HE ACS Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

Report with recommendations on the long-term conservation of the ecclesiastical heritage in a time of demographic change HE ACS Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

Longmore House, Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH t: 0131 668 8574 Presented to Michael Russell, MSP email: [email protected] www.heacs.org.uk Minister for Culture, External Affairs and the Constitution September 2009 H1.396 The House 9/09

Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Recommendations 6

INTRODUCTION 10 The inquiry process 10 The ecclesiastical heritage 10 The scope of the report 11

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SCOTLAND’S ECCLESIASTICAL HERITAGE 13

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF PLACES OF WORSHIP IN ECCLESIASTICAL USE? 15 The relevance of ownership 15

THE ROOTS OF THE PRESENT SITUATION: ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE 17

IDENTIFICATION AND DESIGNATION 19

A SOUND APPROACH TO PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 21

STATE FUNDING FOR REPAIR OF CHURCHES IN USE 23

THE ECCLESIASTICAL EXEMPTION 25

ENCOURAGING MIXED USE OF CHURCHES WHILE KEEPING THE BUILDING IN ECCLESIASTICAL USE 27

MAKING CHURCHES REDUNDANT 28 The disposal process 29 New uses for redundant churches 30

CHURCHES ‘IN CARE’, INCLUDING THE ROLE OF THE SCOTTISH REDUNDANT CHURCHES TRUST 32

THE MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF GRAVEYARDS 34

A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO THE ECCLESIASTICAL HERITAGE IN USE 36

RECOMMENDATIONS 38

APPENDIX 1: CONSULTEES 41

APPENDIX 2: REFERENCES 42

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Acknowledgements HEACS gratefully acknowledges the time and effort of the many individuals and organisations who have contributed to this report by responding to the consultation, responding to requests for information, or giving evidence in person. HEACS is especially grateful to those who so generously gave HEACS the benefit of their expertise in person.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is submitted by HEACS, the to local communities: many people who are Historic Environment Advisory Council for not active church-goers attach considerable Scotland, which provided Scottish Ministers value to Scotland’s churches. The value and with strategic advice on issues affecting the significance of interiors, fixtures and fittings, historic environment. and other special features of historic churches should be emphasised. In its second term HEACS was asked by Scottish Ministers: To provide advice to The ecclesiastical heritage comprises those Scottish Ministers on how best to secure the structures and buildings which are held long-term conservation of Scotland’s rich and to have cultural value, whether they have diverse ecclesiastical heritage in a time of been statutorily designated or not. It is, demographic change. however, surprisingly difficult to quantify the ecclesiastical heritage in Scotland. One In its approach to the Minister’s request, indication of its significance in numerical terms HEACS has defined the ecclesiastical is that over 3,500 ecclesiastical buildings are heritage broadly. It includes, for instance, listed, and this includes 15% of all Category early Christian and medieval ecclesiastical A-listed buildings. sites, post-Reformation churches and meeting houses of all denominations; Management of the ecclesiastical synagogues, mosques, shrines and temples heritage in use of non-Christian faiths; ruined structures, churchyards, mausolea and burial grounds; The Church of Scotland owns a very and the interiors, fixtures, fittings, decoration high percentage of the total number of and furnishings. ecclesiastical buildings. Indeed, it may be assumed that the Church of Scotland has Evidence was gathered covering a wide responsibility for the most substantial built range of issues. In this report HEACS has heritage estate, or portfolio of built heritage concentrated on those issues which it assets, in Scotland – more extensive in considers to be of greatest relevance at the number than those cared for by Historic present time. Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland combined, and more widely distributed. This report does not consider ecclesiastical buildings and sites which are no longer Ecclesiastical history and the impact of church-owned and are now in secular use. demographic change To put it briefly, the ecclesiastical history Significance of the ecclesiastical heritage of Scotland has created an historic over- Scotland’s ecclesiastical heritage is, as provision of churches by competing elsewhere in Europe, a significant component Presbyterian denominations. Associated of the nation’s built and cultural heritage. with this inescapable factor are the effects Churches and churchyards make an of demographic change, manifested through exceptional contribution to our understanding population change and, more dramatically, of place, the meaning of place, and the changes in the nature of religious adherence distinctiveness which enables us to identify within society. Diminishing congregations with particular landscapes and features of have put particular pressures on those who memory. They are often of particular value have responsibility for the management of

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church property. Many churches have become The ecclesiastical exemption redundant and have been disposed of. Although subject to planning permission, In addition there are changing attitudes to works at ecclesiastical buildings in use lie church buildings, including their decoration outwith the scope of listed building and and furnishing, associated with changing conservation area control. A voluntary scheme fashions of liturgy and worship. of internal control is currently in operation by the main denominations and deals with proposals which might affect the exteriors of The information base churches in ecclesiastical use. The lack of systematic information on the HEACS does not accept that the current ecclesiastical heritage poses particular arrangements for dealing with changes to problems for those involved in its management. the interiors and exteriors of ecclesiastical The compilation by religious groups of an buildings in use are sufficiently professional accurate listing of their holdings of historic and independent of church interests to be places of worship would be a useful first wholly satisfactory. Comparisons are made step. HEACS recommends that, in the longer with the way the exemption is operated term, an audit should be undertaken of all in England. It is recommended that the ecclesiastical sites. This might be undertaken exemption should continue but subject by the RCAHMS. The engagement of to stringent conditions. In particular the volunteers in recording is to be welcomed. exemption should be enjoyed only by those religious groups which have a demonstrably Sound basis for property management robust internal control system. Historic HEACS recognises that efforts are being made Scotland should be made responsible for to promote better maintenance and that the determining that the internal systems are condition of places of worship has improved indeed robust. over the last forty or so years. HEACS considers, however, that the arrangements Mixed use for preventive maintenance and repair are still insufficiently systematic and professionally From a conservation perspective it is guided. Professionally prepared conservation preferable for places of worship to remain statements, or conservation plans for more in ecclesiastical use. There is a growing complex sites, should be the basis for recognition of the value of churches for all decision making, including proposed community and other purposes and there are alterations. good examples of churches being utilised in this way. However, HEACS considers that there is a need for greater understanding of State funding of repair the contribution which churches can make Government funding of repairs to places of as community assets. There is a need for worship is considered to have been a major guidance and encouragement on adapting factor in improving the general condition of churches to accommodate new facilities church buildings. However, HEACS does and new uses similar in intent to the English not consider the current scheme, Repair Heritage campaign Inspired!. Grants for Places of Worship in Scotland, to be satisfactory. In particular, it discourages Redundant places of worship a proper strategic and holistic view of the heritage estate as a whole, and at the same Not all churches will be capable of being time does not best meet the conservation modified to suit multiple uses and there will needs of particular churches. be cases where religious groups will have to

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declare buildings redundant. Over the last many of the buildings inherited by the Church of 50 years or so, a significant number of Scotland are testimony to a long history of local churches have been made redundant, and stewardship and care over the centuries. while new uses have been found for many, and a few have been taken into care, many In HEACS’s view, there is a need for more have been demolished. The extent of the formal guidance on the processes of cumulative loss to the heritage over an conversion to multiple and/or secular use. extended period of time is likely to have been Though many new uses have been found for considerable. redundant churches, and there have been some highly appropriate and successful HEACS’s examination of the issue suggests conversions, some have been less successful. that redundancy is at present mainly a Church Too often, churches have been sold off before of Scotland phenomenon. Predicting the a new use was found and the buildings have future is difficult but it may be that the Church deteriorated. of Scotland will have to dispose of between 400 and 500 more churches. At current rates There may always be a small number of this might take 30 to 40 years. However, there outstanding places of worship which cannot are some signs that the process of disposal is be retained in ecclesiastical use, but which quickening. are of such heritage importance that they should not be altered and converted for any While there is general agreement that there alternative use. In such cases, to prevent is not a crisis, it is likely that future years will places of worship of outstanding architectural see a number of churches of considerable or historic interest falling into a ruinous architectural and historical importance made condition, the state should be ready to redundant. These churches, if demolished, intervene until a solution can be found. or even if converted to another use, would represent a significant loss to Scotland’s The main means of care for outstanding heritage. redundant churches should be provided by the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust. Managed reduction of the total number of The Trust’s role should be developed and churches in a balanced and strategic way its funding enhanced to enable it to operate requires an overall strategic approach to in the same manner and as effectively as redundant churches. HEACS welcomes comparable bodies in England. This is the efforts currently being made by religious essential if a more strategic approach to the groups to put in place forward planning issue of redundancy is to be adopted. It systems, and appreciates that governance would also enable the Trust to advise and arrangements can make this challenging. work with more local groups. However, the lack of long-term strategic planning by some religious groups is a cause Graveyards for concern. Graveyards are often of considerable heritage HEACS is concerned over the internal nature value. They help to ‘people’ the past and can of the redundancy process currently in train in also be important for recreational purposes. the Church of Scotland, which appears to lack The care and maintenance of graveyards by genuine consultation with local communities local authorities is a significant issue. Some and may not have sufficient regard for the local authorities have undertaken or are heritage, local or national. There is a need engaged in worthwhile projects to conserve for more independent advice and wider pre- and interpret their historic graveyards, but redundancy consultation. There is often strong many graveyards are neither protected nor in community interest in redundant churches: good condition.

