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Tese Marcelo Sobral Leite.Pdf MARCELO SOBRAL LEITE ANTECOLOGIA DE PODOSTEMACEAE EM ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS ASSOCIADOS À FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA NORDESTINA RECIFE, 2013 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL ANTECOLOGIA DE PODOSTEMACEAE EM ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS ASSOCIADOS À FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA NORDESTINA Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Isabel Cristina Machado Área de Concentração: Ecologia Vegetal Linha de Pesquisa: Biologia Floral e da Reprodução RECIFE, 2013 Catalogação na fonte Elaine Barroso CRB 1728 Leite, Marcelo Sobral Antecologia de Podostemaceae em ecossistemas aquáticos associados à Floresta Atlântica nordestina / Marcelo Sobral Leite– Recife: O Autor, 2013. 185 folhas : il., fig., tab. Orientadora: Isabel Cristina Machado Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Biologia Vegetal, 2013. Inclui bibliografia e apêndices 1. Plantas aquáticas 2. Polinização 3. Mata Atlântica I. Machado, Isabel Cristina (orientadora) II. Título 583.82 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB- 2013- 216 MARCELO SOBRAL LEITE ANTECOLOGIA DE PODOSTEMACEAE EM ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS ASSOCIADOS À FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA NORDESTINA Tese de doutorado apresentada à banca examinadora: _______________________________ Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Isabel C.S. Machado – UFPE ____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Kayna Agostini - UFSCAR ____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Cibele Cardoso de Castro - UFRPE ____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Ana Virginia Lima Leite - UFRPE ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rafael Batista Louzada - UFPE Dedico ao Professor Geraldo Mariz (in memoriam) Agradecimentos Sou grato a todos que me auxiliaram durante o transcorrer desta tese. Em especial, a Msc. Polyhanna Gomes (UNESP) pelo auxílio no campo, nas análises estatísticas, na leitura crítica dos capítulos e na confecção das pranchas, além da amizade e carinho; e a Profa. Dra. Isabel C.S. Machado (UFPE) pela orientação e amizade. Agradeço também aos membros do Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva e demais laboratórios da UFPE. Especialmente a Tarcila de Lima Nadia, Elisângela Lúcia de Santana Bezerra, Ana Carolina Galindo da Costa, Camila Carvalho de Gusmão Lôbo, Joel Araújo Queiroz, Kelaine de Miranda Demétrio e Lucinéia Avelino da Silva (LABFLOR), João Batista de Oliveira Júnior (Herbário URM), Liliane Galindo Dantas (Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal), João Amazonas e Marlene de Alencar Barbosa (Herbário Geraldo Mariz) pela amizade e apoio. Agradeço ainda a Regina Carvalho (UFPE) pelas ilustrações botânicas, ao Msc. Airton Carvalho (UFPB) pela identificação dos visitantes florais, a Profa. Dra. Aldaléa S. Tavares (UFSC) pela identificação e confirmação das Podostemaceae; e, finalmente, ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa de estudos. SUMÁRIO 1. Apresentação............................................................................................................................. 2 2. Sistemas reprodutivos, polinização e visitantes florais em Podostemaceae: uma revisão com ênfase nos táxons neotropicais.............................................................................. 4 2.1. Introdução.............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Material e Métodos................................................................................................................ 8 2.3. Resultados.............................................................................................................................. 10 2.4. Conclusões e perspectivas..................................................................................................... 15 3. Evidências morfológicas sobre a polinização em Podostemaceae: o caso de Apinagia spp................................................................................................................................................. 37 3.1. Introdução.............................................................................................................................. 40 3.2. Material e Métodos................................................................................................................ 41 3.3. Resultados.............................................................................................................................. 45 3.4. Discussão............................................................................................................................... 46 4. Estratégias reprodutivas múltiplas (ERM) em angiospermas: evidências experimentais em Podostemaceae............................................................................................. 61 4.1. Introdução.............................................................................................................................. 64 4.2. Material e Métodos................................................................................................................ 66 4.3. Resultados.............................................................................................................................. 71 4.4. Discussão............................................................................................................................... 73 5. Antecologia, sistema de cruzamento e avaliação em médio prazo do sucesso natural de Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. (Podostemaceae: Tristichoideae)............................................................................................................................. 91 5.1. Introdução.............................................................................................................................. 94 5.2. Material e Métodos................................................................................................................ 95 5.3. Resultados.............................................................................................................................. 99 5.4. Discussão............................................................................................................................... 101 6. Antecology and reproductive system of Mourera fluviatilis (Podostemaceae): pollination by bees and xenogamy in a predominantly anemophilous and autogamous family?.......................................................................................................................................... 118 Resumo…………………………………………………………………………………………. 130 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………… 131 Apêndices..................................................................................................................................... 132 SOBRAL LEITE, M. (2013). Antecologia de Podostemaceae em Ecossistemas Aquáticos... 2 Apresentação O domínio da Floresta Atlântica se compõe de múltiplas fitofisionomias; conjuntos de ecossistemas intrinsecamente associados como manguezais, restingas e rios contíguos aos remanescentes florestais. A Floresta Atlântica Nordestina corresponde a uma faixa de 80 km de florestas que cobriam 56.400 km2 de áreas ao norte do rio São Francisco, equivalente a 4,3% da Floresta Atlântica brasileira original. Dessa porção, restam pouco mais de 2% da vegetação original, atualmente formada por fragmentos florestais de reduzido tamanho (<500 ha) e elevado grau de isolamento. Entre os ambientes associados à Floresta Atlântica Nordestina, os córregos e rios encontram-se entre os mais ricos e ameaçados, por pressão de uso, poluição e manejo inadequado. Diante desse cenário, é necessário embasar o manejo e proteção destes ecossistemas aquáticos, a partir do conhecimento científico, direcionando tomadas de decisão. Na região neotropical, nosso conhecimento sobre aos grupos biológicos típicos desses biótopos aquáticos encontra-se em nível de classificação e levantamento de espécies. Nesse contexto, as hidrófitas estão entre os grupos mais negligenciados cientificamente. Embora reconhecidas quanto à sua importância para: (a) manutenção da estrutura física de mananciais utilizados no abastecimento humano; (b) produtividade primária; (c) produção de oxigênio; e (d) manutenção da biodiversidade aquática e ecotonal, conhecemos a maioria destas plantas apenas por descrições taxonômicas. Estudos ecológicos, incluindo pesquisas sobre reprodução, em plantas aquáticas são escassos, impossibilitando a visualização de padrões gerais. Trabalhos que contemplem tais aspectos são fundamentais ao entendimento: (1) da dinâmica populacional; (2) das relações evolutivas; (3) para planos de manejo e conservação e (4) utilização comercial. Apesar de nossa carência de conhecimento, é possível perceber entre as hidrófitas ampla diversidade de sistemas de polinização, possivelmente a mais elevada dentre as angiospermas. Podostemaceae são reófitas submersas restritas a ambientes de cachoeiras com dinâmica hidrológica de ampla flutuação sazonal do nível das águas. Sua plasticidade estrutural e fenótipica confere a estas hidrófitas extrema adaptabilidade e dominância em ambientes reófilos inóspitos para a maioria das espermatófitas. No neotrópico, formam extensos prados subaquáticos em águas com baixa produtividade, respondendo pela produção do carbono autóctone, fonte abundante de alimento para a rica biota associada. A crescente destruição destes ecossistemas
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