Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S222

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

journal homepage: www.apjtb.com

Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C941 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Revised morphological identification key to the larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) of

1 1 1 2* 3 Nayana Gunathilaka , Thilan Fernando , Menaka Hapugoda , Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme , Rajitha Wickremasinghe 1Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 3Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer Objective: Method: To revise morphological identification keys to the anophelines in Sri Lanka. Dr. Diawo Diallo, Medical Entomology Samples were collected from selected entomological sites in different districts in the Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 country. Stage III and IV larvae were identified under a light microscope with an objective (伊 Av. Pasteur Dakar, B.P. 220, Dakar, 10) using standard larval keys developed for Sri Lankan anophelines. Key larval characters Senegal. wResults:ere rec orded for each species based on original observations and previous usage in literature. Tel: 221 7754109076 This manuscript describes an illustrated key for the identification of 22 of 23 mosquitoes E-mail: [email protected] which are currently recognized as local anopheline species in Sri Lanka, as a guide to workers Comments eConclusions:ngaged in ma laria surveillance and control in the country. Revised morphological keys to the larval of these species may be helpful in easy This study is very important because and accurate identification at the field level. the identification of species is always the first step in all surveillance and control of strategies. It describes an updated and easy way to use illustrated key that will be useful for Sri Lankan malaria control personnel and researchers KEYWORDS interested in local anopheline fauna. Anopheline, Immature, Mosquitoes, Control, Keys Details on Page S227

1. Introduction by the checklist of Jayasekera and Chelliah[2]. Changes subsequently to this checklist includAnophelese the inv ajeyporiensislidation of T he identification keys to the immature stages of oAn.ne sjeyporiensispecies reco rd and description of mosquitoes have long been a necessity for ( ). This paper presents an updated illustrated M entomologists dealingAnopheles with malaria vectors. any of the key for the identification of larval anophelines occurring in illustrated keys to the of Sri Lanka are of limited the country. [1,2] 20 T value , as these were published more than Anophelesyears ago he purpose of the keys presented here is to assist and significant advances in our knowledge of the fAnophelesield surveillance teams to identify the larval stages of mosquitoes have occurred in the intervening years. The mosquitoes. The keys can be used initially to number of an’opheline species has not changed substantially identify specimens to species group and then to species. from Carter s checklist; there have been many changes Discriminating characteristics are highlighted in drawings in the identity of the species actually listed, as evidenced wherever possible.

