Pojetí Architektury a Perspektivy V Tvorbě J. M. W. Turnera

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Pojetí Architektury a Perspektivy V Tvorbě J. M. W. Turnera UNIVERZITA KARLOVA KATOLICKÁ TEOLOGICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav dějin křesťanského umění Alena Krčmářová Pojetí architektury a perspektivy v tvorbě J. M. W. Turnera Bakalářská práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Eva Bendová, Ph.D. Praha 2020 Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 11. 7. 2020 Alena Krčmářová Bibliografická citace Pojetí architektury a perspektivy v tvorbě J. M. W. Turnera [rukopis] : Bakalářská práce / Alena Krčmářová ; vedoucí práce : PhDr. Eva Bendová, Ph.D. – Praha, 2020. – 105 s. Anotace U zrodu malířského života J. M. W. Turnera (1775–1851) stála architektura, kterou ale na doporučení architekta Thomase Hardwicka (1752–1829) záhy vyměnil za studium malby, jíž se pak plně věnoval do konce života. Zájem o architekturu ho však během jeho malířské kariéry nikdy zcela neopustil. Bakalářská práce se zaměřuje na tvorbu Williama Turnera a jeho pojetí zpracování architektury a zejména pak perspektivy, o níž s titulem profesora perspektivy přednášel mezi lety 1811 a 1828 na Královské akademii v Londýně. Práce zkoumá Turnerovu práci s architekturou a atmosférickou perspektivou s využitím světla a barev na základě skic, diagramů a poznámek ze skicářů uložených ve sbírkách galerie Tate Britain v Londýně. Mezi těmito skicami se nachází i návrhy pro vilu Sandycombe Lodge v italském stylu, již si nechal vystavět nedaleko tehdejšího Londýna. Práce neposledně poukazuje na rozdíly přístupu využití armosférické perspektivy a komparuje malířovu aplikaci principů s jeho současníky. Klíčová slova Malba – anglické umění – Turner, J. M. W. – Anglie – perspektiva – architektura – 19. století Abstract J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851) began his career studying architecture. At the suggestion of Thomas Hardwick (1752–1829), he left his pursuit of architecture and concentrated instead on painting. This remained Turner’s primary subject until the end of his life, though his interest in architecture remained a prevalent theme throughout his professional career, present in both his artwork and his lectures given under the title Professor of Perspective at the Royal Academy in London between the years of 1811 and 1828. This Bachelor’s thesis describes the artwork and lectures of William Turner with a focus on his depiction of architecture and atmospheric perspective, examining his usage of lights and colours based on the sketches, diagrams, and notes gathered in sketchbooks at the collection of the Tate Britain Gallery in London. Among these sketches are designs and plans for Turner’s own home, Sandycombe Lodge, built in the Italian style not far from city of London. This thesis also notes the differences in Turner’s usage of atmospheric perspective and painting principles in comparison with other painters of his day. Keywords Paiting – English art – Turner, J. M. W. – England – perspective – architecture - 19th century Počet znaků (včetně mezer): 116 590 Poděkování Chtěla bych poděkovat všem, kteří mi pomohli k realizaci této bakalářské práce, především však vedoucí mé práce PhDr. Evě Bendové Ph.D. za její ochotu, pečlivost a trpělivost. Dále bych ráda poděkovala rodině a přátelům za podporu a schovívavost. Obsah 1. Úvod .............................................................................................................................. 7 2. Turnerovo zázemí ....................................................................................................... 11 3. Perspektiva a architektura v Turnerově malbě ........................................................... 14 3. 1 Přednášky o perspektivě na Královské akademii ................................................. 14 3.2 Přednáška o malbě pozadí ..................................................................................... 18 3.3 Kritika ................................................................................................................... 24 4. Výtvarná tvorba s uplatněním znalosti perspektivy a obecných znalostí dřívějšího studia ............................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Malby .................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Skicáře ................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Záznamy z cest .................................................................................................. 33 4.2.2. Cesta do Prahy 1835.......................................................................................... 36 4.2.3. Technické náčrty ............................................................................................... 