DOCSLIB.ORG

The Technological and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Technological and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP) Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2017 The echnologT ical and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP) Steven Thomas Goldstein Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Goldstein, Steven Thomas, "The eT chnological and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP)" (2017). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1104. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1104 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN SAINT LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Fiona Marshall, Chair Stanley H. Ambrose Stanton Braude Michael D. Frachetti Gayle J. Fritz Tristram R. Kidder The Technological and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP). by Steven Thomas Goldstein A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2017 St. Louis, Missouri © 2017, Steven Thomas Goldstein TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………...…viii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………….....xvi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………..………xii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………xv 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Ethnographic and archaeological perspectives on African pastoralism .............................. 8 2.1 Major questions ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 The spread of mobile pastoralism in eastern Africa .............................................................. 9 2.2.1 Early Holocene origins ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Mid-Holocene dispersals .............................................................................................. 13 2.2.3 “Nderit” pastoralism in the northern Kenya (c. 5000-4000 BP) .................................. 16 2.2.4 End of the NEP networks? (c. 4000 BP) ...................................................................... 19 2.3 The spread of pastoralism in southern Kenya ..................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Hunter-gatherers in southern Kenya prior to pastoralism ............................................ 20 2.3.2 The initial spread of herding and hunter-gatherer interactions ..................................... 23 2.3.3 Climatic variability ....................................................................................................... 24 2.3.4 The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) ......................................................................... 25 2.4 The Elmenteitan tradition of the Pastoral Neolithic ............................................................ 30 2.4.1 Origins and comparison to the SPN ............................................................................. 30 2.4.2 Elmenteitan chronology and subsistence ...................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Settlement patterns ....................................................................................................... 36 2.4.4 Interactions with hunter-gatherers ................................................................................ 38 2.4.5 Evidence for obsidian exchange ................................................................................... 40 2.5 Elmenteitan “Technological Organization” ........................................................................ 43 2.5.1 Elmenteitan tool production ......................................................................................... 43 2.5.2 Elmenteitan core technology ........................................................................................ 44 2.6 Conceptual Framework for African Pastoralism ................................................................. 46 2.6.1 Social and Economic Definitions of Mobile Pastoralism ............................................. 46 2.6.2 Pastoral Ecology and Mobility ..................................................................................... 48 2.6.3 Defining “networks”: exchange and alliance ............................................................... 51 2.6.4 Social structures of exchange ....................................................................................... 54 ii 2.6.5 Archaeological perspectives on pastoralist exchange .................................................. 57 2.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 59 3. Approaches to the study: Lithic technology, learning, and exchange ................................ 61 3.1 Technological Organization ................................................................................................ 61 3.1.1 Curation and expediency .............................................................................................. 63 3.1.2 Core Technology .......................................................................................................... 66 3.2 Quarry Archaeology ............................................................................................................ 69 3.2.1 Interpretating lithic patterns at quarry sites .................................................................. 69 3.2.2 Challenges and opportunities........................................................................................ 72 3.3 Archaeologies of exchange ................................................................................................. 