DOCSLIB.ORG

Manual on Larval Control Operations in Malaria Programmes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manual on Larval Control Operations in Malaria Programmes MANUAL ON LARVAL CONTROL OPERATIONS IN MALARIA PROGRAMMES prepared by the WHO Division of Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Geneva 1973 j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j List of contents Foreword l Definition of antilarval operations ................. 2 The place of antilarval operations in malaria programmes 2 Objectives of antilarval operations . 3 Methods of larval control and a consideration of their use in malaria programmes 3 Chapter I - Naturalistic control · 7 Chapter II - Source reduction . • . • . • . 15 Chapter Ill - Chemical control of mosquito larvae 65 Chapter IV - Planning and organization of antilarval operations in malaria programmes ......................... 141 References 159 Additional bibliography 162 Annex 1. Metric and English equivalents for units commonly used in mosquito larviciding operations . 167 Annex 2. Proprietary and ISO names of some pesticides 171 Annex 3. Entomological procedures and techniques for the planning and evaluation of antilarval operations . ..• 173 Annex 4. Sample procedural guide and instructions for the safe handling and use of pesticides 187 Annex 5. Some examples of equipment used for application of pesticides 195 List of figures Figure No. Title 1 Calculation of the azimuth 21 2 Grading land for surface irrigation 24 3 Sample plan and profile sheet 26 4 Typical ditch cross-section 27 5 Conventional levelling from benchmark A to point C (heights in metres) 33 6 A - Pipe or tile liner; B - Pre-cast ditch liner 35 7 Rectangular weir 37 8 Cross-section ditch for mosquito control 37 9 Measuring flow of water in a 60° V-notch weir 38 10 Discharge over a triangular weir 40 11 Patterns of salt marsh ditching 48 12 A wooden tilting bucket, counterweighted, for automatic flushing of small streams. Bucket in raised position, accumulating flush water behind dam 53 13 A wooden tilting bucket, counterweighted, for automatic flushing of small streams. Bucket in lowered position, discharging flush water 53 14 Comparison of Macdonald and Legwen-Howard automatic siphons 54 15 Diagrammatic representation of operation of Legwen-Howard automatic siphon 54 16 Measurements for several sizes of Legwen-Howard automatic siphons 55 17 Methods of installing Legwen-Howard automatic siphons in existing dams or weirs 55 18 Legwen-Howard siphon modified to actuate on a small flow 58 19 Properly protected spring (I) 59 20 Properly protected spring (II) 59 List of figures (continued) Figure No. Title 21 The chemical control of insects 7l 22 Construction of drip application equipment 128 23 Horn seeder 129 24 Theoretical paths of spray droplets of selected sizes in stable air currents of velocities 3.2, 6.4, and 9.6 km/h 136 List of tables Table No. Title 1 Profile level notes 25 2 Level notes for grade stakes 29 3 Discharge in 1/sec over a rectangular weir 40 4 Table of toxicity of some selected chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to female laboratory rats 73 5 Acute oral and dermal LD 50 values for female white rats of 15 organophosphorus pesticides 74 6 Some chemicals useful as mosquito larvicides 76 7 Cost comparison of seven commonly used larvicides based on weekly application (excluding operational costs) 77 8 The spreading pressure of some mineral and vegetable oils 80 9 Covering power and spreading pressure of different oils on clean tap water 80 10 Examples of emulsifiers used with specific insecticides 82 11 Physical properties of some common solvents 85 12 Per cent mortality, Anopheles stephensi larvae,, at 12, 24 and 36 hours, using different mixtures of oils and Triton X-100 detergent in water warmed to 25°/29°C 94 13 Variable factors governing rates of application and standard rates recommended for teaching spraying techniques for basic types of liquid spray equipment 114 14 Number of particles per square metre at various rates of application 117 15 Rates of coverage in hectares per hour for types of liquid spray equipment used for area application of mosquito larvicides 123 16 Characteristics of some mist blowers 125 17 Flow rates for various TeeJet orifices 127 18 Application rates 133 List of tables (continued) Table No. Title 19 A theoretical approximation of the number of spray droplets of various selected sizes in units of volume and surface area 137 20 Sample: mosquito source survey record 144 PREFACE This manual is intended for planners in malaria programmes and for all who are responsible for the execution of large-scale antimalaria operations. It provides valuable teaching material for the senior staff at malaria training centres as well as a source of reference for them and their students. Senior operational and engineering staff in malaria programmes will find it particularly useful in the planning and execution of antilarval operations, and they will be able to develop their own operational and training manuals from it. It is hoped that all malariologists will welcome it as a comprehensive reference work on antilarval operations in malaria programmes. page l MANUAL ON LARVAL CONTROL OPERATIONS IN MALARIA PROGRAMMES FOREWORD The control of malaria has been attempted mainly by attacking the parasite in man by the administration of drugs, by preventing contact between the mosquito and man, or by eliminating or incapacitating the vector mosquitos through various means. The attack on the parasite in man proved insufficient by itself to obtain the eradication of malaria; the attack on the vectors alone, without eliminating the residual reservoir of infection in humans, also failed to attain eradication. A combination of the two methods has therefore been used to advance malaria eradication. The attack on the vector mosquitos attempts to interrupt transmission through decreasing the density and longevity of the vector population, while the attack on the parasite reduces the sources of infection