. tion Computations Ð 63 Under Semi-Arid Conditions Ð 367 Development of New Methodology and Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Sessler, A. M. Sharp, Z. D. Improvement Ð 299 Electron Model of an FFAG Muon Accel- Oxygen Isotope Distribution in NWA 739, erator Ð 270 a CH Chondrite with Affinities to Acfer Seegal, Richard F. 182 Ð 326 PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function Seu, R. in Aging Workers Ð 214 RADAR Reveals Titan Topogra- Sharpe, Timothy A. phy Ð 373 Breaking the Code to Quality Improve- Seeker, W. R. Seybold, K. S. ment of Medical Report Translations (A Second Generation Advanced Reburning Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Retrospective Analysis) Ð 194 for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 trol Ð 148 Sharpley, Robert C. Sha, D. Mathematical Analysis for Data and Im- Seelos, F., IV Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target age Processing Ð 140 Photometric Observations of Soils and HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- Shearer, C. K. Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover vivability Ð 234 Landing Sites Ð 329 Are the Apollo 14 High-Al Basalts Really Shaaban, Shawki E. Impact Melts? Ð 404 Sekellick, R. Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation Comparative Planetary Mineralogy: Co, (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Full Scale Regenerable HEPA Filter De- Ni Systematics in Chromite from Plan- tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 sign Using Sintered Metal Filter Ele- etary Basalts Ð 155 ments Ð 150 Shaeffer, John Garnet in the Lunar Mantle: Further Evi- Seki, K. Electromagnetic Visualization for Anten- dence from Volcanic Glass Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in nas and Scattering Ð 54 Beads Ð 404 Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- Shafai, L. Hydrothermal Alteration at Lonar Crater, lution Ð 409 A Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized India and Elemental Variations in Impact Microstrip Antenna Using a Single Selekwa, Majura F. Crater Clays Ð 406 Feed Ð 50 Parity Relation Based Fault Detection, The Martian Soil as a Geochemical Sink Isolation and Reconfiguration for Autono- Shah, Piyush for Hydrothermally Altered Crustal Rocks mous Ground Vehicle Localization Sen- MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual and Mobile Elements: Implications of sors Ð 254 Flow Concept Ð 102 Early MER Results Ð 399

B-59 Shearer, P. M. Shipp, S. S. Shur, M. Mineralogical and Seismological Models Using a Field Experience to Build Under- WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Shedd, Tommy R. Shirai, K. A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside Sights, B. Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- Integrated Control Strategies Supporting logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 eter Ð 410 Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile Robots Ð 317 Shekhar, Shashi Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Scalable Parallel Approximate Formula- from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle tions of Multidimensional Spatial Auto- biter Ð 411 Research Technologies Ð 3 Regression Models for Spatial Data Min- Shirasaki, Hirokimi Sik, A. ing Ð 256 Optimum Design by Waveguide Model Annual Change of Martian DDS- Sheldon, M. and Mode-Matching Technique of Mi- Seepages Ð 355 Second Generation Advanced Reburning crostrip Line Taper Shapes for Satellite Sikich, Joe Broadcast Planar Antenna Ð 49 for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- Development And Implementation Of An trol Ð 148 Shires, Dale R. Automated Wafer Transport Sys- Shen, Jinwei A Large-Scale, End-to-End Process tem Ð 100 Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- Modeling and Simulation Environment Simin, G. for Composite Materials Manufacturing perimental Investigation of a Model- WBGS Epitaxial Materials Development 2 and Testing Ð 27 Scale Tiltrotor Ð and Scale Up for RF/Microwave- Sherman, M. H. Shlager, Kurt L. Millimeter Wave Devices Ð 302 Efficacy of Intermittent Ventilation for Relative Accuracy of Several Low- Simini, Michael Providing Acceptable Indoor Air Qual- Dispersion Finite-Difference Time- Innovative Methods for Investigating the 149 75 ity Ð Domain Schemes Ð Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Sherwood, R. Shoemaker, Garth Soil Ð 140 Monitoring Floods with NASA’s ST6 Au- Enhancing Situational Awareness Using Simmons, K. D. tonomous Sciencecraft Experiment: Im- Fisheye Lenses Ð 290 A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- plications on Planetary Exploration Ð 19 Shoenberger, James E. Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Shi, Xuelong Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Simon, David Sidewall Angle Measurements Using CD Pavements Ð 41 Detection of Small Water-Bodies Ð 126 SEM Ð 98 Shomers, Brian Simos, N. Shibkov, V. M. Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Collimator Systems for the SNS Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Ring Ð 296 Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 Simpson, Jennifer K. Cleaning Process Ð 301 Shifflett, Elizabeth L. Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- Shoop, Sally graphic Density Ð 182 Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- vices Contracts Ð 199 High-Fidelity Ground Platform and Ter- Singer, Darrell E. rain Mechanics Modeling for Military Ap- Prospective and Retrospective Testing of Shih, C.-Y. plications Involving Vehicle Dynamics High Prevalence HIV-1 Serum and Blood and Mobility Analysis Ð 219 Age of Lunar Meteorite LAP02205 and Using Rapid and Conventional Technol- Implications for Impact-Sampling of Plan- Shou, Zhenyu ogy Ð 174 etary Surfaces Ð 401 Multiple Aperture Radiation Therapy Singh, R. Shih, Tsung-Ming (MART) for Breast Cancer Ð 206 Silicon Nanoelectronics: 100 micron Bar- Interactions of Subsymptomatic Doses of riers and Potential Solutions Ð 101 Sarin with Pyridostigmine Showman, A. P. -Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Physi- Thermo-Chemical Convection in Euro- Singletary, S. J. ological Effects Ð 185 pa’s Icy Shell with Salinity Ð 349 (sup 182)Hf-(sup 182)W Chronometry and an Early Differentiation in the Parent Shimabukuro, Yosio Edemir Showman, Adam P. Body of Ureilites Ð 387 Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Global Winds and Aerosol Updrafts Cre- Time: Basic Concepts, Development and ated by the Chicxulub Impact Singleton, Jeffrey D. Application of DETER Project Ð 140 Event Ð 379 Multibody Dynamics Simulation And Ex- perimental Investigation of a Model- Shinagawa, H. Shray, Janie Scale Tiltrotor Ð 2 Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in Uses of Corona Oxide Silicon (COS) Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- Measurements for Diffusion Process Sinno, Dana lution Ð 409 Monitoring and Troubleshooting Ð 95 Self-Organizing Networks (SONets) with Application to Target Tracking Ð 241 Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara Shubina, N. A. Concept and Technology Exploration for REE and Some Other Trace Elements Sipus, Zvonimir Transparent Hearing Ð 220 Distributions of Mineral Separates in At- Circularly Polarized Single-Fed Wide- lanta (EL6) Ð 162 Band Microstrip Elements and Ar- Shinohara, C. rays Ð 50 Two Successive Martian Years on the Shukolyukov, Y. A. Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 The First Isotopic Dating of the Dhofar Sjogren, Maria H. Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY 025 Lunar Meteorite by U-Pb Method Hepatitis C. Virus Infection: Mechanism Data Ð 395 Using Accessory Zircon Ð 391 of Disease Progression Ð 214

