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Hindu Views on Euthanasia, Suicide and Abortion in the Durban Area

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Hindu Views on Euthanasia, Suicide and Abortion in the Durban Area t HINDU VIEWS ON EUTHANASIA, SUICIDE AND ABORTION IN THE DURBAN AREA by ROMILLA DEVI GANGA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER : PROF C du P LE ROUX NOVEMBER 1994 SUMMARY Advances in technology and medicine have greatly impacted on religious thought and have contributed to a large extent in bringing to the fore questions regarding euthanasia, suicide and abortion. This has raised a plethora of questions regarding actions and consequent ethical choices. What impact this has had on the Durban Hindu regarding the interpretation and re-interpretation of scripture to accommodate euthanasia, suicide and abortion is examined in the background of karma and dharma. A cross-section of Durban Hindus consisting of lawyers, doctors, academics, school­ teachers, Hindu scholars, priests and housewives were interviewed. Their views on karma and dharma, to what extent these concepts underlie their thinking with respect to euthanasia, suicide and abortion and what influence classical views based on Hindu scripture as well as Western thinking have had on the contemporary Hindus of the Durban area, are examined. Consequently, karma and dharma are viewed from a hermeneutical perspective and examined in the light of the phenomenological approach. The key hermeneutical concepts of karma and dharma have been modified and re-interpreted to accommodate changing circumstances. The views expressed range from the extremely liberal to the ultra conservative. Although the subjects were not all familiar with Hindu scripture, the views expressed were similar to scripture. Many Hindus therefore are reasoning on traditional lines, although the basis of their reasoning has shifted from scripture. Ethics and morality are not the only underlying principles affecting the euthanasia, suicide and abortion debate: financial and social considerations are also important. Although euthanasia and abortion are strongly condemned by the conservative Hindu they are accepted on medical, social and utilitarian grounds. Title of thesis: HINDU VIEWS ON EUTHANASIA, SUICIDE AND ABORTION IN THE DURBAN AREA Key terms: Euthanasia; Suicide; Abortion; Kamia; Dhamia; Classical Hindu; Scripture; Contemporary; Interpretation; Re-interpretation; Medical; Legal; Ethical; Circumstances. PREFACE The advances in science and technology are extensive and they enrich human lives to such a degree that people generally accept these advances without reservations. However, the benefits of science and technology cannot always be counted as a blessing. This so called "progress" often creates complex dilemmas which can only be resolved by agonising decisions. The most difficult of these problems are not simply theoretical or technical questions requiring empirical research. They are instead moral questions which require research with the application of new information and skills. In most cases, these problems expose the inadequacies of our conventional, moral and legal systems. In other words developments in science and technology cause ripple effect in our system of beliefs. When this happens it is necessary to adjust our values and institutions in order to come to terms with the moral dilemmas posed by scientific and technological developments. Moral questions that arise as a result of advances in medical science and technology cannot be treated lightly. Perhaps, the greatest problems are posed by the physician's ability to exercise extensive control over the processes of life and death. From a strictly medical standpoint, life and death decisions have become routine. From a moral point of view such choices are seldom easy to make. The dilemma is particularly acute when traditional medical ethics imposes conflicting requirements. The question of euthanasia is one of a broad spectrum of moral problems of terminal medical care. It arises in those cases in which the duty to relieve suffering conflicts with the obligation to preserve life. In some respects this problem is related to that of abortion. When a pregnancy is terminated because the foetus is defective, abortion may constitute what can be referred to as foetal euthanasia. The question of abortion for eugenic reasons or as a form of birth control or out of consideration for the mother, however, is a different matter. The crucial difference is that it is concerned with factors other than regard for the primary life that is terminated. The question of terminating "hopeless" life in order to secure vital organs for lives that can be "saved" differs from the question of euthanasia in the same way. This study concerns itself with the morality of the deliberate termination of life for a particular purpose. Research has shown that euthanasia cannot be studied as a phenomenon in isolation, since