73 3.3.1 Motivations for obsidian exchange............................................................................... 74 3.4 Exchange, identity, and social boundaries .......................................................................... 77 3.5 Archaeologies of learning ................................................................................................... 79 3.5.1 Practice theory and learning ......................................................................................... 79 3.5.2 “Communities of Practice” (CoP) ................................................................................ 81 3.6 Measuring skill in lithic assemblages.................................................................................. 82 3.6.1 Operational sequences .................................................................................................. 83 3.6.2 Core preparation and reduction .................................................................................... 84 3.6.3 Implications of lithic learning at the Elmenteitan Obsidian Quarry ............................. 85 3.7 Research questions .............................................................................................................. 87 3.8 Archaeological expectations ............................................................................................... 88 4. Study area and research site .................................................................................................. 95 4.1 East African environments and ecologies ........................................................................... 95 4.2 Mount Eburru ...................................................................................................................... 97 4.2.1 Geology and ecology .................................................................................................... 97 4.2.2 Prehistoric land-use ...................................................................................................... 98 4.2.3 Historic land-use and implications for prehistory ...................................................... 100 4.2.4 Previous research ........................................................................................................ 101 4.3 The Elmenteitan Obsidian Quarry (GsJj50): Site location and approach ......................... 102 5. Materials and methods ......................................................................................................... 106 5.1 Surveys .............................................................................................................................. 106 5.1.1 Survey design and strategy ......................................................................................... 106 iii 5.1.2 Mount Eburru surveys ................................................................................................ 108 5.1.3 Site survey and mapping............................................................................................. 109 5.2 Archaeological excavations..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • At Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya
    NYAME AKUMA No. 36, December 1991 Acknowledgements dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. The author wishes to thank Mr. Steven Rusina Mathai for the many technical hours Sutton, J. E. G. that he put in chemical preparation of the samples, extraction and mounting of pollen 1987 Hyrax Hill and the Sirikwa. hnia22: slides, and microscopic examination and identification of specimens. Invaluable discussions with Dr. Joseph M. Maitima (Head, Museum Palynology Department) and Dr. John E. G. Sutton (Director, British Institute) are highly appreciated. Access to Harpoon Evolution on the comparative pollen collections, laboratory Spit (GaJil2) at Koobi Fora, space and equipment at the National Lake Turkana, Kenya Museums Palynology Department was permitted by the Associate Director for Biological Resources, Prof. Steven Njuguna. Charles M. Nelson I heartily thank Dr. Chris P. Koch for Licensing Product Times commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. Stoneham, MA, U.S.A. References Several small archaeological mences Hamilton, A. C have been eroding from the beach on the 1982 Environmental History of East Africn: A south side of Koobi Fora Spit, revealing a Study of the Quaternary. London: stratigraphic succession of occupations Academic Press. during periods when Lake Turkana fell to about its present level. These occurrences Kyule, D. M. demonstrate that harpoons were used 1991a 1990 Excavations at the site of Hyrax extensively during periods of low water and Hill, Nakuru, Kenya. Kenya Past and that there is continuous use and stylistic Plsnrt 23: -53. development of harpoon technology well into Iron Age times. 1991b Economy and Subsistence of Iron Age Sirikwa Culture at Hyrax Hill, Na)ruru.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes Kenya’S Ewaso Ecosystem
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 632 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press AConserving Chronology Wildlife of Middlein African Missouri Landscapes Plains Kenya’sVillage Ewaso SitesEcosystem Edited by NicholasBy Craig J. M. Georgiadis Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Stone and Hunting of Reindeer
