Prefeasibility Report for Proposed Granite Quarry

PREFEASIBILITY REPORT

FOR

PROPOSED GRANITE QUARRY

Capacity: 1.7765 Ha

M/s. Devadaru Agro-Land Ventures Pvt. Ltd.,

Admin office: Door No. IX -301, Industrial Development Plot,

Anathapuram, Kannur P.O., Kasaragod Dist - 671321

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone : 9740311448, 9746721180

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1.2 PROJECT SITE LOCATION ...... 5 1.3 PROJECT PROPONENT ...... 6 1.4 THE PROJECT ...... 7 1.5 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND THE PROJECT SITE ...... 7 1.6 DISTANCE OF THE SITE FROM SENSITIVE LOCATIONS ...... 9 1.7 ACCESS ROAD ...... 9 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 10 2.1 TYPE AND NEED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 10 2.2 MINE LEASE AREA ...... 10 2.3 PROPOSED METHOD OF MINING ...... 11 2.4 METHOD OF QUARRYING / MINING ...... 12 2.4.1 Method of Reserve Estimation...... 12 2.4.2 Exploration of Mineral Reserves ...... 12 2.4.3 Types of Reserves ...... 13 2.4.4 Insitu Reserves of Proposed Quarrying Area...... 13 2.5 MINING ...... 13 2.5.1 Mineable reserves ...... 13 2.5.2 Year wise Production ...... 14 2.5.3 Conceptual Mining Plan ...... 15 2.5.4 Mode of Mining and Equipment Required ...... 15 2.5.5 Drilling and Blasting: ...... 15 2.5.6 Loading ...... 16 2.5.7 Storage of explosives ...... 16 2.5.8 Mining Drainage ...... 17 2.5.9 Storage of granite ...... 17 2.6 FIRE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ...... 17 2.7 FIRST AID STATION ...... 18 2.8 ACCESS ROAD AND WIDTH TO THE PLOT ...... 18 2.10 POWER REQUIREMENT ...... 18 2.11 WORK FORCE REQUIREMENT ...... 18 2.12 WATER BALANCE ...... 18 2.13 PROJECT COST ...... 18 3. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO ...... 19 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA DESCRIPTION ...... 19 3.2 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ...... 19 3.2.1 Rainfall ...... 19 3.2.2 Temperature ...... 20 3.2.3 Relative Humidity ...... 20 3.2.4 Wind ...... 20 3.3 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES ...... 20 3.3.1 Geomorphology ...... 20 3.3.2 Soil ...... 20 3.3.3 Seismicity of the area ...... 21 3.4 GEOLOGY...... 22 3.4.1 Physiography...... 22 Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

3.4.2 Regional Geology ...... 22 3.4.3 Geology of the Lease Area ...... 22 3.5 RIVERS ...... 24 3.6 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ...... 24 Source: Ground water Information booklet September 2008 ...... 24 3.6.1 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge ...... 25 3.7 HYDROLOGY...... 25 3.8 Land use ...... 28 3.9 BIODIVERSITY ...... 29 3.9.1 Objectives of the Study ...... 30 3.9.2 Methodology Adopted for the survey ...... 30 3.9.3 Flora ...... 31 3.10 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STATUS ...... 36 3.11 Water environment ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.12 Noise level data ...... 38 3.13 Soil analysis...... 38 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 39 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 39 4.1 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT ...... 39 4.1.1 Controlling Dust Levels ...... 40 4.1.2 Controlling CO Levels ...... 40 4.1.3 Controlling NOx Levels ...... 40 4.1.4 Occupational Health & Safety Measure to Control Dust Inhalation ...... 40 4.2 NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL ...... 40 4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT ...... 41 4.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT ...... 41 4.4.1 Rocks for landscaping ...... 41 4.4.2 Laying of the top soil ...... 42 4.5 WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT ...... 42 4.6 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT ...... 42 4.6.1 Criteria for selection of species...... 42 4.6.2 Design of Green Development...... 42 4.6.3 Programme for Afforestation ...... 43 Species ...... 43 Number ...... 43 4.7 MEASURES TO CONTROL EROSION ...... 43 4.8 MEASURES FOR MINING EFFECT ON WATER ...... 43 4.9 CONTROL MEASURES FOR DISASTER ...... 43 4.10 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 44 4.11 Mine closure ...... 44 4.11.1 Mine Closure Criteria ...... 45 4.12 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 47 4.13 REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION ...... 48 4.14 ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP...... 48 4.15 Budget provisions for EMP ...... 48 4.16 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ...... 49 4.17 CONCLUSION ...... 49

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Split up of Lease Area ...... 7 Table 1-2 List of Social Infrastructure around the site ...... 8 Table 1-3 Sensitive locations from Project Site ...... 9 Table 2-1 Split up of lease area …………………………………………………………………………………..6 Table 2-2 Boundary Coordinates of the Site...... 10 Table 2-3 Calculation of Reserves ...... 13 Table 2-4 Year wise Minable Reserves ...... 13 Table 2-5 Year wise Production ...... 14 Table 2-6 Land Use at the End of Life of the Project ...... 15 Table 2-7 Machineries to be deployed ...... 15 Table 2-8 List of Explosive to be used and the Quantity ...... 16 Table 2-9 Project cost Break up ...... 19 Table 3-1 Physiographic units in Kasaragod District ...... 20 Table 3-2 Stage of Groundwater Development ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 3-3 Showing land use pattern in Kasaragod District in kerala ...... 29 Table 3-4 Vegetations of Ever Green Forest ...... 31 Table 3-5 Vegetations of Semi Ever Green forest ...... 33 Table 3-6 Regeneration status of endemic species ...... 36 Table 3-7 Regeneration status of endangered or threatened species ...... 36 Table 3 - 8 Ambient Air Quality sampling Locations ………………………………………………… 39 Table 3 - 9 Ambient Water Quality sampling Locations ……………………………………………. 40 Table 3-10 Water Sampling Results ……………………………………………………………………… 40 Table 3-11 Ambient Noise Levels in Kidoor Villages – Day Time ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 3-12 Soil Quality Results ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4-1 Afforestation Programme ...... 43 Table 4-2 Time Scheduling For Abandonment and Cost Abandonment ...... 46 Table 4-3 Budget for Environmental Monitoring Plan – Operation Phase ...... 47 Table 4-4 Environmental Monitoring Plan – Post Operation phase ...... 47 Table 4-5 EMP Budget Provisions ...... 49 Table 4-6 CSR Budget Allocation ...... 49 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Location map of the site ...... 6 Figure 2-1 Google image showing Site Boundary and approach Road ...... 11 Figure 2-2 Schematic diagram of opencast mining method...... 12 Figure 2-3 Proposed Location of Magzine (12°37'59.97"N; 74°58'49.62"E) ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2-4 Water balance chart ...... 18 Figure 3-1 Photographs showing geology of the site ...... 24 Figure 3-2 Kasaragod District Map showing Hydrogeology ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 3-3 Land Use Pattern in Kasaragod ...... 29 Figure 4-1 Environmental Management Cell ...... 48

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION

M/s Devadaru Agro –Land Ventures Pvt. Ltd. proposes to set up a granite building stone quarry unit at Survey Nos. 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 /1F, 55/1K, 55/1E, 91/2,91/3, 91/5, 91/6 of Kidoor village, Manjeshwaram Taluka, Kasaragod District of Kerala State. The proposed quarry area for mining is 1.7765 Ha. Proof of ownership, Possession Certificate and Consent letter for all the survey numbers and land use classification are enclosed as Annexure —2, 3 & 4 1.2 PROJECT SITE LOCATION

The proposed site is located at Survey Nos. 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 /1F, 55/1K, 55/1E, 91/2,91/3, 91/5, 91/6 of Kidoor village, Manjeshwaram Taluka, Kasaragod District of Kerala State. The land use classification of the project site is dry land/rock land. The location map of the site is given in Figure 1.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Figure 1-1 Location map of the site 1.3 PROJECT PROPONENT

The project proponent is M/s Devadaru Agro –Land Ventures Pvt. Ltd, Mr. Mathew Jose is the Managing Director and Authorized signatory of M/s Devadaru Agro –Land Ventures Pvt. Ltd. The department of Mining & Gelogy, Kerala has issued letter of intend to issue lease vide letter No. 4711/M3/2016 dated 22/09/2016 a copy of which is attached herewith Annexure -1. Attested Copy of Photo ID of the Authorized Signatory also enclosed as Annexure- 6 ., Regd. Office: Door No: PGP IX -301 , Industrial Development Plot, Anathapuram, Kannur P.O., Kasaragod Dist – 671321 Email : [email protected] Phone : 9740311448, 9746721180 9590731240

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

1.4 THE PROJECT

The proposed project is quarrying of granite building stone with an area of1.7765 Ha. The site is at Kidoor village, Manjeshwaram Taluka, Kasaragod District, and Kerala. The Surveys Nos. are 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 /1F, 55/1K, 55/1E, 91/2,91/3, 91/5, 91/6. It is proposed to mine 47.32 TPD (134 cum) of granite building stone from the site. Among total area, Survey No: 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 /1F, 55/1K, 55/1E, 91/2, 91/3, 91/5, 91/6 (1.7765 Ha). Table 1-1 Split up of Lease Area S.No Proposed Survey No. Type of Land Area ( Ha) 1 1.7765 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 Private Land /1F, 55/1K, (patta land) 55/1E, 91/2,91/3, 91/5, 91/6 Total 1.7765 Ha

Legal Background

According to Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, as per order dated 27.02.2012 in I.A. No. 12-13 of 2011 in SLP(C) No-19628-19629 of 2009 (Deepak Kumar etc vs. State of Haryana and others) the prior Environmental Clearance is mandatory for the issuance of license/permits for ensuring that quarry possess a valid Environmental Clearance. Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015 also makes it mandatory to get environmental clearance for quarrying lease. It is hereby submitted that it is not necessary to obtain No Objection Certificate from any other Department/Agencies for applying Environmental Clearance from the Aditional 5th respondent. 1.5 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND THE PROJECT SITE

The proposed site is surrounded by various places like schools, Hospitals, residences etc. The same is given in Table 1-2. The 10 Km radius map of the site with the infrastructure is enclosed as Plate -9. The Area Survey plan approved by Village officer is enclosed in Annexure-11.