voluntary euthanasia (as a form of suicide) and abortion are important facets of the euthanasia debate. Therefore, one would be doing gross injustice to the study of euthanasia if the accompanying phenomena of suicide and abortion were not included in the study. The aim of the study is to study the phenomenon from a theocentric perspective. Research has shown that the medical and legal dimensions of the question cannot be ignored. This entails taking into account not only the requirements of law and of professional medical ethics, but also the ways in which decisions are reached in the context of concrete cases. These standards and practices are analysed in order to discover the underlying ethical principles. Since this topic deals with Hindu views on euthanasia, suicide and abortion, these ethical principles are evaluated and interpreted in relation to the two fundamental Hindu principles of karma and dharma and their interpretation amongst Hindus in the Durban area. The primary purpose of this study is to offer moral guidelines for medical decisions and for legal norms for medical practice in cases involving hopeless suffering. Until recently, this question has received little attention in Hindu ethics. It is hoped that this research stimulates thinking of these issues (euthanasia, suicide and abortion) in the light of Hindu scriptures so that there is a reconciliation between their religious injunctions and their contemporary views. I wish to thank the Lord Almighty (Lord Hanuman and Mother Durga in particular) for giving me the strength and the courage to undertake the study. It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge and thank the following people, for without their willing co-operation and assistance this research would not have been possible: to Professor C. du P. Le Roux (of the Department of Religious Studies, Unisa) for his constant guidance and supervision, to Mrs Carina Zeelie ex-staff of Unisa Library and Monica Strassner also of Unisa Library for their ever willing assistance in finding research material (literature), to Mrs. P. Ramkisson for typing the manuscript and Mr. P. Bisnath for reading and correcting the manuscript. I also owe my deepest gratitude to all those lawyers, doctors, academics, priests and housewives who were interviewed on the subject. I also wish to thank Kamil and Sadhvi Ganga for typing and arranging the reference material in alphabetical order. I owe my greatest appreciation to my devoted husband and dear children for their patience and forbearance during the period this research was undertaken. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SUMMARY PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE 14 METHODOLOGY 14 1.1 AIM 14 1.2 KARMA AND DHARMA 15 1.2.1 THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH 16 1.2.2 THE HERMENEUTICAL PERSPECTIVE 23 1.3 KEY CONCEPTS : DEFINED 24 1.3.1 DEATH 24 1.3.2 EUTHANASIA 29 1.3.3 SUICIDE 33 1.3.4 ABORTION 34 1.4 TEXTS AND INTERVIEWS 36 1.5 CHAPTERS 37 CHAPTER1WO 38 CIASSICAL CONTEXT 38 2.1 INTRODUCTION 38 2.2 EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE IN CLASSICAL INDIA 38 2.2.1 TYPES OF DEATH 40 2.2.1.1 MORS VOLUNTARIA HEROICA 40 2.2.1.2 MORS VOLUNTARIA RELIGIOSA 41 2.2.1.3 PASSIONATE SELF-WILLED DEATH 41 2.2.2 LIFE AFFIRMATION AND THE ISSUE OF SELF- WILLED DEATH IN THE VEDIC PERIOD (ca. 1200 - 900 B.C.E.) 47 2.2.3 LIFE AND VALUE IN THE BRAHMANIC PERIOD (ca. 900 - 500 B.C.E.) 50 2.2.4 THE UPANISADIC VIEW AND ADJUSTMENT OF THE VEDIC VALUE OF LONGEVITY (ca. 900- 500 B.C.E.) 57 2.2.5 EPIC LITERATURE (MAHABHARATA) (ca. 900 B.C.E.) 61 2.2.6 THE BUDDHIST VIEW AND THE CONCEPT OF LIFE AND DEATH (ca. 624-544 B.C.E.) 66 2.2.7 THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE AND DEATH (ca. 527 B.C.E.) 68 2.2.8 RELIGIOUS, SELF-WILLED DEATH IN HINDU SMRTI TEXTS (ca. 600 B.C.E. -500 C.E.) 64 2.2.8.1 DHARMA SASTRAS 70 2.2.8.2 BHAGAVAD-GITA 72 2.2.8.3 PURANAS 74 2.2.8.4 BUDDHISM (NEW DEVELOPMENTS) 76 2.2.8.5 MANU-SMRTI 77 2.2.9. PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS 78 2.2.9.1 PATANJALI (THE SAMKHYA SYSTEM) 78 2.2.9.2 MIMAM SA 80 2.2.9.3 SANKARA (ADVAJTA) 82 2.2.10 JAINISM 82 2.2.11 CRITICISMS OF RELIGIOUS, SELF-WILLED DEATH FROM THE lOTH CENTURY C.E. 84 2.2.12 ABUSE OF EUTHANASIA 85 2.2.13 SAT/ 87 2.2.14 CONCLUSION 88 2.3 ABORTION 89 2.3.1 ABORTION:MORALEVALUATIONINSRUT/ 89 2.3.2 THE MORAL EVALUATION OF ABORTION IN THE SMRTI 91 2.3.3 THE MAHABHARATA CONDEMNS ABORTION 92 2.3.4 ABORTION : A MORAL AS WELL AS A SOCIAL CONCERN 94 2.3.5 HUMAN BEING VERSUS HUMAN PERSON 98 2.3.6 ENSOULMENT AND CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE WOMB 101 2.3.7 KARMA AND REBIRTH 104 2.3.8 THE EMBRYO : A SYMBOL OF LIFE 105 2.3.9 SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REASONS 106 2.3.10 AHIMSA 107 2.3.11 CONCLUSION 107 CHAPTER THREE 109 LEGAL, MEDICAL, ETHICAL CONTEXT 109 3.1 INTRODUCTION 109 3.2 EUTHANASIA 112 3.2.1.
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