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Revised Morphological Identification Key to the Larval Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka

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Revised Morphological Identification Key to the Larval Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S222 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.apjtb.com Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C941 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Revised morphological identification key to the larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka 1 1 1 2* 3 Nayana Gunathilaka , Thilan Fernando , Menaka Hapugoda , Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme , Rajitha Wickremasinghe 1Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 3Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT Peer reviewer Objective: Method: To revise morphological identification keys to the anophelines in Sri Lanka. Dr. Diawo Diallo, Medical Entomology Samples were collected from selected entomological sites in different districts in the Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 country. Stage III and IV larvae were identified under a light microscope with an objective (伊 Av. Pasteur Dakar, B.P. 220, Dakar, 10) using standard larval keys developed for Sri Lankan anophelines. Key larval characters Senegal. wResults:ere rec orded for each species based on original observations and previous usage in literature. Tel: 221 7754109076 This manuscript describes an illustrated key for the identification of 22 of 23 mosquitoes E-mail: [email protected] which are currently recognized as local anopheline species in Sri Lanka, as a guide to workers Comments eConclusions:ngaged in ma laria surveillance and control in the country. Revised morphological keys to the larval of these species may be helpful in easy This study is very important because and accurate identification at the field level. the identification of mosquito species is always the first step in all surveillance and control of malaria strategies. It describes an updated and easy way to use illustrated key that will be useful for Sri Lankan malaria control personnel and researchers KEYWORDS interested in local anopheline fauna. Anopheline, Immature, Mosquitoes, Control, Keys Details on Page S227 1. Introduction by the checklist of Jayasekera and Chelliah[2]. Changes subsequently to this checklist includAnophelese the inv ajeyporiensislidation of T Anopheles he identification keys to the immature stages of oAn.ne sjeyporiensispecies reco rd and description of mosquitoes have long been a necessity for ( ). This paper presents an updated illustrated M entomologists dealingAnopheles with malaria vectors. any of the key for the identification of larval anophelines occurring in illustrated keys to the of Sri Lanka are of limited the country. [1,2] 20 T value , as these were published more than Anophelesyears ago he purpose of the keys presented here is to assist and significant advances in our knowledge of the fAnophelesield surveillance teams to identify the larval stages of mosquitoes have occurred in the intervening years. The mosquitoes. The keys can be used initially to number of an’opheline species has not changed substantially identify specimens to species group and then to species. from Carter s checklist; there have been many changes Discriminating characteristics are highlighted in drawings in the identity of the species actually listed, as evidenced wherever possible. *Corresponding author: Prof. Wimaladharma Abeyewickrem, Department of Article history: Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O. Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Received 12 Dec 2013 Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka. Received in revised form 20 Dec, 2nd revised form 29 Dec, 3rd revised form 3 Jan 2014 Tel: +94 714914287 Accepted 20 Feb 2014 Fax: +94 117452130 Available online 28 Mar 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: Supported by Global Fund for Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) (Round 8) through TEDHA (Grant No. SRL809G11M). Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S223 An. jeyporiensis Anopheles karwari (J ) 1902 (J ) 1902 2. Materials and methods Anopheles maculatus ames , Anopheles ampalliduses , T 1901 Anopheles heo bpseudojamesiald , T 1901 S 2.1. Collecting samples heobald , Anopheles ramsayi trickAnophelesland and C 1927 C 1927 subpictushowdhu ry , An. subpictus Anophelesovell , tessellatus G 1899 ( ) rassAn.i tessellatus Anopheles, vagus S 17 T 1901 ( ) D 1902 amples were collected from entomological sites in An.heo vagusbald Anopheles varuna , onitz Ampara, Batticaloa, Mannar, Trincomalee and Killinochchi ( ), Iyengar 1924 (Figure 1). districts as part of the malaria elimination program of 9 8 10 Head Tropical and Environmental Diseases and Health Associates 7 Thorax 10 ( ) 6 9 TEDHA Pvt. Ltd. Further, wet zone specimens were obtained 12 13 2 II 4 A M 4 1 by the entomological teams attached to the nti alaria 9 A 3 4 2 1 6-Mx 5 3 P O C 8 1 C ampaign. 