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Table 1-2 List of Social Infrastructure around the site

S. No. Places Dist. from Project Site (Km) Schools & Colleges 1. Govt. LP School Kidoor 0.50Km 2. Pachambala Arabic school 2.72Km 3. Meepry govt. hr.sec school 2.35Km 4. Govt. basic primary school 1.04km 5. Chilangad LP school 3.06 Km 6. Chilangad Huda Madrassa 3.04Km 7. Lateefiyan English medium school 5.46Km 8. GB LP school 3.63km 9. Zaman hr. sec. school 2.31km 10. Govt. LP & UP school 2.76Km 11. ASB school 1.54 km Residences 1 Kidoor 550m 2 Kalathur 1.32Km 3 Ujarulvar 2.11 km 4 Thada compound 1.25km 5 Heroor 2.50Km 6 Kayyar 2.70Km 7 Puthige 3.70Km 8 Ichilampady 2.71Km 9 Arikady 3.99km 10 Edanad 3.90km 11 Mugu 4.48km 12 Ichilangod 3.10km 13 Koipady 4.24km 14 Mulyadukkam 3.53km 15 Angadimogar 3.74km Hospitals 1. Ayurvedic Dispensary 2.64 Km 2. Nisha Hospital 5.75 Km 3. Mogral Puthur PHC 8.63km

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1.6 DISTANCE OF THE SITE FROM SENSITIVE LOCATIONS The sensitive locations from the project site are given in Table 1-3. Table 1-3 Sensitive locations from Project Site Sr. no. places Distance from project site

1 Sri Mahadeva Temple 0.50Km 2 Masjid e Rehman 2.52 Km 3 Zakariya Masjid 3.64 km 4 Muhiyaddeen Juma Masjid 4.10 km 5 Chilangad Juma Masjid 3.05 Km 6 Quliriya Masjid adka 4.53 Km 7 Subhaniya Masjid 4.66km 8 Bilal Masjid 5.22 Km 9 Kunil Masjid 5.18km 10 Shiriya Temple 5.62 Km 11 Shiriya Masjid 5.53Km 11 Poomani Kinnimani Daivastan 2.05Km 12 Shree Cherumba Bhagvati temple 4.80Km 13 Anantpura Lake temple 5.37km 14 Muchilot Bhagvati temple 4.84km Sensitive Places 1 Bheemanadi Reserve Forest 44.91Km – SE Rivers

1. Anekallu River 5.83 Km N 2. Madhuvahini River 6.79 Km S 3. Shiriya River 400m W

1.7 ACCESS ROAD The proposed site will have access through the existing tar road (Kidoor - Udanabettu Road). Arikkady – Puthige road passes ~ 1.23Km away from the site in the southern direction. The proposed site is well connected to Kidoor, Kalathur by the tar road. The surface plan with mine lease area and the approach road is enclosed as Plate-2.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 TYPE AND NEED FOR THE PROJECT The proposed project is mining of granite building stone within proposed area of 1.7765 Ha. The proposed project is Category B2, S. No. 1 a since the proposed mining area <5 Ha. It is proposed to mine 134 cum of rock / Day. Granite building stone is one of the primary building materials. The proposed mining activity is the backbone for all construction and infrastructure projects, as the raw material for construction is available only from such mining.

2.2 MINE LEASE AREA The proposed area for mining is 1.7765 Ha. The details of split up of proposed area are given below in Table 2-1. The surface plan showing the lease applied boundary, mine approach road, contour etc is enclosed as plate -2.

Table 2-1 Split up of Lease Area

S.No Proposed Survey No. Type of Land Area ( Ha) 1 1.7765 55/1I, 55/1L, 55 /1F, Private Land 55/1K,55/1E,91/2,91/3, 91/5, 91/6 Total 1.7765 Ha

The said quarry lease falls between the geographical co-ordinates of the extreme boundary pillars are shown below in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 Boundary Coordinates of the Site Latitude (N) Longitude BP-1 12°37'59.00"N 74°58'47.80"E BP-2 12°38'2.61"N 74°58'48.61"E BP -3 12°38'3.64"N 74°58'46.58"E BP -4 12°38'1.78"N 74°58'44.83"E BP-5 12°38'0.01"N 74°58'43.93"E BP-6 12°37'59.42"N 74°58'44.70"E BP-7 12°37'57.88"N 74°58'45.16"E BP-8 12°37'57.25"N 74°58'45.02"E BP-9 12°37'57.49"N 74°58'44.49"E BP-10 12°37'56.90"N 74°58'46.70"E

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Figure 2-1 Google image showing Site Boundary

2.3 PROPOSED METHOD OF MINING

Open cast method of mining on single shift basis is proposed to excavate the rock to gradually achieve the production target. Loosening of the hard rock mass will be effected through blasting. Blasting will be done by using Hydraulic jackhammer. Rock breaker will be used to break down large bolder to small sized bolder. Excavators will be used for excavation & loading of the blasted materials in to tippers/trucks. The rock waste materials if generated it will be used for mine closure.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Drilling

Blasting

Bench formation

Excavation

Loading into Tippers

Transportation to

crushers

Figure 2-2 Schematic diagram of opencast mining method

2.4 METHOD OF QUARRYING / MINING

Based on the mode and method so adopted and taking geological parameters of the ore body into consideration, the quarry pit is designed such that the height of the bench will be kept about 5.00 m max., and width will be at least 5.00 m.

2.4.1 Method of Reserve Estimation

The insitu reserves of recoverable reserves are worked out in proposed mining area for 5 years by taking section lines considering the area of influence and specific gravity of Granite.

2.4.2 Exploration of Mineral Reserves

The nearby area has escarpment. (>20 m) and wells which shows the presence of lava flows which more than 20 m. Therefore, as such the exploration is not required in this area. The Deccan Traps has thickness over 2000m in the west which gradually reduces to 60m towards East (Geology and Mineral Resources of Kerala 2000, Govt. of Kerala, June 2000, pp. 09)

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2.4.3 Types of Reserves

The in situ and recoverable reserves have been estimated separately. Three section lines are drawn to calculate reserves with existing pit as the base. Assuming 25m depth from top surface level, working will be done in first phase and after excavation of this area prospecting will be done in future for further investigation of hard rock formation, up to depth of 25m below the average level of the present quarry level. The working pit plan showing the section line and year wise working for five years is enclosed in Plate-4 and 4A.

2.4.4 Insitu Reserves of Proposed Quarrying Area

The sample quantity of Basalt is available in the lease area. The reserves are calculated by proposing two section lines namely A – A`, B – B` and C-C`. The section lines are shown in the Geological plan enclosed in plate-3 and 3A. The reserves are calculated and shown in the Table 2-3.

Table 2-3 Calculation of Reserves

SECTIONAL VOLUME TONNAGE AREA INFLUENCE (CUM) Bulk density (TE) A-A` 2840 45 127800 2.5 319500 B-B` 3360 52 174720 2.5 436800 C-C` 2548 70 178360 2.5 445900 Total 8748 480880 1202200

Possible minor mineral extraction from the available area would be 1202200 Metric Ton • Considering 100000 MT per year production, • So the life of mine will be 12.022 years.

2.5 MINING 2.5.1 Mineable reserves Average production per year is proposed to be about 1, 00,000 tones. The way excavation will be made in ensuing five years will be based on the following calculations as given in Table 2- 4.

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Table 2-4 Year wise Minable Reserves Production Year Section Level Sectional Influence Volume in cu Production in metric I A -A` 70/65 area 60 45 m 2700 tonnes 7290 65/60 131 45 5895 15916.5

B-B` 70/65 48 52 2496 6739.2 65/60 106 52 5512 14882.4 C-C` 75/70 42 70 2940 7938 70/65 78 70 5460 14742 65/60 119 70 8330 22491 89999.1 II A-A` 60/55 214 45 9630 26001 B-B` 60/55 190 52 9880 26676 C-C` 60/55 211 70 14770 39879 92556 III A-A` 55/50 279 45 12555 33898.5 B-B` 55/50 252 52 13104 35380.8 C-C` 55/50 241 70 16870 45549 114828.3 IV A-A` 50/45 314 45 14130 38151 B-B` 50/45 222 52 11544 31168.8 C-C` 50/45 164 70 11480 30996 100315.8 V A-A` 45/40 267 45 12015 32440.5 B-B` 45/40 306 52 15912 42962.4 C-C` 45/40 168 70 11760 31752 107154.9

2.5.2 Year wise Production The year wise production is proposed as follows Table 2-5 Year wise Production Sr.No. Year Cubic meter Tones 1 I 32883 89999.1 2 II 34280 92556 3 III 42529 114828.3 4 IV 37154 100315.8 5 V 39687 107154.9

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Thus excavation to be made in next five years would be to the tune of 1, 86,533 M3 at the rate of yearly production of 1, 00,000 tones.

Working pit plan and working section for five years are shown in plate No. 4 and Plate No. 4A respectively.