B-60 Skalny, M. Smith, Besa Cassini VIMS Preliminary Exploration of Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Titan’s Surface Hemispheric Albedo Di- Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Hospitalization Experience of US military chotomy Ð 405 Personnel Following Service in the 1991 Skelton, John C. Snead, C. J. Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf Ultrasonic Micro-Blades for the Rapid Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Extraction of Impact Tracks from Aero- Facilities Ð 113 Smith, Charles A. gel Ð 335 Plain-Woven, 600-Denier Kevlar KM2 Snyder, James F. Skillman, Bradley C. Fabric Under Quasistatic, Uniaxial Ten- The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- sion Ð 42 42 cient in PDR ABC Transporters to tery Materials Ð Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Smith,E.J. Sobrino, Eliseo Drugs Ð 198 Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 Failure Pattern Classification with the Skinner, G. Smith, G. A. Use of a Backpropagation Neural Net- Highly Selective Oxide to Nitride Etch work. Application on Submicron Linear The Composition and Origin of the Processes on BPSG/Nitride/Oxide Struc- Technologies Ð 134 tures in a MERIE Etcher Ð 301 Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 Socki, R. A. The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Skorupa, J. P. Modeling Chemical and Isotopic Varia- Phosphoria Formation at the Hot Springs Smith, Glenn S. tions in Lab Formed Hydrothermal Car- Mine in Southeast Idaho: A Source of Determination of Surface Currents by bonates Ð 165 Selenium and Other Trace Elements to Back Propagation of Field Measure- Sokol, Darren D. Surface Water, Ground Water, Vegeta- ments Ð 85 tion, and Biota Ð 38 Validation of COAMPS (trademark)/Dust Modeling Staircased Wires using the During UAE2 Ð 172 Skripnik, A. Ya. FDTD Method Ð 85 Solomon, Gary Radiation and Shock-Thermal Param- In-Situ Gate Oxide/Electrode Deposition eters of Pallasites: Resulting from Differ- Smith, J. for a 0.5 micron BiCMOS Process ent Compaction History? Ð 320 UAL-Based Simulation Environment for Spallation Neutron Source Ring Ð 265 Flow Ð 298 Thermoluminescence Studies of Carbon- Sommerville, Douglas R. aceous Chondrites Ð 332 Smith,M.D. Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure Skrivervik, Anja K. sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of in Rats Ð 35 Miniaturisation Ð 74 Smith,P.H. Son, Taeho DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Slade, M. A. Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- tem for the Satellite Communication Comparing Goldstone Solar System Ra- 382 ticipated Ð Earth Antenna Ð 93 dar Earth-based Observations of Mars with Orbital Datasets Ð 346 Smith, R. A. Sondeen, Jill L. Theory and Measurements of Angle-of- Hypotensive Resuscitation of Casualties Slattman, Peter Arrival of Diffraction-Limited Electromag- in the Far-Forward Combat Environment: Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Cylin- netic Wave Beams in the Turbulent At- Effects of Select Crystalloids and Col- drical Reflectors for Aperture-Coupled mosphere Ð 167 loids on Signal Transduction Mediators in Patch Elements Ð 84 Smith, Shawn a Swine Model of Severe Hemor- rhage Ð 202 Slawson, T. R. Yield Analysis and Data Management Concrete Masonry Unit Walls Retrofitted Using Yield Manager (trademark) Ð 253 Song, Hee-Chun with Elastomeric Systems for Blast Adaptive Reverberation Nulling Using a Loads Ð 43 Smith, Tyler C. Time Reversal Mirror Ð 286 A Comparison of the Post-Deployment Slawson, Thomas R. Hospitalization Experience of US military Song, J. M. Design and Validation of Modular, Rein- Personnel Following Service in the 1991 A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- forced Concrete Bunkers Ð 138 Gulf War, Southwest Asia After the Gulf pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly War, and Bosnia Ð 190 Conducting Bodies Ð 225 Sluys, L. J. Error Analysis for the Truncation of Mul- Smoliar, M. I. HERON, Volume 48, No. 4, 2003 Ð 22 tipole Expansion of Vector Green’s Func- The Problem of Incomplete Mixing of tions Ð 244 Smart, Wilson Interstellar Components in the Solar Whole Blood Robotic Cholinesterase As- Nebula: Very High Precision Isotopic Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic say for Organophosphate Exposure Measurements with Isoprobes P and Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- -Testing Soldiers, First Responders, and TÐ413 allel MLFMA Ð 225 Civilians in the Field and Labora- Songyang, Zhou tory Ð 200 Smolka, Scott A. Integrated Environment for Control Soft- Genetic and Functional Studies of Genes Smedstad, Lucy F. ware Engineering Ð 235 that Regulate DNA-Damage-Induced Sea Surface Height Predictions from the Cell Death Ð 215 Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model Dur- Smuda, W. J. Identification of Signaling Proteins the ing 1998-2001 Ð 280 Robots at War - Experiences in Iraq and Modulate Androgen Receptor Activ- Afghanistan Ð 240 ity Ð 188 Smith, A. B. Nuclear Data and Measurements Series: Smythe, W. D. Sopori, B. Fast-Neutrons Incident on Gado- An Improved Instrument for Investigating Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrog- linium Ð 288 Planetary Regolith Microstructure Ð 119 ging the Barriers Ð 142

B-61 Sorolla, Mario Squire, Jeremy Staub, Olivier Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 Miniaturisation Ð 74 Techniques Ð 88 Squyres, S. W. Stearns, L. Sorrentino, R. Results of Rover Localization and Topo- Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Analysis and Design of Quasi-Optical graphic Mapping for the 2003 Mars Ex- nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Multipliers Using Lumped Element (LE)- ploration Rover Mission Ð 393 Process Ð 95 FDTD Method Ð 82 Squyres, S. Steer, M. B. Investigation of Dual Frequency Crossed Overview of Athena Microscopic Imager Electromagnetic Modeling of a Dipoles for Quasi-Optical Frequency Results Ð 351 Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- Multipliers using the Lumped-Element- tion Module for Application to Spatial FDTD Method Ð 44 Srinivasan, M. Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Performance and Productivity Improve- Stefanick, Michael Sottile, J. ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Vertical Extrapolation of Mars Magnetic rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- tions Ð 100 Streamline Function to Surface Ð 331 tions Ð 102 Srinivasan-Rao, T. Stefanidis, Anthony Spangler, Lee Simulation, Generation, and Character- A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Vol- ization of High Brightness Electron Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imag- 141 ume 1. Literature Review of Current Re- Source at 1 GV/m Gradient Ð 265 ery Ð former Technologies Ð 143 Steinbrecher, Donald H. Stach, H. A Low-Power Remotely Readable Sen- Spataro, C. Experimental Studies of the Water Sorp- sor Ð 224 Precision Magnetic Elements for the tion Properties of Mars-Relevant Porous SNS Storage Ring Ð 266 Minerals and Sulfates Ð 328 Steinhardt, Allan Root Locus Properties of Adaptive Spector, Lee Stadermann, F. J. Multi-Type Self Adaptive Genetic Pro- Beamforming and Capon Estimation for Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide Uniform Linear Arrays Ð 263 gramming for Complex Applica- Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 tions Ð 235 Stentz, Anthony Staid, M. I. Spellman, G. P. Market-Based Complex Task Allocation Thermal Infrared Spectral Deconvolution for Multirobot Teams Ð 243 Pin Wire Coating Trip Report Ð 40 of Experimentally Shocked Basaltic Robust Path Planning With Imperfect Spellman, Regina L. Rocks Using Experimentally Shocked 39 Maps Ð 243 The Inﬂuence of Projectile Trajectory Plagioclase Endmembers Ð Angle on the Simulated Impact Re- Staley, L. Stephan, T. sponse of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Rock Around the World: Extending a NanoSIMS Oxygen- and Sulfur-Isotope Panel Ð 136 Global Reach to Involve Students in Sci- Imaging of Primitive Solar System Mate- rials Ð 354 Spencer, Quentin H. ence Using Infrared Research at Measurement and Modeling of Temporal Mars Ð 375 Stern, David F. Predoctoral Training Program in Breast and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- Stamper, A. K. Cancer Research Ð 184 istics Ð 48 Sub-0.25-micron Interconnection Scal- Spencer, Quentin ing: Damascene Copper versus Subtrac- Stern, S. Alan An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink tive Aluminum Ð 37 HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 Stander, Valerie A. Stesky, R. Spivey, Steve Department of the Navy Suicide Incident Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Report (DONSIR): Summary of 1999- 2002 Findings Ð 191 neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Flow Concept Ð 102 tained by the High Resolution Stereo Sprague, A. L. Stang, J. M. Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Dissecting the Polar Asymmetry in the An Analysis of Transitional Doctor of Stevens, A. Physical Therapy Degrees for the De- Non-Condensable Gas Enhancement on Optimization of the Parameters in the partment of Defense Ð 195 Mars: A Numerical Modeling RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- Study Ð 398 Stanton, Brian tion Ð 296 Spudis, P. D. Armor Plate Surface Roughness Mea- Stewart, I. The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 surements Ð 124 Unraveling the Structure of Hadrons with Effective Field Theories of QCD Ð 277 Spudis, Paul Stark, Eugene Basalts in Mare Humorum and S.E. Pro- Integrated Environment for Control Soft- Stewart, S. T. cellarum Ð 338 ware Engineering Ð 235 Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- tite Ð 386 Basalts in Mare Serenitatis, Lacus Som- Starkey, G. niorum, Lacus Mortis and Part of Mare Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Stiles, B. Tranquillitatis Ð 340 Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and lence Ð 301 Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Spyropoulos, Dimitrios Radar Data Ð 386 Analysis of Career Progression and Job Starr, R. D. Performance in Internal Labor Markets: Elemental Composition of 433 Eros: New Stine, John A. The Case of Federal Civil Service Em- Calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker An Alternative Paradigm for Routing in ployees Ð 311 XRS Data Ð 393 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Ð 237

B-62 Stixrude, L. Su, Tao Swindeman, R. W. Mineralogical and Seismological Models Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical of the Lunar Mantle Ð 329 Based Parameterization of Antenna- Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report April1-June30,2003 Ð 36 Stocco, K. Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Su, Wei Swindle, T. D. Science Applications of Physics and Analysis of Decision Theoretic Modula- A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Chemistry for High School and College tion Classification Methods for Digital ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Classes. Update. Ð 394 Communication Signals Ð 262 Sample from a Young Procellarum Flow? Ð 327 Stoeffler, Sudek, C. The Steinheim Impact Crater, Germany: Swindlehurst, A. L. Nano-ESCA: A Valuable Tool for Study- Modeling of a Complex Crater with Cen- ing Presolar Grains (and Other Extrater- An Overview of Algorithms for Downlink tral Uplift Ð 332 restrial Materials) Ð 412 Transmit Beamforming Ð 105 Stofan, E. Swindlehurst, A. Lee Sugama, M. Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface Measurement and Modeling of Temporal as Revealed by the Cassini RA- A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a and Spatial Indoor Multipath Character- 78 DAR Ð 385 Cavity Ð istics Ð 48 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Sugita, S. Swinford, H. Wade Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Numerical Simulation of Chemical Reac- Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Radar Data Ð 386 tions Within a Vapor Plume Induced by Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- 334 Stoica, Adriana Cometary Impact Ð ment Ð 84 AKT1 - A New Marker for Tamoxifen Sugita, Seiji Sydor, M. Resistance in ER-Dependent Breast An Experimental Method to Estimate the Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Al- Cancer Ð 205 Chemical Reaction Rate in Vapor gorithm to Derive Optical Properties Stoiljkovic, V. Clouds: An Application to the K/T Im- From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- pact Ð 410 Aircraft Imagery Ð 119 Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Sugiura, N. Sykes, Mark V. Stoler, P. Corundum and Corundum-Hibonite HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Transition Form Factors of the Proton at Grains Discovered by Cathodolumines- Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 cence in the Matrix of Acfer 094 Meteor- Higher Momentum Transfer Ð 275 Symmans, William F. ite Ð 402 Stone, Lawrence Integration of Pathologic Findings With Detection and Tracking as a Seamless Sun, Bingxi Clinical-Radiologic Tumor Measure- Process Ð 285 Development of a Production Worthy ments to Quantify Response to Neoadju- Copper CMP Process Ð 96 vant Chemotherapy Ð 212 Strasser, P. Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Sundaram, H. P. Synold, Timothy W. Muon Capture: Developing a New Tech- SO2 Removal with Coal Scrub- In Vivo Imaging of MDR1A Gene Expres- nique for the Armory Ð 139 bing Ð 149 sion Ð 210 Stratis, Glafkos Sung, Po-An Szakmany, Gy. Numerical Study of Reflection and Trans- A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for How We Used the Antarctic Meteorite mission Coefficients for Different Inho- Wireless Applications Ð 81 Thin Section Set of NIPR to a Synthesis mogeneous Walls Ð 252 of the Thermal Evolution of a Chondritic Sur, H. Body Ð 397 Stratton, Benjamin V. A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Supporting the Joint Warfighter by Devel- Szathmary, E. tion Process for 0.18 micron and opment, Training, and Fielding of Man- Annual Change of Martian DDS- Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Portable UGVs Ð 241 Seepages Ð 355 and Electrical Performance Ð 97 Strojwas, Andrzej Szymanska, Barbara Suri, Niranjan Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- The Role of p53 Mutations in Metastasis urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Naval Automation and Information Man- of Prostate Cancer to Bone Ð 180 agement Technology Ð 4 Stroud, R. M. Tachibana, S. Sutton, Mike Continued Characterization of Presolar Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- Joint Integrated Air Defense Systems and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 View (J-IADS-VIEW) Ð 230 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Stubblefield, Cedrick L. Svitek, T. Generation of Chondrule Forming Shock Microwave Estimates of the Extratropical Autonomous Low Cost Precision Lander Waves in Solar Nebula by X-Ray Transitions Process Ð 171 for Lunar Exploration Ð 349 Flares Ð 325 Stutzman, Waren L. Swedek, Bogdan Taflove, Allen Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for a Process Control and Monitoring with La- A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- Square Waveguide Phased Array Ele- ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- ment Ð 84 tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- ding Ð 56 narization Ð 99 Su, Chaowei Tai, g. C. Two-dimensional Adaptive Multiscale Swetton, M. A Manufacturable Shallow Trench Isola- Moment Method for Analysis of Scatter- On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate tion Process for 0.18 micron and ing from a Perfectly Conducting Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Beyond-Optimization, Stress Reduction Plate Ð 248 cesses Ð 97 and Electrical Performance Ð 97