*Corresponding author: Prof. Wimaladharma Abeyewickrem, Department of Article history: Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O. Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Received 12 Dec 2013 Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka. Received in revised form 20 Dec, 2nd revised form 29 Dec, 3rd revised form 3 Jan 2014 Tel: +94 714914287 Accepted 20 Feb 2014 Fax: +94 117452130 Available online 28 Mar 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: Supported by Global Fund for Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) (Round 8) through TEDHA (Grant No. SRL809G11M). Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S223 An. jeyporiensis Anopheles karwari (J ) 1902 (J ) 1902 2. Materials and methods Anopheles maculatus ames , Anopheles ampalliduses , T 1901 Anopheles heo bpseudojamesiald , T 1901 S 2.1. Collecting samples heobald , Anopheles ramsayi trickAnophelesland and C 1927 C 1927 subpictushowdhu ry , An. subpictus Anophelesovell , tessellatus G 1899 ( ) rassAn.i tessellatus Anopheles, vagus S 17 T 1901 ( ) D 1902 amples were collected from entomological sites in An.heo vagusbald Anopheles varuna , onitz Ampara, Batticaloa, Mannar, Trincomalee and Killinochchi ( ), Iyengar 1924 (Figure 1). districts as part of the malaria elimination program of 9 8 10 Head Tropical and Environmental Diseases and Health Associates 7 Thorax 10 6 9 (TEDHA) Pvt. Ltd. Further, wet zone specimens were obtained 12 13 2 II 4 A M 4 1 by the entomological teams attached to the nti alaria 9 A 3 4 2 1 6-Mx 5 3 P O C 8 1 C ampaign. 6 14 11 7 8 13 14 13 12 7 5 15 2.2. Identification of field samples 5 3 1 M 14 11 6 4 12 2 10 10 11 9 8 5 3 1 13 12 7 6 T Stage III and IV larvae were placed individually in 4 2 P M T 2 10 11 5 7 microscopic slides and identified under a light microscope 4 3 1 13 12 10 9 10 9 10 9 with an objective (伊10) using standard larval keys developed 6 9 8 12 [2] O 11 12 for Sri Lankan anophelines . Key larval characters 2 1312 5 4 II 10 9 7 12 11 6 1 11 were recorded for each species. Further, larval species 3 11 [3] 14 12 8 2 O identification was reconfirmed through adult identification . 13 7 Tropacic pleural groups 6 3 4 1 III 9 2.3. Revising larval identification key for Sri Lankan 5 10 11 14 VII O 14 12 13 3 8 O 7 8 4 2 Anopheles 13 11 9 6 2 11 3 1 3 1 IV 9 7 6 4 10 10 5 14 4 5 2 O 4 1 VIII 8 O 14 2 6 3-5 The morphological characters used here are based on V 6 4 10 7 2 12 13 1 11 9 S original observations and previous use in the literature. The 3 1 9 5 O 14 2 following were referred to during the construction of this key: 8 13 1 1112 [2] [4] [5] 4 2 VI 7 9 Amarasinghe, 1992 , Christophers, 1933 , Colless, 1957 , 6 5 10 3 Reid, 1968[6], Harrison, 1980[7], Harrison and Scanlon, 1975[8], 3 et al. [9] et al. [10] et al. Linton , 2001 , Junkum , 2005 , Linton , Dorsal Ventral [11] et al. [12] et al. [13] Figure 1. 2005 , Rattanarithikul , 2005 , Sallum , 2005 Larval morphology. et al. [14] and Rattanarithikul , 2006 . Taxonomic characteristics Head: A=Antenna, C=Cranium head capsule; Thorax: P=Pro-thorax, M=Meso- were cross checked in relation to Sri Lankan specimens by thorax, T=Meta-thorax, 1-14=setae on designated areas (seta 1M, setae 1-T); examining the reference materials archived at the Molecular Abdomen: I-VII, X=Abdominal segments, S=Spiracular apparatus, 1-14= Setae M U F M U K on designated areas (seta 1-I, seta 5-IV). edicine nit, aculty of edicine, niversity of elaniya, 3. Results Sri Lanka. Species nomenclature follows that proposed by Knight and Stone[15], and abbreviations used in the text follow that used The revised larval morphological key is shown below. This by Reinert[16,17]. Morphological terminology and chaetotaxy key presents an illustrated key for the identification of larvae follow that used by Harbach and Knight[18]. Abdominal of 22 of 23 currently recognized local anopheline species in segments are numbered by roman numerals. Twenty two Sri Sri Lanka. Morphological features noted in different regions Lankan anopheline species have been included into this of the body were recorded: head (antennal hairs, inner T key. he specAnophelesies consideaitkeniired include: An. aitkenii clypeal hairs, outer clypeal hairs, frontal hairs and sutural S J 1903 ( ) ) ( Anopheles ubgenubarbirostriss ames An. barbirostris , hairs , thorax thoracic palmate hairs, shoulder hairs, pro, V W 1884 ( ) ) ( Anopheles barbumbrosus an der ulp , meso and meta thoracic hairs , abdomen abdominal tergal S C 1927 An. barbumbrosus Anopheles trickgigasland and refutanshoudhury plates, palmate hairs in abdominal segments, lateral hairs in ( ) A ) Anopheles interruptus, var.An. interruptus lcock the abdominal segmAn.ent sjeyporiensis. 1913 P 1929 ( ) T Anopheles, nigerrimus uAn.ri nigerrimus Anopheles, he inclusion of is based on the reported G 1900 ( ) TEDHA M E P peditaeniatus iles An. peditaeniatus , Anopheles collection during the alaria limination rogram (L ) 1908 ( ) 2011 T peytoni eicesAn.ter peytoni , in . his species was included in this key as local Kulasekera ( ), Harrison and Amerasinghe workers may encounter the species and may difficulty in its 1988 . Cellia: Anopheles aconitus An. identification. Anopheles S D 1902 ( G aconitus ubgenAnophelesus annularis onitz Anopheles enerally, members of subgenus are ) V W 1884 1 A culicifacies, An. culicifacies ander uAnopheleslp , elegans characterized by branched seta - andAn. cl oaitkeniisely sit uated G 1901 ( ) 2 C H An.iles elegans Anopheles jamesii, setae - . owever, exceptions suchAn. as interruptus sens. (James) 1903 ( ), Theobald 1901, str., with widely spaced 2-C[2] and , with Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S224 simple 1-A and closely spaced 2-C[2,6,8] have been reported to identification based on the examination of a few important in Sri Lanka. Figure 2 in the key has been worded to avoid characters. In case of doubt, it is essential to consult initial misidentification of larvae. published literature with detailed descriptions of species 4. Discussion characters. 4.1. Subgenus Anopheles T S L he key to the ri ankan anopheline larvae has been 4.1.1. Myzorhynchus series revised according to the currently accepted classification of A T M sections, series and groups in the nophelinae. he yzorhynchus series can be sepaAnophelesrated from other Brief notes are provided at each step in the identification Sri Lankan representatives of subgenus by the process along with illustrative diagrams. It is emphasized outer clypeal hair (3-C) being strongly branched. Two that taxonomic keys are only a rapid and convenient guide species groups are present in Sri Lanka: the Hyrcanus and

