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Operational and public health entomology July – September 2009 Perspective 1 MG Russell J. Czerw Outbreak of Dermatitis Linearis Caused by Paederus ilsae and 6 Paederus iliensis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) at a Military Base in Iraq CPT Silas Davidson, COL (Ret) Scott Norton; LTC Mark Carder; COL Mustapha Debboun Operational Vector-borne Disease Surveillance and Control: 16 Closing the Capabilities Gap through Research at Overseas Military Laboratories MAJ Brian Evans; CPT Jeffrey Clark; LT Kathryn Barbara (USN); LT Kirk Mundal (USN); et al Applications of Ecological Niche Modeling to Enhance Medical Threat 28 Assessment and Disease Control and Prevention Strategies MAJ Michelle Colacicco-Mayhugh Addressing Feral and Wild Animal Threats During Deployment: 33 The Distinction Between Animal Control and Rabies Control LTC Raymond Dunton; MAJ Gerald Sargent Perspectives on Scrub Typhus, Tick-Borne Pathogens, 40 and Hantavirus in the Republic of Korea LTC William Sames; Heung-Chul Kim, PhD; COL (Ret) Terry Klein Remote Teaching of Arthropod Species Identification 50 Through Interactive Multimedia CDR (Ret) George Schultz (USN); Richard Robbins, PhD Behavioral Resistance of House Flies, 54 Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Imidacloprid MAJ Alec Gerry; Diane Zhang, MD Field Trial of Five Repellent Formulations Against Mosquitoes in Ahero, Kenya 60 LTC Van Sherwood; Elizabeth Kioko; Sichangi Kasili; Philip Ngumbi; Michael Hollingdale, PhD Characterization of a New Ultra-Low Volume Fuselage Spray Configuration 66 on Air Force C‑130H Airplane Used For Adult Mosquito Control Maj Mark Breidenbaugh (USAFR); Maj Karl Haagsma (USAFR); Mark Latham; Ferenc de Szalay, PhD The Armed Forces Pest Management Board: Force Multiplier Through Policy, 77 Guidance, Research, and Information Col William Rogers (USAF); Richard Robbins, PhD; CAPT Stanton E. Cope (USN) Evaluation of Efficacy and Duration of the Stick Camouflage Face Paint 84 with 30% Deet Against Mosquitoes in Belize MAJ Kendra Lawrence; John Paul Benante; Nicole Close, PhD; Nicole Achee, PhD Comparison of the Attractiveness of Organic Infusions 91 to the Standard CDC Gravid Mosquito Trap CPT Lee McPhatter; Cara Olsen, DrPH; COL Mustapha Debboun A Professional Publication of the AMEDD Community Online issues of the AMEDD Journal are available at https://secure-akm.amedd.army.mil/dasqaDocuments.aspx?type=1 July – September 2009 The Army Medical Department Center & School PB 8-09-7/8/9 LTG Eric B. Schoomaker The Surgeon General Commander, US Army Medical Command MG Russell J. Czerw Commanding General US Army Medical Department Center and School By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official: JOYCE E. MORROW GEORGE W. CASEY, JR Administrative Assistant to the General, United States Army Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff DISTRIBUTION: Special 0926004 The Army Medical Department Journal [ISSN 1524-0436] is published quarterly for information; and provide a peer-reviewed, high quality, print medium to encourage The Surgeon General by the US Army Medical Department Center & School, ATTN: dialogue concerning healthcare initiatives. MCCS-DT, 2423 FSH-Hood ST, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-5078. Views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect official US Army or US Army Medical Department positions, nor does the content change or CORRESPONDENCE: Manuscripts, photographs, official unit requests to receive supersede information in other Army Publications. The Journal reserves the right to edit copies, and unit address changes or deletions should be sent to the Journal at the all material submitted for publication (see inside back cover). above address. Telephone: (210) 221-6301, DSN 471-6301 CONTENT: Content of this publication is not copyright protected. Material may be DISCLAIMER: The Journal presents clinical and nonclinical professional information reprinted if credit is given to the author(s). to expand knowledge of domestic & international military medical issues and OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION: This publication is targeted to US Army Medical technological advances; promote collaborative partnerships among Services, Department units and organizations, and other members of the medical community components, Corps, and specialties; convey clinical and health service support worldwide. Perspective Major General Russell J. Czerw Among the more well-known of the ancient Chinese maxims of military principles attributed to Sun Tzu is “Know your enemy as you know yourself,” a common sense requirement for anyone planning strategy and tactics for an impending conflict. Of course, one immediately thinks of intelligence operatives gathering information about the character of the