2.5.3 Conceptual Mining Plan The following factors have been considered to design ultimate conceptual plan. i. Overall composite shape and lease area available for mining. ii. Relief of the area, iii. Ultimate closing bench geometry is as given below: Bench Width : 5.00 meter Bench Height : 5.00 meter Pit slope : 45˚ Stone being very compact massive rock and it is stable as such above geometry is reasonable safe. iv. Conceptual plan is shown in Plate No. 5

Table 2-6 Land Use at the End of Life of the Project Sl.no Particulars Extent in Ha End of mine life# 1 Mine area 1.3106 Ha 2 Road 0.0479 Ha 3 Afforestation 0.4180 Ha 4 Unmined area - Total area 1.7765 Ha

2.5.4 Mode of Mining and Equipment Required The list of machine to be used in quarry operations is given in Table2-7 below.

Table 2-7 Machineries to be deployed S.No. Machinery Capacity Numbers 1 Hydraulic excavator 1.2 – 1.5 m3 1 2 Compressor - 2 3 Jack Hammer - 2 4 Tipper 10 T 6 5 Water tanker cum sprinkler 5 KL 1

2.5.5 Drilling and Blasting:

Since the quarry is being worked by mechanized means and the benches are kept at 5.0 m height and the Charnockite is the material which is hard to medium hard in nature, drilling and blasting is required to exploit the same. On an average about 67 CUM of material required to be drilled and blast daily. 16

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

The broad blasting parameters are determined for the blasting pattern and blast design, which are as follows: Since the bench height needs to be maintained 5.0 m, two sub benches will be created of 2.50 m height each and both the benches will be joined / merged together to form 5.00 m height. Blast hole will be preferably by jack hammer where the diameter is normally 32 mm and the depth of hole is 3 – 8 ft. Blasting pattern is generally square or rectangle or staggered with burden ranging from 0.75 to 1.00 m and spacing of 1.00 to 1.20 m. Usually single / double row of holes is blasted along free to achieve optimum powder factor, best fragmentation and minimizing adverse impact on account of blasting. Maximum numbers of holes will be blasted at a time in a round are generally limited to 20 to 30 with normal delay detonators to mitigate adverse impacts such as air blast, throw and the ground vibration. Holes are electrically detonated using electric detonators. Nitrate mixture types of explosives will be used for blasting with 20 to 25 percent, proportion of primer/booster cartridges and rest as column charge. About 1 to 1.5 kgs of explosives are loaded in 32 mm diameter holes. And powder factor ranging between 5.0 to 7.0 tonnes per kgs of explosives is achieved. Lessee is having the Explosive license.

2.5.6 Loading

Subsequent to the drilling and blasting, the material so dislodged/fragmented/loosened from the rock mass, the boulders so generated subsequent to blasting will be crushed or broken with the help of the rock breakers to the required size. There after the materials is loaded into trucks/tipper of 5.0 tones capacity with the help of the excavator. The loaded materials is transported to the Client destination/or other crushing and screening units for further process. Regular water spraying on haulage roads during transportation of excavated material by water sprinklers. Transfer points shall be provided with appropriate hoods/chutes to prevent dust emissions.

2.5.7 Storage of explosives

There will be provision for storage of explosives like Nitrate mixture, Ordinary detonator, electric detonator, safety fuse at site. Only class 2 Nitrate Mixture explosive will be used for blasting The storage magazine is proposed in the eastern side of the lease. The distance of the site from storage premises is 50 m. Log book will be maintained to enter the amount of explosives used per day and the stock. Proper safety measures shall be followed for safe storage of explosives. The application for Licensee has been submitted for the above mine and the same will be produced as quarry license is issued before quarry operations.

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Fig 2-3 Proposed location of Magazine (12°37'59.97"N; 74°58'49.62"E)

2.5.8 Mining Drainage

The lease area lies on the flat land with gentle slope in the direction following the natural relief of the area. No specific drainage pattern or water courses have been form in the area. . There are no streams or water bodies in the ML area. Shiriya River is 400m (W) away from the lease boundary. There are no streams in the lease area and 300m surrounding it. Drains have been made across the road (on the western side of the lease) to collect the water from the south portion of the lease and channelize it to the fields on the western side of the lease.

2.5.9 Storage of granite rocks

Normally the aggregate produced will be dispatched immediately after production. In case it is to be stored there will be sufficient space on both sides of the mine road and also open space will be available in lease area for storage. Open cast quarrying method shall be adopted for extraction.

2.6 FIRE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

As per the Mine Act, the entire quarry will be carried out following the DGMS safety regulation. Fire fighting systems like extinguishers will be provided in the explosive storage area and the workers will be taught about the usage of extinguishers. Also mock drills will be conducted to the staff as to how to respond during fire. The emergency phone nos. of nearby fire station, hospital will be made available at site. The staff working at site will be provided with safety shoes, goggles, ear plugs during blasting operations, safety masks etc.

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2.7 FIRST AID STATION First aid room, first aid kit and also the experts of first aiders will be maintained as per guideline of the DGMS and MMR 1961. First aid station will be provided with all necessary medical kit. All staff will be trained in first-aid treatment to take care of any emergency.

2.8 ACCESS ROAD AND WIDTH TO THE PLOT The access road width is being maintained with 7.0 m for the movement.

2.10 POWER REQUIREMENT Since the project is granite rock excavation, there is no power requirement for the proposed project. Diesel driven compressor of 30 HP will be used for drilling purpose.

2.11 WORK FORCE REQUIREMENT There will be fifteen people working at site during the operational stage. The workers will be hired from nearby villages and proper drinking water and sanitation facilities will be provided for them at site.

2.12 WATER BALANCE Water will be used only for drinking and other mining activity purpose. Bore well will be drilled by the proponent and permission will be taken from the concerned authorities. Detailed water balance is given below in Figure2-3.

Total water consumption 11 KDL

Green belt & Dust suppression Domestic Purpose 9 KLD 2.0 KLD

Soak pit

Figure 2-3 Water balance chart

2.13 PROJECT COST The Total cost of the project is proposed as Rs. 75.0 lakhs. The cost break up is given in table below

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Table 2-8 Project cost Break up S.No. Details Cost (In Lakhs) 1 Land cost 26.00 2 Machinery 12.00 3 Vehicles 15.00 4 Cost towards EMP 12.00 5 Insurance and CSR 10.00 Total Cost 75.00

4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA DESCRIPTION The main objectives of environmental baseline study are I. To assess present environmental quality and the environmental impacts and II. To identify environmentally significant factors that could preclude project development. The chapter contains information on existing environmental scenario for the following parameters. 1. Climatic conditions 2. Air Environment 3. Noise Environment 4. Soil Environment 5. Water Environment 6. Land Environment 7. Biological Environment 8. Socio-economic Environment

3.2 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 3.2.1 Rainfall

The Kasargod district receives an average of about 3500 mm rainfall annually. The major source of rainfall is southwest monsoon from June to September which contributes nearly 85.3% of the total rainfall of the year. The northeast monsoon contributes nearly 8.9% and balance of 5.8% is received during the month of January to May as pre monsoon showers. Out of the 106 rainy days in a year, 87 rainy days occur during south west monsoon season. The normal monthly rainfall in mm at Kasargod for the period 1901-1999 is given below.

an Feb Mar April May Jun July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 4.4 2.4 12.1 51.7 216.6 996.2 1067.4 612.2 272.6 210.2 91.7 23.4 3560.9

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

The monthly rainfall data of the district for the period 2006 - 2011 is given in the Table 1 Table1: Rainfall (mm), Kasargod District Year Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2006 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 659.0 869.0 624.1 428.0 533.5 220.2 109.8 0.0 3444.6 2007 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 199.3 1268.0 735.5 787.2 631.4 169.0 53.5 0.0 3855.7 2008 0.0 2.6 295.0 133.4 63.2 1004.7 672.9 528.3 403.5 158.4 49.0 8.9 3319.9 2009 0.0 0.0 16.0 16.4 152.0 560.6 1238. 446.0 330.9 76.7 294.2 9.8 3140.8 2010 7.3 0.0 0.1 35.2 78.5 1034.0 1276.2 681.1 357.1 283.6 241.6 17.3 4012.0 2011 0.0 0.0 0.0 166.0 87.0 867.0 1106.2 697.0 558.0 204.0 172.0 0.0 3857.0 0 3.2.2 Temperature The temperature is more during the months of March to May and is less during December and January. The average mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 29.2 to 33.40C and minimum temperature ranges from 19.7 to 250C. 3.2.3 Relative Humidity Relative humidity is more during morning hours and is less during evening hours. During the morning hours it ranges from 87.1 to 98.7% and during evening hours it ranges from 54.4 to 86.5%. 3.2.4 Wind The wind speed ranges from 2.1 to 3.3 km/hour. The wind speed is high during the months of March to June and less during the months of September to December. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES 3.2.5 Geomorphology Kasaragod district can be divided physiographically into three distinct geomorphologic units viz the coastal plains, the midlands eastern highland regions. (Table 3-2).