Siphon absent; abdominal seta 1 palmate

Antennal hair (1-A) branched Antennal hair (1-A) simple Inner clypeal (2-C) hairs close together Inner clypeal (2-C) hairs well separated 5, 6 & 7 frontal hairs (5-C, 6-C & 7-C) long & branches 5, 6 & 7 frontal hairs (5-C, 6-C & 7-C) short, simple or with few branches

2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 A 3 1 3 A 3 1 3 A 4 1 4 1 C C 4 4 C 7 5 6 5 7 5 6 6 Anopheles Cellia Subgenus Subgenus

Outer clypeal (3-C) hair Outer clypeal (3-C) hair Abdominal tergal plates very large Abdominal tergal plates small, transverse simple or few branches strongly branched

IV-VII IV-VII 1 2 2 2 2 3 Figure 3 3 1 Inner clypeal (2-C) hair with 9-18 Inner clypeal (2-C) hair with 1-4 short lateral 3 3 1 P (4 C) P (4 C) C short lateral barbs. ost clypeal - barbs. ost clypeal - simple or bifid C 4 4 4 with 2-5 branches. rarely. Figure b 4 4

Thoracic palmate hair well developed Thoracic palmate hair rudimentary

8 O 5 O II 5 3 2 II 3 2 53 2 4 1 2 3 4 1 Figure 4a 4 4 An. gigas An. aconitus An. varuna

Figure 2. Sri Lankan anopheline mosquito - key to the fourth instar larvae.

Barbirostris Group Hycanus Group (1 ) Inner shoulder (1-P) hair branched from the base Inner shoulder -P hair simple or split at the tip Palmate hairs in the abdominal segment I-II usually Palmate hairs in the abdominal segment I-II un-pigmented An. barbumbrosus pigmented (Except )

1-II 1-II

P 2 1 P 2 1 3 II 3 II

– Outer clypeal (2-C) hair with 12 36 thin Outer clypeal (2-C) hair with more and thick Inner sutural (8-C) hair with 4 - 9 branches Inner sutural (8-C) hair with 12- 24 branches. – attenuated branches usually loose and spread out. branches (19-95), usually stiff and broom like Outer sutural (9-C) hairs with 3 7 branches Outer sutural (9-C) hairs with 8-14 branches

3 2 3 2 An. barbumbrosus An. barbirostris An. peditaeniatus An. nigerrimus Figure 3. Outer clypeal hair strongly branched. Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S225 An. nigerrimus Barbirostris group (Figure 2). with 7-M resulting in misidentification as . In 8 C 9 C 4.1.1.1. Hyrcanus group this instance, branching of setae - and An.- nigerrimusare useful in confirmation. The correct identification of is T H B S L he yrcanus group can be separated from the arbirostris importAn.ant apeditaeniatuss it is a suspected vector of malaria in ri anka group by the morphological characters given in the key. This while is considered a non-vector (Figure group bears a superficial resemblance to members of the 3). H –yrcanus group, all ofAn. wh peditaeniatusich have pale or uAn.n- pnigerrimusigmented 4.1.1.2. Barbirostris group I II ; the separation of and Anopheles T W B needs care. he definitive identiAn.fyin gpeditaeniatus feature is the basally ithin the arbirostris group of subgenus , the branched, sinuous seta 4-M of which is orientation of the inner shoulder hair (1-P) can be used small and often difficult to observe. This may be confused as the primary character: 1P seta with 4 or more branches