B-63 Takahashi, Masaharu Tavukcu, E. Tepikian, S. A Study on Reflection Eoefficient from Level Densities and Radiative Strength BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact Double Layered Lossy Dielectric by us- Functions in (56)Fe and (57)Fe Ð 294 Analysis and Compensation Ð 297 ing Flanged Rectangular Tay, Alex Processing and Analysis of the Mea- Waveguide Ð 76 Unmanned Tracked Ground Vehicle for sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 Takahata, F. Natural Environments Ð 316 Terada, N. Long Distance Site-Diversity (SD) Char- Taylor, C. Terrestrial Atmospheric Components in acteristics by Using New Measuring Sys- Commissioning of the Superconducting Lunar Soils: Record of Early Earth Evo- tem Ð 50 ECR Ion Source VENUS at 18 lution Ð 409 GHz Ð 292 Takeda, H. Terazono, J. Study of the Apollo 16 Landing Site: Taylor, G. J. Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Re-Visit as a Standard Site for the SE- Asteroid Modal Mineralogy Using Hapke Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: LENE Multiband Imager Ð 410 Mixing Models: Testing the Utility of Preliminary Results Ð 118 Spectral Lookup Tables Ð 384 Taleff, E. Tevault, David E. Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- Integrating Global-Scale Mission Vapor Pressure of Solid HD Ð 31 jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- Datasets: Understanding the Martian ing Ð 38 Crust Ð 346 Thabet, Essam A. Frequency Hopped-Chirp Modulation Talley, Douglas G. The Composition and Origin of the Dewar Geochemical Anomaly Ð 382 (FH-CM) for Multi-User Signaling in Mul- Mixing Dynamics of Supercritical Drop- tipath Dispersive Media Ð 60 lets and Jets Ð 114 The Earliest Mare Basalts Ð 349 Than, S. Taluk, Deviprasad Taylor, G. Jeffrey Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Life Analysis Development and Verifica- Properties of Permanently Shadowed Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector tion. Delivery Order 0012: Damage Tol- Regolith Ð 405 for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 erance Application of Multiple Through Taylor, J. S. Cracks in Plates With and Without Thieberger, P. Top Level User Specifications for Mask Holes Ð 255 Collimator Systems for the SNS Inspection Microscope Ð 117 Ring Ð 296 Tamayo, Thomas A. Taylor, Jeffrey S. Thimons, E. D. Reducing Perfluorinated Compound Feasibility of Formulating DECON Current NIOSH Dust Control Research Emissions Ð 146 GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, for Noncoal Surface Mines Ð 145 Tamma, K. K. GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Thomas, N. Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Taylor, L. A. HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- Testing the Lunar Cataclysm: Identifica- Ice Sublimation Landforms in Peneus vivability Ð 234 tion of Lunar Impact Melts Possibly Older and Amphitrites Patera Ð 390 than Nectaris Ð 408 Tamppari, L. K. Thomas, P. A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmo- Taylor, S. R. Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 sphere: A View from MGS TES Ð 346 Selenelogical Tomography: Inferring the Composition of the Moon from the Apollo Thomas, Peter C. Tan, Kok S. Lunar Seismic Data, Mass and Moment HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of of Inertia Ð 157 A Multi-Agent System for Tracking the Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 Intent of Surface Contacts in Ports and Taylor, S. Waterways Ð 23 Thompson, M. Collecting Time-sequenced Records of Integrated Control Strategies Supporting Tanaka, K. L. Micrometeorites from Polar Ice Caps Ð 385 Autonomous Functionalities in Mobile Chasmata of Planum Australe, Mars: Are Robots Ð 317 Their Formation and Location Structur- Teaney, D. ally Controlled? Ð 377 Transitioning Unmanned Ground Vehicle Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- Research Technologies Ð 3 Working with Planetary Coordinate Ref- ics Ð 275 erence Systems Ð 225 Techau, Paul M. Thompson, R. Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- CT Scans of NASA BSTRA Balls 5f5, f2, Tanaka, Zengo f3, sr2c, nb2a and hb2b Ð 271 A Balance-fed Loop Antenna System for tic to Remove Ground Target Returns Handsets Ð 80 from the Training Data for STAP Applica- Thorburn, Andrew M. tions Ð 233 Gene Targeting in Normal Human Breast Tang, H. Z. Teixeira, Christopher M. Epithelial Cells Ð 203 Nonlinear Effects of HTSC Microstrip Adaptive Thresholding of the GIP Statis- Thyne, G. D. Corner-Cut Patch Filter with and without tic to Remove Ground Target Returns HTSC Feed Line Ð 49 from the Training Data for STAP Applica- Potential for Life on Mars from Low- tions Ð 233 Temperature Aqueous Weather- Tarcza, K. ing Ð 394 Failure of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Sub- Teixeira, Jose C. jected to Dynamic Transverse Load- New Initiatives for Electronic Scholarly Tichovolsky, Elihu J. ing Ð 38 Publishing: Academic Information Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- Sources on the Internet Ð 313 tion in Foliage Ð 289 Tat, M. E. Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Teniente, Jorge Tierney, Lynn Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. Generation of the HE(sub 11) mode in Feasibility Assessment for the Use of Final Report. Report 4 in a series of Rectangular Waveguide using Gaussian Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- 6Ð128 Techniques Ð 88 man Application Ð 174

B-64 Tilton, M. Toon, O. B. Truex, Kathryn Empirical Pseudopotential Modeling of Formation of Martian Gullies by the Ac- Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Superlattices Ð 107 tion of Liquid Water Flowing Under Cur- Implementation of the Federal Informa- rent Martian Environmental Condi- tion Security Management Act for Infor- Tingle, Mark E. tions Ð 350 mation Technology Training and Aware- Performance Evaluation of a Prototyped ness Ð 239 Wireless Ground Sensor Network Ð 68 Tormanen, T. Mars Express HRSC Analysis of Two Information Technology Management: Tissandier, L. Impact Craters in Terra Tyrrhena, Management of Information Technology Gas-Melt Interaction During Chondrule Mars Ð 363 Resources Within DoD Ð 231 Formation Ð 163 Torres, R. P. Trutt, F. C. Tizard, J. A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Detection of A-C Machine Winding Dete- IDLE: (Interstellar Dust Laser Explorer), Local Fading Statistics from Ray- rioration Using Electrically Excited Vibra- a New Instrument for Submicron Analy- Tracing Ð 76 tions Ð 102 ses of Stardust - Quantification in SIMS and Laser SNMS Ð 351 An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Tsai, Stan closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP Development of a Production Worthy Tobola, K. W. Algorithm Ð 89 Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Science Applications of Physics and Tosca, N. J. Tsang, L. Chemistry for High School and College Experimental Basalt Alteration at Low- Integral Equation Formulation for Itera- Classes. Update. Ð 394 pH: Implications for Weathering Relation- tive Calculation of Scattering from Lossy ships on Mars Ð 358 Rough Surfaces Ð 252 Toborek, Michal J. Mechanically Produced Radical Species Parallel Implementation of the Sparse- Dietary Lipids, Cell Adhesion and Breast at Silicate Surfaces and the Oxidant in Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two- Cancer Metastasis Ð 189 Martian Soils Ð 360 Dimensional Lossy Dielectric Random Rough Surfaces (3D Scattering Prob- Toghiani, Rebecca K. Trader, David E. lems) on a Beowulf System Ð 89 Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to and RDX in Supercritical Carbon Diox- Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- Tsiboukis, T. D. ide Ð 33 logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 On the FEM Treatment of Wedge Singu- larities in Waveguide Problems Ð 247 Toh, Eng Y. Tranquada, J. M. Effectiveness of a Mine-Avoidance Sen- Experimental Evidence for Topological Tsou, P. sor in Minefield Transit Ð 284 Doping in the Cuprates Ð 294 Topography of the 81/P Wild 2 Nucleus Derived from Stardust Stereoim- Tokumaru, Phillip Trbojevic, D. ages Ð 324 The Pathfinder Raven Small Unmanned Optimization of the Parameters in the Aerial Vehicle Ð 8 RHIC Single Crystal Heavy Ion Collima- Tsoupas, N. Tollefson, E. S. tion Ð 296 AGS Resonant Extraction with High In- Determining Simulation Requirements Processing and Analysis of the Mea- tensity Beams Ð 272 and Identifying a Course of Action to sured Alignment Errors for RHIC Ð 291 Booster Application Facility (BAF) Beam More Efficiently Support Acquisition Transport Line of BNL-AGS Treiman, A. H. Decision-Making for the Current and Fu- Booster Ð 272 ture Force Infantry Warrior Ð 234 Using a Field Experience to Build Under- standing of Planetary Geology Ð 138 Eddy Current Effect of the BNL-AGS Tolles, Robert Vacuum Chamber on the Optics of the Development of a Production Worthy Tretyakov, V. BNL-AGS Synchrotron Ð 272 Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Two Successive Martian Years on the Orbit: Similarities and Differences of CO2 Tsuruta, Seiitsu Tomasko, M. Seasonal Cycle from HEND/ODYSSEY VLBI Observation of Narrow Bandwidth DISR Observations of Craters at Titan at Data Ð 395 Signals from the Spacecraft Ð 65 the Huygens Landing Site: Insights An- Trombley, Henry Tsurutani, B. T. ticipated Ð 382 Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on Loss of Water from Saturn’s E-Ring Tomich, Nancy E. an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and Through Ion Pick-Up Ð 390 W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Decisionmaker Forums Ð 186 Ttus, T. N. Tomomura, S. Tronarp, O. Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal Correlation Between Aluminum-26 Ages Quality of Service in Ad Hoc Networks by Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- and Bulk Si/Mg Ratios for Chondrules Priority Queuing Ð 66 MIS Investigation Ð 335 from LL3.0 - 3.1 Chondrites Ð 365 Trost, J. Tuchin, K. Tonotani, A. Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- ics Ð 275 turing Ð 97 Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, Tucker, A. ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer Trott, K. Dynamic Waypoint Navigation Using 094 Ð 375 Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Voronoi Classifier Methods Ð 243 Tonui, E. Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Tuckow, A. P. Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- Trovillion, Jonathan C. Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Struc- tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Ratios in an Unaltered Allende tural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- CAI Ð 395 Walls Ð 137 field Ð 217

B-65 Tugulea, A. Ulmer-Scholle, D. S. Van Landuyt, A. Analysis of Lossy Microstrips using Two- Effects of Organic Matter on the Specifi- Acoustic Detection from Aerial Balloon Dimensional Equations for Planar Cir- cation of Uranium in Soil and Plant Ma- Platform Ð 10 cuits Ð 86 trices Ð 141 Van Ormer, Hank Turick, C. E. Ulrich, Ricky L. Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Bioelectricalchemical Process Develom- Quorum Sensing: A Transcriptional Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial ent Ð 29 Regulatory System Involved in the Facilities Ð 113 Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mal- Turin,F.C. lei Ð 177 VanWie,D.M. Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic MHD Control of the Separation Phenom- Unger, R. L. Analysis Ð 218 enon in a Supersonic Xenon Plasma Effects of Lifting in Four Restricted Work Flow Ð 114 Case Study of Roof Bolting Tasks to Postures Ð 219 Identify Cumulative Trauma Expo- vanCampen, E. J. J. sure Ð 218 Ungvichian, Vichate Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace The Effects of Substrate Permittivity and and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic Turley, Steven D. Pulse-Width on the Crosstalk as Applied Simulations Ð 94 Toxicity of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Based to Ultra-High-Speed Microstrip Decontamination Solution (Decon Lines Ð 72 Vandapel, Nicolas Green) in Water and Soil Extracts Ð 30 Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LA- Uslenghi, P. L. E. DAR Data Ð 124 Turner, D. Design of Q-band Beam-waveguide Sys- vandeKamp, Max M. J. L. Design for Manufacturability: A Key to tem for the Satellite Communication Depolarisation Due to Rain: The XPD - Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- Earth Antenna Ð 93 CPA Relation Ð 50 lence Ð 301 Utke, J. Separation of Simultaneous Rain and Ice OpenAD: Algorithm Implementation User Turner, Nathan L. Depolarisation Ð 168 Requirements Analysis and Course Im- Guide Ð 223 Vanfleet, W. M. provements for EO3502 Telecommunica- Vahldieck, Ruediger High-Assurance Security/Safety on tions Systems Engineering Ð 312 Analysis of Propagation in Corrugated HPEC Systems: an Oxymoron? Ð 317 Tycova, Patricie Waveguides of Arbitrary Corrugation Profile Ð 88 Lunar Meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An vanGaaelt, S. Anorthositic Regolith Breccia with Mixed Vai, M. M. Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- Highland/Mare Components Ð 338 A Systolic FFT Architecture for Real Time tained by the High Resolution Stereo FPGA Systems Ð 257 Tyler, C. Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Vaillancourt, R. Performance of a Low-Density Hyper- vanGesselt, S. sonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facil- Quadratic Forms on Complex Random Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- ity Ð 115 Matrices and Multi-Antenna Channel Ca- drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed pacity Ð 264 Tyler, Stephen C. by the Mars Express High Resolution The Design of a Frequency Domain In- Vainikainen, Pertti Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407 terference Excision Processor Using Characteristics of Half-Volume DRAs vanHerk, J. with Different Permittivities Ð 53 Field Programmable Gate Arrays Ð 104 Batch Size Optimization of a Furnace Tynan, Cynthia T. FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- and Pre-clean Area by Using Dynamic ance Calculation Ð 52 Simulations Ð 94 Cetacean Distributions Relative to Ocean Processes in the Northern Califor- Valle, L. VanHoolst, T. nia Current System Ð 284 A New Method to Estimate Efficiently the Atmospheric Excitation of Mars Polar Local Fading Statistics from Ray- Motion Ð 363 Tzuka, C. Tracing Ð 76 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using Vanier, P. High Pressure Xenon Time Projection An Efficient Ray-Tracing Method for En- Thermal Neutron Backscatter Imag- Chamber Ð 345 closed Spaces Based on Image and BSP ing Ð 274 Algorithm Ð 89 Ueda, Y. Vaniman, D. T. Vallier, L. Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- Revised Thorium Abundances for Lunar lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 On the Integration of Ta2O5 as a Gate Red Spots Ð 345 Dielectric in sub-0.18 micron CMOS Pro- Ulaby, F. T. cesses Ð 97 vantKlooster, K. SOPERA: A New Antenna Concept for Modeling The Backscattering Response Vallishayee, Rakesh of Tree Trunks at MMW Frequen- Low Earth Orbit Satellites Ð 52 Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- cies Ð 53 urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Varela, M. E. Ulaby, Fawwaz T. Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE VAN DER Schalie, Willian H. Observations of MMW Backscatter from Iron Meteorite Ð 381 A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Snow Near Grazing Incidence Ð 81 Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- Varghese, K. Statistics of Heterogeneous Terrain at 95 logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 Development of a Cell-Based Biosensor GHz Near Grazing Incidence Ð 217 for Compound Detection Ð 106 van Gerpen, J. H. Ullal, H. S. Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Vashishta, Priya Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. Multimillion Atom Simulations and Visu- Technologies: Progress and Technical Is- Final Report. Report 4 in a series of alization of Hypervelocity Impact Dam- sues Ð 141 6Ð128 age and Oxidation Ð 113

B-66 Vasilyev, V. K. Vidstroem, A. Wagganer, E. Numerical Research of Capabilities of Instrusion Analysis in Military Networks Performance and Productivity Improve- Flat Thermochemical Reactor as Ele- File Systems and Logging Ð 240 ments in an Advanced Dielectric Etch ment of a Hypersonic Flight Vehicle Heat Reactor for sub 0.3 micron Applica- Protection Ð 2 Villegas, F. J. tions Ð 100 An Eigenmode Analysis for a MMW An- Vasilyeva, Elena tenna Comprised of a Periodically- Wagner, George W. A Dual-Band Antenna for Cellular Appli- Loaded PEC Cylinder Fed by a Dielectric Feasibility of Formulating DECON cations: Influence of Plastic Embed- Rod Ð 45 GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, ding Ð 56 GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 Virga, Kathleen Vaughan, R. G. Wagner, Michael D. Characterization and Design Methodol- Adjustable Multifilar Helical Antenna with Requirements Analysis and Course Im- ogy for the Dual Exponentially Tapered provements for EO3502 Telecommunica- Reduced Frequency Scanning Ð 45 74 Slot Antenna Ð tions Systems Engineering Ð 312 Variable radiation pattern of helix antennas Ð 46 Visser, J. Wagner, R. 3D Structural Interpretation of the Eagle The Cratering Record of the Saturnian Vecchi, G. Butte Impact Structure, Alberta, Satellites Phoebe, Tethys, Dione and Ia- Multilevel, Multiresolution Integral Equa- Canada Ð 152 petus in Comparison: First Results from tion Analysis of Printed Antennas Ð 245 Analysis of the Cassini ISS Imaging Viswanathan, R. Veile, Jeri Data Ð 406 Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical Space Rocks Tell Their Secrets: Space Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Wagstaff, K. L. Science Applications of Physics and April1-June30,2003Ð 36 Tracking Retreat of the North Seasonal Chemistry for High School and College Ice Cap on Mars: Results from the THE- Classes. Update. Ð 394 Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical MIS Investigation Ð 335 Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report Vejcki, S. April 1, 2002 - June 30, 2002 Ð 35 Wahid, P. F. Top Quark Physics: Future Measure- A High Efficiency L-Band Microstrip An- Boiler Materials for Ultrasupercritical ments Ð 277 tenna Ð 56 Coal Power Plants. Quarterly Report July Velamparambil, S. V. 1, 2002 - September 30, 2002 Ð 36 Wainess, Richard A Portable Parallel Multilevel Fast Multi- Final Report: Assessment in Team pole Solver for Scattering from Perfectly Vitali, Juan Games Ð 233 Conducting Bodies Ð 225 Fire Resistant Closed Cell Foams for Aircraft Shelters Technical Review Ð 8 Plan for the Assessment and Evaluation Solving Large Scale Electromagnetic of Individual and Team Proficiencies De- Problems Using a Linux Cluster and Par- Vogel, Victor veloped by the DARWARS Environ- allel MLFMA Ð 225 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- ments Ð 224 Velikodsky, Yu, I. graphic Density Ð 182 Walker, Dennis W. Studying the Phase Dependence of Lu- Vogelsang, W. Developing a Strategic Information Sys- nar Surface Brightness Using Data of Large-x Resummations in QCD Ð 274 tems Plan for the Heidelberg US Army Integral Observations Ð 367 Medical Department Activity Ð 310 Venance, K. E. Voipio, Veli Walker, J. On the Need for an Atlas of Chondrule FDTD Simulations in Antenna Imped- Collimator Systems for the SNS Textures Ð 339 ance Calculation Ð 52 Ring Ð 296 Venkatesan, M. M. Volakis, J. L. Walker,R.J. Live Attenuated Shigella as a Diarrheal Effects of the Fast Multipole Method Re-187 Os-187 Isotopic and Highly Sid- Vaccine and/or Mucosal Delivery Vector (FMM) Parameters on Radar Cross Sec- erophile Element Systematics of Group for DNA Vaccines Ð 207 tion Computations Ð 63 IVB Irons Ð 360 Venugopalan, R. Volakis, J. Walker, Richard J. Theory Summer Program on RHIC Phys- Compact, Integrated, Coplanar Phase Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- ics Ð 275 Shifter/Antenna Array Ð 92 Element Systematics of Impact-Melt Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- Verma, M. K. von Roedern, B. ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 Role of Rock/Fluid Characteristics in Commercial Status of the PV Industry in Wallace, Melissa A. Carbon (CO2) Storage and Model- 2004-Identifying Important and Unimpor- ing Ð 146 tant Factors Ð 22 Development of a Provider Profiling Tool for Reappointment Ð 196 Ververka, J. von Schoenberg, P. Wallis, D. A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Interpreting Micrometeoroid Residues on Code for the Atmospheric Boundary Metallic Spacecraft Surfaces: Clues from Layer Ð 168 Vesecky, J. Low Earth Orbit, the Laboratory and to Sensors to Support the Soldier Ð 285 Voskanyan, A. V. Come from Stardust? Ð 369 vHagen, J. Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Walter, Bryan E. Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel VR Aided Control of Unmanned Ve- netic Medium Ð 82 With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 hicles Ð 10 Vidal, A. Wadhwa, M. Wang, Alian Efficient Waveguide Mode Computation Silicon Isotope Ratio Variations in CAI Extracting Olivine (Fo-Fa) Compositions Using Wavelet-Like Basis Func- Evaporation Residues Measured by La- from Raman Spectral Peak Posi- tions Ð 251 ser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS Ð 328 tions Ð 380

B-67 Wang, Charley Wasilewski, P. J. Weinberg, Edward J. Improvement of Silicon Wafer Minority Antipodal Magnetic Anomalies on the The Military Healthcare System Third Carrier Lifetime Through The Implemen- Moon, Contributions from Impact In- Party Collection Program: Analyzing the tation of a Pre-Thermal Donor Anneal duced Currents Due to Positive Holes Effectiveness of the Other Health Insur- Cleaning Process Ð 301 and Flexoelectric Phenomina and Dy- ance (OHI) Information Collection Pro- namo Ð 374 cess Ð 187 Wang, Ning Determination of Meteorite Porosity Us- Weinberg, Graham V. Functional Analysis of LIM Domain Pro- ing Liquid Nitrogen Ð 376 teins and Co-Factors in Breast Can- Approximation of Integrals via Monte cer Ð 181 Watkinson, A. J. Carlo Methods, With an Applications to Calculating Radar Detection Probabili- Possible Planar Elements in Zircon as Wang, Ping ties Ð 255 Indicator of Peak Impact Pressures from Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher the Sierra Madera Impact Crater, West Weiss,b.P. Daily Clean Ð 305 Texas Ð 152 Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrho- tite Ð 386 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Watts, J. Flow Concept Ð 102 Analysis and Modeling of Systematic and Weiss, Charles A., Jr. Wang, Q. Defect Related Yield Issues During Early Expedient Repair Materials for Roadway Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- Development of a New Technol- Pavements Ð 41 vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 ogy Ð 227 Weiss, Isaac Way, S. An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- Wang, S. M. Cassini-Huygens Probe Gas Chromato- cation Algorithm Ð 254 Enantiomeric Analysis of Ephedrines and graph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Ex- Weiss Jr, Charles A. Norephedrines Ð 29 400 periment: First Results Ð Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthen- Wang, Xiao-Fan Weatherly, J. W. ing Using Electrokinetic Tech- Analysis of the Link Between Acquired OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Ex- niques Ð 279 Expression of a Master Switch Gene of treme Weather Events on Military Opera- Weissfeld, Joel L. Osteoblast Differentiation by Breast Can- tions Ð 170 Hormonal Determinants of Mammo- cer and Bone Metastasis Ð 175 Weaver, R. graphic Density Ð 182 Wang, Ying Numerical Simulations of Impactor Pen- Welch, Larry Fremdlinge in Chondrules and Matrix of etration into Ice-Over-Water Tar- Report of the Defense Science Board the Ningqiang Carbonaceous Chon- gets Ð 412 1996 Task Force on Command, Control, drite Ð 342 Webb, John Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- lance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) inte- A Tri-band Reflector Antenna with Dual Wang, Yuan-Xun gration Ð 69 Frequency Extrapolation and Model- Band TE(sub 21) Mode Tracking Ð 79 Welcsh, Piri L. Based Parameterization of Antenna- Webb, R. Platform Radiation from CEM Data Ð 85 Novel Functional Screen for New Breast Advanced Aqueous Wafer Cleaning in Cancer Genes Ð 209 Wang, Yuanxun Power Semiconductor Device Manufac- Welp, Kevin RCS Interpolation in Frequency and turing Ð 97 Improvement of AME 8110 Oxide Etcher Angle Using Adaptive Feature Extrac- Weber, E. R. Daily Clean Ð 305 84 tion Ð Distribution and Chemical State of Cu- Welsh,T.T. rich Clusters in Silicon Ð 21 Wang, Yuzhen Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth The Ultra High Density Storage of Non- Weber, Georg F. Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Biological Information in a Memory Com- A Molecular Connection Between Breast tional Stress: Supporting Future Force posed of DNA Molecules Ð 199 Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis Me- Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- field Ð 217 Wang, Zhou diated by Akt Kinase Ð 209 Suppressive Role of Androgen- Weggel, R. J. Welten, K. C. Response Gene Calreticulin in Prostate Cupronickel Rotating Band Pion Produc- Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Cancer Ð 189 tion Target for Muon Colliders Ð 266 Welten, Kees C. Ward, Michael Pions Yield vs. Geometry of Target and Analysis of the Statesboro, Georgia 370 Feasibility Assessment for the Use of approximately 20 T Pulse Solenoid for a Shock-darkened L5 Chondrite Ð Cellulase in Biomass Conversion for Hu- Muon Collider Experiment Ð 268 Wenner, Paul A. man Application Ð 174 Wei, J. Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Warda, Edward BNL-Built LHC Magnet Error Impact Analysis and Compensation Ð 297 Facilities Ð 113 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Flow Concept Ð 102 UAL-Based Simulation Environment for Werne, Joseph Spallation Neutron Source Ring Ð 265 Turbulence in the Stable Planetary Warren, Paul H. Boundary Layer and Aloft: Modeling and Weijers, Bertus MET01210: Another Lunar Mare Meteor- Characterization Using DNS and ite (Regolith Breccia) with Extensive Py- Ultra-Wideband Signals for Target Detec- LES Ð 260 tion in Foliage Ð 289 roxene Exsolution, and Not Part of the Werner,S.C. YQ Launch Pair Ð 360 Weiland, Larg H. Mars: Recent and Episodic Volcanic, Hy- Siderophile Geochemistry of Ureilites: Novel Methodology to Include all Mea- drothermal, and Glacial Activity Revealed Reading the Record of Early Stages of sured Extension Values per Defect to by the Mars Express High Resolution Planetesimal Core Formation Ð 368 Improve Defect Size Distributions Ð 135 Stereo Camera (HRSC) Ð 407