Table 3-1 Physiographic units in Kasaragod District Sl. Physiographic Unit Arial extent (Km2) Elevation (m msl) No. 1 Coastal plain 82 <5 2 Mid land 700 5-80 3 Hill ranges 1950 80-1500

The coastal plains with an elevation of less than 10m occur as narrow belt of alluvial deposits parallel to the coast. To the east of coastal belt is the midland region with altitude ranging from 10 to 300 m amsl. The midland area is characterised by rugged topography formed by small hillocks separated by deep cut valleys. The midland regions show a general slope towards the western coast. To its east is the high land region. The midland and hill ranges of the district present a rugged and rolling topography with hills and valleys. Along 21

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents the midlands the hills are mostly laterite and the valley are covered by valley fill deposits. The valley fill deposits are composed of colluvium and alluvium. 3.2.6 Soil There are mainly four types of soil observed in the district. (1) Lateritic soil (2) Brown hydromorphic soil (3) Coastal and river alluvium (4) Forest Loamy soil

(3) Coastal and river alluvium – The coastal alluvium is seen in the western coastal tract of the district. The coastal plain is characterized by secondary soils, which are sandy and sterile with poor water holding capacity. The width of the zone is more in the central part i.e., in the Kasaragod area and it is almost narrow in both north and southern areas of the district. The marshy soil in the coastal plain supports mangrove vegetation and is found at the estuaries and backwater extending inland along their courses. The soil is composed of recent deposits predominantly marine with some fluvial sediment along the coastline. These soils are immature with high sand content. River alluvium is found along river valleys cutting across the extensive lateritic soils. The soil is very deep with surface texture ranging from sandy loam to clay. It is fertile, having water holding capacity and plant nutrients which are regularly replenished during floods. (4) Forest Loamy soil – These soils are found in the eastern hilly areas of the district and are characterised by a surface layer rich in organic matter. They are generally acidic and are dark reddish brown to black in colour with loam to silty loam texture. 3.2.7 Seismicity of the area Many parts of the Indian subcontinent have historically high Seismicity. Seven catastrophic earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 (Richter scale) have occurred in the western, northern and eastern parts of India and adjacent countries in the past 100 years. By contrast, peninsular India is relatively less seismic, having suffered only infrequent earthquakes of moderate strength. The main seismogenic belts are associated with the collision plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The project site as well as study area lies in Zone-III of Seismic Zoning Map, and thus can be said to be located in an area of moderate seismic hazard by national standards. Hence the risk of earthquake at the site persists though there has to be no incident in the near past.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

3.3 GEOLOGY 3.3.1 Physiography Kasaragod district can be divided physiographically into three distinct geomorphologic units viz the coastal plains, the midlands eastern highland regions. (Table 3-2)

Table 3-1 Physiographic units in Kasaragod District Sl. Physiographic Unit Arial extent (Km2) Elevation (ma msl) No. 1 Coastal plain 82 <5 2 Mid land 700 5-80 3 Hill ranges 1950 80-1500

3.3.2 Regional Geology The coastal plains with an elevation of less than 10m occur as narrow belt of alluvial deposits parallel to the coast. To the east of coastal belt is the midland region with altitude ranging from 10 to 300 m a msl. The midland area is characterised by rugged topography formed by small hillocks separated by deep cut valleys. The midland regions show a general slope towards the western coast. To its east is the high land region. The midland and hill ranges of the district present a rugged and rolling topography with hills and valleys. Along the midlands the hills are mostly laterite and the valley are covered by valley fill deposits. The valley fill deposits are composed of colluvium and alluvium. 3.3.3 Geology of the Lease Area Geologically the tract has four types of rock formations viz. Laterite brown hydromorphic, coastal and river alluvium and forest loamy soil

(1) Lateritic soil – The predominant soil in the district is lateritic soil, which is the weathered product derived under humid tropical conditions. It occurs mainly in the midland and hilly areas characterized by rugged topography. They range from sandy loam to red loam. (2) Brown hydromorphic soil – These are confined to the valleys between undulating topography in the midlands and in the low lying areas of the coastal strip in the district. These soils are brown in colour and the surface texture varies from sandy loam to clay. They have been formed as a result of transportation and deposition of materials from adjoining hill slopes and also through deposition by rivers. (3) Coastal and river alluvium – The coastal alluvium is seen in the western coastal tract of the district. The coastal plain is characterized by secondary soils, which are sandy and sterile with poor water holding capacity. The width of the zone is more in the central part i.e., in the Kasaragod area and it is almost narrow in both north and southern areas of the district. The marshy soil in the coastal plain supports mangrove vegetation and is found at the estuaries and backwater extending inland along their courses. The soil is composed of recent deposits predominantly marine with some fluvial sediments along the coastline. These soils are immature with high sand content. River alluvium is found along river valleys cutting across the extensive lateritic soils. The soil is very deep with surface texture ranging from sandy loam to clay. It is fertile, having water holding capacity and plant nutrients which are regularly replenished during floods.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

(4) Forest Loamy soil – These soils are found in the eastern hilly areas of the district and are characterized by a surface layer rich in organic matter. They are generally acidic and are dark reddish brown to black in colour with loam to silty loam texture.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Figure 3-1 Photographs showing geology of the site 3.4 RIVERS The district is drained by nine rivers, all minor in nature except Chandragiri and Karingote which are originating from the eastern highland and flowing towards the west to join the Lakshadweep Sea. Most of the rivers have an east to west trend. Major rivers include Chandragiri River, Karingote River, Uppala, and Mogral 3.5 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES The ground water assessment was done block wise as per GEC-1997 methodology as on March 2009.

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

Table 3: Salient Details of Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources of

Kasargod District as in 2009.

s s

d d

ter s ter

o f

ent

tion

u (%)

a a

g u

ity

o m

ity

W W p

a p

All

d d

Unit/ ter

ilabi r

a l

n n

irri

ual

ting

u u

ilabi

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l l Di

risation

ft f

ion

. a

An ag

s Gr

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Ann

future

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ing non

a ter

tur te

s r

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Net

Sl. As B T Gr Rechar Pr N d m Net W C 1 Kanhangad 9085.59 908.56 8177.03 5434.05 2427.11 66.46 Safe 2 Kasargod 8004.09 800.41 7203.68 6509.75 371.01 90.37 Critical 3 Manjeswar 11271.00 1127.10 10143.90 7306.02 2552.50 72.02 Semicritical 4 Nileswaram 7999.65 799.97 7199.69 4083.67 2870.87 56.72 Safe TOTAL (ha. 36360.34 3636.03 32724.30 23333.49 8221.48 71.30 TOTALm) 363.60 36.36 327.24 233.33 82.21 71.30 (MCM) As per the categorization of blocks based on 2004 data, Kasargod block was under over exploited category. Manjeshwar and Kanhangad under semicritical Kanhangad and Nileshwar block was safe. As per 2009 data computations, Kasargod block became critical, Manjeshwar under semi critical and other two under safe category (Figure 5). The reason for change in categorization is mainly due to the difference in draft calculations and also due to improved position due to good rainfall. 3.5.1 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge CGWB has implemented artificial recharge and rain water harvesting schemes in Kasargod. They are given in Table 6. Table 6: Artificial Recharge and Rain Water Harvesting Schemes S.No. Location Type of Structure Year 1 Kadappallam Percolation tank 2001 2 Bangalamkulam Recharge pond 2001 3 Collectorate Kasargod Roof top rain water harvesting and 2002 recharge to groundwater 4 Aninjha Check dam 2003 5 Govinda Pai Memorial Artificial recharge to ground water 2010 Govt. College, (Checkdams, Gabion structure, Manjeshwar Recharge tank, Contour bunds, Contour trenches etc. 6 Govt. UP School, Recharge pond, Ferro cement tank 2010 Kolathur II 7 Pallippara Desiltation of pond 2010

Kadappallam is located on laterite upland. After the development of the percolation tank it is observed that water level in the dug wells at downstream side of the structure has a rise around 0.6 metres in summer compared to previous years and earlier dry dug wells also became perennial. At Bangalamkulam also there is considerable rise observed in the water levels of dug wells downstream of the structure. At Aninjha after the construction of check 26

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents dam there is considerable rise in water level of dug well on both sides of the stream and upstream side. By construction of different artificial recharge structures at Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, there is very much increase in yield of dug wells in downstream area and also find good changes in the flora of the surrounding areas. The recharge pond constructed at Govt. UP School, Kolathur II of Bedadaka grama panchayat collects rain water many times in a season and the recharge of the same is very well observed in the dug wells of the surrounding areas. The desiltation of pond at Pallippara also has shown positive effect in water level. Recently water conservation and artificial recharge works had been taken by the Kasargod district panchayat. Under sector reforms and Swajaldhara-2 schemes, the district panchayat had constructed 2288 rain water harvesting structures in 17 grama panchayaths having a storage capacity of 266.92 lakhs litres. The schemes were confined in 5 panchayats subsequently. The rain water harvesting structures became a boon for coastal panchayat Valiyaparamba which is surrounded all the sides by saline water. Groundwater development could be coupled with management of rainwater and surface water. More stress should be given for water shed management. The existing water resources and dug wells, tanks/ponds and streams should be cleaned and protected. Along with rain water harvesting, artificial recharge schemes should also be practiced in large scale. The hydrogeological set up of the district very well suits for artificial recharge. Using rain water, bore wells can be recharged especially in the critical and semi critical blocks. The artificial recharge schemes proposed for all the six blocks are 1. Percolation tank by developing the abandoned laterite quarries 2. Vented cross bar (VCB) 3. Desiltation and deepening of pond/tank 4. Recharge of borewells with recharge pit 5. Recharge pit