4 Figure 4a Figure b

Inner (2-C) & outer (3-C) clypeal Inner clypeal (2-C) hair Inner clypeal (2-C) hair Inner clypeal hair simple, outer Inner (2-C) & outer I (2 C) (3 C) hairs strongly branched long stout & simple branched nner - & outer - clypeal clypeal (3C) hair branched. (3-C) clypeal hairs with Outer clypeal (3-C) hair Post clypeal hair (4-C) hairs simple 4A & 11C branched inconspicuous fraying simple or bifid branched from the base 4 2 A 1 1 1 Inner sutural (8-C) hair Inner sutural (8-C) hair 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 branched from the base simple or split at the tip 3 2 4 II C C C C 3 2 C C 10 An. peytoni An. aitkenii An. interruptus 10 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 9 8 8

Figure 5 An. pallidus Palmate hair on abdominal segment I & II rudimentary Meso (M) & Metathoracic (T) plural hairs simple Palmate hair on abdominal segment Palmate hair on abdominal segment I Inner shoulder (1-P) hair weak with 2- 5 Inner shoulder (1-P) hair well developed, I, with well developed leaflets rudimentary without obvious leaflet branches. Root small and pale with many branches. Root large and dark

6 3 2 1 Post clypeal hair (4-C) 5 4 1 6 5 4 2 3 1 1 with 2-5 branches 7 2 5 2 1 7 5 3 4 3 P 4 P 6 6 An. tessellatus An. elegans An. jeyporiensis An. annularis Jamesii Group Figure 6 Figure 4. Thoracic palmate hair and abdominal tergal plates. a: Thoracic palmate hair well developed; b: Abdominal tergal plates small, transverse.

Palmate hair on abdominal segment I rudimentary Palmate hairs on abdominal segment no I well Mesothoracic Pleural hairs not both simple; one branched developed;

P P 4 2 1 6 5 3 4 2 1 7 5 3 7 6 5 3 M M 6 6

Thoracic palmate hair rudimentary; Thoracic palmate hair moderately developed; roots of shoulder (M) hairs small & pale roots of shoulder (M) hairs strong and dark Palmate hairs with sharp Palmate hairs with blunt filaments pointed filaments A 6 V VI P bdominal seta in segment , 7 5 4 A 6 5 4 1 P 6 bdominal seta in segment with 6-16 branches 7 2 6 3 3 O V VI 3 6 6 , with - branches 1 1 7 3 1 1 7 M - 6 M - 5 An. culicifacies 8 O O 2 O (3 C) (4 C) 4 uter - and post - clypeal hairs very (3 ) (4 ) 6 8 2 V Outer -C and post -C clypeal hairs longer, situated 3 V 3 short, situated posteriorly between the inner 5 4 1 6 5 posteriorly below and outside the inner clypeals (2-C) clypeals (2-C) II Base of the post clypeal (4-C) hairs close together & Base of the post clypeal (4-C) hairs wide apart length of the outer clypeal (3-C) hair is about 1/2 of the & length of the outer clypeal (3-C) hair is about length of inner clypeal hair (2-C) 1/3 of the length of inner clypeal hair (2-C)

