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Anos Savanas Amazônicas As Amazônicas Savanas Amazônicas ISSN 2317-6237 ENSE ARA EM P ÍL U LI E O S G U O M EE L L OO D D D D I I M M I I T T E E * L L O O B B 4 anos 9 18 * DESDE v. 14 n. 2 maio/agosto de 2019 Savanas amazônicas Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais v. 14, n. 2 maio-agosto 2019 BOLETIM DO MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI. CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS (ISSN 2317-6237) O Boletim do Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia foi criado por Emílio Goeldi e o primeiro fascículo surgiu em 1894. O atual Boletim é sucedâneo daquele. IMAGEM DA CAPA Área de savana em The Boletim do Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia was created by Macapá (AP). Foto: Fernando Emilio Goeldi, and the first number was issued in 1894. The present one is the Carvalho Filho. successor to this publication. EDITOR CIENTÍFICO Fernando da Silva Carvalho Filho EDITORES ASSOCIADOS Adriana Maria Coimbra Horbe Alexander C. Lees Alexandre Salino Anna Luiza Ilkiu Borges Fernando Jacques Althoff José de Sousa e Silva Júnior (Cazuza) Laszlo Nagy Lezilda Carvalho Torgan Maria Inês Feijó Ramos Pedro Lage Viana Shirley Martins Silva Toby Gardner CONSELHO EDITORIAL CIENTÍFICO Ana Maria Giulietti - Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Feira de Santana - Brasil Augusto Shinya Abe - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Rio Claro - Brasil Carlos Afonso Nobre - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos - Brasil Douglas C. Daly - New York Botanical Garden - New York - USA Hans ter Steege - Utrecht University - Utrecht - Netherlands Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Belém - Brasil John Bates - Field Museum of Natural History - Chicago - USA José Maria Cardoso da Silva - Conservação Internacional - Belém - Brasil Laurent Polidori - l’Ecole Supérieure des Géomètres Topographes - Le Mans - França Lauro Valentim Stoll Nardi - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre - Brasil Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues - Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo - Brasil Nelson Papavero - Museu de Zoologia - Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo - Brasil Peter Mann de Toledo - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos - Brasil Philippe Kok - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences - Brussels - Bélgica Roberto Dall’Agnol - Universidade Federal do Pará - Belém - Brasil Rui Cerqueira - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro - Brasil William Woods - University of Kansas - Lawrence - USA NÚCLEO EDITORIAL Rafaele Lima - Assistente editorial Talita do Vale - Editoração, versão eletrônica e capa deste número Normalização - Núcleo Editorial Boletim Projeto Gráfico - Elaynia Ono Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais ISSN 2317-6237 Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi Cienc. Nat. Belém v. 14 n. 2 p. 159-283 maio-agosto 2019 ENDEREÇO PARA CORRESPONDÊNCIA: VERSÃO ONLINE DA REVISTA: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi http://editora.museu-goeldi.br/naturais-old Núcleo Editorial - Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi http://issuu.com/bgoeldi_cn Av. Perimetral, 1901 SUBMISSÃO DE TRABALHOS: Terra Firme – CEP 66077-530 [email protected] Belém - PA - Brasil Telefone: 55-91-3075-6186 AQUISIÇÃO: E-mail: [email protected] Permuta: [email protected] Venda: [email protected] INDEXADORES Não é permitida a reprodução parcial ou total de artigos ou notas CAB Abstracts publicadas, sob nenhuma forma ou técnica, sem a prévia autorização IBSS - International Bibliography of the Social Sciences do editor. Ficam isentas as cópias para uso pessoal e interno, desde LATINDEX - Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para que não destinadas a fins promocionais ou comerciais. As opiniões Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, Espanã y Portugal e considerações emitidas nos artigos assinados são de inteira Zoological Record responsabilidade dos autores, e não refletem necessariamente a posição dos editores ou da instituição responsável pela publicação. Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação CIP Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais. 2019. – Belém: MPEG, 2019. v. 14 n. 2., v. il. Semestral: 1984-2002 Interrompida: 2003-2004 Quadrimestral a partir do v. 1, 2005. Títulos anteriores: Boletim Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia 1894-98; Boletim Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia (Museu Goeldi) 1902; Boletim do Museu Goeldi (Museu Paraense) de História Natural e Ethnographia 1906-1914; Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de História Natural e Etnografia 1933; Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 1949-2002, série Zoologia, série Botânica e série Ciências da Terra; Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, série Ciências Naturais, em 2005. A partir de 2006, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais. ISSN 2317-6237 1. Biomas. 