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Local authorities should accord greater owners and managers and would be part of priority to their historic graveyards and the strategic approach to the ecclesiastical adopt a more strategic approach to their heritage. management, based on an audit to identify those of significance and the production of Joint Agreements should be negotiated conservation statements or conservation between Historic Scotland and the various plans, as appropriate. The work of local individual denominations or religious groups. groups to undertake surveys should be Joint Agreements and accompanying encouraged and co-ordinated. Action Plans should cover areas such as: the adoption of a strategic approach to the ecclesiastical heritage; the availability A strategic approach to the ecclesiastical of funding for repairs; the operation of the heritage in use ecclesiastical exemption; and the standard of A proper strategic approach to the repair and maintenance. ecclesiastical heritage in use is required to balance the interests of religious groups with Staff should be employed at corporate level those of communities and of the heritage, within the Church of Scotland to provide local and national. The prime object of such professional advice and guidance to those an approach should be to ensure that the best responsible for church buildings and to long-term choices are made and a structured increase understanding within the Church approach taken to long-term change. It would of the heritage value and significance of its allow the various needs to be prioritised and buildings. These posts should be funded by resources targeted more effectively; it should Historic Scotland in the first instance, possibly also provide an indication of the overall need on a three-year pump-priming basis. for financial assistance from the state. There should be more co-ordination between The approach should, in the main, be religious groups over the sharing of good developed by religious groups, informed by conservation practice and closer working with independent expert and professional advice, other stakeholders including the voluntary and assisted by Historic Scotland and local sector. Arrangements should be made for the authorities. professional staff employed within the Church of Scotland also to be available to other There should be greater recognition by denominations. Scottish Ministers of the role of religious groups in the management of the ecclesiastical heritage and greater partnership working between Historic Scotland and Recommendations religious groups. A strategic approach to the ecclesiastical Such an approach will almost certainly heritage in use require a greater commitment on the part of Government to the funding of churches in A strategic approach to the ecclesiastical care, particularly the funding of the Scottish heritage in use is required to balance the Redundant Churches Trust. interests of religious groups, with those of communities and of the heritage, local and The management of the ecclesiastical heritage national. by religious groups should be embedded within the context of good asset management. There should be greater recognition by This would enable them to take more account Scottish Ministers of the role of religious of the ecclesiastical heritage in their role as groups in the management of the

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ecclesiastical heritage and more effective Such posts should be funded by Historic partnership between Historic Scotland and Scotland in the first instance, possibly on a religious groups. three-year pump-priming basis.

The management of the ecclesiastical heritage There would be advantages if there was closer by religious groups should be embedded co-ordination between religious groups over within the context of good asset management. conservation of the ecclesiastical heritage. Arrangements should be made for the Joint Agreements should be negotiated professional staff employed within the Church between Historic Scotland and the various of Scotland also to be available to other individual denominations or religious groups. denominations. These Joint Agreements and accompanying Action Plans should cover: Good conservation practice should be disseminated through publications, seminars • the adoption of a strategic approach to and conferences. the ecclesiastical heritage. The approach should not rely solely on the input of Historic Scotland but should also take The information base account of local authority and community Where denominations do not already have interests; the information, they should be required • the recognition by denominations of their to compile, with the assistance of Historic responsibilities to local communities and Scotland, accurate lists of ecclesiastical to the heritage, national and local; buildings in their care, with particular attention to those which have been listed, scheduled • identification and assessment by or otherwise designated. Such information denominations of the places of worship in should be made available to Historic Scotland their ownership; and placed in the National Monuments Record for Scotland. • the availability of funding for repairs; In the longer term, an audit should be • the operation and review of the undertaken of all ecclesiastical sites. This ecclesiastical exemption; might be led by the RCAHMS. • the sharing of information, for instance from the impact of demographic change, A sound approach to property to technical information; management • regular meetings between Historic Every congregation or religious group Scotland and the religious group; responsible for the upkeep of an historic place of worship should seek advice from an • the standards of repair and maintenance; appropriately qualified professional accredited and in building conservation. • regular review of the Joint Agreement and Action Plan. Regular or quinquennial inspections should be undertaken by the appropriately qualified Appropriate professional staff should be professional to an appropriate standard. employed at corporate level within the Church of Scotland. HEACS suggests that these When change is proposed to an historic place should include a conservation architect, an of worship, the work should be guided by a architectural historian with knowledge of simple conservation statement or conservation ecclesiastical history, and an archaeologist. plan, as appropriate.

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Over time, a simple conservation statement, by each denomination are indeed robust, or conservation plan, as appropriate, should and, in particular, that denominations have be prepared for every place of worship of access to and pay due regard to expert and architectural or historic interest to inform professional advice. those responsible for their management and maintenance. These should also consider Mixed uses archaeological potential, artefacts, and interior fittings. There is a need for greater understanding of the contribution which churches can make as Training in fabric matters should be provided community assets. Historic Scotland should, for ministers and priests as part of normal in conjunction with religious groups, consider training in theological colleges. providing guidance and encouragement on adapting churches to accommodate new Religious groups should arrange training facilities and new uses. for lay people, fabric conveners, members of fabric committees, and kirk sessions or HEACS recommends that access plans, which vestries, along the lines of the English scheme can cover not only community use but also Faith in Maintenance. educational and tourism purposes, should be produced for the more historically important sites to balance accessibility with the needs of State funding of repair the heritage. Scottish Ministers should commission an investigation of the Repair Grants for Places of Worship in Scotland scheme to identify Redundant churches patterns, gaps and emerging needs, and When considering the disposal of a church, the assess whether the present scheme is Churches, particularly the Church of Scotland, best serving the conservation needs of the should recognise their responsibilities, not only ecclesiastical heritage. The investigation to congregations and the institutional church, should be based on original research, be but also to local communities and to the informed by a sound knowledge of the state heritage, national and local. of the ecclesiastical heritage, and include a proper assessment of the effectiveness of the An options appraisal should be undertaken to current scheme. inform the disposal process. All policy decisions, particularly the disposal The Listed Places of Worship Grant Scheme of redundant churches, should take greater should continue. account of local community and national and local heritage interests. The ecclesiastical exemption Guidance should be produced on converting The exemption should be continued subject to historic places of worship for new uses. stringent conditions. In the case of places of worship of outstanding The exemption should be enjoyed only architectural or historic interest, to prevent by those religious groups which have a such buildings falling into a ruinous condition, demonstrably robust internal control system, the state should be ready to intervene in the which is adequately resourced, and with interim until a solution can be found. access to expert and professional advice. The main means of care for outstanding Historic Scotland should be made responsible redundant churches should be provided by for determining that the internal systems used the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust.

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The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust’s role should be developed and its funding enhanced to enable it to operate in the same manner and as effectively as comparable bodies in England.

Graveyards Local authorities should accord greater priority to their historic graveyards and adopt a more strategic approach to their management, based on an audit to identify those of significance.

Local authorities, in association with the RCAHMS, should encourage and co-ordinate the work of local groups to undertake surveys of historic graveyards.

Local authorities should arrange for the production of conservation statements or conservation plans for historic graveyards.

An integrated approach, involving the appropriate denomination or religious group, should be adopted for the management of those graveyards which surround a church in ecclesiastical use.

Historic Scotland should assess the impact of the extensive guidance which has been produced on the conservation of historic graveyards.

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INTRODUCTION

1. This report is submitted by HEACS, the elsewhere in Europe, and their impact on Historic Environment Advisory Council the ecclesiastical heritage, with a view to for Scotland, which provided Scottish understanding the range of approaches Ministers with strategic advice on issues taken to the management and funding of affecting the historic environment. the ecclesiastical heritage.

2. The report covers one of the four priority issues on which the Scottish Ministers The ecclesiastical heritage asked Council to give advice during its 8. In its approach to the Minister’s request, second term of three years. HEACS was HEACS has defined the ecclesiastical asked: heritage broadly, taking it to include: To provide advice to Scottish Ministers on how best to secure the long-term • early Christian and medieval conservation of Scotland’s rich and ecclesiastical sites including those diverse ecclesiastical heritage in a time of of parish churches, cathedrals, demographic change. monasteries and private chapels; • post-Reformation churches and The inquiry process meeting houses of all denominations; 3. A Working Group was established to • synagogues, mosques, shrines and gather written and oral evidence and temples of non-Christian faiths; to draft a report for consideration by Council. • ruined structures, churchyards, mausolea and burial grounds 4. The Working Group met a number specifically associated with religious of interested parties, including all the buildings and sites; main religious denominations and representatives of Historic Scotland. • the settings of all such structures Appendix 1 lists the organisations and and sites; and individuals seen by the Group. • the interiors, fixtures, fittings, 5. The Working Group also invited written decoration and furnishings of all evidence and received 12 responses. such structures and sites. A list of the organisations and individuals 9. Most European countries have a wide- who responded is in Appendix 1. ranging ecclesiastical heritage and, 6. Further material was gathered through because of the place of the church in desk-based research. Appendix 2 lists medieval and early modern society, many the relevant literature and websites of the greatest buildings and works of consulted. art, both nationally and locally throughout Europe, were created for the worship of 7. Two research projects were undertaken God. Scotland is no exception and its by an independent consultant. The first ecclesiastical heritage is, as elsewhere, examined the extent of the ecclesiastical a significant component of the nation’s heritage in Scotland. The second built and cultural heritage.1 The nature, investigated church-state relationships character and extent of Scotland’s

1See Haynes, N, Research Report on the Extent of the Ecclesiastical Heritage in Scotland, 2008; http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents.htm

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ecclesiastical heritage is the product of drew attention to the very considerable its own particular political and religious number of religious buildings throughout history, notably: its Reformation in the Europe no longer fulfilling their original 16th century; its turbulent 17th century; function. The study carried out for the splintering of its Presbyterian HEACS on the ecclesiastical heritage in denominations in the 18th and Europe, specifically in England, France, 19th centuries; and their partial reunion Germany, and Denmark, suggested in the 20th century. The survival and that all the comparator countries revival of the Catholic and Episcopalian are facing significant challenges to Churches, and the arrival of other their ecclesiastical heritage through denominations and non-Christian faiths demographic change. from other countries and cultures, have 13. Like all aspects of the heritage, the added to the richness, diversity and ecclesiastical heritage and how it complexity of Scotland’s ecclesiastical is perceived will change over time. heritage. However, contemporary society expects 10. Associated with the inescapable factor such change to be both considered of historical over-provision are the effects and responsible. Conservation is often of demographic change, manifested characterised as the management mainly through changes in church- of change, with a view to securing going. Diminishing congregations have the survival of objects of value and put particular pressures on those who significance for the benefit of present and have responsibility for the management future generations. of church property. A significant number of churches have been made redundant The scope of the report and, while new uses have been found 14. As part of the inquiry process, HEACS for many, and a few have been taken gathered evidence covering a wide range into care, many have been demolished. of issues. In this report HEACS has The extent of this cumulative loss to the concentrated on those issues which it heritage over an extended period of time considers to be of greatest relevance at is likely to have been considerable. the present time.