enemy’s forces, locations, capabilities, and support structure, among other things, and analysts examining that data to identify ways to counter and eliminate the threat. The same approach applies not only to opposing military forces, but also to any adversary with the potential to inflict harm on your force and reduce its combat capability. As we have learned from hard experience over the last 110 years, some of the most pernicious threats to our Soldiers are posed by the smallest of adversaries—mosquitoes, ticks, sand flies, fleas, mites, and other arthropods—which cause problems directly through bites and irritation, and, more importantly, vector some of the most virulent disease pathogens that afflict humans and other mammals. entomology professionals, including contributions by Air Force, Navy, and civilian authors. The result is an Ever since MAJ Walter Reed confirmed and extended outstanding issue that is not only a wealth of Dr Carlos Finlay’s previously ridiculed theories about important, timely medical information, but also the role of an arthropod, the mosquito, as intermediary provides insight as to the broad scope of roles and host in the spread of yellow fever, the need to know responsibilities of medical entomologists in today’s this constant, pervasive enemy has been recognized by military. the military. Further, as understanding of the extent and significance of the threat has grown, the military’s Although the role of arthropods as vectors of disease organization and application of resources has become pathogens is, understandably, the best known of the increasingly sophisticated, with military entomologists threats they pose, there are other hazards. In the first on the point. The US Army first commissioned article, CPT Silas Davidson and his coauthors present entomologists into the Sanitary Corps during World an excellent description of the problems caused by War I, and significantly increased those numbers beetles that do not sting or bite, but secrete vesicating during World War II. Today, there are some 64 active chemicals which cause blistering in human skin. These duty and 35 reservist Army entomologists serving in a blisters are often misdiagnosed, and have sometimes variety of roles in operational commands, on staffs, in even been attributed to suspected chemical warfare research laboratories, and in training organizations, agents. In certain parts of the world, the beetles often jointly with entomologists from our sister periodically swarm in numbers large enough to pose a services. The senior medical and veterinary considerable health threat, and have in fact adversely entomologist at the Army Medical Department affected military operations. The biology of the (AMEDD) Center and School, COL Mustapha production of the irritant, and the physiology of its Debboun, has organized this special focus issue of the harmful effects are clearly explained as the authors use AMEDD Journal to feature the work of those military an outbreak of dermatitis among US Soldiers in Iraq in July – September 2009 1 Perspective 2007 as a case study to illustrate the reality of the given area is predictable, as long as the absence or threat to readiness. It was discovered that the presence of the vector can be determined. possibility of vesicating beetles had not been Unfortunately, that is often the most difficult aspect of considered as Soldiers and Airmen at Joint Base Balad the medical threat assessment, in that surveillance of were being treated for blisters, assumed to be burns vectors in the area may be impossible prior to from maintenance activities. Sampling at the locations deployment, and even after arrival in a combat where the affected personnel worked revealed the environment. MAJ Michelle Colacicco-Mayhugh has presence of such beetles, and further collections contributed a very interesting article which looks at determined the types of beetles, potential sources, the one way technology is providing assistance to planners attraction factors (lights), and the times of activity. for this problem. The adaptation of remotely sensed Based on the data collected, preventive measures were data into a number of modeling techniques is instituted to reduce human contact with the beetles, providing basic information about distribution, and the incidence of dermatitis was significantly ecology, and the potential range of species without the reduced. This very informative article is a textbook collection of actual sampling data. By combining what example of how the teamwork of the healthcare pro- is known about the vector species’ biological and vider and the entomologist effectively identified and environmental requirements with the environmental resolved a potentially serious public health concern. and geographic data obtained from remote sensors, ecological niche modeling allows planners to By the