B-68 Werner,T.D.H. Wieler, R. Wilson, William W. Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- Determination of Production Rates of Reaction Chemistry of HN3 with HF, netic Medium Ð 82 Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Halogens and Pseudohalogens Ð 32 Chromite Grains Ð 154 Werner,T.P. Winter, B. Toward the Synthesis of an Artificial Mag- Presolar He and Ne in Single Circums- A Light Dual-Band AMPS/GSM Top- netic Medium Ð 82 tellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Loaded Retractable Antenna Ð 80 Murchison and Murray Meteor- West, R. A. ites Ð 109 Winthrop, Michael F. A Cassini ISS Search for Regolith- Wiesbeck, W. Engineering Tools for Variable Stiffness Texture Variations on Tethys Ð 353 Vibration Suppression and Isola- Spiral Antenna with Frequency- tion Ð 16 West, R. Independent Coplanar Feed for Mobile Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Communication Systems Ð 51 Wirth, D. F. Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Wijekoon, Kapila The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Radar Data Ð 386 Development of a Production Worthy cient in PDR ABC Transporters to Copper CMP Process Ð 96 Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Westerman, John F. Drugs Ð 198 Demonstration of Natural Gas Engine Wikol, Michael J. Driven Air Compressor at Army Industrial Overcoming the Barriers to Cleaning with Wiswesser, Andreas Facilities Ð 113 Bubble-Free Ozonated De-Ionized Wa- Process Control and Monitoring with La- ter Ð 95 ser Interferometry Based Endpoint De- Westphal, A. J. tection in Chemical Mechanical Pla- Status of Genesis Mo-Pt Foils Ð 398 Wilbur, Matthew L. narization Ð 99 Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications Westphal, Andrew for UAVs Ð 9 Witkover, R. L. Genesis: Removing Contamination from RHIC Beam Loss Monitor System Initial Wilcox, R. Sample Collectors Ð 319 Operation Ð 265 Design for Manufacturability: A Key to Wetzel, Eric D. Semiconductor Manufacturing Excel- Witt, Gerald L. Integrating Structure With Power in Bat- lence Ð 301 Semiconductor Radiation Physics: From tery Materials Ð 42 Wilkie, W. K. Defects to Devices Ð 106 White, S. Active-Twist Rotor Control Applications Wittke, J. M. for UAVs Ð 9 Reactive Multiphase Behavior of CO2 in Olivine-Orthopyroxene-Phyric Shergot- Saline Aquifers Beneath the Colorado Wilks, Brett L. tites NWA 2626 and DaG 476: The Thar- Plateau. Quarterly Report, October 1, Oblique Wing Aerodynamics Ð 2 sis Connection Ð 335 2002-December 31, 2002 Ð 146 Will, Amy B. Wolfger, H. Whitehead, Lynnell E. Association of Ebola Virus Matrix Protein The Sensitivities of Yeast Strains Defi- Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- VP40 with Microtubules Ð 200 cient in PDR ABC Transporters to vices Contracts Ð 199 Williams, David A. Quinoline-Ring Antimalarial Drugs Ð 198 Whitehouse, M. J. Hecates Tholus, Mars: Nighttime Aeolian Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Lunar Activity Suggested by Thermal Images Wong, F. C. and Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Zircons Ð 405 Chemical Equilibrium Mixture Computa- Simulations Ð 403 tions for Energetic Material Combustion Whiteside, Cynthia Williams, J. G. in Closed Vessels Ð 34 Effects of Photoresist Foreshortening on The Core of the Moon - Molten or an Advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti Metallurgy and Solid? Ð 362 Wong, K. W Interconnect Technology Ð 96 Development of New Methodology and Williams, Nanette M. Technique to Accelerate Region Yield Whitworth, Robin Impact of a Military Reusable Launch Improvement Ð 299 Sensor Data Link - Flexible and Standard Vehicle on Dominant Maneuver and Fo- Digital Communications for Current and cused Logistics Ð 17 Wood, C. Future Force Sensors Ð 72 Williams, Randy Cryovolcanic Features on Titan’s Surface as Revealed by the Cassini RA- Widder, Mark W. Predictive Yield Modeling for Reconfig- DAR Ð 385 A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to urable Memory Circuits Ð 226 Titan’s Elusive Lakes? Properties and Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Bio- Williams, Zachary logical Early Warning Systems Ð 31 Context of Dark Spots in Cassini TA Information Technology: DoD FY 2004 Radar Data Ð 386 Wiechert, J. Implementation of the Federal Informa- Titanium Isotopic Composition of Solar tion Security Management Act for Infor- Wood, R. H. System Objects Ð 392 mation Technology Training and Aware- MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve ness Ð 239 Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliabil- Wieczorek, M. A. Williamson, A. J. ity Ð 143 The Asymmetric Cratering History of the Smart Nanostructures from Computer Wooding, Christine M. Moon Ð 382 293 Simulations Ð RAFOS Float Processing at the Woods Wiehagen, W. J. Williamson, C. C. Hole Oceanographic Institution Ð 281 Approach to Identify Jobs for Ergonomic Urban Effects on Transport and Diffusion Woods, Roger H. Analysis Ð 218 of Smokes and Toxic Agents Ð 167 A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithogra- Wieland, M. S. Wilson, L. phy and Metrology Dedication in a Me- Scaled Cloud Model for Released Toxic Reconciling Lava Temperatures and In- trology Constrained Multipart Number Fumes Ð 147 terior Models for Io Ð 372 Fabricator Ð 134

B-69 Woolf, Stanley Xu, Xiaojiang Yano, H. Grazing Angle Proton Scattering: Effects Mathematical Analysis of Extremity Im- Are They Really Intact? - Evaluation of on Chandra and XMM-Newton X-Ray mersion Cooling for Brain Temperature Captured Micrometeoroid Analogs by Telescopes Ð 261 Management Ð 259 Aerogel at the Flyby Speed of Star- dust Ð 411 Woolum, D. Yakovlev, A. B. Genesis: Removing Contamination from Electromagnetic Modeling of a Yashiro, Kenichiro Sample Collectors Ð 319 Waveguide-Based Strip-to-Slot Transi- Wavelet Matrix Transform Approach for tion Module for Application to Spatial the Solution of Electromagnetic Integral Worsham, Maria J. Power Combining Systems Ð 87 Equations Ð 250 Population Based Assessment of MHC Class I Antigens Down Regulation as Yakovlev, Alexander B. Yaswen, Paul Markers of Increased Risk for Develop- Mode Transformation and Mode Continu- Cooperative Interactions During Human ment and Progression of Breast Cancer ation Regimes on Guided-Wave Struc- Mammary Epithelial Cell Immortaliza- from Benign Breast Lesions Ð 214 tures Ð 87 tion Ð 198 Wright, David Yamaguchi, Y. Yavrouian, A. H. Airborne UXO Surveys Using the Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred Dual Balloon Concept for Lifting Pay- MTADS Ð 119 from Clementine UVVIS Data Ð 376 loads from the Surface of Venus Ð 371 Wright Horton, J., Jr. Yamamoto, A. Yax, Mike Osmium-Isotope and Platinum-Group- Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Open Radio Communications Architec- Element Systematics of Impact-Melt Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: ture Core Framework V1.1.0 Volume 1 118 Rocks, Chesapeake Bay Impact Struc- Preliminary Results Ð Software Users Manual Ð 312 ture, Virginia, USA Ð 162 Yamamoto, Y. Yazgan, Erdem Wu, Bing First X-Ray Observation of Lunar Farside from Hayabusa X-Ray Spectrom- UTD-Based Propagation Model for the Array Antenna Composed of Circularly eter Ð 410 Path Loss Characteristics of Cellular Mo- Polarized Dielectric Resonator Anten- bile Communications System Ð 73 nas