11. In addition there are changing attitudes 15. This report begins with a consideration to church buildings, including their of the significance of Scotland’s decoration and furnishing, associated ecclesiastical heritage and draws with changing fashions of liturgy and attention to the problems caused by a worship; inability or reluctance to spend lack of information. The impact of the money on large elaborate structures historical over-provision of churches and and unwanted fixtures and fittings; and demographic change are considered, all the difficulties and costs associated and the extent to which redundancy of with accessibility, health and safety, and churches is likely to be a continuing issue, comfort. There is also widespread and particularly for the Church of Scotland. continuing concern over the availability The report then focuses on the following of appropriate materials and skills for issues: maintenance and repair. • the need for proper maintenance; 12. The situation in Scotland is not unique. This was made clear in the Council of • state funding of repair; Europe report, Redundant Religious • alterations and the operation of the Buildings, published in 1989, which ecclesiastical exemption;

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• the disposal process with particular reference to the Church of Scotland and new uses for redundant churches;

• churches in care and the role of the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust;

• the management and care of graveyards; and

• the need for a strategic approach to the ecclesiastical heritage.

16. This report does not consider ecclesiastical buildings and sites which are no longer church-owned and are now in secular use.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SCOTLAND’S ECCLESIASTICAL HERITAGE

17. The ecclesiastical heritage comprises towards the lower end of this range. It those structures and buildings which have would appear, therefore, that a third to a a religious purpose and which are held half of all ecclesiastical sites have been to have cultural value whether they have granted statutory protection. been statutorily designated or not. The core of the ecclesiastical heritage consists 21. HEACS has heard evidence that of structures which are protected by listing Scotland’s ecclesiastical heritage includes and/or scheduling, or are located within works of international standing for conservation areas. However, there will their cultural, historical or architectural be structures which for various reasons significance. Many places of worship have not been designated, but which have national or regional significance and are worthy of being listed or scheduled. almost all hold local significance. Churches which may not appear to 22. The ecclesiastical heritage is essential be of national heritage importance to understanding Scottish history and may, nevertheless, have considerable identity. Religion is a fundamental part of significance for local communities. Scotland’s story. At the same time, it is 18. Although the importance of Scotland’s important to keep in mind that churches ecclesiastical heritage might seem to and churchyards have always been be obvious, it is surprisingly difficult focal points for communities. Places to quantify. The research undertaken of worship can tell the story of the for HEACS established that there are communities they served: they can chart 3,551 listed ecclesiastical structures in the fortunes of a place through time, Scotland.2 This is about 7.5% of the telling us about people and communities. total of 47,377 list entries. It includes 23. Recognised as key buildings in the an unknown but growing number of planning and townscape of Scotland’s churches no longer in ecclesiastical cities and burghs, churches make use. 538 of the ecclesiastical list entries important contributions to the urban are in Category A (14.6% of the total), environment. Country churches are 2,145 in Category B (9.0%) and 868 almost invariably of similar importance in Category C(S) (4.4%). Of the listed to their villages, and to the rural and ecclesiastical sites, about one-third are cultural landscapes within which they urban and two-thirds are in rural areas. are set. The social significance of A further 600 or so unlisted ecclesiastical churches to their local communities buildings are protected by virtue of being may, in some instances, be of equal or in conservation areas. greater significance than their heritage 19. In addition, 542 scheduled ancient value. Many people who are not active monuments are described as being church-goers attach considerable primarily ecclesiastical, 7% of the total. value to Scotland’s churches. There is considerable interest in ecclesiastical 20. HEACS’s research suggests that, if there buildings as places to visit, as are 4,500 to 5,000 protected sites, there demonstrated, for instance, by the may be 6,000 to 10,000 unprotected success of Scotland’s Churches Scheme ecclesiastical sites, though probably and Doors Open Day.

2 An assessment of the numbers of protected and unprotected sites is provided by Haynes, N, Research Report on the Extent of the Ecclesiastical Heritage in Scotland, 2008; http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents.htm

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24. Churchyards are often the immediate 26. Attention must also be drawn to the visual and historical settings for most value and significance of artefacts and parish churches, as well as being special features of historic churches. documents of history and genealogy vital These include works of art (paintings, to their communities and to the relatives sculpture and carving), archive material of and descendants (including the world- many kinds, communion plate, furniture, wide Scottish diaspora) of those who are decorative and functional metalwork, buried there. They also provide evidence carved and lettered memorials, organs, of changing artistic and architectural stained glass, works in ceramics tastes. and textiles, and other works, which by their variety or rarity, almost defy 25. Churches and churchyards make categorisation. an exceptional contribution to our understanding of place, the meaning of place, and the distinctiveness which enables us to identify with particular landscapes and features of memory.

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WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF PLACES OF WORSHIP IN ECCLESIASTICAL USE?

27. Information on the number of listed These statistics do not cover all the churches owned by the various religious denominations and religious groups. For groups in Scotland is not readily available. example, HEACS was informed that the It can be assumed, however, that the United Reformed Church has 51 churches Church of Scotland owns a very high in Scotland, of which 37% are listed. percentage of the total (an estimate made in 1976 suggested that the Church of 31. Some places of worship are not owned Scotland owned almost 80% of the then by a religious group. These include 1,689 listed churches in Scotland). buildings in the hands of local authorities, public institutions (including health 28. It can also be assumed that the Church boards), and in the private ownership of of Scotland has responsibility for the schools and landed estates. A number most substantial built heritage estate, of churches are in the care of local trusts. or portfolio of built heritage assets, in The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust Scotland: more extensive in number than (SRCT) currently owns five churches. those cared for by Historic Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland combined. 32. A significant part of the ecclesiastical Moreover it is distributed across the heritage is cared for by the state. Of entire country. The Church of Scotland the 345 heritage properties managed is therefore in a comparable position by Historic Scotland, 93 (about 27%) to the Church of England, although it are ecclesiastical. These include the lacks similar resources, procedures or medieval cathedrals, owned by the management structures. Crown, some of which are in use as parish churches by agreement with 29. Furthermore, the Church of Scotland the Church of Scotland. Most of the has by far the main responsibility for the ecclesiastical properties in state care, churches in ecclesiastical use which were however, are no longer in ecclesiastical inherited from the medieval church. The use: a significant proportion are ruinous, Church also has many parish churches pre-Reformation structures in rural areas. sited on medieval or earlier Christian sites. Some incorporate medieval fabric, even The relevance of ownership though this is not always immediately obvious. This is one essential difference 33. Legislation relating to ancient monuments between the Church of Scotland and and historic buildings allows such assets other religious groups in Scotland. to be protected for the public benefit including future generations. Ancient 30. Information on the approximate number monuments are generally considered of list entries in the ownership of various not to have the same economic value as religious groups other than the Church of buildings and land which may be used for Scotland has been provided to HEACS the owner’s economic or other personal, by Historic Scotland. The Roman corporate or group benefit. Listing Catholic Church in Scotland has 200 as a system of protection assumes listed entities, the Scottish Episcopal that buildings will remain in use, but Church 200, the Free Church of Scotland nevertheless subject to constraints in 186, the Baptist Union 47, the Methodist the wider local or national interest. Church 25, and the Jewish faith 3. Places of worship are no exception.

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Religious bodies and individual 36. The property of the Church of Scotland is congregations may wish to use their vested in the Church of Scotland General buildings in the way they choose, and to Trustees which is a statutory corporation, be able to demolish or otherwise dispose created by Act of Parliament in 1921. of them if they deem it in their interest The Trustees act as the property-holding to do so. While many are aware of the corporation for the Church and exercise architectural and historic significance of their responsibilities within a framework their buildings, it is recognised that the set by parliamentary legislation, Scots preservation of the ecclesiastical heritage law on Trusts, and the Charities and can never be their primary aim. Religious Trustee Investments (Scotland) Act 2005. bodies are no different in this respect The Trustees are also recognised as a to many owners of historic environment charity whose overarching purpose is the assets. advancement of religion. The Church has stressed to HEACS that the Trustees 34. Religious groups everywhere tend to be “are not a conservation agency but, as constrained by their own governance an integral part of the Church, support its arrangements, and this is particularly true Christian mission.” of the Church of Scotland. The Church of Scotland’s constitution, called the Articles 37. Other denominations and religious Declaratory, proclaim that the Church groups have their own governance is a national church. Unlike the Church arrangements, but are essentially of England, the Church of Scotland is independent charities, whose position is not established by law. Nevertheless, similar to that of independent schools and its independence from the state and other institutions. They, like the Church of its right to deal with matters falling Scotland, are subject to trust and charity within its spiritual jurisdiction without legislation: the United Reformed Church, state interference has been recognised for example, has a “fiduciary duty to by legislation, namely, the Church of raise an appropriate level of funds” from Scotland Act 1921. disposals.