in man by attempting to eliminate all infective cases. Spraying with residual insecticides to destroy the adult vector mosquitos continues to be the principal operational measure employed in malaria eradication programmes. Though directed mainly against adult Anopheles mosquitos, residual spraying may involve some control of the larval stages. Due to the complexity of larval control, it alone has seldom been the method of choice in malaria eradication programmes except where imagicidal operations failed to produce effective results or where they were very much more expensive or impracticable. The malaria eradication programme is a gigantic undertaking involving almost two-thirds of the population of the world, mainly in remote areas of developing countries where complicated, highly technical and costly technology cannot be readily used. On the other hand, malaria control programmes aiming at the reduction of infection, may find it convenient or more economical to make more extended use of antilarval measures. Where the vectors are susceptible to residual pesticides, indoor spraying has the following advantages compared with other mosquito control measures: Simple: No complicated techniques or equipment are needed and unskilled workers are easily trained. Practicable: Can be performed effectively in most situations and under virtually all conditions where needed. Effective: Complete interruption of malaria transmission can be achieved in most cases. Low-cost: Annual and total cost is generally considerably lower than that of achieving the same goal by other methods. When total spray coverage with an effective insecticide was completed according to plan, malaria transmission has generally been interrupted within the expected period. However, there have been increasing failures due to technical factors; for example: (a) The mosquito vectors were not domestic, i.e. they did not feed and rest inside houses (exophagic and/or exophilic), or (b) They have been deterred from resting upon, or have been irritated b;y, sprayed surfaces, or (c) They have acquired physiological resistance to the insecticide used, or (d) Extradomiciliary malaria transmission has been favoured by certain aspects of human behaviour and ecology such as nomadism, outdoor sleeping, human dwellings without walls, etc. page 2 In some malarious areas of the world, difficulties of the above nature have rendered indoor spraying of available insecticides largely ineffective. The extent of such problem areas is limited but is gradually increasing, and may become much greater when large scale malaria programmes are developed in tropical Africa. The search for substitute residual insecticides is actively under way, but antilarval measures appear to offer the best potential for immediate application. DEFINITION OF ANTILARVAL OPERATIONS Antilarval operations are any measures which will prevent, reduce or eliminate the production of the aquatic stages of malaria vector species. They include: (a) Changing the environment of a breeding place to make it unsuitable for the development of mosquito larvae; (b) The use of biological agents such as larvivorous fish; (c) The conservation and efficient use of water supplies as well as the proper disposal of waste water to prevent the unnecessary creation of mosquito breeding places; (d) The use of mechanical metnods to eliminate, reduce or alter mosquito breeding places; (e) The use of chemical larvicides to kill mosquitos in their aquatic stages. THE PLACE OF ANTILARVAL OPERATIONS IN MALARIA PROG~ES To attain malaria eradication man must apply all effective methods available, and simultaneously pursue research for y~t more effective measures. The eleventh report of the Expert Committee on Malaria (WHO, 1964) (34 ) paid special attention to the increasing need for the application of additional methods of vector control in malaria eradication programmes, especially in areas where the response to residual insecticides in adult vectors is unsatisfactory, and stated that: "The present trend indicates a greater use of larval control in the near future and therefore urgent action is required". The Committee formally recommended: "That larval control be used more fully in special circumstances and that its further improvement should be studied especially in those areas that are refractory to residual spraying operations".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Backyard Mosquito Management Practices That Do Not Poison You Or the Environment by Becky Crouse
    A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET Backyard Mosquito Management Practices that do not poison you or the environment By Becky Crouse irst and foremost, let’s get a couple of things straight. (1995), pgs. 17-29). He has continually questioned the effi- Mosquito management does NOT mean dousing your- cacy of spray-based strategies against mosquitoes, conduct- Fself and your kin in your favorite DEET product and ing research for several cities in the mid-1980s. then stepping out to enjoy the local wildlife. It is not swat- ting at the suckers as they bite you. And it is not investing in Life Cycle of a Skeeter one of those full-body net suits for your next camping trip. To manage mosquitoes, you have to get rid of the situa- There are more than 2,500 different species of mosquitoes in the tions that are attracting them to your world, 150 of which occur in the U.S. property, and, if you detect any and a only small fraction of which ac- breeding activity, kill them before tually transmit disease. they become adults. That’s called Mosquitoes go through four LARVACIDE! stages in their life cycle – egg, larva, So what then do mosquitoes pupa, and adult. Eggs can be laid ei- need? Why are they finding your ther one at a time or in rafts and float backyard so darn attractive? They on the surface of the water. Culex and need suitable aquatic breeding habi- Culiseta species stick their eggs to- tats in order to complete their life gether in rafts of 200 or more, which cycle (a.k.a they need water).