    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER By Lena Holm O m University of Umeå ° Ai. ^ Department of Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 Distribution: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Lena Holm THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER A Study of Stone Tool Manufacture and Hunting of Large Mammals in the Central Scandes c. 6 000 - 1 BC. Akademisk avhandling, som för avläggande av filosofie doktors­ examen vid universitetet i Umeå kommer att offentligt för­ svaras i hörsal F, Humanisthuset, Umeå universitet, fredagen den 31 januari 1992 klockan 10.00. Abstract The thesis raises questions concerning prehistoric conditions in a high mountain region in central Scandinavia; it focuses on the human use of stone and on hunting principally of reindeer. An analysis of how the stone material was utilized and an approach to how large mammals were hunt­ ed result in a synthesis describing one interpretation of how the vast landscape of a region in the central Scandinavian high mountains was used. With this major aim as a base questions were posed concerning the human use of stone resources and possible changes in this use. Preconditions for the occurrence of large mammals as game animals and for hunting are also highlighted. A general perspective is the long time period over which possible changes in the use of stone and hunting of big game, encompassing the Late Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and to a certain extent the Early Iron Age. Considering the manufacture of flaked stone tools, debitage in the form of flakes from a dwelling, constitute the base where procurement and technology are essential.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracker June/July 2014
    KENYA MUSEUM SOCIETY Tracker June/July 2014 Joy Adamson Exhibition Photo by Ebrahim Mwangi, NMK AV Dept Kenya Museum Society P.O. Box 40658 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] www.kenyamuseumsociety.org Tel: 3743808/2339158 (Direct) kenyamuseumsociety Tel: 8164134/5/6 ext 2311 Cell: 0724255299 @museumsociety DRY ASSOCIATES LTD Investment Group Offering you a rainbow of opportunities ... Wealth Management Since 1994 Dry Associates House Brookside Grove, Westlands, Nairobi Tel: +254 (20) 445-0520/1 +254 (20) 234-9651 Mobile(s): 0705799971/0705849429/ 0738253811 June/July 2014 Tracker www.dryassociates.com2 NEWS FROM NMK Joy Adamson Exhibition New at Nairobi National Museum he historic collections of Joy Adamson’s portraits of the peoples of Kenya as well as her botanical and wildlife paintings are once again on view at the TNairobi National Museum. This exhibi- tion includes 50 of Joy’s intriguing portraits and her beautiful botanicals and wildlifeThe exhibition,illustrations funded that are by complementedKMS was officially by related opened objects on May from 19. the muse- um’sVisit ethnographic the KMS shop and where scientific cards collections. featuring some of the portraits are available as is the book, Peoples of Kenya; KMS members are entitled to a 5 per cent dis- count on books. The museum is open seven days a week from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm. Joy Adamson Exhibition Photo by Ebrahim Mwangi, NMK AV Dept June/July 2014 Tracker 3 KMS EASTER SAFARI 18Tsavo - 21 APRIL West 2014 National Park By James Reynolds he Kenya Museum Society's Easter trip saw organiser Narinder Heyer Ta simple but tasty snack in Makindu's Sikh temple, the group entered lead a group of 21 people in 7 vehicles to Tsavo West National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Gifts and Commodities (Second Edition)
    GIFTS AND COMMODITIES Hau BOOKS Executive Editor Giovanni da Col Managing Editor Sean M. Dowdy Editorial Board Anne-Christine Taylor Carlos Fausto Danilyn Rutherford Ilana Gershon Jason Throop Joel Robbins Jonathan Parry Michael Lempert Stephan Palmié www.haubooks.com GIFTS AND COMMODITIES (SECOND EditIon) C. A. Gregory Foreword by Marilyn Strathern New Preface by the Author Hau Books Chicago © 2015 by C. A. Gregory and Hau Books. First Edition © 1982 Academic Press, London. All rights reserved. Cover and layout design: Sheehan Moore Typesetting: Prepress Plus (www.prepressplus.in) ISBN: 978-0-9905050-1-3 LCCN: 2014953483 Hau Books Chicago Distribution Center 11030 S. Langley Chicago, IL 60628 www.haubooks.com Hau Books is marketed and distributed by The University of Chicago Press. www.press.uchicago.edu Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. For Judy, Polly, and Melanie. Contents Foreword by Marilyn Strathern xi Preface to the first edition xv Preface to the second edition xix Acknowledgments liii Introduction lv PART ONE: CONCEPTS I. THE COmpETING THEOriES 3 Political economy 3 The theory of commodities 3 The theory of gifts 9 Economics 19 The theory of modern goods 19 The theory of traditional goods 22 II. A framEWORK OF ANALYSIS 25 The general relation of production to consumption, distribution, and exchange 26 Marx and Lévi-Strauss on reproduction 26 A simple illustrative example 30 The definition of particular economies 32 viii GIFTS AND COMMODITIES III.FTS GI AND COMMODITIES: CIRCULATION 39 The direct exchange of things 40 The social status of transactors 40 The social status of objects 41 The spatial aspect of exchange 44 The temporal dimension of exchange 46 Value and rank 46 The motivation of transactors 50 The circulation of things 55 Velocity of circulation 55 Roads of gift-debt 57 Production and destruction 59 The circulation of people 62 Work-commodities 62 Work-gifts 62 Women-gifts 63 Classificatory kinship terms and prices 68 Circulation and distribution 69 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • A Conversation with Dance History: Movement And