35. The Church of Scotland is a presbyterian church with a hierarchy of courts, from the general assembly, to presbyteries, and at the lowest level, kirk sessions. The Church’s authority is vested in church courts rather than individuals. According to the Church, “it operates on a conciliar model with a system of checks and balances”. In relation to buildings, “the primary responsibility for repairs and improvements rests with congregations under the general oversight of regional presbyteries with advice, encouragement and financial support from the [General] Trustees.”

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THE ROOTS OF THE PRESENT SITUATION: ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

38. In considering the impact of more Roman Catholic population and led to the recent demographic change on the building of many new churches. Recent ecclesiastical heritage, it is necessary immigration from Eastern Europe may to take account of the ecclesiastical possibly have a similar effect. Immigration history of Scotland. The 18th and has also led to the growth of non-Christian 19th centuries saw the establishment of religions, particularly Muslim, Hindu and many, often competing denominations, Sikh. which broke away and built new churches. This was compounded by the impact 40. Church-going has also been affected of the particularly rapid industrialisation by changes in the nature of religious and urbanisation of Scotland. It was adherence within society. Religious belief recognised in the late 19th century continues, but religious practice has that there were too many churches declined markedly: the phrase ‘believing in Scotland: a position which was without belonging’ has been used to exacerbated when many of the groups describe the situation. Since the 1960s later rejoined the Church of Scotland, British people have stopped going to bringing with them both their members church in unprecedented numbers. It and their buildings. Some churches appears that church-goers have become were re-used by other religious groups, not only a smaller, but a more committed a process which continues. However, group. Mission has become of greater the main impact has been an historic importance for religious groups. over-provision of churches by competing 41. Such changes have manifested Presbyterian denominations. themselves in a number of ways. 39. The churches in Scotland have been Diminishing congregations have become facing the impact of more recent less able to maintain and repair churches, demographic change, which may be particularly as a significant proportion taken to include both population change of churches are old (although relatively and changes in religious adherence. young churches can also present Both have impacted on church-going challenges in view of the poor standard of and membership. Population change their construction). In the last 60 years, includes the ageing and movement of many churches have become redundant population as well as the movement of and been disposed of. In this process, people out of inner-city areas, for instance, there seems to have been a decreasing which may lead to the dispersal of willingness to consider the wider local congregations. The Church of Scotland community. has suffered particularly from having 42. Forecasting the future rate of decline a surfeit of Victorian churches in the amongst Scottish church-goers is not ‘wrong’ location. The dispersal of once- straightforward. Previous predictions concentrated Jewish populations has led amongst church people from the 1960s to the loss of synagogues. On the other to 1990s that the corner was about to hand, substantial immigration from Ireland be turned appear to have been optimistic and later from Italy strengthened the and unfulfilled. However, the Church of

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Scotland has suggested to HEACS that: 43. It is also important to be aware of “The rate of decline had lessened in each the growth of some evangelical year since 1981 and, while numbers had congregations and their impact on forms continued to decline, the rate had slowed of worship, as traditional services are and there was the prospect that a steady rejected in favour of more interactive state would be reached. From that or multimedia forms. There has been perspective the Church of Scotland could a greater readiness amongst some take an optimistic view”. It is not clear adherents to modify the internal whether other denominations share this arrangements of churches, often with the view. loss of significant decorative structures and features, and of artefacts.

18 Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

IDENTIFICATION AND DESIGNATION

44. The lack of information on the assets. As HEACS stated in its report ecclesiastical heritage has already been to Scottish Ministers on the heritage mentioned. The independent study legislation: “The methodology by which undertaken for HEACS on the extent early list descriptions were prepared of the ecclesiastical heritage found is no longer relevant. A long-term that “the current state of information systematic re-survey was commenced does not allow for a full and reliable in the late 1970s but progress, however, overview of the extent and condition of has not been as good as had been Scotland’s ecclesiastical heritage. A very anticipated. As the Review of Historic wide range of bodies, authorities and Scotland pointed out, earlier lists are individuals are responsible for different now a generation old and do not reflect aspects of operating, maintaining, modern understanding, scholarship, protecting, and recording ecclesiastical and appreciation of buildings.”3 It is structures and sites. Each group or important that those responsible for the individual holds different information in management of the ecclesiastical heritage a variety of formats, and for historical or are aware of these shortcomings. practical reasons there has been very 47. HEACS recognises that there have been little co-ordination or standardisation of calls for an inventory of all ecclesiastical information across the sector. In general sites. An audit of ecclesiastical buildings more complete information is available and former ecclesiastical sites would: for scheduled or listed buildings”. Practitioners and other interested parties • identify unprotected assets which find the lack of information to be a major should be designated and/or shortcoming which makes working in the recorded; sector very challenging. • improve the description of assets 45. It is good asset management practice already designated and protected; for owners and managers to be fully informed about the assets in their • provide information on what is being care. HEACS recommends that, where lost and its significance; and denominations do not already have the • assist with decisions on what to information, they should be required to protect. compile, with the assistance of Historic Scotland, accurate lists of ecclesiastical 48. The importance of thematic surveys buildings in their care with particular to understanding the nation-wide attention to those which have been listed, picture should be emphasised. Similar scheduled or otherwise designated. advantages would be gained by the Such information should be made compilation of a comprehensive, publicly available to Historic Scotland and placed accessible list of all graveyard sites in in the National Monuments Record for Scotland. Scotland. 49. HEACS considers that there is a 46. One particular issue is that the statutory strong case for an assessment of all of designation process does not necessarily Scotland’s early church sites, establishing recognise the full significance of heritage what undeveloped ground survives

3 HEACS, Whether there is a need to review heritage protection legislation in Scotland, 2006: http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents.htm

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around them, and undertaking research 51. HEACS welcomes efforts to engage to demonstrate the archaeological volunteers in recording. The way in which potential of such sites, both in general the Scotland’s Rural Past project has and specifically. The gradual attrition of involved people has been exemplary. early sites in the face of development Mention should also be made of the pressures without any attempt to considerable voluntary work invested in understand or record them is a significant the recording of graveyards. issue.

50. HEACS recommends that, in the longer term, an audit should be undertaken of all ecclesiastical sites, similar to the work on Chapels undertaken in Wales. This might be led by the RCAHMS.

20 Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

A SOUND APPROACH TO PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

52. There is general recognition that there has funding bodies should both recognise been some improvement in the condition that such arrangements are basic good of churches in ecclesiastical use. It is practice. the view of the Church of Scotland, for example, that all their buildings are now 55. There is a need for those responsible for in much better condition than they were the upkeep and care of churches and in 1970. Certainly, cases of complete other places of worship to have a proper neglect are rare amongst all religious understanding of the heritage significance groups. This may be attributed to: and value of the buildings, their interiors, the general prosperity of the period; and associated artefacts in their care. the availability of state aid over almost Some of these artefacts, through their 30 years; the standards and conditions high value or their fragile state, can bring which have been imposed; and the a tension between the laudable desire to instigation of basic systems of inspection. maintain access and providing adequate security. Moreover, it cannot be assumed 53. It is the view of HEACS, however, that the that their significance and purpose will be arrangements for preventive maintenance immediately understood as in previous and ‘stitch in time’ repair are still generations. insufficiently systematic and professionally guided. In practice standards of 56. The Scottish Government’s Scottish maintenance are patchy. HEACS is Historic Environment Policy sets aware that there are pressures on out the key principles on which the maintenance from a number of factors. conservation of any part of Scotland’s 4 Smaller congregations are producing historic environment should be based. This includes sound knowledge and less income, while maintenance costs understanding of the site or building, full have risen rapidly. Additional pressures awareness of its cultural significance, have arisen from the requirements, for and a conservation plan. Professionally instance, of health and safety, and safe prepared conservation statements, or access. However, thorough professional conservation plans for more complex quinquennial or regular inspections are sites, should be the basis for all decision the key to sound and timely maintenance making. and are an important investment in terms of value for money. 57. HEACS recommends that:

54. The standard of such inspections should • every congregation or religious be raised at least to the equivalent of group responsible for the upkeep of those required by the Church of England. an historic place of worship should For instance, the Church of England’s seek advice from an appropriately Diocesan Advisory Committees have qualified professional accredited in to approve the choice of architect or building conservation; surveyor to carry out quinquennial inspections. There is much to be said • regular or quinquennial inspections for a long-term consultancy relationship should be undertaken by the between a church and its architect or appropriately qualified professional to professional adviser: churches and an appropriate standard;

4 Historic Scotland, Scottish Historic Environment Policy, 2009

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• when change is proposed to 58. HEACS recognises that efforts are being an historic place of worship, made to promote better maintenance the work should be guided by a and particularly commends the Church simple conservation statement, or Buildings Maintenance in Scotland conservation plan, as appropriate; initiative and online guidance at http:// www.maintainyourchurch.org.uk/. • over time, a simple conservation HEACS recommends that religious statement, or conservation plan, as groups should arrange training for lay appropriate, should be prepared people, fabric conveners, members of for every place of worship of fabric committees, and kirk sessions or architectural or historic interest to vestries, along the lines of the English inform those responsible for their scheme Faith in Maintenance. management and maintenance. These should also consider 59. Another issue is whether congregations, archaeological potential, artefacts which are acknowledged to be and interior fittings; and diminishing, wish to continue to have sole responsibility for the upkeep and • training in fabric matters should be management of their churches, or provided for ministers and priests as whether many of them would willingly part of normal training in theological share responsibility with non church- colleges. goers in the wider community of which they are part. In part, this issue is related to proposals to develop places of worship for multiple use: these are considered below.