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Action Plan
    MOSQUITO ACTION PLAN March 2019 1.0 PURPOSE OF THE MOSQUITO ACTION PLAN The purpose of the Mosquito Action Plan is to provide clear guidelines to City Council and City staff, and information to stakeholders regarding the various responses made to prevent and control mosquito- borne diseases. 2.0 INTRODUCTION In 2012, West Nile Virus (WNV) caused the largest outbreak in Dallas County history, with a total of 388 WNV human cases, including 18 deaths. WNV is now considered endemic in the United States and some level of WNV infection can be expected every year. Following the WNV outbreak of 2012, the Dallas County Health and Human Services (DCHHS) along with its municipal partners anticipates the need for a coordinated and proactive plan to address WNV in its communities. The City of Rowlett has contracted with DCHHS for vector control and City of Garland for health services within its City boundaries. DCHHS will work alongside the City of Rowlett to help develop strategies to protect residents from mosquito-borne illness. Both entities are committed to working together to suppress mosquito populations through mosquito surveillance and control. DCHHS will also provide assistance to the City of Rowlett with regard to response activities in the event of a vector borne disease outbreak. The City of Garland will provide investigation and notification of all occurrences of all cases of mosquito-borne illness that occur in the City of Rowlett to DCHHS Environmental Health Division. The City of Rowlett along with its partnering agencies recognizes that the main contributing factor to the success of mosquito control response measures is the effective cooperation and communication among collaborative agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Setting up a Mosquito Control Program
    SETTING UP A MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM JEROME GODDARD, Ph.D. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGIST BUREAU OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MISSISSIPPI STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P. O. BOX 1700 JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 39215-1700 601-576-7689 UPDATED JUNE 2003 PREFACE Mosquito control is undergoing major changes in Mississippi. Instead of just routinely spraying malathion or a pyrethroid out of trucks several nights weekly, mosquito control personnel are now trying to get the most control with the least amount of pesticides. This involves source reduction to eliminate mosquito breeding areas, larviciding areas of standing water, and carefully timed, strategically placed insecticides aimed at the adult mosquitoes. This booklet outlines the components of an integrated mosquito control program with emphasis on incorporating surveillance and larviciding into existing programs. General information is provided as a review of control and surveillance techniques commonly used. In addition, this booklet describes some problem mosquitoes found in Mississippi and discusses their importance as public health and pest problems. NOTE: Much of this publication was originally compiled and illustrated by the former medical entomologist with the Mississippi State Department of Health, Mr. Ed Bowles. It has been revised several times by myself and Dr. Brigid Elchos, State Public Health Veterinarian. Jerome Goddard, Ph.D. Medical Entomologist MOSQUITO CONTROL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Mosquitoes and the diseases they carry have played an important role in our history. Epidemics of mosquito-borne diseases were once common in the United States. Outbreaks of yellow fever occurred as far north as Philadelphia during the colonial period, and epidemics took many lives in New Orleans until 1905.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Strategies to Replace DDT and Control Malaria
    Environmental strategies to replace DDT and control malaria A healthy world for all. Protect humanity and the enviroment from pesticides. Promote alternatives. © Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk (PAN) e.V. Nernstweg 32, 22765 Hamburg Tel. +49 (0)40 - 3991910 - 0 E-mail: [email protected] www.pan-germany.org Hamburg, December 2009 Editor: Carina Weber Author: Vanessa Laumann Layout: Ulrike Sommer, grafik:sommer, Hamburg ISBN: 978-3-9812334-5-2 Photos front page: Mosquito: CDC/James Gathany; farmer group: van den Berg; workers: CDC; Gambusia: CDC; neem: J.M. Garg This project was supported by: The supporting institutions accept no responsibility for the correctness, accuracy or completeness of the information, or for the observance of the private rights of third parties. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the supporting institutions. Environmental strategies to replace DDT and control malaria 5 . Preface 6 . Summary 7 . S e c t i o n 1 Malaria – A deadly disease 9 . S e c t i o n 2 Parasites and vectors – Favourable conditions increase populations 11 . S e c t i o n 3 The current anti-malaria approach 13 . S e c t i o n 4 List of pesticides recommended for malaria control – A list of concern 14 . S e c t i o n 5 Non-pesticidal interventions 14 . Environmental management 16 . Biological control 19 . S e c t i o n 6 Messages from the field 19 . Malaya/Zambia Lessons from history 21 . Kenya Environmentally friendly malaria control in Malindi and Nyabondo 22 . Sri Lanka Farmer Field Schools – A case study of integrated pest and vector management 24 .
