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De Notre Correspondant À Jérusalem Du Même Auteur De notre correspondant à Jérusalem DU MÊME AUTEUR Shamir Une biographie Olivier Orban, 1991 Paix ou Guerres Les secrets des négociations israélo-arabes, 1917-1995 Stock, 1997 ; Fayard 2004 Le Rêve brisé Histoire de l’échec du processus de paix au Proche-Orient, 1995-2002 Fayard, 2002 Les Années perdues Intifada et guerres au Proche-Orient, 2001-2006 Fayard, 2006 Par le feu et par le sang Le combat clandestin pour l’Indépendance d’Israël, 1936-1948 Albin Michel, 2008 Le Grand Aveuglement Israël et l’irrésistible ascension de l’islam radical Albin Michel, 2009 Un enfant est mort Netzarim, 30 septembre 2000 Éditions Don Quichotte, 2010 Au nom du Temple Israël et l’irrésistible ascension du messianisme juif, 1967-2013 Seuil, 2013 Les Juifs de France entre République et sionisme Seuil, 2020 Charles Enderlin De notre correspondant à Jérusalem Le journalisme comme identité 57, rue Gaston-Tessier, Paris XIXe ISBN 978-2-02-147340-7 © Éditions du Seuil, avril 2021 Le Code de la propriété intellectuelle interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles L. 335-2 et suivants du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. www.seuil.com À Danièle Préface de Michel Wieviorka Au départ, ce livre devait être la simple retranscription d’une série de trois conférences données par Charles Enderlin à Paris en mai 2018, à l’invitation de la Fon- dation Maison des sciences de l’homme que je présidais alors. Il s’agissait pour lui de traiter du journalisme à partir de son expérience. À l’arrivée, c’est plus. Beaucoup plus. Charles Enderlin, bien sûr, respecte le contrat initial, et de belle manière. Il nous propose une formidable leçon sur ce qui fait le journalisme de qualité lorsqu’il s’exerce pour la télévision, depuis ce lieu exceptionnel qu’est Israël à l’échelle de la planète – un pays sur lequel les regards sont braqués en permanence. Il donne à voir ce qu’est en acte un professionnalisme à toute épreuve, transcendant d’autres identités, en l’occurrence celle de citoyen français et israélien, Juif laïc. Un profession- nalisme s’imposant face à tous les interlocuteurs. Qui inspire la confiance – celle qui passe par le respect des sources et la qualité des relations humaines ; et par 9 DE NOTRE CORRESPONDANT À JÉRUSALEM l’intransigeance de la rigueur, la même avec tous, qu’il s’agisse de chefs d’État ou de Yasser Arafat, du tech- nicien d’une chaîne concurrente ou du patron de la sienne propre, du dirigeant du Hamas ou d’un leader de l’extrême droite israélienne. Le tout, lâchons le mot, avec le souci permanent de la vérité. Celle-ci n’est pas donnée, comme s’il suffi- sait de voir et d’entendre. C’est une construction, qui exige de multiplier et recouper les sources, d’accéder à toutes celles qui importent, et d’avoir les catégories pour comprendre, analyser, avant de proposer, mon- tage oblige, une synthèse qui, de surcroît, devra géné- ralement être singulièrement ramassée – le premier apprentissage du métier, dit Enderlin, consiste à faire des « brèves ». Le bon journalisme, ici, consiste à déployer un effort permanent pour mettre au service de la compréhension de l’actualité un matelas dense et épais de connais- sances, accumulées au fil du temps, et sans lesquelles les situations concrètes sont peu intelligibles. Il y faut pour cela un esprit à la fois critique et alerte, la capacité de prendre la bonne décision au bon moment sans avoir nécessairement le temps de réfléchir, il faut savoir saisir les opportunités quand elles se présentent. Voici pour les qualités du journaliste, et ici, il ne s’agit assurément pas d’un catalogue de recommandations, mais d’une expérience vécue, et illustrée avec bonheur, page après page. 10 PRÉFACE DE MICHEL WIEVIORKA Le talent du journaliste en poste à l’étranger, pour se déployer, a besoin du soutien de la direction de sa rédac- tion, France 2 en l’occurrence, de sa compréhension et, là encore, de sa confiance. On le verra, cela n’a pas tou- jours été un long fleuve tranquille pour Enderlin, car les hommes ne sont pas tous de grande qualité, n’ont pas tou- jours la clairvoyance, le sens de la portée d’un événement, ni par ailleurs l’élégance ou l’amitié. Mais, dans l’ensemble, il a pu bénéficier de l’appui de son employeur, y compris et surtout lorsqu’une campagne violente a mis en cause son intégrité professionnelle – son coup de chapeau à Arlette Chabot, courageuse et juste, est à l’évidence mérité. Charles Enderlin a suivi au quotidien une actualité souvent brûlante jusqu’à enflammer la planète tout