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STATE FUNDING FOR REPAIR OF CHURCHES IN USE

60. Government funding for places or • the parallel but separate worship has been available since 1977. administrative procedures required There has been a considerable take-up by Historic Scotland and the HLF of such funding and there is evidence are laborious, bureaucratic and that it has been a major factor in slow, entailing significant costs improving the general condition of church and delays to the churches and buildings. However, in 2001 Historic to the funding bodies themselves Scotland and the Heritage Lottery Fund simply in navigating the process. (HLF) came separately to the conclusion Such procedures may be thought that too high a proportion of their grant even less appropriate in a more schemes for all historic buildings was challenging financial climate; and being awarded to churches. In 2002 the churches requested a simpler scheme • funding allocated on a church- on the basis that they did not like Historic by-church basis, as if each Scotland’s insistence on repairing to a congregation was a separate owner, ‘gold standard’. A revised scheme was discourages a proper strategic and therefore introduced, which concentrates holistic view of the ecclesiastical on high level and urgent repairs, but is still heritage estate as a whole. based on demonstrable financial need. 62. Concern has also been expressed that The Repair Grants for Places of Worship the focus of the scheme on the most in Scotland scheme provides grants outstanding churches in terms of their of up to £250,000. The view within architectural or historical importance Historic Scotland and the HLF is that the leaves other, still significant, churches to churches and other religious bodies like fend for themselves without the prospect the current scheme, because they can of grant aid. It has been suggested that a easily ascertain what is eligible. Taking more flexible approach might be adopted the VAT relief scheme into account, which involved denominations putting the churches have to find only about forward ‘priority’ cases. 12% of project costs. It is also Historic Scotland’s and HLF’s view that the 63. The principle of ‘first-come, first-served’ scheme is meeting demand. for grant applications does not promote a strategic approach to state funding 61. HEACS does not consider the current for either the funder or the recipient. It scheme to be satisfactory in the following would be a significant improvement if ways and for the following reasons: religious groups adopted a more strategic • while it may deal with the most approach and acted as gatekeepers to urgent work, which may have been applications coming forward for grant beneficial for a time, it discourages a assistance. This would require religious holistic and professional view of what groups to be better informed as to the is required for a particular church, scope, value and significance of their based on the sort of understanding historic buildings, confident as to their which might be derived from the long-term future, and more aware of their preparation of a conservation community importance. statement or a conservation plan;

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64. HEACS recommends that Scottish 66. The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust Ministers should commission an drew HEACS’s attention to Building Faith investigation of the Repair Grants in Our Future, a report published in 2004 scheme to identify patterns, gaps and by the Church Heritage Forum on behalf emerging needs, and assess whether of the Church of England. This contains the present scheme is best serving the a summary of the support given to church conservation needs of the ecclesiastical organisations in various countries in the heritage. The investigation should be European Union, through subsidies, tax based on original research, be informed breaks and grants. The report concludes by a sound knowledge of the state of from the evidence that: “UK churches the ecclesiastical heritage, and include a and places of worship are poorly funded proper assessment of the effectiveness of compared to many of our European the current scheme. partners.” HEACS would add that Scotland’s ecclesiastical heritage is more 65. The Listed Places of Worship poorly funded than England’s. Grant Scheme which recompenses congregations for the VAT on repairs and maintenance for listed places of worship is very helpful. HEACS recommends that the scheme, which is due to end in 2011, should continue.

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THE ECCLESIASTICAL EXEMPTION

67. Although subject to planning permission, 1,600 congregations of the Church of works at ecclesiastical buildings in use Scotland will be engaged in repair and lie outwith the scope of listed building improvement projects. The Trustees and conservation area control. The consider that this has been recognised exemption extends not only to all given that, for many years, the Church Christian denominations but also to other of Scotland has enjoyed an exemption faith groups. from the requirement to obtain listed building consent for internal or external 68. A voluntary scheme of internal control alterations to listed church buildings. is currently in operation, involving those The pilot scheme conducted by Historic denominations which are members of Scotland in consultation with COSLA the Scottish Churches Committee, to over a six-year period indicated that, at deal with proposals which might affect least so far as the Church of Scotland the exteriors of churches in ecclesiastical was concerned, there were less than use. Where a planning authority or a handful of cases where alterations to Historic Scotland is not content and a listed church buildings, approved by the compromise cannot be reached, the Trustees, would not have received listed application is put to a Decision Making building consent.” Body within the denomination. 71. Historic Scotland admitted to HEACS that 69. The HEACS report on the heritage there were concerns about the Decision legislation recognised that the exemption Making Bodies and that there was little had long been seen as an anomaly, evidence as to their accountability. The particularly by conservation interests. agency pointed out that, during the Pilot The churches had, however, continued to which ran from 2002 to 2004, the majority defend it. The report accepted that there of cases were dealt with without having were legal complexities surrounding the to be put before a Decision Making Body. issue which prevented a straightforward Historic Scotland also commented that removal of the exemption. HEACS it was the historic interiors, fixtures and recommended that the exemption should fittings which were most at risk. be enjoyed only by those denominations or faith groups which have a robust 72. HEACS does not accept that the current internal control system and the capacity arrangements are sufficiently professional to ensure that it is properly monitored. It and independent of church interests to was also recommended that the Scottish be wholly satisfactory. In the case of Ministers should consider ending the the Church of Scotland, the advisory exemption for all other denominations role of the Committee on Church Art and faith groups.5 and Architecture (CARTA) is considered to lack force. The Committee requires 70. The Church of Scotland has since stated greater authority and resources if it is to to HEACS: “The Trustees are confident fulfil its role adequately. Moreover, not that there is a comprehensive internal all denominations involve the amenity system of control which, by and large, societies in the decision-making process. works effectively given that at any one Archaeological assessment of proposals time a large number of the approximately rarely takes place.

5 HEACS, Whether there is a need to review heritage protection legislation in Scotland, 2006: http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents.htm

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73. HEACS suggests that the current 75. HEACS recommends that the exemption arrangements in Scotland fail to approach should be enjoyed only by those religious the standard maintained by the Church groups which have a demonstrably of England’s statutory system of Faculty robust internal control system, adequately Jurisdiction for regulating changes to resourced, and with access to expert its church buildings, their contents and and professional advice (this would churchyards, on the basis of which bring Scotland nearer to the situation ecclesiastical exemption in the UK was in England where, since 1994, the predicated in the first place. From this exemption has only been enjoyed by perspective, the exemption has always denominations with an ‘approved system been anomalous in Scotland. Indeed, of control). The control systems should when the exemption was introduced also be properly monitored. It is not in 1913 the merits of extending the sufficient for participating denominations exemption to non-Church of England merely to inform Historic Scotland of the churches were not debated. Attention identity of their Decision Making Bodies. is also drawn to the Church of England’s HEACS recommends that Historic Diocesan Advisory Committees which Scotland should be made responsible provide advice and knowledgeable for determining that the internal support on architectural, archaeological, systems used by each denomination artistic and historic aspects of places of are indeed robust and, in particular, that worship. It is generally accepted that the denominations have access to and pay protection afforded under the systems due regard to expert and professional operated by the exempt denominations in advice. HEACS notes that Historic England is generally more comprehensive Scotland is to review the scheme in 2009. than that offered by the listed building consent mechanism.

74. A number of possible courses for action present themselves, ranging from the removal of the exemption to retention of the status quo. HEACS recommends that the exemption should be continued subject to stringent conditions, and that the present voluntary scheme relating to exteriors and the arrangements for interiors should be strengthened.

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ENCOURAGING MIXED USE OF CHURCHES WHILE KEEPING THE BUILDING IN ECCLESIASTICAL USE

76. From a conservation perspective it is available in England which might help to preferable for churches to remain in release the potential of church and faith ecclesiastical use. Churches cannot buildings as community resources. afford for their buildings to be used for only one hour a week, and there 79. HEACS recommends that Historic is growing recognition of the value of Scotland should, in conjunction with churches for community purposes. In religious groups, consider providing areas where communities have limited guidance and encouragement on financial resources a church can provide adapting churches to accommodate new the only place for meetings. It was facilities and new uses. suggested to HEACS by the Church 80. It has to be recognised that not all of Scotland that significant levels churches are equally easy to adapt of community activity took place in without loss in heritage terms: each churches. building needs to be considered 77. There are good examples of churches individually, with the aid of a conservation being used imaginatively by a cross- statement or a conservation plan for section of the community and the more complex sites. HEACS multifunctional use of churches is clearly recommends that access plans, which quite possible. Various approaches may can cover not only community use but be suggested: the space for worship also educational and tourism purposes, may be reduced and part of the building should be produced for the more given over to other uses; or there may historically important sites to balance be multiple use of the space used for accessibility with the needs of the worship. heritage.