    [Show full text]
  • Common Malaria Mosquito Anopheles Quadrimaculatus Say (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Leslie M
    EENY 491 Common Malaria Mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Leslie M. Rios and C. Roxanne Connelly2 Introduction Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say is historically the most important vector of malaria in the eastern United States. Malaria was a serious plague in the United States for centuries until its final eradication in the 1950s (Rutledge et al. 2005). Despite the ostensible eradication, there are occasional cases of autochthonous (local) transmission in the U.S. vectored by An. quadrimaculatus (CDC 2003). In addition to being a vector of pathogens, An. quadri- maculatus can also be a pest species (O’Malley 1992). This species has been recognized as a complex of five sibling species (Reinert et al. 1997) and is commonly referred to as An. quadrimaculatus (sensu lato) when in a collection or identified in the field. The most common hosts are large mammals including humans. Synonymy Anopheles annulimanus Van der Wulp Figure 1. Adult female common malaria mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. (From Systematic Catalog of the Culicidae, Walter Reed Credits: Sean McCann, University of Florida Biosystematics Unit) Distribution Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes are primarily seen in eastern North America. They are found in the eastern United States, the southern range of Canada, and parts of Mexico south to Vera Cruz. The greatest abundance occurs 1. This document is EENY 491, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2009. Revised August 2015. Reviewed October 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: a Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials
    insects Review Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: A Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials Clélia F. Oliva 1,2 , Mark Q. Benedict 3, C Matilda Collins 4 , Thierry Baldet 5, Romeo Bellini 6 , Hervé Bossin 7, Jérémy Bouyer 5,8 , Vincent Corbel 9, Luca Facchinelli 10 , Florence Fouque 11, Martin Geier 12, Antonios Michaelakis 13 , David Roiz 9 , Frédéric Simard 9, Carlos Tur 14 and Louis-Clément Gouagna 9,* 1 Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Centre Opérationnel de Balandran, 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France; clelia.oliva@ctifl.fr 2 Collectif TIS (Technique de l’Insecte Stérile), 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France 3 Mosquito Hunters, 620 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA; [email protected] 4 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE, UK; [email protected] 5 ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, Ecosystèmes), Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (J.B.) 6 Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “Giorgio Nicoli”, S.r.l. Via Sant’Agata, 835, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; [email protected] 7 Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, 98713 Tahiti, French Polynesia; [email protected] 8 Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria Citation: Oliva, C.F.; Benedict, M.Q.; 9 UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), Collins, CM.; Baldet, T.; Bellini, R.; IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (V.C.); [email protected] (D.R.); Bossin, H.; Bouyer, J.; Corbel, V.; [email protected] (F.S.) Facchinelli, L.; Fouque, F.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Debate Teachers’ Notes
    The Big Debate Teachers’ notes Overview of the activity Students use the Malaria Challenge resource to research one of five different stages of the malaria lifecycle. Working in groups they will identify different intervention methods that are used to target their chosen stage and discuss the pros and cons of these methods, considering their efficiency and cost. Once familiar with their chosen stage and its related interventions, students from each group form a new “expert group”. Here each student discusses their thoughts on their stage of the malaria lifecycle and then, as a group of “experts”, discuss what are the best strategies or intervention methods that could eradicate malaria. Each group feeds back their thoughts and finds out if their conclusions are the same as professional malaria researchers. Estimated duration: 60-90 minutes If class time is limited, students can be allocated to their groups before the lesson and prepare for the activity as a homework task by accessing the Malaria Challenge resource online to gather information on their allocated life cycle stage. Running the activity To run the activity you will require: • Malaria Challenge resource • Lifecycle Stage cards • Teachers notes (one per teacher/facilitator) • Student worksheet • Expert group worksheet (one per group) • Introductory PowerPoint or video • Can malaria be eradicated? video • Group discussion guidelines Step 1: Introduction to malaria Using either the Malaria Challenge video or PowerPoint presentation provided in the resource, introduce the students to the topic of malaria. Both resources provide information covering the key points of: • what malaria is • where it is a problem • who is affected and why.