Ð 58 Lunar X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry from SELENE Lunar Polar Or- Yegulalp, Ali Wu, Boau-Cheng biter Ð 411 Long CPI Wideband GMTI Ð 121 Simulations and Measurements for In- Yen, A. S. door Wave Propagation through Periodic Yamashita, N. Structures Ð 251 Planetary Gamma-Ray Imager Using MIMOS II on MER One Year of Moss- High Pressure Xenon Time Projection bauer Spectroscopy on the Surface of Wu, Jianguo Chamber Ð 345 Mars: From Jarosite at Meridiani Planum Rapid Identification and Strain-Typing of to Goethite at Gusev Crater Ð 374 Yamauchi, J. Respiratory Pathogens for Epidemic Sur- Yen, C. F. veillance Ð 196 A Circular Aperture Antenna Backed by a Cavity Ð 78 Development of an Advanced Composite Wu, Wei Yamauchi, Junji Material Model Suitable for Blast and Overview of Plasma Induced Damage Ballistic Impact Simulations Ð 27 FD-TD Analysis of Dielectric Rod Anten- After Dry Etch Processing Ð 98 nas with an Antireflective Layer Ð 52 Yildirim, Bahadir Wu, Yu-Tong Yan, Donghong Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- 54 Control Methods for the Chemical- Controlled Cortical Impact in Swine: tenna Ð Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Pathophysiology and Biomechan- Trench Isolation Ð 132 Ying, Peter ics Ð 195 A Study of Boron Doping Profile Control Wu, Z. Yan, Y. for a Low Vt Device Used in the Ad- Effects of Process Parameters on Par- Progress in Silicon Heterojunction De- vanced Low Power, High Speed Mixed- ticle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and vices by Hot-Wire CVD Ð 142 Signal IC Ð 101 WF6 CVD Processes Ð 130 Yang, Chang-Fa Yoo, A. B. Wunder, Daniel P. Simulations and Measurements for In- SLURM: Simple Linux Utility for Re- Aerosol Scattering Phase Function Re- door Wave Propagation through Periodic source Management Ð 236 trieval From Polar Orbiting Satel- Structures Ð 251 lites Ð 14 Yoon, Nam-Il Yang, Cheng-Fu Quasi-static Analysis of the Planar Trans- Xia, Bing Cross-aperture Coupled Circularly Polar- mission Lines with Arbitrary Electrode Functional Study of the Human BRCA2 ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Ð 53 Thickness Ð 88 Tumor Suppressor Ð 180 Yang, J. Yoshimoto, Maisa Xiao, Sheng Cu CMP with Orbital Technology. Sum- Analysis of Preneoplasia Associated with Constitutive Activation of Insulin Recep- mary of the Experience Ð 99 Progression to Prostatic Cancer Ð 181 tor Substrate 1 in Breast Cancer: Thera- Yang, Kyounglang Young, A. J. peutic Implication Ð 206 Synthesis of Cryptophycin Affinity Labels Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth and Tubulin Labeling Ð 186 Xie, Z. M. Factor-I for Assessing Military Opera- Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of Yang, Xinhai tional Stress: Supporting Future Force Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Devel- Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battle- Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 opment Ð 210 field Ð 217 Xu, Wen Yang, Yu-Chu Young, E. D. A Bound on Mean-Square Estimation Er- Feasibility of Formulating DECON Supra-Canonical (sup 26)Al/(sup 27)Al ror Accounting for System Model Mis- GREEN with Airfraft Deicing Fluid: VX, Ratios in an Unaltered Allende match Ð 257 GD, and HD Reactivity Ð 24 CAI Ð 395

B-70 Young, Eliot F. Zahn, Eva M. Zheng, Qinfen HST Photometry and Surface Mapping of Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- An Efficient and Robust Human Classifi- Asteroid 1 Ceres Ð 393 vices Contracts Ð 199 cation Algorithm Ð 254 Young, Jeffrey L. Zaiping, Nie Zhou, Guang-Ping The Design of High-Order, Leap-Frog Efficient Solution of 3-D Vector Electro- Multi-Band Fixed Cellular Phone An- Integrators for Maxwell’s Equa- magnetic Scattering by FMM with Partly tenna Ð 54 247 246 tions Ð Approximate Iteration Ð Zhou, X. Young, Shelton R. Zamansky, V. M. Multi-Scale In Time Projectile-Target Acquisition: Direct Care Medical Ser- Second Generation Advanced Reburning HPC Simulations for Lethality and Sur- vices Contracts Ð 199 for High Efficiency NO(sub x) Con- vivability Ð 234 148 Young, Stuart H. trol Ð Zhu, Quing Networked Acoustic Sensor Array’s Per- Zapata, J. Ultrasound Assisted Optical Imag- formance During 2004 Horizontal Fusion A 3-D FEM Based Segmentation Method ing Ð 187 - Warrior’s Edge Demonstration Ð 286 for the Full-Wave Analysis of Passive Zimmerman, A. H. Microwaves Circuits Ð 86 Yu, Wenhua Life Modeling for Nickel-Hydrogen Bat- Modeling of Periodic Structures Using Zaripov, N. V. teries in Geosynchronous Satellite Op- the Finite Difference Time Domain Diamond Nanograins in Carbon Soot: eration Ð 15 (FDTD) Ð 78 Does the Chemistry of Extracted Dia- Zinner, E. K. Yung, E. K. N. monds Depend on the Properties of Pris- Presolar Al-, Ca-, and Ti-rich Oxide 23 Novel Feeding Technique for Dielectric tine Soot? Ð Grains in the Krymka Meteorite Ð 164 54 Resonator Antennas Ð Zawadzki, Mark Zinner, E. Yung, Edward K. N. A Dual-polarized Microstrip Subarray An- Continued Characterization of Presolar Three Dimension Edge FEM Analysis of tenna for an Inflatable L-band Synthetic Silicate Grains from the Acfer 094 Car- Inhomogeneous Chiral Medium Loaded Aperture Radar Ð 56 bonaceous Chondrite Ð 399 Waveguide Discontinuity Ð 76 Zegers, T. Finally: Presolar Graphite Grains Identi- Yurimoto, H. Interior Layered Deposits in Valles Mari- fied in Orgueil Ð 327 Destruction of Presolar Silicates by neris, Mars: Insights from 3D-Data Ob- tained by the High Resolution Stereo Silicate Inclusions in the Kodaikanal IIE Aqueous Alteration Observed in Murchi- Iron Meteorite Ð 381 son CM2 Chondrite Ð 401 Camera (HRSC) Ð 341 Ziolkowski, R. W. Presolar Silicate Grains from Primitive Zeigler, R. A. The Time Domain Discrete Green’s Carbonaceous Chondrites Y-81025, A Thorium-rich Mare Basalt Rock Frag- Function as a Boundary Condition for ALHA 77307, Adelaide and Acfer ment from the Apollo 12 Regolith: A Three Dimensional Waveguide Prob- 094 Ð 375 Sample from a Young Procellarum Flow? Ð 327 lems Ð 247 Relative Chronology of CAI and Chon- Zlobin, V. V. drule Formation: Evidence from Zemanian, T. S. Chondrule-bearing Igneous CAIs Ð 379 Actinide-Specific Interfacial Chemistry of Burning of the Supersonic Propane-Air Mixture in the Aerodynamic Channel Yurtsever, Tanju Monolayer Coated Mesoporous Ceram- ics Ð 41 With the Stagnant Zone Ð 1 Dynamic Dispatch and Graphical Moni- Zlot, Robert toring System Ð 97 Zender, J. Market-Based Complex Task Allocation Zabalueva, E. V. Public Outreach and Archiving of Data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera for Multirobot Teams Ð 243 Seasonal Redistribution of Water in the Onboard Mars Express: 2004 The First Surficial Martian Regolith: Results of the Zolensky, M. E. Year Ð 376 HEND Data Analysis Ð 381 In-Situ Heating Decrease Kinetics of Ali- Zhang, Ben-Yong phatic Hydrocarbons in Tagish Lake Me- Zabasajja, Ed teorite by Micro-FTIR Ð 369 MOSAIC I Product Transfer Using Virtual Towards Real-Time Fault Identification in Flow Concept Ð 102 Plasma Etching Using Neural Net- Meteorite WIS91600: A New Sample Re- works Ð 299 lated to a D- or T-type Asteroid Ð 353 Zacharias, Norbert Zhang, N. Zoltani, C. K. Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Objects Ð 322 Residual Gases Investigation For Elimi- Simulation Studies of Cyanide-Caused nating Contamination In LPCVD Si3N4 Cardiac Toxicity Ð 33 Zadorozhny, V. Process Ð 95 Landau Scenario of Chaotization for Zuercher, Jean-Francois Zhang, S. Y. Beam Distribution Ð 294 PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of Gold Beam Losses at the AGS Booster Miniaturisation Ð 74 Zaghloul, Amir I. Injection Ð 287 Novel Method for Numerically Accurate Zurbuchen, T. H. Analysis of Printed Rotman Lens Anten- Zhang, Xue-Xia Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Sur- nas Ð 104 A Novel Planar Omnidirectional An- face Bounded Exospheres and Compo- tenna Ð 48 sition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Zahn, Daniel Surfaces Ð 370 Numerical Simulation of Scattering from Zhang, Y. X. Rough Surfaces Using a Fast Far-Field Semiconductor Nanowire-Based FETs Zurek, Patrick M. Iterative Physical Optics Ap- as Electronically Tunable Cata- Concept and Technology Exploration for proach Ð 251 lysts Ð 105 Transparent Hearing Ð 220

B-71