Prefeasibility Report for Granite Quarry Mining <5 Ha Contents

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

3.6 HYDROLOGY There are no perennial water courses / bodies within the proposed area. No specific drainage pattern or water courses have been form in the area.. There are no streams or water bodies in the ML area. Shiriya River is 400m (W) away from the lease boundary. There are no streams in the lease area and 300m surrounding it. Apart from this the water source in the area is mainly storm and ground water. Entire storm water flows through the minor watercourses and joins the adjoining seasonal nallah. The drainage pattern in this area is dendritic in nature. The ground water table in this area is about 5 m below the general ground level during summer season and around 10 m during monsoon. Since the quarry falls on the hillock, none of the quarry workings will touch the water table 3.7 Land use The name, Kasargod, is said to be derived from the word ‘Kusirakood’ meaning Nux vomica forests (Kanjirakuttom). Kasargod is the northernmost district of Kerala, bordering Karnataka State. The population is mainly agrarian and the major crops raised are coconut, arecanut, cashew, rubber, paddy, pepper etc. Kasargod district is having cash crops as its main stay compared to food crops. Coconut is the single largest crop in the district. Recently there is considerable change in the land use and cropping pattern. The paddy cultivation has reduced from 5512 hectares in 1994-95 to 2464 hectares in 2009-10 because of the low returns from the crops compared to the investment and huge requirement of water to raise the crop. Traditionally arecanut is being cultivated in the valley portion of the district. Arecanuts are being irrigated by the springs and seepages or shallow dug wells in the valley areas or the water collected from the tunnel wells. Recently the irrigation of coconut and arecanut on the valleys and slopes are increased by pumping of borewells. The bore well culture is prevalent in Kasargod district way back from the sixties and seventies much before this was common in other parts of the state. During and after eighties the growth rate of borewell increased steadily at an alarming rate. Because of the increase of borewells in the slopes and laterite terraces, the water availability in the valley portions and tunnel wells reduced considerably. Hence farmers could not irrigate arecanut in summer which has badly affected the crops. About 75% of the area of the district is covered by laterites. Because of the highly porous nature of the laterite, the dug wells tapping laterite get recharged fast in the initial stages of monsoon showers itself, however this water escapes as sub-surface flow and the water level falls quite fast especially in wells located on topographic high and slopes. Further the delay in monsoon and deficit summer showers badly affect the crops and drinking water availability. Earlier days the development of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes were mostly through dug wells. Recently the farmers started growing bananas, vegetables etc. in paddy fields and slopes which necessitated accelerated irrigation. This forced the farmers to deepen the existing dug wells and also for construction of deeper borewells in an indiscriminate manner. In the crystalline formations especially in valleys the fracture zone starts from shallow depths. In many places the pumping of borewells badly affect the water level of the phreatic zone. Moreover, the farmers are constructing the bore wells and dug wells without much technical knowledge, which leads to faulty construction and failure of borewells. The failure of agriculture coupled with the low price of crops, resulted in dues of loans availed by farmers for various purposes

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

Figure 3-1 Land Use Pattern in Kasaragod Table 3.3 Showing land use pattern in Kasaragod District in Kerala Area LULC Class (in Ha) Forest area 65240

Barren land 3076

Grazing land 011.7

Tree crops 1121

Cultivated waste 4524

Fallow land 2680

Current fallow 3538

Net area sown 215921

3.8 BIODIVERSITY A natural ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of nature. It has a number of components which exist in harmony and survive by inter dependency. Ecosystem has self sustaining ability and control the number of organisms at any level by cybernetic rules to sustain ecological balance. A biological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to listing of species and assessment of existing baseline ecological (terrestrial and aquatic) conditions in the study area. Considering the rich biodiversity of organisms, their role in productivity and their importance in human livelihood, it is vital to protect and safeguard these dynamic systems. The impacts on ecosystems are wide spread. Removals of forest cover, sand mining, industrialization, soil erosion are major reasons for the impacts. These would directly affect the biological diversity of the environment and the species. Development activities lead to habitat fragmentation, affecting the species and their survival, it when the energy transfer between the species and the biological cycles get destroyed; it periodically leads to the loss destruction.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

Environmental changes have dramatically increased the intensity of ecosystem destruction. Environmental changes have large impact on the habitats and the recourses. Land use patterns in Kerala changed significantly in past two decades due to urbanization. Modern agricultural practices, the major reasons for the land degradation and the land use changes have made adverse changes on the biological diversity. Anthropogenic conversion of natural habitats presents one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. 3.8.1 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the present study were selected with a view to understand the biogeochemical status of the ecosystems on the following lines: ➢ Generate baseline data from field observations; ➢ Compare the data so generated with authentic (obtained from Govt., semi-govt. and private agencies) past records to understand changes; ➢ Characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna; ➢ Understand the present biodiversity; ➢ Identify susceptible sensitive and critical areas (Environmental hotspots); ➢ Understand impact of industrial activities on the flora and fauna; ➢ Predict changes, as a result of impact, in the composition and functioning of components of ecosystem. 3.8.2 Methodology Adopted for the survey The area for the ecological studies covers 10 km radius and 0.5 KM on either side of the over ground cross country pipeline from the proposed project site. To accomplish above objectives, a general ecological survey covering the study area was carried out. The survey includes: ➢ Reconnaissance survey for the selection of sampling site; ➢ Compilation of secondary data ➢ Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, important floristic and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species ➢ Generation of data from local villagers for importance and status of plants and animals and ➢ Observation of symptoms and assessment of impacts. Kasaragod has tropical biodiversity with forest, plantations, rivers and fertile land. Fifty percent of the district is covered with forest, providing rich flora and fauna. The district has a variety of plants including medicinal, spices, tuber crops and those yielding fruits and fiber. Aromatic plants and spices such as pepper, ginger, cardamom and turmeric are cultivated on a large scale. Trees such as timber, teak, rosewood, jack tree, manjakadambu, anjili, pala can be found in abundance.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

3.8.3 Flora The vegetations of evergreen & Semi evergreen forest near the project location are given in the following tables. Table 3-4 Vegetations of Ever Green Forest S.No Trees Saplings Seedling Shrubs Herbs Climber 1 Syzigium sp. Xanthophyllum Knema attenuata Strobilanthes sp. Dracaena Calamus arnottianum terniflora thwaitesii 2 Knema attenuata Cinnamomum sp. Drypetes elata Pandanus thwaitesii Pellionia heyneana Pothos scandens 3 Drypetes elata Diospyros paniculata Myristica dactyloides Chassalia Costus speciosus Piper sp ophioxyloides 4 Antiaris toxicaria Myristica dactyloides Xanthophyllum Ventilago Dracaena Smilax arnottianum bombaiensis terniflora zeylanica 5 Aglaia barberi Donella roxburghii Aglaia barberi Leea sp. Oplismenus Raphidophora compositus pertusa 6 Terminalia bellirica Hopea parviflora Cinnamomum sp. Chassalia curviflora Stachyphrynium Sarcostigma spicatum kleinii 7 Myristica dactyloides Dipterocarpus indicus Garcinia spicata Boehmeria Strychnos glomerulifera colubrina 8 Holigarna grahamii Mangifera indica Donella roxburghii Ixora sp. Erythropalum scandens 9 Hopea parviflora Holigarna grahamii Baccaurea Thottea siliquosa Jasminum courtallensis azoricum 10 Artocarpus hirsutus Rinorea benghalensis Holigarna grahamii Mallotus beddomei Coscinium fenestratum 11 Elaeocarpus Diospyros bourdillonii Diospyros paniculata Jasminum sp. tuberculatus 12 Ficus sp. Flaucortia montana Syzygium sp. Myxopyrum smilacifolium 13 Xanthophyllum Antiaris toxicaria Dipterocarpus indicus Ancistrocladus arnottianum heyneanus 14 Vateria indica Vateria indica Actinodaphne Cissus discolor bourdillonii

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

S.No Trees Saplings Seedling Shrubs Herbs Climber 15 Cinnamomum sp. Strombosia ceylanica Olea dioica Diploclisia glaucescens 16 Kingiodendron Hopea parviflora Toddalia pinnatum asiatica 17 Olea dioica Pterygota alata 18 Dipterocarpus indicus Chionanthus mala- elengi 19 Baccaurea Polyalthia coffeoides courtallensis 20 Nothopegia racemosa Kingiodendron pinnatum 21 Diospyros paniculata Nothopegia racemosa 22 Garcinia spicata Vateria indica 23 Persea macrantha Artocarpus hirsutus 24 Canarium strictum Diospyros bourdillonii 25 Chionanthus mala- Dimocarpus longan elengi 26 Vitex altissima Hopea ponga 27 Ixora brachiata Strombosia ceylanica 28 Polyalthia coffeoides Antidesma menasu 29 Dimocarpus longan Atalantia racemosa 30 Spondias indica Hydnocarpus pentandra 31 Donella roxburghii Reinwardtiodendron anamalaiense 32 Calophyllum Turpinia malabarica polyanthum 33 Strombosia ceylanica Vitex altissima 34 Otonephelium Artocarpus stipulaceum hetrophyllus

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

S.No Trees Saplings Seedling Shrubs Herbs Climber 35 Diospyros Calophyllum bourdillonii polyanthum 36 Croton malabarica Diospyros buxifolia 37 Turpinia malabarica Persea macrantha 38 Artocarpus Elaeocarpus hetrophyllus tuberculatus 39 Hopea ponga Ixora brachiata 40 Sageraea laurifolia Mallotus philippensis 41 Antidesma menasu Otonephelium stipulaceum 42 Reinwardtiodendron Sageraea laurifolia anamalaiense 43 Flaucortia montana Croton malabarica 44 Casearia ovata 45 Pterygota alata 46 Mallotus philippensis