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Sterile Insect Technique to Control the Population of Anopheles Gambiae James E Gentile1*, Samuel SC Rund2 and Gregory R Madey1
    Gentile et al. Malaria Journal (2015) 14:92 DOI 10.1186/s12936-015-0587-5 RESEARCH Open Access Modelling sterile insect technique to control the population of Anopheles gambiae James E Gentile1*, Samuel SC Rund2 and Gregory R Madey1 Abstract Background: There is a renewed effort to develop novel malaria control strategies as even well-implemented existing malaria control tools may fail to block transmission in some regions. Currently, transgenic implementations of the sterile insect technique (SIT) such as the release of insects with a dominant lethal, homing endonuclease genes, or flightless mosquitoes are in development. These implementations involve the release of transgenic male mosquitoes whose matings with wild females produce either no viable offspring or no female offspring. As these technologies are all in their infancy, little is known about the relative efficiencies of the various implementations. Methods: This paper describes agent-based modelling of emerging and theoretical implementations of transgenic SIT in Anopheles gambiae for the control of malaria. It reports on female suppression as it is affected by the SIT implementation, the number of released males, and competitiveness of released males. Conclusions: The simulation experiments suggest that a late-acting bisex lethal gene is the most efficient of the four implementations we simulated. They demonstrate 1) the relative impact of release size on a campaign’s effectiveness 2) late-acting genes are preferred because of their ability to exploit density dependent larval mortality 3) late-acting bisex lethal genes achieve elimination before their female-killing counterparts. Keywords: Agent-based modelling, SIT, Release of insects with a dominant lethal gene (RIDL) Introduction mass release of males sterilized through radiological or Mosquito-borne illnesses including dengue fever, lym- chemical means.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Control Then, Now, and in the Futurei
    Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 10(4):574_5g4,lg94 copyright @ 1994 by the American Mosquito control Association. Inc. MOSQUITO CONTROL THEN, NOW, AND IN THE FUTUREI MIR S. MULLA Department of Entomology, Universityof California, Riverside,CA g2S2l ABSTRACT. This is a memorial lecture honoring the late Professor Stanley B. Freeborn of the University of California. In the spirit of his life-long academicand researchintereits in mosquitoesand mosquito-bome diseases,I am presentinghere the evolution ofvector control technology,especially that pertaining to mosquitoesand mosquito-bome diseasesduring the 20th century. Vector controi technology in the first half ofthis century was relatively simple, utilizing sourcereduction, larvivorous fish, petroleum hydrocarbon oils, and some simple synthetic and botanical materials. During the 2nd half of this century, however, various classesof synthetic organic chemicals, improved petroleum oil formulations, insect growth regulators,synthetic pyrethroids, and microbial control agentswere developedand employed in mosquito control and control ofother disease-vectoringinsects. Among thesegroups ofcontrol agents, petroleum oil formulations have endured to be usedthrough the whole century. It is likely that petroleum oil formulations, insect growth regulators, and microbial control agents will provide the main thrust againstvectors at least during the first quarter ofthe 2lst century. It is also possiblethat effectivetools through the development of vaccinesand molecular entomology techniquesmight become available for the control ofvectors and vector-borne diseasesduring this period ofthe 2lst century. INTRODUCTION or most of his professionalaccomplishments but instead will focus It is indeed my distinct pleasureto deliver this attention on his contributions to our knowledgeof mosquitoes memorial lecture, honoring the late Professor and their control and his role as teacher researcher.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Management: Turnkey Solutions and Responsible Control