40 5. Architektonické realizace ........................................................................................... 43 6. Závěr ........................................................................................................................... 52 Seznam použité literatury a pramenů: ............................................................................ 56 Prameny ....................................................................................................................... 56 Bibliografie ................................................................................................................. 57 Elektronické zdroje ..................................................................................................... 58 Seznam vyobrazení ......................................................................................................... 59 Obrazová příloha ............................................................................................................. 68 1. Úvod Ve své bakalářské práci se soustředím na ztvárnění architektury v tvorbě a myšlení Williama Turnera. Věnuji se Turnerově pojetí a využití perspektivy a kompozice v malířském i architektonickém díle. Zajímá mne, jak a co ho ovlivnilo k jeho způsobu práce s architektonickými náměty. Turnerův postup a principy analyzuji na základě jeho přednášek jako profesora perspektivy na Královské akademii. Aplikaci těchto principů dále posuzuji pomocí skicářů, které si Turner vedl, a komparací Turnerovy tvorby s jeho současníky. Turnerovu malbu porovnávám s Johnem Constablem, zatímco jeho architektonickou realizaci komparuji s dílem Johnem Soana. Za účelem lepšího porozumění jak Williamu Turnerovi, tak Johnu Soanovi jsem na konci února 2020 realizovala cestu do Londýna. Mým záměrem bylo vidět jejich dílo v reálném kontextu. Ústředním cílem bakalářské práce pak bylo rozlišit Turnerův přístup k architektonickým námětům v malbě a v realizaci, na což se soudobé publikace věnované Turnerovu dílu nesoustředí. Kapitola o realizaci jeho vlastního domu bývá připojena pouze na okraj publikací zabývajících se jeho výtvarnou tvorbou. Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) byl již za svého života kontroverzní osobností. Od faktu, že se jako syn holiče dostal na Královskou akademii, kde prorazil se svými akvarely a stal se jedním z nejuznávanějších malířů své doby a zároveň zdejším rozporuplným profesorem perspektivy, až po konec svého života, kdy jeho odvrácení od tradiční malby a postupný příklon k abstrahování částí viděného motivu vyvolávaly rozdílné reakce. První, kdo se postavil na jeho obranu, byl John Ruskin (1819–1900). Ruskin obhajoval Turnerovu tvorbu s velkým nadšením, nikdy však nenapsal jeho životopis. Kapitolu o Turnerově díle zahrnují například jeho edinburské lekce1 vydané v roce 1892. Ruskin zde Turnerův život připodobňuje k Shakespearovskému dramatu. Zda bude Ruskin psát Turnerův životopis, si u něho dopisem ověřil George Walter Thornbury (1828–1876), žurnalista, před tím, než jako první sestavil Turnerovu biografii na základě rozhovorů s malířovými přáteli, korespondence a dalších pramenů. 1 Lectures on Architecture and Painting delivered at Edinburgh in November 1853, volně přeloženo jako Lekce o architektuře a malířství odpřednášené v Edinburghu v listopadu roku 1853, 1892 vydáno v New Yorku: Charles E. Merrill & Co. a v Londýně: George Allen 7 Monografie Life of Turner (Život Turnerův, 1862) je uvedena právě dopisem, který dostal od Ruskina, v němž zaznívá Ruskinova charakteristika Turnerovy osoby.2 Současný britský historik Andrew Wilton (*1942) ve své knize Turner in his Time (2006) zároveň uvádí, že právě tyto dvě osobnosti jsou zdrojem spousty anekdot, které dnes o malíři kolují.3 Další významnou osobností pro hlubší poznání Turnerovy tvorby byl Alexander Joseph Finberg (1866–1939), jenž katalogizoval Turnerovo dílo a jenž je také autorem knihy Turner’s sketches and drawings (Turnerovy skici a kresby, 1910). V první polovině 20. stol. se v umělecko-historických časopisech objevilo téma Turnerových přednášek o perspektivě. Samotný obsah přednášek není publikován, i když existuje 28 manuscriptů uložených ve fondech British Library4 a tři se nachází v soukromých sbírkách. Co se lekcí týče, dohledatelné jsou hlavně okolnosti jejich průběhu na základě novinových článků. Často se objevují poznámky o Turnerově přednesu a následovné přijetí kritikou. Články o přednáškách vycházely v Burlington Magazine, přičemž jejich autory byli Dugald Sutherland MacColl (1859–1948) a William Thomas Whitley (1858–1942). V roce 1963 pak v Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
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