78. HEACS considers that there is a need for greater understanding of the contribution which churches can make as community assets. Measures to make churches more accessible should be encouraged. HEACS notes the emphasis in English Heritage’s Inspired! campaign on the need to accommodate new facilities and new uses within English churches. In December 2008 English Heritage launched Historic Places of Worship Support Officers, offering part-funding to “partner faith organisations for up to 30 officers who will help to build capacity in faith-groups to care for their historic buildings”. HEACS also notes the recent publication of Churches and Faith Buildings: Realising the Potential, a paper aimed at identifying sources of funding

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MAKING CHURCHES REDUNDANT

81. Not all churches will be capable of being that the trend has been downward ever modified to suit multiple uses and there since. It would appear that, at present, will be cases where religious groups will redundancy is a relatively small and have to declare buildings redundant. This manageable issue for these and other has been the case for at least several smaller denominations. decades. 85. The research for HEACS revealed that, 82. A study of redundant church buildings in between 1978 and 2005, some 322 church Scotland over the period 1946 to 1984 buildings were sold by the Church of found that none of the denominations Scotland. The average disposal rates had kept systematic records. However, it were as follows: 1978-87: 10.5 per year; was estimated that 1,078 churches had 1988-1997: 12.0 per year; 1998-2005: been made redundant during this period.6 12.3 per year. The figures suggest a The Church of Scotland accounted for slight upward trend in recent years or, at nearly 77% of redundancies, although the very least, a consistent and enduring it was suggested that the contribution level of disposals. The overall conclusion of other denominations should not be is that redundancy appears at present under-estimated. Detailed investigation of to be mainly a Church of Scotland six case study areas revealed that more phenomenon. than 57% of churches made redundant in these areas between 1946 and 1984 had 86. The Church of Scotland has pointed been demolished, particularly in cities. It out to HEACS that: “Although there is was also revealed that a relatively large no doubt that there are still too many proportion had been listed. buildings (not just churches but also halls), it is worth remembering that there 83. The 1989 report by the Council of Europe were an estimated 3,000 or so church provided further evidence on the situation buildings in 1929 whereas there are now in Scotland. For instance, between some 1,550 churches (excluding halls 1978 and 1987 the Church of Scotland and manses). While the process of parish disposed of 102 churches, of which readjustment and disposal of surplus 17 were demolished. The United Free buildings is far from complete, the scale Church made 34 churches redundant and significance of what has already been in the period 1945 to 1987, while the achieved should be recognised.” Roman Catholic Church in Scotland demolished or sold 81 churches between 87. HEACS recognises that the Church of 1949 and 1989. Scotland has disposed of a considerable number of church buildings since 1929 84. Research carried out for HEACS stated when the number of its churches is that what evidence there is suggests that said to have risen from 1,703 to 3,186 the number of disposals by the Roman through the union with the United Free Catholic Church in Scotland at the Church. The Church accepts that the present time was very low. It was also “process of parish readjustment and stated that the sale of church buildings disposal of surplus buildings is far from by the Scottish Episcopal Church complete”. HEACS appreciates that reached a minor peak in the 1980s and predicting the future is difficult, but in this

6 Campbell, K A Redundant Church Buildings in Scotland (Edinburgh College of Art/Heriot-Watt University Department of Town and Country Planning Research Paper No.28), 1988

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context records the view that the Church likely to be converted for commercial, of Scotland might have to dispose of cultural, leisure, residential or other between 400 to 500 more churches. purposes. Some of those considered At current rates this might take 30 to for redundancy may, in the end, be 40 years. However, there are some retained in ecclesiastical use and a small signs that the process of disposal is number may be preserved in care, either quickening. by the state or the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust, or by private charitable 88. While there will continue to be examples trusts. of places of worship being taken over by other religious groups, it is clear that 91. The need for an overall strategic there will be a greater number for which approach to redundant churches was new secular uses will have to be found. emphasised to HEACS by Historic It is difficult to assess the situation fully Scotland. The English Heritage strategic given the lack of systematic monitoring study of ecclesiastical buildings in of churches which have been made Manchester suggests a possible redundant. approach. The study identified four categories: those buildings of importance 89. Although views vary, there is general for heritage and mission; those of agreement that there is not a crisis, importance for mission alone; those of but it is likely that future years will see heritage importance but not of mission; a number of churches of considerable and those which were neither important architectural and historical importance for heritage nor mission. Historic made redundant. These churches, if Scotland noted that buildings of heritage demolished, or even converted to another importance but not of mission were the use, would represent a significant loss most challenging to deal with. to Scotland’s heritage. Typical of such churches would be Govan Old, Glasgow, 92. Evidence presented to HEACS suggests a distinguished Category A-listed building that the lack of long-term strategic and Scheduled Ancient Monument, planning by some religious groups is a containing an exceptional collection cause for concern. Managed reduction of early Christian tombstones and of the total number of churches in a sculptures, which was recently closed by balanced and strategic way would appear the Church of Scotland with no regard to to be particularly difficult for the Church its future care and has become a building of Scotland in view of its governance at risk. arrangements. However, HEACS welcomes the efforts being made by the The disposal process Church currently to put in place a forward planning system to identify churches 90. If it is accepted that a significant number which had a future, and those which had of Church of Scotland churches, to be disposed of either in the medium or as well as some churches of other short term. denominations, are likely to become redundant in the short to medium term, 93. HEACS is, however, concerned that the this is a situation which requires to be internal nature of the process currently carefully managed, and better than it in train in the Church of Scotland means has been in the past. Some of those that it is likely to be concerned almost churches are likely to be demolished entirely with the needs of congregations, to provide clear sites for development. and that there will be little consultation A substantial number, however, are with local communities or sufficient regard

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for the heritage, local or national. The worship, should take greater account of interests and wishes of congregations (or local community and national and local the General Trustees) frequently diverge heritage interests. from those of the communities in which they and their buildings are embedded New uses for redundant – both physically and historically – and from those who are concerned for the churches heritage, both local and national. HEACS 96. Much good work has been done in the has heard evidence of considerable field of new uses for churches and there unease in various quarters over the way in have been some highly appropriate which the Church of Scotland disposes of and successful conversions, although buildings without apparent regard to the some have been less successful. The wishes or interests of local communities. Scottish Civic Trust maintains a database of such conversions, currently with over 94. While there is professional expertise 300 entries, and the Church Buildings within the membership of presbyteries, Renewal Trust has been particularly active there is likely to be little independent in arranging conferences and seminars on advice at this level on such matters as the subject. The challenges are firstly to intrinsic and relative heritage significance, establish which churches can most easily archaeological interest, the adaptability and appropriately be converted; and of interiors, community needs, or the secondly, to ensure that the architectural opportunities for shared use. It is approach ensures the qualities of the likely that the nature of the process will building which give it significance are vary considerably from presbytery to retained, and the work as a whole is presbytery. By comparison, the Church creative and of appropriate quality. of England’s procedures are significantly more rigorous and professional, requiring 97. HEACS welcomes the fact that the more independent advice and wider pre- proportion of churches being demolished redundancy consultation. has declined. However, it is evident that the process of disposal for conversion 95. Many local communities still regard to secular use should be improved. parish churches and churchyards as their Too often, churches have been sold own. Many of the churches inherited by off before a new use was found and the Church of Scotland are testimony the buildings have deteriorated. New to a long history of local stewardship owners may lack sufficient knowledge or and care over the centuries. This is an understanding of what can be involved important force behind much community in converting a church, or the necessary interest in redundant churches. HEACS resources. In these circumstances there recommends that when considering is a danger that former churches may the disposal of a church, the Churches, become buildings at risk, and the target particularly the Church of Scotland, of vandalism, the theft of materials, and should recognise their responsibilities not arson. only to congregations and the institutional church, but also to local communities, 98. Conservation statements, or in major and to the heritage, national and cases full conservation plans, should be local. An options appraisal should material considerations in the planning be undertaken to inform the disposal process and should be required to be in process. All policy decisions, particularly place before any decisions on disposal the disposal of redundant places of are reached. These should also provide

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a guide to any conversion to secular use, and should deal with the significant fixtures, fittings and contents of all churches to be sold, to ensure that items of heritage or community importance are dealt with properly and not dispersed. At the present time there is also a need for better and more readily available information on moveable artefacts. The role of museums, particularly the National Museums of Scotland, should be kept in view.

99. HEACS recommends that guidance should be produced on converting historic places of worship to new uses, similar to that already available for traditional farm buildings.

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CHURCHES ‘IN CARE’, AND THE ROLE OF THE SCOTTISH REDUNDANT CHURCHES TRUST

100. There may always be a small number 103. Since its creation, the Scottish of outstanding places of worship which Redundant Churches Trust has had cannot be retained in ecclesiastical use, to operate with minimal funding. In its but are of such heritage importance that 12 years of operation, it has acquired five they should not be altered and converted churches, and is currently engaged on for any alternative use. Like the ruined only its second substantial conservation abbeys, such buildings deserve to be project. In addition to project funding, preserved as monuments, and perhaps the Trust received £66,000 core funding for occasional use. from Historic Scotland in 2008/09 and will receive similar amounts, adjusted 101. HEACS recommends that, to prevent for inflation, in 2009 and 2010. It also places of worship of outstanding received £10,000 from the Church of architectural or historic interest falling Scotland in 2008 and will receive the into a ruinous condition, the state should same amount in 2009 and 2010. be ready to intervene in the interim until a solution can be found. It is essential 104. The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust that state care remains an option in parallels the various bodies operating in view of the significant numbers of England and Wales. These, however, churches which are likely to be made operate on a scale which means they have redundant and the fact that some, such a much greater impact. The Churches as Govan, will be of exceptional heritage Conservation Trust, has 340 churches in importance. Too many churches linger its care and a budget to match provided on in a state of disuse, gradually decaying by the Department of Culture Media and and accumulating defects which often Sport and the Church Commissioners add significantly to the final repair bill. for England. The Historic Chapels Trust was established in 1993 to take 102. HEACS recommends that the main into ownership redundant chapels and means of care for outstanding redundant other places of worship of outstanding churches should be provided by the architectural and historic interest from Scottish Redundant Churches Trust. all denominations and faiths apart from The Trust was established in 1996 to the Church of England. It is grant-aided secure the future of nationally important by English Heritage and has saved churches threatened by closure. Its 24 Nonconformist and Roman Catholic purpose was to provide a ‘safety net’ churches, with their interiors and fittings for those churches which were made intact. Since their foundation in 1957, redundant, but which were of such the Friends of Friendless Churches have importance – particularly for their interiors, saved over 100 churches and chapels decoration and furnishings – that they and have assumed ownership of 34, were unsuitable for conversion to other sixteen of which are in Wales. They uses. Churches of all denominations, receive funding from Cadw. and places of religious worship of all faiths, are eligible for care. The Trust’s 105. The Scottish Redundant Churches churches remain open at all times and are Trust’s role is a valued one and it is widely available for occasional ecclesiastical and recognised that its funding should be community use. increased. HEACS recommends that

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the Trust’s role should be developed and its funding enhanced significantly to enable it to operate in the same manner and as effectively as comparable bodies in England. This is essential if a more strategic approach is to be adopted to the issue of redundancy. It should be pointed out that securing funding for projects is particularly challenging when a purely business-case approach is imposed by funders.