Table 3-5 Vegetations of Semi Ever Green forest S.No Tree Saplings Seedlings Shrubs Herbs Climbers 1 Chionanthus mala- Chionanthus mala- Oplismenus Pothos Holigarna grahamii elengi elengi Chassalia curviflora compositus scandens 2 Smilax Aporusa lindleyana Madhuca neriifolia Mallotus philippensis Strobilanthes sp. Dracaena terniflora zeylanica 3 Chassalia Xylia xylocarpa Hydnocarpus pentandra Xylia xylocarpa ophioxyloides Costus speciosus Piper longum 4 Dillenia pentagyna Mallotus philippensis Aporusa lindleyana Pavetta sp. Cyathula prostrata Jasminum sp. 5 Stachyphrynium Lagerstroemia reginae Vateria indica Olea dioica Helicteres isora spicatum Acacia caesia 6 Kingiodendron Glycosmis Anamirta pinnatum Ardisia solanacea Cinnamomum sp. pentaphylla cocculus

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

S.No Tree Saplings Seedlings Shrubs Herbs Climbers 7 Chionanthus mala- Myxopyrum elengi Mangifera indica Vateria indica Ixora sp. smilacifolium 8 Strychnos Mallotus philippensis Holigarna grahamii Lagerstroemia reginae Leea sp. colubrina 9 Hydnocarpus Ancistrocladus pentandra Polyalthia coffeoides Hopea parviflora Pandanus thwaitesii heyneanus 10 Actinodaphne Calamus Terminalia paniculata Olea dioica bourdillonii thwaitesi 11 Lagerstroemia Naravelia microcarpa Alstonia scholaris Baccaurea courtallensis zeylanica 12 Hydnocarpus Asparagus Persea macrantha Atalantia racemosa pentandra racemosus 13 Coscinium Dimocarpus longan Cinnamomum sp. Naringi crenulata fenestratum 14 Naringi crenulata Xylia xylocarpa Dimocarpus longan Entada rheedei 15 Tetrameles nudiflora Ficus hispida Gnetum ula 16 Sarcostigma Bombax insigne Macaranga peltata kleinii 17 Spatholobus Grewia tiliiifolia Polyalthia coffeoides parviflorus 18 Artocarpus hetrophyllus Pterygota alata 19 Atalantia racemosa Dillenia pentagyna 20 Vateria indica Sterculia guttata 21 Xanthophyllum Cinnamomum sp. arnottianum 22 Polyalthia coffeoides Holigarna grahamii 23 Lagerstroemia Strychnos nuxvomica microcarpa 24 Hopea parviflora Madhuca neriifolia

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

S.No Tree Saplings Seedlings Shrubs Herbs Climbers 25 Ficus hispida Garcinia spicata 26 Kingiodendron Olea dioica pinnatum 27 Gmelina arborea Ardisia solanacea 28 ereospermum colais Artocarpus hirsutus 29 Archidendron monadalphum Atalantia racemosa 30 Flaucortia montana Flaucortia montana 31 Baccaurea courtallensis Strychnos nuxvomica 32 Actinodaphne bourdillonii Syzigium sp. 33 Madhuca neriifolia Terminalia paniculata 34 Persea macrantha 35 Sterculia villosa

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

Table 3-6 Regeneration status of endemic species Sl.No Species Ecological Status Regeneration 1 Derris benthamii Seen in evergreen forests Deficient 2 Gluta travancorica do Fair 3 Hopea erosa do Fair 4 Litsea laevigata do Moderate 5 Nothopegia travancorica Shades of banks of streams Moderate 6 Syzygium mundagam Seen in evergreen forests, Fair along banks of streams 7 Turraea villosa Seen in dense evergreen Moderate forests

Table 3-7 Regeneration status of endangered or threatened species SL. No Species Ecological Status Regeneration 1 Adenostemma latifolium Evergreen forests Deficient 2 Aspidopterys canarensis do Fair 3 Chilocarpus malabaricus do Deficient 4 Cyanotis cerifolia Rocky slopes near streams Fair of evergreen forests 5 Entada rheedi Evergreen forests Fair 6 Epipogum roseum do Moderate 7 Goniothalamus wynadensis Dense evergreen forests Fair 8 Impatiens acaulis do Moderate 9 Impatiens dasysperma Moist zones of plains. Fair 10 Indigofera constricta Evergreen forests Deficient 11 Litsea laevigata do Deficient 12 Memecylon talbotianum do Fair 13 Phaeanthus malabaricus do Deficient 14 Saprosma fragrans do Fair 15 Stachyphrynium spicitum do Fair 16 Tetrastigma canarense do Fair

3.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STATUS Air pollution can cause significant effects on human beings, animals, vegetation and materials. Air environment monitoring covers the parameter for which National Ambient Air Quality standards have been defined by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Accordingly, parameters monitored were Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). (I) Ambient Air Quality: Three air sampling locations were selected for air quality study. The details of the locations are given below:

LOCATION CODE LOCATION ESA1 Kumbla Village , Kasargod ESA2 Kumbla Village, Kasargod

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

The AAQ monitored data for above locations are given in Annexure — 10. From the table it is seen that in the ambient air, the PM 10 ❑ values were in the range of 51.0 to 68 µg/m3. PM2,5values were in the range of 20.0 to 29 µg/m3. SO2 levels were in the range from 8.0 to 11.0 µg/m3. NO2 levels were ranging from 6.4 to 8.2 pg/m3. While comparing with the NAAQ Norms, all monitored PK°, PM2 5, SO2 , NO2 values were found to be well within the respective limit values of 100 µg/m3, 60 µg/m3, 80 µg/m3 & 80 µg/m3. All AAQ stations have reported values to be well within prescribed limits. (II)Water Quality: 3 ground water samples were collected at the following locations: Stn. Code Station Name ESW1 Ananthapuram Well water ESW2 Kinfra Well water, Seethangoli ESW3 Kumbla Kidoor, Surface Water ESW 4 Kidore Bore Well water

ESW-5 Padala Kadu Magu Well water

Results of the collected water samples are given in Annexure — 21. The summary of the Water sampling results are given below. IS ESW2 Parameters Unit ESW1 ESW3 ESW4 ESW5 IS * Permissible limits Total Dissolved mg/I 44.0 43 40 42.0 25.0 500 2000 Solids Total Hardness as mg/I 16.9 6.0 15.0 14.0 9.0 200 600 CaCO3 mg/I 13.2 15.2 11.7 13.2 10.8 250 1000 Chloride as Cl- mg/I BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 1.0 Free Residual (D.L - (DI - 0.2) (D.L. - 0.2) (D.L – 0) Chlorine as CI- 0.2) mg/I 0.02 0.02 0.12 BDL BDL 0.3 No relaxation Iron as Fe Fluoride as F mg/I BDL 0.16 0.13 BDL BDL 1.0 1.5 MPN/ <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 Shall not be detected Total Coliformi 100m1 in any MPN/ <2 <2 100 ml sample E.Coli2 100m1 <2 <2 <2

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

(iii) Noise: Noise measurements were carried out using Lutron SL 4001 sound level meter. The results of noise levels for above locations are given in Annexure — 10. From the table it is observed the existing noise level in the core zone location (ESN1) for day & night equivalent is 51.72 dB(A) which is below the work zone exposure limit of 90 dB(A),In the buffer zone, the day equivalent values ranged between 49.5 to 54.5 dB(A)

(iv) Soil Soil tests are done and results enclosed for review in Annexure No-14. The soil is reddish brown and Sandy Loam. The iron content is 33,780 mg/kg to 20, 690 mg/kg.

(e) Climatic Conditions: The temperature is more during the months of March to May and is less during December and January. The average mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 29.2 to 33.4°C and minimum temperature ranges from 19.7 to 25°C. The total annual rainfall of the district is around 3500 mm. 3.10 Soil analysis Soil tests are done and results enclosed for review in Annexure No-14. The soil is reddish brown and Sandy Loam. The iron content is 33,780 mg/kg to 20, 690 mg/kg.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The awareness of environment has led to the development of Environmental Management Plan including minor development projects, wherein anticipated impact are assessed and the management plan to mitigate these impacts has been stipulated in advance. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a site specific plan developed to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmental sustainable manner. EMP also ensures that the project implementation is carried out taking appropriate mitigative actions to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Environmental management plan includes protection/mitigation/enhancement measures as well as suggesting post project monitoring programme. It has been found that the study area has not been affected adversely as there are no major polluting industries in the study area and likely to get economical fillip. The management action plan aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are discharged. Fully conscious towards environmental responsibility towards the coal beneficiation process, the proponent mainly focuses, apart from other relevant concerns, on the following important aspects, a) Dust suppression measures by water sprinkling and b) Proper maintenance of vehicles and equipment. The different environmental components that are identified in the assessment chapter are dealt hereunder with necessary environmental management plan.