2. Botânica. 3. Bioquímica. 4. Biotecnologia. 5. Anatomia. 6. Geologia. I. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. CDD-21ª.ed. 500 © Direitos de Cópia/Copyright 2019 por/by MCTIC/Museu Goeldi CARTA DO EDITOR Apesar de o Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais publicar artigos cujos resultados foram obtidos em várias localidades, principalmente do Brasil, ainda há predominância de textos que versam sobre a região amazônica, local onde está situada a instituição responsável pelo periódico. Consequentemente, as imagens que compõem a capa de cada uma das edições geralmente ilustram animais, plantas e ecossistemas amazônicos. Apesar de não parecer, a capa do presente número também retrata esta região, estando relacionada a dois estudos ora publicados. Como todos bem sabem, a região amazônica é composta principalmente por floresta tropical densa. O que pouco se fala é que ela também apresenta vários fragmentos pequenos e isolados de áreas abertas, com vegetação arbustiva, semelhantes às savanas da região africana e do cerrado do Brasil central. Por isso, a foto da capa, que ilustra uma área de savana do Amapá, parece ter sido feita em outra região. Apesar de, à primeira vista, essas áreas serem semelhantes entre si, elas são bastante diferentes quanto ao conjunto de espécies vegetais, como evidenciado no artigo de Rocha & Costa Neto, que apresentaram os resultados de um amplo estudo sobre a composição e a estrutura do estrato herbáceo e arbustivo de 19 áreas, distribuídas nos estados do Amazonas, do Amapá, do Pará e de Roraima. Nessa mesma perspectiva, o artigo de Amaral e colaboradores, por sua vez, apresentou um sistema de classificação e uma chave dicotômica das savanas do Pará e do Amapá, levando em consideração a riqueza de espécies vegetais e a composição florística. Ainda na área da botânica, Batista e colaboradores apresentaram o primeiro estudo sobre os extratos voláteis da raiz e do rizoma da planta aquática conhecida como anhinga (nome científico: Montrichardia linifera), bastante comum na região amazônica e amplamente utilizada pelas populações tradicionais como cicatrizante, diurético, antifúngico, anestésico contra ferrada de arraia e no tratamento de feridas e de úlceras. O registro de plantas do Brasil e de sua importância para os seres humanos é uma prática antiga, como destacado no artigo de Linhares e colaboradores, que realizaram pesquisa documental sobre a história natural das plantas apresentadas na obra do Frei Francisco de Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres, intitulada “Poranduba maranhense: relação histórica da província do Maranhão”, escrita em 1819 e publicada em 1891. As plantas interagem com vários tipos de seres vivos, principalmente microrganismos, os quais podem ser maléficos ou benéficos para elas. Muitas espécies de fungos de vários grupos taxonômicos crescem somente sobre espécies vegetais, conhecidos como fungos epifíticos. Alguns são muito úteis para as plantas, protegendo-as contra o ataque de fungos patógenos. No entanto, ainda há poucos estudos sobre quais espécies de fungos epifíticos podem ser úteis contra o ataque dos fungos patógenos. O artigo de Malta e colaboradores, publicado nesta edição, aborda os fungos epifíticos associados aos frutos da planta cagaita (nome científico: Eugenia dysenterica). Ao contrário do que se entende pelo senso comum, os micróbios são muito úteis para a sobrevivência das plantas e dos animais, sendo também de extrema importância para a manutenção e regulação dos ecossistemas. No entanto, a contaminação do solo com resíduos químicos pode causar a morte de vários deles e, consequentemente, provocar desequilíbrio ambiental. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado que certos microrganismos podem atuar na decomposição dos resíduos, regenerando, assim, o equilíbrio do ecossistema original. Este processo é conhecido como biorremediação. Eles são capazes de tornar inofensivos compostos orgânicos perigosos ao meio ambiente. Leal e colaboradores apresentaram os resultados de um estudo sobre três inoculantes microbianos na biorremediação de solos contaminados com diesel. Na área da zoologia, o artigo de Lima e colaboradores apresenta informações detalhadas sobre a anatomia e a morfometria craniana do tico-tico-rei-cinza (nome científico: Coryphospingus pileatus), uma ave granívora que utiliza o bico para partir sementes. Esses dados são de grande utilidade para se entender a relação entre a morfologia craniana, a alimentação e a ecologia da espécie, e podem ser utilizados em estudos morfofuncionais e filogenéticos. Nesta edição, também são publicados artigos sobre o meio ambiente. Além de ser conhecida pela floresta, a região amazônica é famosa também
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