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Ethanobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Thuja Orientalis : a Review

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Ethanobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Thuja Orientalis : a Review Available online at www.ijpab.com Jain and Sharma Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 73-83 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2976 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 73-83 (2017) Review Article Ethanobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Thuja orientalis : A Review Neetu Jain* and Meenakshi Sharma Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 13.05.2017 | Revised: 24.05.2017 | Accepted: 25.05.2017 ABSTRACT Thuja orientalis commonly known as white cedar belonging to family Cupressacae is an monoecious small tree or shrub. It is also known as Tree of life and Orientale Arbor-Vitae in English. T. orientalis has an effective natural origin that has a tremendous future for research as the novelty and applicability are still hidden. Thuja is used for treatment of bronchial catarrh, enuresis, cystitis, psoriasis, uterine carcinomas, amenorrhea, rheumatism, asthma, skin infections, mumps, bacterial dysentery, arthritic pains and premature blandness. Different parts of plant are exhibited extensively biological activities like hair growth-promoting, antiviral, anti- allergic, anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Apart of these effects, it can be used as nematicidal, insecticidal and molluscicidal activity against various pests. The present review article give comprehensive information about various medicinal and traditional utility of the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of the plant and its constituents. Key words: Thuja orientalis, Biological Activities, Bioactive Constituents, Ethanomedicinal use. INTRODUCTION usually 1-10 mm long, needle like in first year, Thuja orientalis commonly known as arbor and become scale like in later. These leaves vitae or white cedar or morpankhi belonging to are arranged in alternate decussate pairs in family Cupressacae is well known medicinal four rows along the twigs. The flower are plant. T. orientalis is naturally distributed and monoecious (individual flowers are either cultivated in large parts of Asia as described male or female, but both sexes can be found on in history. It is assumed to have originated the same plant) and are pollinated by wind. from northern and north-eastern China, Korea The male and female flowers are usually borne ,Siberia, Japan, Taiwan and Central Asia. Most on separate twigs or branchlets. They are tiny, of the places it grow like an ornamental plant. terminal, cone-like bodies. The male cones Plant is usually 10-200 feet tall, with stringy rounded and reddish or yellowish, the female surfaced reddish brown bark. Leaves are very small and green or tinged with purple. Cite this article: Jain, N. and Sharma, M., Ethanobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Thuja orientalis : A Review, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(4): 73-83 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2976 Copyright © August, 2017; IJPAB 73 Jain and Sharma Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 73-83 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Mature cones are solitary, egg shaped or homeopathy, etc. for treatment of bronchial 1 oblong, 8 to 16 millimeters (about /2 inch) catarrh, enuresis, cystitis, psoriasis, uterine long, with 4 to 6 (but sometimes 3 or as many carcinomas, amenorrhea and rheumatism. as 10) pairs of thin, flexible scales that Traditionally it is used in the treatment of terminate in thickened ridges processes. Seed cough. The plant has been exhibited flattened, ovoid 5-7mm and 3-4 mm wingless. extensively biological activities like hair It is extensively cultivated as an ornamental growth-promoting, antiviral, anti-allergic, anti- tree in cool and moist places for its attractive epileptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, dense foliage and bush like habit of growth. It antioxidant, and antifungal activities. The root is also grown as a hedge plant in India. bark is used in the treatment of burns and Phytochemical constituents of T. orientalis: scalds. The stems are used in the treatment of Biochemical studies reveal that fresh plant coughs, colds, dysentery and parasitic skin- contains essential oil, reducing sugar, water- diseases. The wood of Thuja is commonly soluble polysaccharides, water-soluble used for guitar sound boards10. A yellow dye is minerals, free acid, tannic agents1, flavonoids, obtained from the young branches11. The root saponins, glycosides and alkaloids2. The bark is used in the treatment of burns and essential oil of the fresh leaves (related to the scalds12. monoterpene fraction) composed of 65% Antibacterial activity: thujone, 8% isothujone, 8% fenchone, 5% Essential oils are useful sources of sabines and 2% -pinene as the main antimicrobial