4.1 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT The proposed mining activity would result in the increase of SPM concentrations due to fugitive dust. Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity would be undertaken and will be continued as there is possibility for dust generation due to truck mobility. It will be ensured that vehicles are properly maintained to comply with exhaust emission requirements. Dust emissions and particulate emissions will be controlled by water spraying through sprinklers at all the sources of dust formation and corresponding mitigative measures are elaborated as follows: • Proper blasting pattern will be followed for effective rock fragmentation and generation of minimal fine dust to open atmosphere. • Regular water sprinkling at dust emanating sources viz., drilling, blasting and transportation through haulage roads, etc will be carried out. • Periodic maintenance of transport vehicles and equipment will be carried out to check emission levels. • Greenbelt will be developed that will act as a pollution sink. • Overloading of trucks will be avoided and carrying the rocks in covered trucks will be taken up to minimize pollution level • Regular ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out to ensure the air pollutants are kept under permissible limits always.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

4.1.1 Controlling Dust Levels Dust would be generated during mining, and during handling and transportation of the material. The suggested control measures are: 4.1.1.1 Mines ➢ Dust suppression systems (water spraying) to be adopted at Faces/sites while loading ➢ Use of sharp teeth for shovels ➢ Dust extraction systems to be used in drill machines ➢ Use of sharp drill bits for drilling holes and drills with water flushing systems (wet drilling), to reduce dust generation. 4.1.1.2 Haulage

➢ Regular water spraying on haulage roads during transportation of excavated material by water sprinklers. ➢ Transfer points shall be provided with appropriate hoods/chutes to prevent dust emissions. 4.1.2 Controlling CO Levels The concentration of CO in the ambient air was below detectable limits at all the air quality monitoring locations. Expected increase in the CO concentration is very low as CO emissions from mining operations are less compared to other pollutants. Heavy and light vehicles are the major sources of CO in the mine. All vehicles and their exhausts would be well maintained and regularly tested for pollutants concentration. 4.1.3 Controlling NOx Levels NOx emissions in the mine mainly occur during blasting operations. The main reasons for NOx emissions are • Poor quality of explosives having large oxygen imbalance. This may be due to : ➢ Manufacturing defect; ➢ Use of expired explosives in which ingredients have disintegrated. • Incomplete detonation, which may be due to low Primer to column ratio. 4.1.4 Occupational Health & Safety Measure to Control Dust Inhalation All the above precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and to be dispersed in the outside environment. However, for the safety of workers at site, engaged at the strategic locations/dust generation points like drills, loading & unloading points, crushing etc, dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of RPM thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders.

4.2 NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL The ambient noise level monitoring carried out in and around the proposed mine shows that the ambient noise levels are well within the stipulated limits of CPCB. Within an operational mine, major noise sources are blasting, operation of mine machineries and equipment, crushing units and belt conveyor. Noise generation may be for an instant, intermittent or continuous periods, with low to high decibels. To keep noise generation in control, latest sophisticated technology and equipment have been considered. Drills, loaders, dumpers etc with larger capacities possibly will be acquired to reduce the number of operational units at a time, thereby reducing the noise generating sources.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

The equipment systems will include cabins to ensure that the operators and other work persons, in and around the operating equipment, have comfortable work stations. To keep the ambient noise levels within the permissible limits of 75 dB (A), the following measures should be adopted ➢ Personal who are exposed to critical locations in the quarry will be provided with PPEs ➢ Innovative approaches of using improvised plant and machinery designs, with in-built mechanism to reduce sound emissions like improved silencers, mufflers and closed noise generating parts. ➢ Effective blast design so that there will be minimal noise and ground vibrations during blasting, ➢ Procurement of drill, loaders and dumpers and other equipment with noise proof system in operator’s cabin. ➢ Confining the equipment with heavy noise emissions in sound proof cabins, so that noise is not transmitted to other areas. ➢ Regular and proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including the transport vehicles and belt conveyors, to maintain the noise levels. ➢ Provision would be made for noise absorbing pads at foundations of vibrating equipment to reduce noise emissions. ➢ Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to workers who cannot be isolated from the source of high intensity noise, e.g. blasting 4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT As this is an open cast mining method it will not generate any wastewater as there is no mineral processing involved. The mining of rock does not involve any treatment or beneficiation by using water. Therefore, the question of disposal of water will not arise. Moreover, mining activity much above the ground water level doesn’t lead to any ground water contamination. However, in order to mitigate any likely impacts the following management for control of water pollution is proposed. ➢ In anticipation of seasonal streams and runoff in the core zone, channels and bunds would be constructed and maintained to avoid any erosion and contamination. ➢ Garland drains will be constructed around the boundary of the mine lease area outside the boundary wall to divert rainwater away from the site. ➢ The mine pit water collected due to rains will be utilized for water spraying on the haul roads and for watering plantation. ➢ This water will be harvested for utilization in plantation watering, spraying on the haulage roads and waste dumps. 4.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT The entire mined out area of 1.3106 Ha will be reclaimed back with bench plantation / plantation. The mined area will be properly fenced all around. There will be green belt development and afforestation on all the places available. Over all greenery will be much better than the original one. Garland drains will be made around the lease area to collect all the catchment water in the pit and allow it to seep into the stratum. 4.4.1 Rocks for landscaping After the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders. These boulders and rocks can support the growth of mosses and lichens, which will act as ecological pioneers and initiate the process of succession and colonization. The boulders of moderate size will be used to line the boundary of a path.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

4.4.2 Laying of the top soil The depressions/craters filled up with rock aggregates will be covered with top soil. Fungal spores naturally present in top soil will aid plant growth and natural plant succession. The top soil will be further enriched by organic manure and Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This will help in the process of soil Reclamation and early establishment of seedlings. 4.5 WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT Since the proposed project is mining of rock, there will not be much of waste generated due to mining. After the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders. The boulders of moderate size will be used to line the boundary of a path. The disintegrated rock will be used as sand material for road making. The overburden waste is in the form of soil. Initially it will be temporarily stacked at safe place. It will be re handled later to be backfilled in the exhausted portion of the pit. 4.6 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT The area surrounding the site is dense with plantation. Planting a suitable combination of trees that can grow fast and also have good leaf density shall be adopted to develop the green belt. It will act like a buffer to trap the airborne dust and also reduce the noise levels. From the aesthetic point of view also, this will have a positive impact.

It is proposed to develop a green belt along the periphery of the mining lease area. The green belt shall be developed in consultation with the local forest authorities for selection of site, specific species, seedling management, and plantation techniques and to up keep by deweeding, manuring and regular watering. The Environment Management Plan is enclosed in Plate-8. 4.6.1 Criteria for selection of species Species to be selected should fulfil the following specific requirements of the area ➢ Availability of seed material ➢ Tolerance to specific conditions or alternatively wide adapts ability to eco physiological conditions. ➢ Rapid growth ➢ Capacity to endure water stress and climatic extremes after initial establishment ➢ Differences in height, growth habits ➢ Pleasing appearance ➢ Providing shade ➢ Ability of fixing atmospheric Nitrogen ➢ Improving waste lands. 4.6.2 Design of Green Development The greenbelt shall be developed around the plant to act as a sink for pollutants, attenuation of noise levels and improvement in aesthetic quality of the plant. The following criteria shall be adopted in the design of greenbelt: ➢ Generally fast growing trees will be planted. ➢ Trees growing up to 10 m or more in height with thick perennial foliage will be planted around the plant. ➢ Trees will be planted in patches along the periphery to work as an indicator of pollution.

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➢ Trees shall be planted staggered in each row (minimum three rows encircling the perimeter of the plant). 4.6.3 Programme for Afforestation Afforestation will be carried out to increase the green cover and create harmony with nature. The area will be afforested with variety of local sapling. This will help to have polyculture. The details of afforestation program are given below. Table 0-1 Afforestation Programme Year Area and Extent in Hectare Species Number I General Surface 0.0836 Pongamiapinnata L., Haevia 178 brasiliensis L. II General Surface 0.0836 Pongamia pinnata L. 178 III General Surface 0.0836 Pongamia pinnata L., Haevia 178 brasiliensis L., Odinawodier Roxb. IV General Surface 0.0836 Cassia chinensisJacq., 178 Tectona grandis L V General Surface 0.0836 Cassia chinensisJacq., 178 Tectonagrandis L Total 0.418 Ha 890

4.6.4 MEASURES TO CONTROL EROSION The Granite rock is hard, compact massive rock and there is no erosion. However trenches and pits will be made at various places to guide the rainwater to the settling tank. The existing watercourses shall not be disturbed and any rainwater falling will be allowed to continue in the same direction and join the natural course. This will reduce the erosion on the soil mass. 4.7 MEASURES FOR MINING EFFECT ON WATER Shiriya River is 400m (W) away from the lease boundary. No wet processing is adopted. Proposed workings area is of shallow depth and mostly carried out in dry season. Drains will be made at key places to guide rainwater so that erosion is avoided. 4.8 CONTROL MEASURES FOR DISASTER ➢ Entry of unauthorized persons shall be prohibited; ➢ Fire fighting and first aid provisions in the mining Area; ➢ Provision of all the safety appliances such as safety boots, helmets, goggles etc. would be made available to the employees and regular check to ensure the use; ➢ Training and refresher courses for all the employees working in the hazardous premises; ➢ Handling of explosives, charging and blasting shall be carried out by competent persons only; ➢ Provision of magazine at safe place with fencing and necessary security arrangement; ➢ Suppression of dust on the haulage roads; ➢ Awareness on safety and disaster to the staff.

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA STATE

4.9 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The company management shall give preference to local people ➢ It will provide ample opportunity to the locals to uplift their living standards by organizing events that propagate mutual benefits to all, such as health camps, awareness campaigns, donations to poorer sections of society and downtrodden. ➢ Educational needs of the region will be improved by encouraging the workers to allow their children to attend schools. ➢ Sufficient funds shall be allocated for these and other emergency needs. ➢ Adequate supply of potable water to the workers will be made during the working hrs. ➢ The working personnel will be provided with face masks, ear plugs, safety helmets and goggles in order to reduce health hazards. Other safety equipments shall be used according to the nature of job involved. ➢ Adequate space will be provided for construction of temporary sheds for construction workers. ➢ The proponent will supply potable water for the workers.