    A CONVERSATION WITH DANCE HISTORY: MOVEMENT AND MEANING IN THE CULTURAL BODY A Dissertation Submitted to The Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Seónagh Odhiambo January, 2009 © by Seónagh Odhiambo 2009 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT A Conversation with Dance History: Movement and Meaning in the Cultural Body Seónagh Odhiambo Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2009 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Kariamu Welsh This study regards the problem of a binary in dance discursive practices, seen in how “world dance” is separated from European concert dance. A close look at 1930s Kenya Luo women’s dance in the context of “dance history” raises questions about which dances matter, who counts as a dancer, and how dance is defined. When discursive practices are considered in light of multicultural demographic trends and globalisation the problem points toward a crisis of reason in western discourse about how historical origins and “the body” have been theorised: within a western philosophical tradition the body and experience are negated as a basis for theorising. Therefore, historical models and theories about race and gender often relate binary thinking whereby the body is theorised as text and history is understood as a linear narrative. An alternative theoretical model is established wherein dancers’ processes of embodying historical meaning provide one of five bases through which to theorise. The central research questions this study poses and attempts to answer are: how can I illuminate a view of dance that is transhistorical and transnational? How can I write about 1930s Luo women in a way that does not create a case study to exist outside of dance history? Research methods challenge historical materialist frameworks for discussions of the body and suggest insight can be gained into how historical narratives operate with coercive power—both in past and present—by examining how meaning is conceptualised and experienced.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Ground and Polished Stone Axes of East Africa
    NOTES ON THE GROUND AND POLISHED STONE AXES OF EAST AFRICA. By MARY D. LEAKEY. During the last thirty years, a number of polished stone. axes have been discovered in East Africa. The majority of these have been chance finds made by farmers in the course of plough• ing or other agricultural activities, with the result that little reliable evidence has been recorded concerning associated mate• rial or stratigraphy. In spite of this regrettable lack of data, the five types of axe represented among the 22 complete specimens known to exist appear to be sufficiently interesting and their occurrence in Kenya and Tanganyika, of sufficient importance to merit a short description. Since the term "neolithic" is frequently applied to ground and polished stone implements and since it is permissible to assume for the present that the East African axes belong to this cultural phase, it may not be out of place to summarise the bases on which the term is applied in the area under review. It seems that for the greater part of Africa, excluding the Egyptian field, the characteristics of the neolithic stage in cultural development are generally recognised as being somewhat different to those understood for Europe. There, the combination of agriculture, the domestication of stock, pottery and the grinding and polishing of stone implements are usually considered essential criteria and are frequently found together in the same context. In East Africa, on the other hand, where our knowledge is still extremely scanty, although two or more of the above features may be present, all four have not hitherto been discovered in association.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°85 Nairobi/Brussels, 25 January 2012 Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation tant government positions. The coalition government has I. OVERVIEW created a ministry to spearhead development in the region. A modest affirmative action policy is opening opportuni- Somalia’s growing Islamist radicalism is spilling over in- ties in higher education and state employment. To most to Kenya. The militant Al-Shabaab movement has built a Somalis this is improvement, if halting, over past neglect. cross-border presence and a clandestine support network But the deployment of troops to Somalia may jeopardise among Muslim populations in the north east and Nairobi much of this modest progress. Al-Shabaab or sympathisers and on the coast, and is trying to radicalise and recruit have launched small but deadly attacks against government youth from these communities, often capitalising on long- and civilian targets in the province; there is credible fear a standing grievances against the central state. This prob- larger terror attack may be tried elsewhere to undermine lem could grow more severe with the October 2011 deci- Kenyan resolve and trigger a security crackdown that could sion by the Kenyan government to intervene directly in drive more Somalis, and perhaps other Muslims, into the Somalia. Radicalisation is a grave threat to Kenya’s securi- movement’s arms. Accordingly, the government should: ty and stability. Formulating and executing sound counter- radicalisation and de-radicalisation policies before it is too recognise that a blanket or draconian crackdown on late must be a priority. It would be a profound mistake, Kenyan Somalis, or Kenyan Muslims in general, would however, to view the challenge solely through a counter- radicalise more individuals and add to the threat of terrorism lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Turkana and the Lower Omo the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Account for 50% of Kenya’S Livestock Production (Snyder, 2006)