    Emergency Response Broox Boze, Ph.D. Mosquito Management Director of Research Turnkey Solutions and Kelsey Renfro Responsible Control Lab Manager November 6th, 2019 2019 Hurricane Season • fd Is your community prepared? Chemical Spills Downed• Powerfd Lines Flooding Hazardous Waste Drinking Water Mosquitoes Outline What __% does mosquito management play in your job role? MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EMERGENCY RESPONSE History, Capacity and Foundations Surveillance and Control Natural Disasters + Disease Outbreak History: Anti‐Mosquito Movement Late 19th Century – Discovery of Mosquitoes as Disease Vectors • Patrick Manson (filariasis) • Carlos Finlay (yellow fever) • Roland Ross (malaria) • Giovanni Grassi (malaria) • The Reed Commission (yellow fever) • Harris Graham (dengue) 20th Century to Present Day – American Anti‐Mosquito Movement • 1900 ‐ 1942 Mechanical Era • 1942 ‐ 1972 Chemical Era • 1972 –Present IPM Era History: American Anti‐Mosquito Movement Mechanical Era 1900 – 1942 1st Abatement Districts Mosquito Control Integral Malaria WWII 1912 ‐ 1915 Great Depression 125,500+ cases of malaria in the U.S. NJ, CA, FL, UT, and IL • Federal Emergency Relief with 1,000s of Army troops dying Administration (FERA) 1st Aerial Applications • Civilian Works 1925 ‐ Larvicide against Administration (CWA) anopheline mosquitoes • Creates 120K+ Jobs First mosquito control districts in Florida were formed in Indian River and St. Lucie counties History: American Anti‐Mosquito Movement Chemical Era 1942 – 1972 DDT Arrival US Department of Defense National Malaria Eradication 1943 Approved pesticide 1946 Air Force Aerial Spray Program Unit (AFASU) 1947 Cooperative of 13 States • Success against • Highlighting need for • Removal of habitat, ditching malaria in Mexico public health and • 4.6M+ homes treated, IRS • Crop dusters modified humanitarian aid • Consistent aerial application for mosquito control applications • Eliminated malaria by 1951 in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Control Methods for African Malaria Vectors
    Activity Report 108 A Review of Control Methods for African Malaria Vectors by Kathleen Walker, Ph.D. April 2002 Prepared for the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, under EHP Project 26568/CESH.OPR.MAL.LIT Environmental Health Project Contract HRN-I-00-99-00011-00 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20523 Contents About the Author ...........................................................................................................v Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. vii Foreword...................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.1. Purpose and Scope .......................................................................................1 1.2. Background..................................................................................................2 2. Technical Review of Vector Control Techniques....................................................5 2.1. Environmental Management of Malaria Vectors.........................................5 2.2. Larviciding—Biological and Chemical Methods ......................................12 2.3. Chemical Control
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Controlling Strategies of Mosquito
    REGULAR ISSUE ARTICLE CHALLENGES AND CONTROLLING STRATEGIES OF MOSQUITO Nikita Nagpal1, Kapila Kumar1, Nilanjan Das2* 1Department of Biotechnology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, INDIA 2Accendere, CL Educate Ltd., New Delhi, INDIA ABSTRACT In recent era, mosquito-borne deadly diseases are accounting approximately about 17% of all the infectious diseases. Although Malaria is the principal focus of the scientists, other deadly diseases like dengue and chikungunya are endemic in many developing countries. Though, synthetic mosquito repellents are controlling the mosquito population but they possess a lot of disadvantages to pregnant women and children. Thus, the focus has been shifted towards plant based repellents and plant derived essential oils which show efficacy with no side- effects. Research is also going on focusing the development of an anti-parasite vaccine. To this end, though, there is no licensed vaccine at present but a lot of progress is seen in this field recently. Another area of research has been focused on sterile insect techniques and transgenic mosquitoes in order to suppress the whole disease spreading female vector population. The progress in the field of molecular biology has facilitated greatly to disrupt and exploit the mosquito’s life cycle. This review highlights all the approaches investigated to control mosquito-borne diseases with a fair discussion on challenges faced in this regard. INTRODUCTION In this highly socialized and globalized world, Mosquito borne diseases are one of the major causes of KEY WORDS deaths every year. Mosquito-borne diseases account for about 17% of all the infectious diseases, causing Mosquito-borne more than 1 million deaths annually [1, 2, 3].
    [Show full text]