compounds. The presence of monoterpenes1,3. Other monoterpenes, namely antibacterial components in plants are well carvotanacetone, origanol, origanes, myrcen established as they have provided a source of and camphen have also been described1,4-6. T. inspiration for novel drug compounds as orientalis leaves contain rhodoxanthin, The herbal medicine for human health 13. T. heartwood contains aroma- dendrin, taxifolin, orientalis contain large amounts of alpha, beta widdrene, cedrol, thujopsadiene, dehydro -α- and gamma thujaplicin that in low curcumene, β-isobiotol and curcumenether. T. concentration would serve as chelators for orientalis essential oil showed the presence of Solmonella typhimurium14.Chen et al.15 38 compound for 100% of total oil. The major reported the antibacterial activity of T. components were α-pinene (22.25%), 3-carene orientalis against Streptococcus mutans. It was (20.65%), cedrol (18.71%), β –Caryophyllene very effective in inhibiting the growth of (6.13%), α-humulene (5.68%), terpinolene serotypes c and d of Solmonella mutans (MIC (4.53%), and limonene (3.35%)7.Twenty-one less than or equal to 2.0-7.8 mg/ml). compounds were identified; quantitative Manimegalai et al16 studied the antibacterial differences, mainly, between cone and needle activity of chloroform extract of T. orientalis oils by Ismile et al 8. Both oils were rich in against two gram positive pathogenic bacteria, monoterpene hydrocarbons and the major Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus components were α-pinene (64.2 and 49.3%, thuringiensis infecting mulberry silkworm, respectively, in cones and needles), β- Bombyx mori L.. GCMS revealed the presence phellandrene (6.7–9.6%) and α-cedrol (3.9 and of phenanthrene carboxylic acid in the bark 8.2%). extract of T. orientalis. Duhan et al.17 Pharmacological activity of T. orientalis: explored methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate Various extracts of T. orientalis are used in the extracts prepared from leaves of T. orientalis treatment of hamorrhages, coughs, excessive against selected bacterial strains like S. aureus, menstruation, bronchitis, asthma, skin B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, A. faecalis and K. infections, mumps, bacterial dysentery, pneumoniae. Among the tested strains of arthritic pains and premature blandness9. It is bacteria, B. subtilis (i.e. causal organism of used as a medicinal plant in various forms of dysentery) was found most sensitive against traditional medicines like folk medicine, acetone extract of leaf with maximum zone of Copyright © August, 2017; IJPAB 74 Jain and Sharma Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 73-83 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 inhibition (15.55 mm) followed by A. faecalis against the Vibrio parahaemplyticus (42.04 ± (15.50 mm). These results were even better 0.18) and Staphylococcus aureus (40.12 ± than synthetic antibiotics i.e penicillin and 1.14), Bacillus subtilis (39.4± 0.11) and ampicillin. Jasuja et al.2 also established the Streptococcus pyogens (33.9 ± 0.11), while it antibacterial properties of leaves of T. showed no activity against the Klebsiella orientalis of methanol: distilled water (70:30) pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella extract against S. aureus, B. subtilis, typhimurium and Micrococcus luteus. Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium Noruzi and Mousivand 25 carried out green tumefaiens. The minimum inhibitory synthesis of zarovelnat nanoparticles from T. concentrations (MICs) of the extract ranged orientalis extract and screened their from 0.55 to 1.15 mg/ml. Wajaht18 also studied antibacterial activity against selected bacteria. the antibacterial activity of Thuja essential oil Zerovalent iron nanoparticles showed a strong against two gram positive bacteria B. subtilis antibacterial effect on B. subtilis and E. MTCC 441 and K. pneumoniae MTCC 19 and amylovora bacteria. against three gram negative bacteria like E. Antimicrobial activity: coli MTCC 443, P. aeroginosa MTCC 1688 Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the and P. vulgaris MTCC 426. This oil was seed coats of T. orientalis against six bacterial mainly effective against P. vulgaris and E. coli like Bacillus subtilis, Corynaebacterium with highest inhibition zones of 24 and 22 mm diphtheriae, Staphylococcous aureus, respectively. The MIC value of all tested Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp., Escherichia bacteria was found between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. coli and five fungal pathogenic organism like Similar research works were carried Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Rhizopus out by various workers19-21. Bissa et al.22 also oryzae, Fusarium psidi and Curvularia lunate reported antibacterial activity of petroleum were carried out by Jain and Garg26. The oil ether extract of T. orientalis stem against A. showed good to moderate activity of the oil tumefaciens.
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