    Lake Turkana & the Lower Omo: Hydrological Impacts of Major Dam & Irrigation Development REPORT African Studies Centre Sean Avery (BSc., PhD., C.Eng., C. Env.) © Antonella865 | Dreamstime © Antonella865 Consultant’s email: [email protected] Web: www.watres.com LAKE TURKANA & THE LOWER OMO: HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF MAJOR DAM & IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENTS CONTENTS – VOLUME I REPORT Chapter Description Page EXECUTIVE(SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................1! 1! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12! 1.1! THE(CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 12! 1.2! THE(ASSIGNMENT .................................................................................................................................. 14! 1.3! METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................... 15! 2! DEVELOPMENT(PLANNING(IN(THE(OMO(BASIN ......................................................................... 18! 2.1! INTRODUCTION(AND(SUMMARY(OVERVIEW(OF(FINDINGS................................................................... 18! 2.2! OMO?GIBE(BASIN(MASTER(PLAN(STUDY,(DECEMBER(1996..............................................................19! 2.2.1! OMO'GIBE!BASIN!MASTER!PLAN!'!TERMS!OF!REFERENCE...........................................................................19!
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°85 Nairobi/Brussels, 25 January 2012 Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation tant government positions. The coalition government has I. OVERVIEW created a ministry to spearhead development in the region. A modest affirmative action policy is opening opportuni- Somalia’s growing Islamist radicalism is spilling over in- ties in higher education and state employment. To most to Kenya. The militant Al-Shabaab movement has built a Somalis this is improvement, if halting, over past neglect. cross-border presence and a clandestine support network But the deployment of troops to Somalia may jeopardise among Muslim populations in the north east and Nairobi much of this modest progress. Al-Shabaab or sympathisers and on the coast, and is trying to radicalise and recruit have launched small but deadly attacks against government youth from these communities, often capitalising on long- and civilian targets in the province; there is credible fear a standing grievances against the central state. This prob- larger terror attack may be tried elsewhere to undermine lem could grow more severe with the October 2011 deci- Kenyan resolve and trigger a security crackdown that could sion by the Kenyan government to intervene directly in drive more Somalis, and perhaps other Muslims, into the Somalia. Radicalisation is a grave threat to Kenya’s securi- movement’s arms. Accordingly, the government should: ty and stability. Formulating and executing sound counter- radicalisation and de-radicalisation policies before it is too recognise that a blanket or draconian crackdown on late must be a priority. It would be a profound mistake, Kenyan Somalis, or Kenyan Muslims in general, would however, to view the challenge solely through a counter- radicalise more individuals and add to the threat of terrorism lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
    Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA)
    Journal of Popular Education in Africa, Vol. 1, No 3, December 2017 ISSN 2523-2800 Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) ISSN 2523-2800 (online) Volume 1, Number 3, December 2017 1 Journal of Popular Education in Africa, Vol. 1, No 3, December 2017 ISSN 2523-2800 Editorial Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) (ISSN 2523-2800) is a professional publication of the African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, Kenya, published monthly. It is an interdisciplinary journal whose major focus is on issues which are central to the development of Africa and the entire world. Its principal objective is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas among scholars from a wide range of intellectual persuasions and diverse disciplines, working on Africa and the world as a whole. The journal also encourages other contributors working on other parts of the globe or those undertaking comparative analysis of Africa and other parts of the world to contribute. Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) welcomes contributions which cut across disciplinary boundaries. We accept and publish articles from all disciplines after rigorous peer review process. Articles with a narrow focus and incomprehensible to people outside their discipline are unlikely to be accepted. The journal welcomes articles and other academic communications from scholars in Africa and elsewhere regarding issues touching on Africa directly and indirectly. The Journal exists in the first instance to promote the extension of research and knowledge on Africa. Contributions must be in English only. Editorial correspondence and manuscripts should be sent to: Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA) Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA) ch on the Education of Adults (ASREA) SREA) P.O.
    [Show full text]