A Vision Made Real Past, Present and Future of MPEG
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A vision made real Past, present and future of MPEG By Leonardo Chiariglione Edition of 2019/05/20 1 Table of Contents Why this book? ................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 2 The discontinuity of digital technologies ................................................................................ 5 3 MPEG and digital media ......................................................................................................... 8 4 The MPEG principles ............................................................................................................ 11 5 The MPEG operation ............................................................................................................ 18 5.1 The MPEG organisation ................................................................................................. 19 5.2 Organisation of work ...................................................................................................... 22 5.3 How MPEG develops standards ..................................................................................... 26 5.4 The ecosystem drives MPEG standards ......................................................................... 30 5.5 Standardisation and product making .............................................................................. 35 5.6 Standards are living beings ............................................................................................. 36 5.7 Standards and uncertainty ............................................................................................... 39 5.8 MPEG communicates ..................................................................................................... 40 6 The MPEG success ................................................................................................................ 43 6.1 What has been done ........................................................................................................ 43 6.2 The MPEG success in numbers ...................................................................................... 46 6.3 MPEG is working for more success ............................................................................... 49 7 Planning for the future of MPEG .......................................................................................... 51 8 Video compression in MPEG ................................................................................................ 53 8.1 Forty years of video compression ................................................................................... 54 8.2 More video features ........................................................................................................ 58 8.3 Immersive visual experiences ......................................................................................... 61 8.4 Video can be green ......................................................................................................... 65 9 Audio compression in MPEG ............................................................................................... 67 10 Quality assessment ................................................................................................................ 72 11 Systems standards keep the pieces together .......................................................................... 74 12 Data compression .................................................................................................................. 84 12.1 Meaningful data can be compressed ........................................................................... 84 12.2 Moving intelligence around ........................................................................................ 91 12.3 MPEG standards for genomics ................................................................................... 94 12.4 Compression of other data .......................................................................................... 97 13 The MPEG standards ............................................................................................................ 97 13.1 MPEG-1 ...................................................................................................................... 98 13.2 MPEG-2 ...................................................................................................................... 99 13.3 MPEG-4 .................................................................................................................... 100 13.4 MPEG-7 .................................................................................................................... 101 13.5 MPEG-21 .................................................................................................................. 102 13.6 MPEG-A ................................................................................................................... 103 13.7 MPEG-B ................................................................................................................... 104 13.8 MPEG-C ................................................................................................................... 105 13.9 MPEG-D ................................................................................................................... 105 13.10 MPEG-E .................................................................................................................... 106 13.11 MPEG-V ................................................................................................................... 106 13.12 MPEG-MAR ............................................................................................................. 106 13.13 MPEG-M ................................................................................................................... 107 13.14 MPEG-U ................................................................................................................... 108 13.15 MPEG-H ................................................................................................................... 109 13.16 MPEG-DASH ........................................................................................................... 110 2 13.17 MPEG-I ..................................................................................................................... 111 13.18 MPEG-CICP ............................................................................................................. 111 13.19 MPEG-G ................................................................................................................... 111 13.20 MPEG-IoMT ............................................................................................................. 112 13.21 MPEG-5 .................................................................................................................... 112 14 The MPEG work plan ......................................................................................................... 113 15 ISO numbers of MPEG standards ....................................................................................... 118 16 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 118 Why this book? In a generation, life of the large majority of human beings is incredibly different than the life of the generation before. The ability to communicate made possible by ubiquitous internet and to convey media content to others made possible by MPEG standards can probably be mentioned among the most important factors of change. However, unlike internet about which a lot has been written, little is known about the MPEG group besides its name. This book wants to make up for this lack of information. It will talk about the radical transformation that MPEG standards wrought to the media distribution business by replacing a multitude of technologies owned by different businesses with a single technology shared by all; the environment in which it operates; the radically new philosophy that underpins this transformation; the means devised to put the philosophy into practice; the industrial and economic impact of MPEG standards; what new standards are being developed; and what is the future that the author conceives for MPEG as an organisation that plays such an important industrial and social role. Bottom line, MPEG is about technology. Therefore, the book offers an overview of all MPEG standards and in particular video, audio, media quality, systems and data. This is for those more (but not a lot more) technology-minded. Important – there are short Conclusions worth reading. 1 Introduction Media is a word typically used to indicate the means that enable communication, e.g. radio, telev- ision, storage media, internet, but this book calls those media delivery media and uses the word “media” or “media content” to indicate the information conveyed by delivery media. This distinction is not an abstract distinction, but the core of the MPEG revolution: shared standards for compressed digital media that offer individual industries the means to uniquely represent the media content in digital form and the freedom to choose delivery media that best suit their needs. Chapter 2 The discontinuity of digital technologies analyses