6 14 11 7 8 13 14 13 12 7 5 15 2.2. Identification of field samples 5 3 1 M 14 11 6 4 12 2 10 10 11 9 8 5 3 1 13 12 7 6 T 4 2 Stage III and IV larvae were placed individually in P M T 2 10 11 5 7 microscopic slides and identified under a light microscope 4 3 1 13 12 10 9 10 9 10 9 with an objective (伊10) using standard larval keys developed 6 9 8 12 [2] O 11 12 for Sri Lankan anophelines . Key larval characters 2 1312 5 4 II 10 9 7 12 11 6 1 11 were recorded for each species. Further, larval species 3 11 [3] 14 12 8 2 O identification was reconfirmed through adult identification . 13 7 Tropacic pleural groups 6 3 4 1 III 9 2.3. Revising larval identification key for Sri Lankan 5 10 11 14 VII O 14 12 13 3 8 O 7 8 4 2 Anopheles 13 11 9 6 2 11 3 1 3 1 IV 9 7 6 4 10 10 5 14 4 5 2 O 4 1 VIII 8 O 14 2 6 3-5 The morphological characters used here are based on V 6 4 10 7 2 12 13 1 11 9 S original observations and previous use in the literature. The 3 1 9 5 O 14 2 following were referred to during the construction of this key: 8 13 1 1112 [2] [4] [5] 4 2 VI 7 9 Amarasinghe, 1992 , Christophers, 1933 , Colless, 1957 , 6 5 10 3 Reid, 1968[6], Harrison, 1980[7], Harrison and Scanlon, 1975[8], 3 et al. [9] et al. [10] et al. Linton , 2001 , Junkum , 2005 , Linton , Dorsal Ventral [11] et al. [12] et al. [13] Figure 1. 2005 , Rattanarithikul , 2005 , Sallum , 2005 Larval morphology. et al. [14] and Rattanarithikul , 2006 . Taxonomic characteristics Head: A=Antenna, C=Cranium head capsule; Thorax: P=Pro-thorax, M=Meso- were cross checked in relation to Sri Lankan specimens by thorax, T=Meta-thorax, 1-14=setae on designated areas (seta 1M, setae 1-T); examining the reference materials archived at the Molecular Abdomen: I-VII, X=Abdominal segments, S=Spiracular apparatus, 1-14= Setae M U F M U K on designated areas (seta 1-I, seta 5-IV). edicine nit, aculty of edicine, niversity of elaniya, 3. Results Sri Lanka. Species nomenclature follows that proposed by Knight and Stone[15], and abbreviations used in the text follow that used The revised larval morphological key is shown below. This by Reinert[16,17]. Morphological terminology and chaetotaxy key presents an illustrated key for the identification of larvae follow that used by Harbach and Knight[18]. Abdominal of 22 of 23 currently recognized local anopheline species in segments are numbered by roman numerals. Twenty two Sri Sri Lanka. Morphological features noted in different regions Lankan anopheline species have been included into this of the body were recorded: head (antennal hairs, inner T key. he specAnophelesies consideaitkeniired include: An. aitkenii clypeal hairs, outer clypeal hairs, frontal hairs and sutural S J 1903 ( ) ) ( Anopheles ubgenubarbirostriss ames An. barbirostris , hairs , thorax thoracic palmate hairs, shoulder hairs, pro, V W 1884 ( ) ) ( Anopheles barbumbrosus an der ulp , meso and meta thoracic hairs , abdomen abdominal tergal S C 1927 An. barbumbrosus Anopheles trickgigasland and refutanshoudhury plates, palmate hairs in abdominal segments, lateral hairs in ( ) A ) Anopheles interruptus, var.An. interruptus lcock the abdominal segmAn.ent sjeyporiensis. 1913 P 1929 ( ) T Anopheles, nigerrimus uAn.ri nigerrimus Anopheles, he inclusion of is based on the reported G 1900 ( ) TEDHA M E P peditaeniatus iles An. peditaeniatus , Anopheles collection during the alaria limination rogram (L ) 1908 ( ) 2011 T peytoni eicesAn.ter peytoni , in . his species was included in this key as local Kulasekera ( ), Harrison and Amerasinghe workers may encounter the species and may difficulty in its 1988 . Cellia: Anopheles aconitus An. identification. Anopheles S D 1902 ( G aconitus ubgenAnophelesus annularis onitz Anopheles enerally, members of subgenus are ) V W 1884 1 A culicifacies, An. culicifacies ander uAnopheleslp , elegans characterized by branched seta - andAn. cl oaitkeniisely sit uated G 1901 ( ) 2 C H An.iles elegans Anopheles jamesii, setae - . owever, exceptions suchAn. as interruptus sens. (James) 1903 ( ), Theobald 1901, str., with widely spaced 2-C[2] and , with Nayana Gunathilaka et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S222-S227 S224 simple 1-A and closely spaced 2-C[2,6,8] have been reported to identification based on the examination of a few important in Sri Lanka. Figure 2 in the key has been worded to avoid characters. In case of doubt, it is essential to consult initial misidentification of larvae. published literature with detailed descriptions of species 4. Discussion characters. 4.1. Subgenus Anopheles T S L he key to the ri ankan anopheline larvae has been 4.1.1. Myzorhynchus series revised according to the currently accepted classification of A T M sections, series and groups in the nophelinae.
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