Sandra Bem Gender Schema
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Understanding Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Clients
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Graduate Research Papers Student Work 2008 Understanding gender stereotypes and their impact on clients Stacey Hurt University of Northern Iowa Copyright ©2008 Stacey Hurt Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp Part of the Counseling Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Hurt, Stacey, "Understanding gender stereotypes and their impact on clients" (2008). Graduate Research Papers. 871. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/871 This Open Access Graduate Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Research Papers by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding gender stereotypes and their impact on clients Abstract Gender stereotyping has a complex and enduring history in our society, and it is an underlying factor in many issues – clients bring to counseling, including – among other things-women's and men's experience of depression (Nugent & Jones, 2005). A complicating aspect of gender stereotyping is that both males and females in our culture have been socially conditioned to fulfill many of the stereotypes imposed on them, and following stereotypical gender roles excessively can be harmful to their mental health, self- image, and interpersonal relationships (Nugent & Jones). Counselors can use gender-role analysis and other interventions to help clients gain insight into the gender role messages and stereotypes they have grown up with and challenge these messages (Corey, 2005). -
The Relationship of Gender and Perceived Sex Role Identity to the Leadership Style, Range, and Adaptability of Selected Graduate
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF James Keith Wall for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education presented on May 20, 1982 Title: The Relationship of Gender and Perceived Sex Role Identity to the Leadership Style, Range, and Adaptability of Selected Graduate Students Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy Dr. Charles Stamps This study examined the relationship and strength of association of the two independent variables of gender (male, female) and per- ceived sex role identity (masculine, androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated) on the leadership style, leadership range (number of back-up styles), and leadership adaptability (effectiveness) of non- foreign graduate students at a Land Grant Institution. A sex role scale (The Personal Attribute Questionnaire) and a leadership scale (The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Descrip- tion) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 (350 males, 350 females) graduate students. Usable responses were obtained from 65 percent (455) of the subjects. Chi-square, Cramer's V, and lambda analyses were performed on the categorical data. A significant relationship (.05 level) and low strength of association was found between males and females and their selection of a primary leadership style and their leadership range or the number of support styles. Males tended to select an instrumental (task oriented) and females an expressive (relationship oriented) primary style and males in this study tended to utilizea broader range of back-up or support styles. No significant difference or strength of relationship was found between gender and effective- ness. In terms of perceived sex role identity alone, no significant difference or strength of relationship was found in leadership style, range, or effectiveness. -
Gender, Racial, Ethnic, Sexual, and Class Identities
FRABIDENTAnnu. Rev.LEITIES Psychol. 1997. 48:139–62 Copyright © 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved GENDER, RACIAL, ETHNIC, SEXUAL, AND CLASS IDENTITIES Deborrah E. S. Frable Women’s Studies Program, University of Michigan, 234 West Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 KEY WORDS: gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, class, multiple social identities ABSTRACT Identity is the individual’s psychological relationship to particular social cate- gory systems. This chapter summarizes how people create and negotiate their gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Theories, methods, and priorities in each of these content areas differ. However, each systematically excludes particular research participants and thus ignores the complexity of people’s multiple social identities. Research suggests that gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities are fluid, multidimensional, personalized social constructions that reflect the individual’s current context and sociohistorical cohort. However, far too little empirical work captures the richly textured, theoretical conceptions of identity development, maintenance, and change. Innovative methods for assessing the content and structure of people’s identities now exist. Future research should include groups other than young children or college students; should explore functions of identity other than just self-esteem, adjustment, or well-being; and should implement methodologies that are longi- tudinal and that assess people’s many social identities. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1997.48:139-162. -
Women's Lived Experiences with Benevolent Sexism
Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences Counseling and Psychology Dissertations (GSASS) Spring 1-15-2021 WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES WITH BENEVOLENT SEXISM Sarah Schwerdel MA, LMHC Lesley University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/counseling_dissertations Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Schwerdel, Sarah MA, LMHC, "WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES WITH BENEVOLENT SEXISM" (2021). Counseling and Psychology Dissertations. 7. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/counseling_dissertations/7 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences (GSASS) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Counseling and Psychology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. WOMEN’S LIVED EXPERIENCES WITH BENEVOLENT SEXISM A Dissertation submitted by Sarah A. Schwerdel In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lesley University December 2020 © 2020 Sarah A. Schwerdel All rights reserved. WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES iii Dissertation Final Approval Form Division of Counseling and Psychology Lesley University This dissertation, titled: WOMEN’S LIVED EXPERIENCES WITH BENEVOLENT SEXISM as submitted for final approval by Sarah Schwerdel under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee listed below. It was submitted to the Counseling and Psychology Division and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree at Lesley University. Approved: Sue L. Motulsky, Ed.D. Diana Direiter, Ph.D. Jo Ann Gammel, Ph.D. ______ Susan H. -
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) for a Swedish Research Context (BSRI-SE)
Exploring the meaning of gender: Evaluating and revising the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) for a Swedish research context (BSRI-SE) Roland S. Persson INSIKT 1999:1 Vetenskapliga rapporter från HLK Abstract This research evaluates the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) for use in a Swedish setting, and in the process of so doing also compares the distribution of American and Swedish gender roles as elicited by the inventory. A sample of 118 individuals (48 males and 70 females) was used in order to arrive at norms better suited to a Swedish context than those provided by Bem (1974). Reliability and factor analyses were performed and a revised version of the inventory, with acceptable psychometric properties for the Swedish sample, was arrived at and termed BSRI-SE. Comparisons between the original American and the Swedish sample show that differences in the way that femininity, masculinity, androgyny and undifferentiated gender are distributed are not statistically significant. Raw score data for the BSRI-SE, as well as the scoring sheet, are provided for continued standardisation of the inventory. Methods for classification and further research are discussed. ____________________________________________________________ Field of study: Social psychology Keywords: Gender, Androgyny, Masculinity, Femininity, Psychological Measurement, Cross-cultural comparisons, Identity, Differentiation, Personality. 2 Index Introduction, 4 The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), 8 The BSRI in a Swedish context, 17 The nature of the Swedish sample, 17 Reliability of the inventory scales, 20 Procedure for classification and standardisation, 27 The median split method, 28 The M-F Difference score, 29 Are Swedes masculine, feminine or androgynous? 32 Sex-typing in the sample subgroups, 35 Concluding remarks, 36 References, 40 Appendices I Test sheet for the BSRI-SE II Raw scores of the Swedish sample 3 Introduction Few issues in recent years have been subject to so much debate, research, exploitation and politics as have gender roles, their meaning and social impact. -
The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Transgender Congruence Scale
THE DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE TRANSGENDER CONGRUENCE SCALE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Holly B. Kozee, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Nancy E. Betz, Advisor Tracy L. Tylka _________________________________ Pamela S. Highlen Advisor Graduate Program in Psychology ii ABSTRACT The present study proposed that the concept of congruence (Rogers, 1959) could be useful way to conceptualize the process of transitioning in the transgender population. Congruence, as it is related to transgender persons, is defined as the degree to which a transgender individual feels that their gender identity, physical appearance and social status match with each other. When a transgender individual has attained an optimal level of congruence, the psychic distress that they previously experienced due to their gender identity, sometimes called gender dysphoria, is dampened. A scale called the Transgender Congruence Scale was constructed to measure the construct of congruence in the transgender population. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale possesses three factors: appearance congruence, body comfort and gender identity pride. Evidence of the internal consistency reliability, construct validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the scale’s scores was garnered. ii Dedicated to Binx iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Tylka, for being an amazing mentor, both personally and professionally and for always providing me with the support that I’ve needed. I would also like to thank for my amazing faculty, Dr. Betz, Dr. Highlen and Dr. -