entière. Mais, au-delà, il laisse une véritable œuvre. Films documentaires, ouvrages, articles de fond : il est égale- ment un grand témoin et un historien, incontournable pour quiconque veut connaître et comprendre l’ensemble immense et indémêlable de problèmes qui se sont noués et se nouent encore à partir d’Israël. Il les aborde par le bas, depuis la société, sur le terrain, avec humanité, et par le haut – son expérience politique, intellectuelle et humaine des acteurs politiques, militaires, diploma- tiques, religieux qui ont contribué à cette histoire est unique, en Israël et dans le monde. Tout ce qui touche à Israël suscite des passions qui confinent souvent à l’amour et à la haine ; l’idéologie, 11 DE NOTRE CORRESPONDANT À JÉRUSALEM l’utopie et le drame voisinent. Le journaliste, ici, aussi professionnel et sérieux qu’il soit, n’est pas à l’abri de ces passions, et on verra dans ce livre comment Charles Enderlin a dû affronter la mauvaise foi et la calomnie émanant d’esprits faux et toxiques relayés par des médias mensongers – « l’affaire du petit Mohammed » est un véritable cas d’école, qui n’est certainement à la gloire ni des moralisateurs et autres intellectuels français qui ont tout fait pour le salir, ni des médias qui ont cru bon de relayer leurs affirmations toxiques. Les fakes news, ici, sont au service d’orientations droitières qui se croient activement en lutte contre l’antisémitisme – triste para- doxe ! C’est un autre mérite du livre de Charles Enderlin d’en démonter pas à pas les mécanismes. Il y a décidément bien des raisons d’entrer dans cet ouvrage, qui se lit d’une traite. INTRODUCTION De Nancy à Jérusalem Le 15 août 2015, après avoir remis les clés du bureau de France 2 à Jérusalem à mon successeur, Franck Genauzeau, j’ai fait un rapide bilan. En comptant mes années à la radio israélienne, j’ai couvert, en près d’un demi-siècle, deux traités de paix, cinq guerres, deux Inti- fadas, le processus de paix d’Oslo, deux révolutions égyp- tiennes. Selon un compte approximatif, cela représente, rien que pour la télévision, cinq mille sujets et duplex, quatre documentaires télé. Sans parler de la dizaine de livres que j’ai publiés. C’est pour moi un privilège et une chance d’avoir été accueilli par cette profession dans laquelle je suis entré par hasard. À l’origine, pour la rédaction d’Antenne 2, il n’y avait guère de raison d’embaucher un Franco-Israélien vivant à Jérusalem. Je me souviens du jour où un rédac- teur en chef m’a appelé pour me demander si cela allait me gêner de faire un sujet sur la torture dans les prisons israéliennes. Ou alors, aux débuts de la première Intifada, cette question : « Charles peut-il couvrir le soulèvement ? » 13 DE NOTRE CORRESPONDANT À JÉRUSALEM À ce stade, je dois me présenter au lecteur. J’ai découvert mon appartenance au judaïsme vers l’âge de 8 ans. Je revenais de deux années passées en Suisse alémanique, où j’avais été soigné pour une primo- infection tuberculeuse. Ma mère avait divorcé de mon père, un officier démobilisé en 1940 de l’armée française, et dont j’ai peu de souvenirs. Après le divorce, et à mon retour de Suisse, nous habitions à Nancy, avec Caro- line, ma jeune sœur, chez mes grands-parents maternels, Yetta et Benjamin Brunner, des Juifs autrichiens. Ils s’étaient enfuis de Vienne peu après l’Anschluss avec leurs trois enfants. L’aîné, mon oncle Walter, ma mère Trudy, et Charles, le plus jeune. La police des étrangers de Nancy, protecteurs de nombreux Juifs étrangers, leur a fourni des faux papiers. Ces policiers, courageux résis- tants, seront reconnus « Justes parmi les Nations » par Yad Vashem, le mémorial de la Shoah à Jérusalem. La famille n’était pas observante et se contentait de marquer quelques fêtes. Kippour, sans jeûner, Pessah, la Pâque juive, et Rosh Hashana, le nouvel an, le tout avec les plats traditionnels juifs. Mon grand-père allait, parfois, retrouver sa place réservée dans la synagogue de la rue du Grand-Rabbin-Haguenauer, marquant ainsi notre appartenance à la communauté. J’y ai fait ma bar- mitsva dans les règles. De temps à autre, l’antisémitisme montrait le bout de son nez. C’étaient quelques accrochages avec des gamins au lycée Henri-Poincaré, à Nancy. Le jour du Kippour, avec d’autres gosses juifs, nous devions parfois renvoyer 14 DE NANCY À JÉRUSALEM les pierres que des voyous du quartier venaient jeter sur la synagogue. Je me souviens aussi des hurlements « Chapeau ! Cha- peau ! » et des jets d’aliments sur un Juif religieux coiffé d’une casquette qui pénétrait dans le restaurant universi- taire de Nancy.
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