106. The enthusiasm and commitment of local preservation trusts is to be welcomed, and HEACS considers that they should continue to be supported as they are often best placed to care for a redundant place of worship. HEACS acknowledges that there are concerns that such trusts may lack the resources and expertise to care for an historic church in the first place, and may be faced with declining enthusiasm in the longer term. HEACS considers that the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust should have the capacity to advise and work with local groups and, if necessary, to assist with or take on the ultimate responsibility for such places of worship.

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THE MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF GRAVEYARDS

107. Graveyards are often of considerable provided by Edinburgh World Heritage heritage value, not only to the population Trust in this context. at large, but also to local communities and family historians. They help to 110. HEACS acknowledges that a ‘people’ the past and thus contribute considerable amount of guidance on the to a sense of place. They can also be management and recording of historic important for recreational purposes, graveyards has been published in recent provide open space, and contribute years and there is greater acceptance of to biodiversity. HEACS endorses the the need for skills and awareness training strong statement made by Historic for cemetery managers. It is to be Scotland to the Scottish Government hoped that the well-intentioned if drastic Burial and Cremation Review Group on efforts to make gravestones safe by the importance of burial grounds and systematically toppling them because of gravestones and notes that a good health and safety concerns are now less number of historic graveyards and likely to occur. But awareness amongst associated structures are protected under the general public of the responsibilities of heritage designations. private owners of headstones and more elaborate structures such as mausolea 108. The care and maintenance of graveyards needs to be broadened. is a significant issue. The majority of graveyards are under the management 111. HEACS recommends that Historic of local authorities. The standard of Scotland should assess the impact of the maintenance varies substantially between guidance which has been produced on authorities and many graveyards are the conservation of historic graveyards. neither protected nor in good condition. 112. Responsibility for the management of It is easy to see that protecting and most parish church sites is divided, enhancing the heritage value of with the church being the responsibility churchyards may not be a high priority of the Church of Scotland, and its for local authorities, given the other setting, the churchyard, being that of pressures on their resources, including the local authority. From a conservation financial and health and safety pressures. perspective it makes good sense that 109. However, some local authorities have graveyards should be managed with undertaken or are engaged in worthwhile their associated church. But, in practice, projects to conserve and interpret there are many graveyards which are not their historic graveyards. The strategic associated with a church, and there are approach to its historic graveyards also many unaccompanied cemeteries. taken by Aberdeenshire Council is to Notwithstanding the conservation be commended. Attention should also argument, HEACS acknowledges be drawn to the work in Dumfries and that it makes practical sense for the Galloway being carried out in partnership management of all graveyards to continue between Dumfries and Galloway Council to be undertaken by local authorities. and Solway Heritage as part of the This includes landscaped cemeteries Sulwath Connections Landscape Project. which require appropriate management. Note may also be made of the support It is acknowledged that resources would be an issue for whoever managed them

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and that local communities should be 116. Each historic graveyard, including encouraged to play their part. upstanding ecclesiastical structures, should be the subject of a conservation 113. Graveyards sometimes contain statement or conservation plan which important ecclesiastical structures, would include the resolution of any including medieval chapels, churches ownership issues, as well as covering which went out of use when parishes the need for sensitive repair, a regard were reorganised in the 17th century, to authenticity, and increasing access. or churches which were subsequently Raising awareness of the responsibilities replaced on the grounds of insufficiency. of private owners of memorials and more Such structures are often ruined, tend to elaborate structures such as mausolea be neglected, and may raise ownership should also be part of such an approach. issues. Local trusts and some local authorities have sometimes taken a 117. HEACS recommends that an integrated welcome interest in their conservation. approach, involving the appropriate denomination or religious group, should 114. Some ecclesiastical structures, together be adopted for the management of those with early crosses and other carved graveyards which surround a church in stones, require to be treated as ancient ecclesiastical use. monuments. HEACS acknowledges that there can be tensions between the local community and what is considered to be the national interest, and suggests that such tensions should be diffused through discussion. Monuments such as these can have strong links with local communities (as the Hilton of Cadboll study demonstrated)7 and should be kept in the community wherever possible.

115. HEACS recommends that local authorities should accord greater priority to their historic graveyards and adopt a more strategic approach to their management, based on an audit to identify those of significance. Local authorities, in association with the RCAHMS, should encourage and co- ordinate the work of local groups to undertake surveys of historic graveyards.

7 Heath F J, Henderson, I, Foster, S M and Jones, S, A Fragmented Masterpiece: Recovering the Biography of the Hilton of Cadboll Pictish Cross-Slab, 2008; Jones, S, Early Medieval Sculpture and the Production of Meaning, Value and Place: The Case of Hilton of Cadboll (Historic Scotland), 2003

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A STRATEGIC APPROACH

118. HEACS recommends that a proper 123. HEACS recommends that there should strategic approach to the ecclesiastical be greater recognition by Scottish heritage in use is required to balance the Ministers of the role of religious groups interests of religious groups with those in the management of the ecclesiastical of communities and of the heritage, local heritage and more effective partnership- and national. working between Historic Scotland and religious groups. HEACS was surprised 119. The prime object of such an approach to note that the role of the churches, should be to ensure that the best long- particularly the Church of Scotland, was term choices are made and a structured not specifically acknowledged in the approach taken to long-term change. Scottish Historic Environment Policy It should ensure that there is general which lists the partners working with agreement on which churches should Scottish Ministers and Historic Scotland.8 be retained in ecclesiastical use, which should be converted to other uses, which 124. HEACS recommends that the should be preserved, and which should management of the ecclesiastical heritage be demolished. It should also help to by religious groups should be embedded ensure that the condition of churches within the context of good asset identified as suitable for disposal was management. This would enable them safeguarded. to take more account of the ecclesiastical heritage in their role as owners and 120. A strategic approach would allow the managers and would be part of the various needs to be prioritised and strategic approach to the ecclesiastical resources targeted more effectively. It heritage. It would enable resources to be would identify which churches should properly prioritised, avoid harm to historic be the recipient of grant-aid and should buildings though decay or inappropriate provide an indication of the overall need repair, and encourage action to be taken for financial assistance from external sooner and thereby prevent buildings funders. This is considered to be falling into disrepair (including places essential in a period when funding is of worship which had been declared uncertain. redundant, but not yet disposed of). 121. The approach should, in the main, be Picking up on recommendations already developed by religious groups, informed made in this report, this would include: by independent expert and professional ensuring that religious groups had a advice, and assisted by Historic Scotland proper understanding of the cultural value and the local authorities. of their buildings through the provision of conservation statements or plans; 122. It is recognised that such an approach regular maintenance based on periodic will almost certainly require a greater inspection; and a systematic approach to commitment on the part of Government repairs. to the funding of churches in care, particularly the funding of the Scottish 125. HEACS recommends that Joint Redundant Churches Trust. Agreements should be negotiated between Historic Scotland and the

8 Historic Scotland, Scottish Historic Environment Policy, 2009

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A STRATEGIC APPROACH various individual denominations Scotland in the first instance, possibly on or religious groups. These Joint a three-year pump-priming basis. The Agreements and accompanying Action establishment of some local authority Plans should cover: archaeology posts with funding by Historic Scotland provides a possible • the adoption of a strategic approach model. The funding of such posts should to the ecclesiastical heritage. The be included in the Joint Agreement with approach should not rely solely on the Church of Scotland. the input of Historic Scotland but should also take account of local 127. There are a number of areas where the authority and community interests; need for advice, guidance and sharing of good practice have been highlighted • the recognition by denominations in this report. Clearly this may place of their responsibilities to local an insurmountable burden on some of communities and to the heritage, the smaller religious groups. HEACS national and local; considers there would be advantages if • identification and assessment by there was more co-ordination between denominations of the places of religious groups over conservation of the worship in their ownership; ecclesiastical heritage. Arrangements should be made for the professional • the availability of funding for repairs; staff employed within the Church of Scotland also to be available to other • the operation and review of the denominations. ecclesiastical exemption; 128. HEACS recommends that good • the sharing of information, for conservation practice should be instance from the impact of disseminated through publications, demographic change, to technical seminars and conferences. These should information, include good practice in the management • regular meetings between Historic of change, for instance in the re-ordering Scotland and the religious group; of church buildings, adaptations and extensions. The dissemination of good • the standards of repair and practice should be supplemented by maintenance; and shared knowledge of specialist skills in • regular review of the Joint the form of registers of professionals, Agreement and Action Plan. conservators, and craftspeople.