Masculine Defaults: Identifying and Mitigating Hidden Cultural Biases
Psychological Review © 2020 American Psychological Association 2020, Vol. 127, No. 6, 1022–1052 ISSN: 0033-295X http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rev0000209 Masculine Defaults: Identifying and Mitigating Hidden Cultural Biases Sapna Cheryan Hazel Rose Markus University of Washington Stanford University Understanding and remedying women’s underrepresentation in majority-male fields and occupations require the recognition of a lesser-known form of cultural bias called masculine defaults. Masculine defaults exist when aspects of a culture value, reward, or regard as standard, normal, neutral, or necessary characteristics or behaviors associated with the male gender role. Although feminist theorists have previously described and analyzed masculine defaults (e.g., Bem, 1984; de Beauvoir, 1953; Gilligan, 1982; Warren, 1977), here we define masculine defaults in more detail, distinguish them from more well-researched forms of bias, and describe how they contribute to women’s underrepresentation. We additionally discuss how to counteract masculine defaults and possible challenges to addressing them. Efforts to increase women’s participation in majority-male departments and companies would benefit from identifying and counteracting masculine defaults on multiple levels of organizational culture (i.e., ideas, institutional policies, interactions, individuals). Keywords: masculine, default, bias, culture, gender Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rev0000209.supp While organizations were being defined as sex-neutral machines, kova, Spell, Perry, & Jehn, 2016). They have anonymized resumes to masculine principles were dominating their authority structures. make hiring managers blind to gender (Joseph, 2016) and incorpo- —Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1975,p.46) rated clear criteria into their promotions processes (Stamarski & Son Men in power . have used their position of public power to create Hing, 2015). -
Gender Polarization in (Pseudo) Scientific Discourse
108 “WHAT WOMEN LIKE AND WHAT MEN SEEK”: GENDER POLARIZATION IN (PSEUDO) SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSES Leonardo da Silva Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Débora de Carvalho Figueiredo Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ABSTRACT: This study, inserted in the field of Language and Gender, investigates the reproduction of gender polarization in (pseudo) scientific discourse. In order to do so, we first analyzed a workshop proposal for a research event at a renowned higher education institution in Brazil entitled “What women like and what men seek: the neurobehavioral basis of passion”. In order to have a more contextualized understanding of such workshop, we also looked into the curriculum of the researcher who proposed it (which is available in the Brazilian Lattes platform) as well as a personal blog in which he writes about relationships and his views on related issues. Departing from an analysis grounded on theories of Language and Gender (FAIRCLOUGH, 1995, 2003; CAMERON, 1998; WODAK, 1997), our purpose is to problematize the ways in which scientific discourse may function so as to reinforce gender binarism and gender stereotypes. Indeed, it is possible to conclude that the texts not only reproduce gender polarization but also seem to work to maintain the heterosexual market (BING; BERGVALL, 1996). Moreover, the problem of gender polarization in scientific discourses seems to be related to another kind of binarism: the division between hard sciences and soft sciences. KEYWORDS: gender polarization, scientific discourse, heterosexual market. 109 RESUMO: Este trabalho, inserido no campo de estudos de Linguagem e Gênero, investiga a reprodução da polarização de gênero em discursos (pseudo) científicos. -
Nancy Finney Gender Lenses: Language and Play People Have
Nancy Finney Gender Lenses: Language and Play People have always understood that men and women are different, but it is often left to the imagination to explain the reasons why. It is proposed in The Lenses of Gender, by Sandra Lipsitz Bem, that the reason we always assume that men and women are different is because of the lenses through which we view gender. In many situations, some that are not usually dissected, these lenses are used to perceive the world and the people in it. Two particular examples that will be used to illustrate these lenses are the language and conversational styles of men and women, and children’s activities and demeanor in playground situations. Bem presents three separate lenses in her book: biological essentialism, androcentrism, and gender polarization. These three lenses can be used individually, but work together to completely understand the reason men and women are viewed so differently. Biological essentialism “rationalizes and legitimizes androcentrism and gender polarization by treating them as the natural and inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of women and men.” (2) This lens is the culmination of scientific facts (evolution, biology, hormones, fertility, etc.) and is used to explain the differences especially physically. Androcentrism is “male-centeredness… a definition of males and male experience as a neutral standard or norm, and females and female experience as a sex-specific deviation from that norm.” (2) This lens is based on the fact that all things are based off the male experience and that the male experience is the one that is normal. -
Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts
Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 6-1-2013 Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts Ashley A. Ward Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ward, Ashley A., "Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts" (2013). University Honors Theses. Paper 34. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.36 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Running head: GENDER ASCHEMATICITY AND ASSESSING GENDER CONCEPTS 1 Use of Gender Aschematicity in the Reassessment of Gender Concepts by Ashley A. Ward An undergraduate honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in University Honors and Psychology Thesis Adviser Linda Gallahan Portland State University 2013 GENDER ASCHEMATICITY AND ASSESSING GENDER CONCEPTS 2 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to reevaluate the binary constructs of sex and gender; and the biological and social influence these constructs have on males, females, and non-normative individuals. Throughout this examination, biological, specifically chromosomal and anatomical, differences between sexes will help foster a definition of sex. Psychological theories will then be examined, calculating the psychological and social factors surrounding gender. A reevaluation of gender constructs will shed light on previously held misconceptions about gender and help lay groundwork for non-normative gender acceptance in the future. -
PAA 2015 Abstract Submit
ABSTRACT PREPARED FOR PAA 2015 PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION GENDER GRADATIONS: MEASURING SEX AND GENDER DIVERSITY IN SURVEYS Aliya Saperstein, Stanford University Laurel Westbrook, Grand Valley State University Devon Magliozzi, Stanford University Concerns about existing sex and gender categories and calls for new response options for surveys and official data collection are growing around the world. Thus far, most of the attention has been focused on providing what have become known as “third gender” or “third sex” categories aimed to include a range of experiences from identifying as transgender to being born intersex. In 2011, Nepal became the first country to include a third gender in its national census; India soon followed (Bochenek and Knight 2012). By the end of 2013, a third sex option was available on passports in New Zealand, all “personal documents” in Australia, and the option of not specifying a child’s sex is now allowed in German birth registries. In the U.S., federal hate crimes law was expanded in 2009 to protect transgender people, and 17 states and the District of Columbia currently prohibit discrimination based on actual or perceived gender identity in housing and both public and private sector employment (HRC 2014). However, both U.S. administrative data and national surveys used for social science research have been slow to adapt and recognize sex and gender diversity. Standard measures of sex and gender also lag behind contemporary theory. Social science theory generally sees sex and gender as separate concepts; distinguishes between identity, expression and perception; and recognizes multiple, internally heterogenous sex and gender categories (see, e.g., West and Zimmerman 1987; Connell 1995; Kessler 1998; Fausto-Sterling 2000; Valentine 2007; Ridgeway 2011; Spence 2011; Westbrook and Schilt 2014). -
Creating Schools That Value Sexual Diversity
Twelve Creating Schools That Value Sexual Diversity Elizabeth }. Meyer exuality. It's a hot topic, sure to spark controversy in any school community. Most teachers Sand administrators avoid the issue at all costs. 1-fany parents also tend to avoid the issue. This absence of adult support leaves many young people without guidance and accurate in formation about relationships, physical development, sexual health, and important aspects of their identities. It also creates a hostile school environment for students who do not conform to its heterosexual social hierarchies. There can be a wide variety of reasons for this non conformity: clothes, hairstyle, body size, makeup and accessories (too much, not enough, the "wrong" kind), and extra-curricular interests. These behaviors are often connected to percep tions of a student's masculinity, femininity, or sexual orientation and often results in a student being excluded and/or targeted for bullying and harassment (California Safe Schools Coali tion, 2004; Kosciw & Diaz, 2006; 1Ieyer, 2006). One of the most important things to remember when talking about sexuality is that eve rybody has one. Heterosexual, bisexual, gay, lesbian, queer, and asexual are some of the de scriptors used for talking about sexuality and sexual diversity. Although some may argue that the absence of sexual attraction, or asexuality, is not a sexuality, there are advocacy groups and researchers who recognize it as a category of identity and orientation (see www.asexuality.org). A person's sexuality and associated sexual identity intersect and interact with other identities we may have, such as gender, ethnic, class, dis/ability, racial, 1 and linguistic.