An. maculatus An. karwari An. vagus An. subpictus 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 Figure 5. C C Palmate hairs on abdominal segments. On abdominal segment II always well developed; hairs on segment I sometimes rudimentary; Meso and Metathoracic Pleural hairs not all simple; one or more branched. Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S226 4.2.2. Pyretophorus series T is characteristic of this group. his character should be An. subpictus An. vagus checked carefully during identification. The pigmentation and are the only two recorded I II S L T obarbirostrisf seta - is an barbumbrosususeful secondary character in separating species in this series in An.ri culicifaciesanka. hese two species can from (pale or colorless seta). In be easily separated from by the moderately (3 C) addition, seta orientation of the outer clyepeal hair - developed thoracicAn. palmvagusate h air and strong and dark roots can be used to separate these two species as the optional of shoulder hairs. has very short 3-C and 4-C, I 4 C 2 C 4 C character in order to confirm tAn.he idbarbumbrosusentification. t can be - is situated between - with the base of - being 3 C 12 3 C 1 3 described as follows; - of has - wide apart, andAn. thesubpictus length of - being about / of the 36 2 C 3 C 4 C thin attenuated braAn.nc hbarbirostrises usually loose and separated length of - ; has longer - and - , and 3 4 2 out, whereas -C of has more branches -C seta is situated below and outside -½C; the base of the (19 95) (F 4 C 3 C which are thick - , usuallyAn. sti freidif and broom like igure - seta and length of the - is about of the length of 3). The larval morphology of has still not been 2-C (Figure 5). reported. 4.2.3. Neocellia series 4.1.2. Lophoscelomyia series S S L N An. interruptus ix species of ri ankan Anopheleseocellia c ajamesiin be divAnophelesided into 3 C ( is the only species in this series reported tannularishose with bAnophelesushy setaepallidus - , I ) in the country. t can be distinguished by the simple , Anopheles maculatus and thAnophelesose with s ikawarimple or (2 C) 3 C ( inner clypeal hair - , and branched outer clypeal hair Anophelesbarbed - pseudojamesi , , (3-C), 4-A and 11-C. In the previous key for Sri Lankan ). A further character that separates anopheline larvae, the identification was confirmed the two groups is –the length of the filaments in abdominal 5 6 7 through the presence of reduced setae , and -C, ½palmate setae IV VII, these being equal to or greater than some or all of which were short and a few-branched or the length of the blades in the former and 1/3rd or less simple; seta 4-C simple or branched only in distal half[2]. in the latter (Figure 6). These characters are rather difficult in identification and (2 ) T Inner clypeal -C hair with short barbs controversial. herefore, the new character which has been Inner (2-C) & outer (3-C) clypeal hairs & outer clypeal (3-C) hair with brush like included in this key is useful to minimize misidentification has short barbs branches of this species (Figure 4). 4.1.3. Anopheles series Anopheles T gigas hereAn. ar eaitkenii three specieAnopheless in the copeytoniuntry, naAn.melpeytoniy: An. ( ) peytoni, and . S L is an eAn.nde minsulaeflorumic species in ri anka andAn. ha peytonid been confused with ; the larvae of has bases of setae 2-C nearly as wide apart as 2-C and 3-C on one side which is different from the larval morphology 2 2 An. insulaeflorum 3 3 I An. jamesii of . n this key the followingAn. chapeytoniracters An. pseudojamesi have been included to confirm identification of : Figure 6. Palmate hair on abdominal segment I rudimentary without obvious leaflet. 2 C 3 C T - long and simple, - An.simaitkeniiple or bifid. hese features facilitate the separation of which has branched 2 C 4 C (F 4) - and - igure . 4.2.4. Neomyzomyia series 4.2. Subgenus Cellia An. tessellatus An. elegans T ( wo species, leucosphyrus and the latter ) 4.2.1. Myzomyia series belonging to thAn.e elegans group have been reported S L Anopheles varuna An. aconitus in ri anka. An.is a tessellatusn endemic species in the S I eparating Cellia an d in the country. dentification of is important in Myzomyia series of subgenus is sometimes difficult malaria vector surveillance programmes in the Sri Lanka 2 C 3 C when the bAn.arb aconitused nature of setae - , - and branching as it has been incriminated as a secondary vector of 4 C I of - in are observed by drift or the larAn.val malaria transmission in the country. dentification of this I 2 5 mjeyporiensisouth brushes. t is more difficult to distinguish species can be confirmed by the presence of - branches as it separates only by having a small tergal in the inner shoulder hair (1-P) with small and pale roots. 4 5 4 C (F 2) I plaAn.te anculicifaciesd - branches in - igure . ndividuals An.wit helegans oppos ite morphological features can be , the main vector of malaria in Sri regarded as (Figure 4). L S L anka can be separated very easiCellialy among the members ri ankan anopheline larvae can be differentiated easily in Myzomyia series of subgenus by the presence by observing basic characters. However, this may become of small tergal plates, unbranched 2-C and 3-C and a difficult task when processing whole larvae in routine moderately developed thoracic palmate hairs (Figure 5). malaria entomological surveys. Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S227 Conflict of interest statement Ceylon J Sci Sect B Zool mosquitoes recorded from Ceylon. 1950; 24 : 85-115. [2] A marasinghe FP. A guide to the identification of anopheline We declare that we have no conflict of interest. Ceylon J mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) of Sri Lanka. II. Larvae. Sci 22 1992; : 1-13. Acknowledgements [3] A marasinghe FP. A guide to the identification of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) of Sri Lanka. I. Adult females. Ceylon J Sci 21 I D P W 1990; : 1-16. would like to thank r. anduka ijeyarathne, the The fauna of British , including Ceylon P D M E P [4] C hristophers SR. rogram irector of the alaria limination rogram of and Burma. T E D H A London: Taylor & Francis; 1933, p. 371. ropical and nvironmental iseases and ealth ssociates Anopheles (TEDHA) P L [5] C olless DH. Further notes on the systematic of the vt. td for his encouraging support and financial leucosphyrus Proc R Entomol Soc G F A T group (Diptera: Culicidae). assistance from the lobal und for ids, uberculosis London 26 M (GFATM) (R 8) TEDHA (G N 1975; : 131-139. and alaria ound through rant o. Anopheles SRL809G11M). [6] R eid JA. mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. England: Staples Printers Limited; 1968, p. 518. – [7] H arrison BA. Medical entomology studies XIII. The Myzomyia Comments Anopheles series of (Cellia). In Thiland, with emphasis on intra- Contrib Am Entomol interspecific variations (Diptera: Culicidae). Background Inst 17 1980; (4): 1-195. Anopheles M [8] H arrison BA, Scanlon JE. The subgenus in orphological taxonomic keys are indispensable tools in Contrib Am Entomol Inst 12 malaria vectors surveillance and control. They help field (Diptera: Culicidae). 1975; (1): 1-307. [9] L inton YM, Harbach RE, Chang MS, Anthony TG, Matusop A. operators to easily and accurately identify anopheline Anopheles Cellia species in the field. In Sri Lanka, the published keys Morphological and molecular identity of ( ) sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae), the nominotypical member of a are outdated and need to be revised as knowledge on Syst Entomol malaria vector species complex in Southeast Asia. anophelines have advanced. 26 2001; : 357-366. Research frontiers [10] J unkum A, Komalamisra N, Jitpakdi A, Jariyapan N, Min GS, . T Park MH, et al Evidence to support two conspecific cytological his paper is carried out to revise a larval morphological Anopheles aconitus J Vector Ecol 30 identification key of the anopheline species of Sri Lanka. races of in Thailand. 2005; : 213-224. Related reports [11] L inton YM, Dusfour I, Howard TM, Ruiz LF, Duc Manh N, Ho Anopheles Cellia epiroticus This key has reported one more species than the guide Dinh T, et al. ( ) (Diptera: Culicidae), S L a new malaria vector species in the Southeast Asian Sundaicus to the identification of anopheline mosquitoes of ri anka Bull Entomol Res 95 published by Amarasinghe in 1992. Complex. 2005; : 329-339. [12] R attanarithikul R, Harrison BA, Panthusiri P, Coleman RE. Innovations and breakthroughs Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand I. Background; geographic distributions; list of genera, subgenera, and species; This paper contains the first illustrated key that allows Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22 and a key to genera. the identification of the immature of anopheline species 36 currently known in Sri Lanka. 2005; (Suppl 1): 1-80. [13] S allum MA, Peyton EL, Wilkerson RC. Six new species of the Applications Anopheles leucosphyrus Anopheles group, reinterpretation of elegans Med Vet Entomol 19 This key will assist field workers involved in malaria and vector implications. 2005; : 158- surveillance and control in Sri Lanka to firmly identify the 199. anopheline species currently known in this island. [14] R attanarithikul R, Harrison BA, Harbach RE, Panthusiri P, Coleman RE. Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand IV Peer review Anopheles Southeast Asian J of Trop Med & Pub Health. . 2006; 37 (Suppl 2): 1-128. This study is very important because the identification of A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world [15] K night KL, Stone A. mosquito species is always the first step in all surveillance (Diptera: Culicidae). and control of malaria strategies. It describes an updated 2nd ed. Maryland: Entomology Society of and easy way to use illustrated key that will be useful for Sri America; 1977, p. 1-611. L [16] R einert JF. Mosquito generic and subgeneric abbreviations ankan malaria control personnel and researchers interested Mosquito Systematics 7 in local anopheline fauna. (Diptera: Culicidae). 1975; : 105-110. [17] R einert JF. Revised list of abrreviations for genera and subgenera of Culicidae (Diptera) and notes on generic and References J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17 subgeneric changes. 2001; : 51-55. Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito [18] H arbach RE, Knight KL. anatomy [1] C arter HF. Ceylon mosquitoes list species and names of . Marlton: Plexus Publishing; 1980, p. 415-420.