4.10 Mine closure Mine closure plan is the most important environmental requirement in mineral mining projects. The mine closure plan should cover technical, environmental, social, legal and financial aspects dealing with progressive and post closure activities. The closure operation is a continuous series of activities starting from the decommissioning of the project. Therefore, progressive mine closure plan should be specifically dealt with in the mining plan and is to be reviewed every five years in the scheme of mining. As progressive mine closure is a continuous series of activities, it is obvious that the proposals of scientific mining have included most of the activities to be included in the closure plan. While formulating the closure objectives for the site, it is important to consider the existing or the pre-mining land use of the site; and how the operation will affect this activity. Some operations such as mining in agricultural areas have clearly defined this objective of returning the land to viable agricultural purposes or for bringing the land for economically viable productive purposes. The primary aim is to ensure that the following broad objectives along with the abandonment of the mine can be successfully achieved: ➢ To create a productive and sustainable after-use for the site, acceptable to mine owners, regulatory agencies, and the public. ➢ To protect public health and safety of the surrounding habitation. ➢ To minimize environmental damage. ➢ To conserve valuable attributes and aesthetics. ➢ To overcome adverse socio-economic impacts.

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4.11.1 Mine Closure Criteria The criteria involved in mine closure are discussed below: 4.9.1.1 Physical Stability All anthropogenic structures, which include mine workings, waste dumps, buildings, etc., remaining after mine decommissioning should be physically stable. They should present no hazard to public health and safety as a result of failure or physical deterioration and they should continue to perform the functions for which they were designed. The design periods and factors of safety proposed should take full account of extreme events such as floods, hurricane, winds or earthquakes, etc. and other natural perpetual forces like erosion, etc. 4.9.1.2 Chemical Stability The solid wastes on the mine site should be chemically stable. This means that the consequences of chemical changes or conditions leading to leaching of metals, salts or organic compounds should not endanger public health and safety nor result in the deterioration of environmental attributes. If the pollutant discharge likely to cause adverse impacts is predicted in advance, appropriate mitigation measures like settling of suspended solids or passive treatment to improve water quality as well as quantity, etc. could be planned. Monitoring should demonstrate that there is no adverse effect of pollutant concentrations exceeding the statutory limits for the water, soil and air qualities in the area around the closed mine. 4.9.1.3 Biological Stability The stability of the surrounding environment is primarily dependent upon the physical and chemical characteristics of the site, whereas the biological stability of the mine site itself is closely related to rehabilitation and final land use. Nevertheless, biological stability can significantly influence physical or chemical stability by stabilizing soil cover, prevention of erosion/wash off, leaching, etc. A vegetation cover over the disturbed site is usually one of the main objectives of the rehabilitation programme, as vegetation cover is the best long-term method of stabilizing the site. When the major earthwork components of the rehabilitation programme have been completed, the process of establishing a stable vegetation community begins. For revegetation, management of soil nutrient levels is an important consideration. Additions of nutrients are useful under three situations. ➢ Where the nutrient level of spread topsoil is lower than material in-situ e.g. for development of social forestry. ➢ Where it is intended to grow plants with a higher nutrient requirement than those occurring naturally e.g. planning for agriculture. ➢ Where it is desirable to get a quick growth response from the native flora during those times when moisture is not a limiting factor e.g. development of green barriers. The mine closure plan should be as per the approved mine plan. Stage wise mine closure plan with budget available financial / manpower should be prepared and implemented. Such plan with the approval of the competent regulatory authority should be made available to the concerned State authority giving the environmental clearance. The Mine closure plan is enclosed in Plate no-7.

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Table 0-2 Time Scheduling For Abandonment and Cost Abandonment Items Details /yearwise Area Quantity Expenditure Proposed Proposed (Rs.) Proposed (A) Reclamation (i) Backfilling (within the lease as & Rehabilitation per PMCP) of mined out pit (ii) Afforestation on the mined and area out area I 2621m2 655sap 8000 II 2621m2 655sap 8000 III 2621m2 655sap 8000 IV 2621m2 655sap 8000 V 2621m2 655sap 8000

(iii) Others (Please specify) e.g – – – Afforestation on exhausted benches. (iv) Pisciculture – – – (v) Converting into water – – – reservoir (vi) Picnic spot – – – (B) Stabilization (i) Terracing – – – & Rehabilitation (ii) Pitching – – – of dumps (iii) Construction of Parapet (within lease) Walls. I 50m 10 lab. 5000 II 50m 10 lab. 5000 III 50m 10 lab. 5000 IV 50m 10 lab. 5000 V 50m 10 lab. 5000 (iv) Construction of Check Dams. – – – (v) Construction of settling ponds – – – (drains etc) (vi) Desilting of settling ponds, – – – channels. (vii) Afforestation on dumps (viii) Others (Please specify)

(C) (i) Afforestation on barren land Rehabilitation of I barren area II 836 m2 178 sap. 6000 (within lease) III 836 m2 178 sap. 6000 IV 836 m2 178 sap. 6000 V 836 m2 178 sap. 6000 836 m2 178 sap. 6000

TOTAL - - 95,000

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4.11 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM Environmental monitoring program is a vital process of any management plan of the development project. This helps in signaling the potential problems resulting from the proposed project and will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures. Environmental monitoring will be required for the operation and closure of mining operations. The main objectives of environmental monitoring are ➢ To assess the changes in environmental conditions, ➢ To monitor the effective implementation of mitigation measures, ➢ Warn significant deteriorations in environmental quality for further Prevention action. The environmental attributes to be monitored as part of the monitoring programme are Air Quality, Noise Levels, Surface and Ground water quality and Soil quality. The monitoring program are presented in Table 25 & 26

Table 0-3 Budget for Environmental Monitoring Plan – Operation Phase S.No Item Parameters Frequency Unit cost Sampling Cost/Year . (Rs.) /Year (Rs.)

1 Ambient PM10, PM2.5, SO2 Monthly 2800 36 100800 Air & NOx Quality 2 Noise Equivalent Noise Monthly 500 36 18000 Level Level 3 Ground Physical, Chemical Monthly 1800 24 43200 Water and Bacteriological 4 Soil General Parameters Monthly 5000 36 180000

Total 342000

Table 0-4 Environmental Monitoring Plan – Post Operation phase S.No Item Parameters Frequency Unit cost Samples Cost/Year . (Rs.) /Year (Rs.)

1 Air PM10, PM2.5, Quarterly 2800 12 33600 Quality SO2 & NOx 2 Noise Equivalent Quarterly 500 12 6000 Level Noise Level 4 Ground Physical, Quarterly 1800 8 14400 Water Chemical and Analysis Bacteriological 6 Soil General Quarterly 5000 12 60000 Quality parameters Total 114000

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4.12 REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION All the necessary reports and documents shall be prepared to comply the statutory rules & regulations. Proper and due care shall be taken to adhere to the laid down rules and regulations by the government. Regular and periodic record shall be kept in order to ensure easier, comparable and brisk review and projection of past, present and future performances. Also, the management shall ensure to prepare separate records for water, wastewater, solid waste, air, emission, soil & manure regularly and periodically in order to provide better and smooth vigilance. The management shall look into the fact that as soon as the report is prepared, it shall be forwarded to the concerned authority with due care for the purpose of reviewing. Adhering to the rules and regulations the management shall ensure that the outcome of the reports and the conclusions drawn shall be prepared as per the laid down regulations and procedures. No breach of any convention shall be availed. These reports/documents shall be regularly and periodically reviewed and any changes/discrepancies found in mitigation measures/ operation/ management/ Shall be brought into notice instantaneously and all possible corrective actions shall be taken. 4.13 ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP The Mines Manager at the project site will be directly responsible for various environmental activities. The Managing Director will co-ordinate and oversee the environmental activities and propose effective implementation as per the guidelines in the EMP. Organization chart of the Environmental cell is given in Figure 4-1. MANAGING DIRECTOR

MINES MANAGER

MINING PERSONNEL LABORERS

Figure 0-1 Environmental Management Cell 4.14 Budget provisions for EMP It is proposed to take up protective measures like construction of retaining walls near the toes of the dumps. The haul roads both within the lease and outside the mining lease including roads leading to the crushing plant will be watered and good drainage system would be maintained. The project authorities propose to undertake the following environmental works to achieve the environmental quality as desired. Adequate budgetary provision has been for execution of Environmental Management Plan. The detail of budget is given Table 4-3.

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Table 0-5 EMP Budget Provisions S. Capital cost in Annual recurring cost in No. Lakhs Lakhs 1 Pollution Control Dust Collector 0.5 0.1 Water Sprayer 1.5 2.15 Plantation on dumps 0.5 0.1 Drains along Roads 0.75 0.04 Green belt development 1.5 0.26 2 Pollution Monitoring - 3.43 3 Fire fighting 1.5 0.3 Occupational Health and 4 0.75 0.3 safety 5 Reclamation / 1.00 0.2 Rehabilitation of mined out area Grand Total 8 6.7

4.15 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY As a part of CSR activity, the proponent has planned to distribute Computers, books etc. Provide learning assistance to the nearby schools and skill development among rural underprivileged youth. The cost estimate for the same is given below.

Table 0-6 CSR Budget Allocation

S.No. CSR Activity Capital Cost Operation (Lakhs) Cost(Lakhs) 1 Computer Assisted Learning Programs 0.5 0.5

2 English and work readiness skills to rural youth 0.5 0.5 3 Training and creating Employment among the 1 0.5 Rural 4 Educational assistance to culture and religious 0.5 0.5 function (yearly) 5 Educational scholarship from 1st std – 5th std 0.5 0.5 (yearly) Total 3 2.5

4.16 CONCLUSION The proponent will take all precautions to control dust emissions during material handling, crushing and transportation. Also noise levels will be controlled by plantation wherever possible. It can thus be concluded that the project is environmentally compatible, financially viable and would be in the interest of construction industry thereby indirectly benefiting the masses.