126. HEACS recommends that staff should 129. There should be closer working between be employed at a corporate level within religious groups and other stakeholders the Church of Scotland to provide including the voluntary sector. HEACS professional advice and guidance to suggests that there needs to be a more those responsible for church buildings effective harnessing of the enthusiasm and to increase understanding within and knowledge within the voluntary the Church of the heritage value and sector. significance of its buildings. HEACS suggests that these should include a conservation architect, architectural historian with knowledge of ecclesiastical history, and an archaeologist. These posts should be funded by Historic

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RECOMMENDATIONS

A strategic approach to the ecclesiastical from the impact of demographic change, heritage in use to technical information;

A strategic approach to the ecclesiastical • regular meetings between Historic heritage in use is required to balance the Scotland and the religious group; interests of religious groups, with those of communities and of the heritage, local and • the standards of repair and maintenance; national. and

There should be greater recognition by • regular review of the Joint Agreement and Scottish Ministers of the role of religious Action Plan. groups in the management of the Appropriate professional staff should be ecclesiastical heritage and more effective employed at corporate level within the Church partnership between Historic Scotland and of Scotland. HEACS suggests that these religious groups. should include a conservation architect, an architectural historian with knowledge of The management of the ecclesiastical heritage ecclesiastical history, and an archaeologist. by religious groups should be embedded Such posts should be funded by Historic within the context of good asset management. Scotland in the first instance, possibly on a three-year pump-priming basis. Joint Agreements should be negotiated between Historic Scotland and the various There would be advantages if there was individual denominations or religious groups. closer co-ordination between religious These Joint Agreements and accompanying groups over conservation of the ecclesiastical Action Plans should cover: heritage. Arrangements should be made for the professional staff employed within the • the adoption of a strategic approach to Church of Scotland to be available to other the ecclesiastical heritage. The approach denominations. should not rely solely on the input of Historic Scotland but should also take Good conservation practice should be account of local authority and community disseminated through publications, seminars interests; and conferences. • the recognition by denominations of their responsibilities to local communities and The information base to the heritage, national and local; Where denominations do not already have • identification and assessment by the information, they should be required denominations of the places of worship in to compile, with the assistance of Historic their ownership; Scotland, accurate lists of ecclesiastical buildings in their care, with particular attention • the availability of funding for repairs; to those which have been listed, scheduled • the operation and review of the or otherwise designated. Such information ecclesiastical exemption; should be made available to Historic Scotland and placed in the National Monuments Record • the sharing of information, for instance for Scotland.

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RECOMMENDATIONS In the longer term, an audit should be should be based on original research, be undertaken of all ecclesiastical sites. This informed by a sound knowledge of the state might be led by the RCAHMS. of the ecclesiastical heritage, and include a proper assessment of the effectiveness of the current scheme. A sound approach to property management The Listed Places of Worship Grant Scheme Every congregation or religious group should continue. responsible for the upkeep of an historic place of worship should seek advice from an The ecclesiastical exemption appropriately qualified professional accredited in building conservation. The exemption should be continued subject to stringent conditions. Regular or quinquennial inspections should be undertaken by the appropriately qualified The exemption should be enjoyed only professional to an appropriate standard. by those religious groups which have a demonstrably robust internal control system, When change is proposed to an historic place which is adequately resourced, and with of worship, the work should be guided by a access to expert and professional advice. simple conservation statement or conservation plan, as appropriate. Historic Scotland should be made responsible for determining that the internal systems used Over time, a simple conservation statement, by each denomination are indeed robust, or conservation plan, as appropriate, should and, in particular, that denominations have be prepared for every place of worship of access to and pay due regard to expert and architectural or historic interest to inform professional advice. those responsible for their management and maintenance. These should also consider Mixed uses archaeological potential, artefacts and interior fittings. There is a need for greater understanding of the contribution which churches can make as Training in fabric matters should be provided community assets. Historic Scotland should, for ministers and priests as part of normal in conjunction with religious groups, consider training in theological colleges. providing guidance and encouragement on adapting churches to accommodate new Religious groups should arrange training facilities and new uses. for lay people, fabric conveners, members of fabric committees, and kirk sessions or HEACS recommends that access plans, which vestries, along the lines of the English scheme can cover not only community use but also Faith in Maintenance. educational and tourism purposes, should be produced for the more historically important sites to balance accessibility with the needs of State funding of repair the heritage. Scottish Ministers should commission an investigation of the Repair Grants for Places of Worship in Scotland scheme to identify Redundant churches patterns, gaps and emerging needs, and When considering the disposal of a assess whether the present scheme is church, the Churches, particularly the best serving the conservation needs of the Church of Scotland, should recognise their ecclesiastical heritage. The investigation responsibilities, not only to congregations

39 Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

and the institutional church, but also to local Graveyards communities and to the heritage, national and Local authorities should accord greater priority local. to their historic graveyards and adopt a more strategic approach to their management, An options appraisal should be undertaken to based on an audit to identify those of inform the disposal process. significance. All policy decisions, particularly the disposal Local authorities, in association with the of redundant churches, should take greater RCAHMS, should encourage and co-ordinate account of local community and national and the work of local groups to undertake surveys local heritage interests. of historic graveyards. Guidance should be produced on converting Local authorities should arrange for the historic places of worship for new uses. production of conservation statements or In the case of places of worship of outstanding conservation plans for historic graveyards. architectural or historic interest, to prevent An integrated approach, involving the such buildings falling into a ruinous condition, appropriate denomination or religious group, the state should be ready to intervene in the should be adopted for the management of interim until a solution can be found. those graveyards which surround a church in The main means of care for outstanding ecclesiastical use. redundant churches should be provided by Historic Scotland should assess the impact the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust. of the extensive guidance which has been The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust’s produced on the conservation of historic role should be developed and its funding graveyards. enhanced to enable it to operate in the same manner and as effectively as comparable bodies in England.

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APPENDIX 1: CONSULTEES

List of organisations and individuals met List of organisations and individuals who by the Working Group submitted written evidence

Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland

Association of Local Government Association of Preservation Trusts Scotland Archaeological Officers (ALGAO Scotland) Fiona Baker Church Buildings Renewal Trust Church of Scotland Church of Scotland Jocelyn Cunliffe English Heritage Friends of St Ninian’s Deerness, Orkney Friends of Friendless Churches The Garden History Society in Scotland Simon Green Derek Hall Heritage Lottery Fund Mansfield Traquair Trust Historic Chapels Trust National Museums of Scotland Historic Scotland Scottish Churches Architectural Heritage Trust Institute of Historic Building Conservation Scottish Redundant Churches Trust Ian McCarter Tom Woodbridge Places of Worship@Heritage Link (POWlink)

Roman Catholic Church in Scotland

Scottish Church Heritage Research

Scottish Civic Trust

Scottish Episcopal Church

Scottish Redundant Churches Trust

Gurmit Singh

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APPENDIX 2: REFERENCES

Select list of websites accessed Relevant research commissioned by HEACS Aberdeenshire Council Haynes, N, Research Report on the Extent of the Ecclesiastical Heritage in Scotland, 2008: Archaeology Scotland http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents.htm Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland Haynes, N, Research Report on Church-State Church of England website Churchcare: Relationships in Selected European Countries, Working with an architect or surveyor 2008: http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents. htm Church of Scotland

Department of Media, Culture and Sport Select bibliography Edinburgh World Heritage Trust Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland, Magazine, ‘Church Buildings Here and Now’, English Heritage Inspired (conference papers), 2001, pp8-16 Friends of Friendless Churches Brown, C G, The Death of Christian Britain, Heritage Lottery Fund 2001

Historic Chapels Trust Brown, C G, Religion and Society in Twentieth- Century Britain, 2006 Historic Scotland

Places of Worship@Heritage Link (POWlink) Campbell, K A, Redundant Church Buildings in Scotland (Edinburgh College of Art/Heriot- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Watt University Department of Town and Historical Monuments of Scotland Country Planning Research Paper No. 28), 1988 Scotland’s Churches Scheme

Scottish Christian Churches Directory Church Commissioners, Redundant Churches in the Church of England: A Guidance Note for Scottish Church Heritage Research Local Planning Authorities, 2008

Scottish Churches Architectural Heritage Trust Church Heritage Forum, Building Faith in Our Scottish Civic Trust Future, 2004

Scottish Episcopal Church Council of Europe, Redundant Religious Buildings (Report of the Committee on Culture Scottish Government and Education), 1989 Scottish Graveyards Department for Culture, Media and Sport, The Scottish Redundant Churches Trust Ecclesiastical Exemption: The Way Forward, 2005 Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Sulwath Connections Theology, 1993

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English Heritage, Managing Heritage Assets, Garnett, J, Grimley, M, Harris, A; Whyte, W 2009 and Williams, S (eds.), Redefining Christian Britain: Post 1945 Perspectives, 2007 English Heritage, Heritage Counts, The State of England’s Historic Environment, 2005 Scottish Redundant Churches Trust, Business Plan 2007-2010, 2006 Faith in Maintenance, The Good Maintenance Guide (Society for the Protection of Ancient Weatherhead, J L (ed.), The Constitution and Buildings), 2008 Laws of the Church of Scotland, 1997

HEACS, Whether there is a need to review heritage protection legislation in Scotland, 2006: http//www.heacs.org.uk/documents. htm

Herron, A, Kirk Lore, 1999

Historic Scotland, Scheme to Apply Listed Building Control to Exteriors of Churches in Ecclesiastical Use, 2006

Historic Scotland, Scottish Historic Environment Policy, 2009

Heath F J, Henderson, I, Foster, S M and Jones, S, A Fragmented Masterpiece: Recovering the Biography of the Hilton of Cadboll Pictish Cross-Slab, 2008

Jones, S, Early Medieval Sculpture and the Production of Meaning, Value and Place: The Case of Hilton of Cadboll (Historic Scotland), 2003

Mckay, R, The Process of Restoring Life into Redundant Churches across Scotland (unpublished MSc European Urban Conservation, University of Dundee), 2008

Mills, C, ‘The Vanished and Disappearing Churches of Arran’, in History Scotland, July/ August 2008

Scottish Civic Trust, New Uses for Former Church Buildings: A Study of Inspiration and Hope, 2006

Scottish Development Department, Ecclesiastical Exemption from Listed Building Control in Scotland: A Consultation Paper, 1984

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44

HE ACS Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

Report with recommendations on the long-term conservation of the ecclesiastical heritage in a time of demographic change HE ACS Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland

Longmore House, Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH t: 0131 668 8574 Presented to Michael Russell, MSP email: [email protected] www.heacs.org.uk Minister for Culture, External Affairs and the Constitution September 2009 H1.396 The House 9/09