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Multi-Criteria HVAC Control Optimization Multi-Criteria HVAC Control Optimization S. Krinidis, A. C. Tsolakis, I. Katsolas, D. Ioannidis and D. Tzovaras Information Technologies Institute Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Thessaloniki, Greece {krinidis, tsolakis, irakliskatsolas, djoannid, dimitrios.tzovaras}@iti.gr Abstract—Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) just barely maintaining occupants’ comfort levels [4]. systems consist one of the main elements that have a significant Computational Intelligence (CI), including Neural Networks impact to both occupants’ comfort and energy consumption in (NNs), Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLSs), and Genetic Algorithms tertiary buildings, affecting therefore productivity and (GAs), have been widely utilized for HVAC control. operational cost respectively. Energy consumption depends on occupant comfort through the calculation of the thermal comfort NNs have been widely used for energy prediction and function, a function which derives from an extended analysis that modeling in various types of buildings [5]. However, there are takes into account various parameters such as temperature, still aspects that haven’t been explored either in residential humidity, air velocity, activity and clothing. This paper examines buildings or in terms of occupant comfort and HVAC the implementation of a multi-criteria algorithm for optimizing operational cost. In some cases, NN can be further enriched by operational control of HVAC systems, by integrating multiple additional technologies to improve the optimization process. real-time condition variables as input and targeting In [6], a Genetic Algorithm is used along Artificial NN in maximization of occupants’ comfort satisfaction and order to provide an optimization process that uses self-tuning minimization of energy consumption as output. As added value, HVAC component models, resulting cooling energy savings the proposed framework allows its users to configure themselves up to 11%. the balance between comfort and consumption by adjusting specific thresholds. The effectiveness of the optimization The problem of NNs is that they are regarded as “black algorithm is presented through the real-time operation of an boxes”. FLSs can overcome this problem as they are based on HVAC system in an office building. Experimental results are human readable fuzzy membership functions and rules that presented and conclusions regarding the value of the HVAC can describe the performance of the system. A lot of research optimal operational control are derived. has been using FLSs for intelligent buildings and HVAC systems, going a few decades back, when [7] introduced the Keywords— Heating, ventilation and air conditioning; Thermal design of fuzzy rule-based controller for the mixing box of an comfort; Multi-criteria control algorithm; Thermal Analysis air handling unit, and [8] presented the advantages of the fuzzy control techniques in satisfying the users’ preferences. I. INTRODUCTION Just like NNs, FLSs aren’t without drawbacks; there is a World energy consumption has become a major concern to need for parameters learning mechanisms, which can be met scientific and political communities [1]. In EU countries, with learning techniques like NNs and GAs to determine the primary energy consumption in buildings represents about variables of the fuzzy systems. An example of this approach is 40% of total energy consumption and depending on the presented in [9], where building comfort improvement was countries more than half of this energy is used by systems achieved by adjusting the fan-coils air flow rate through a preserving comfortable indoor climate conditions i.e. Heating, neuro-fuzzy control system. In another approach [10], fuzzy- Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems [2]. neural systems have been used to bridge results extracted from Therefore, the need for implementing methods and tools for building energy consumption simplified and detailed energy management in the building sector is evident. From a estimation methods. Besides NN, a GA-based classifier technological point of view, it is estimated that the use of system has been employed in [11] to enable an air- technologies such as Building Energy Management Systems conditioning controller to learn from its own experience the (BEMS / BMS / EMS), can offer energy savings up to 20% in optimal control strategy against a given performance the building sector [2]. On the other hand, since people spend evaluation scheme. 80% of their lifetime in buildings, a healthy and comfortable environment is important for occupants’ well-being and However, according to [4], solutions to that point with productivity [3]. To maintain an optimal equilibrium between integrated FLSs, NNs, or GAs were not yet able to provide both aspects, building loads’ operation requires optimization sufficient optimization models for building operation. To mechanisms in real-time operation, with HVAC, as the main address this, [4] presented a novel agent-based system asset for thermal comfort management, introducing a complex (Intelligent Control of Energy - ICE) for energy management equipment, usually employed for maintaining satisfactory in commercial buildings, where within each agent different CI comfort while consuming significant amounts of energy [2]. techniques are employed (including FLSs, NNs and Gas) to “learn” buildings thermal response to various variables such as Unfortunately, B(E)MS have, generally, failed to fully weather conditions, internal occupancy requirements and optimize energy consumption in commercial buildings without building plant responses. Each of these techniques may be more or less accurate depending on environmental conditions. The mean core temperature of an adult human being is By selecting the appropriate CI based algorithm which works approximately 37°C and generally it is not influenced even by in real-time with the building’s existing BEMS, it’s possible to large variations in ambient temperature. By converting minimize the building’s energy demand. Following this work, chemical energy of food into work and heat, the internal authors in [3] present a multi-agent based intelligent control temperature (core-temperature) can be kept constant, but only system for achieving effective energy and comfort if there is balance between the heat produced by the body and management in a building environment. the heat lost to the environment. It is known that under normal and balanced conditions, the heat energy produced by the To our knowledge, current literature lacks from an metabolism equals the rate of heat transferred from the body unsupervised control system capable of operating in real-time by conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation and continuously without requiring any external human respiration [14]. The fundamental thermodynamic process in intervention, and is adjustable to occupants’ indirect feedback. heat exchange between man and his environment may be In this work, we propose a deterministic algorithm, which described by the general heat balance equation: aims to optimize real-time operation of an HVAC system. In practice, it optimizes an objective function in which various MWCRECE () . (1) criteria, crucial for the HVAC operation, are implemented by sk res res introducing weights for each one of them. These weights are where the external work W (W/m2) is small and is generally not determined by any expert or using any “trial and error” ignored under most situations. The internal energy production methodology, but rather they are calculated presenting an ideal M (W/m2) is determined by metabolic activity. C (W/m2) is balance among the various criteria. The objective function the heat loss by convection. R (W/m2) is the heat loss by 2 simulates the divergence of the value of each criterion from its thermal radiation. Esk (W/m ) is the heat loss by evaporation 2 2 ideal one. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm optimizes the from the skin. Cres (W/m ) and Eres (W/m ) are the sensible and real-time operation of the HVAC system, minimizing the the evaporation heat loss due to respiration respectively. The objective function and therefore making the values of the convection heat transfer C (W/m2) from the human body to the criteria reach their target ones, which are specified in advance. environment is given by: This paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the C f h T T , (2) performance of the HVAC systems, while Section III presents cl c cl a the proposed deterministic weight calculation algorithm. where T (°C) is the clothing surface temperature and T (°C) Section IV presents the experimental results, while cl a is the ambient air temperature. The heat transfer coefficient hc conclusions are drawn in Section V. 2 (W/m K) depends on the air velocity Va (m/s) across the body and consequently also upon the position of the person and II. HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS orientation to the air current. An approximate value of hc An HVAC system is a rather complex set of components during forced convection can be evaluated as: that have as a main goal to optimally adjust indoor 0.5 environmental conditions towards providing thermal comfort hVca12.1 . (3) and acceptable air quality. In modern intelligent buildings, a sophisticated control system should provide excellent control The clothing area factor fcl is expressed as follows: [2], which is highly dependent on the control system’s fI1.05 0.1 , (4) performance criteria. cl cl where Icl is the thermal insulation of clothing. The insulation
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