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Comparison of in Situ and Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures in the Gulf of Carpentaria

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Comparison of in Situ and Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures in the Gulf of Carpentaria OCTOBER 2007 B A R T O N 1773 Comparison of In Situ and Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures in the Gulf of Carpentaria IAN J. BARTON CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (Manuscript received 29 June 2005, in final form 9 November 2006) ABSTRACT During 30 days in May and June 2003, the R/V Southern Surveyor was operating in the Gulf of Carpen- taria, northern Australia. Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) were made with an accurate single-channel infrared radiometer as well as with the ship’s thermosalinograph. These ship-based mea- surements have been used to assess the quality of the SST derived from nine satellite-borne instruments. The satellite dataset compiled during this period also allows the intercomparison of satellite-derived SST fields in areas not covered by the ship’s track. An assessment of the SST quality from each satellite instrument is presented, and suggestions for blending ground and satellite measurements into a single product are made. These suggestions are directly applicable to the international Global Ocean Data As- similation Experiment (GODAE) High Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP) that is currently developing an operational system to provide 6-hourly global fields of SST at a spatial resolution close to 10 km. The paper demonstrates how the Diagnostic Datasets (DDSs) and Matchup Database (MDB) of the GHRSST-PP can be used to monitor the quality of individual and blended SST datasets. Recommendations for future satellite missions that are critical to the long-term generation of accurate blended SST datasets are included. 1. Introduction flying on European satellites has been specifically de- signed to provide accurate estimates of SST suitable for Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the key pa- climate applications. Other infrared instruments have rameters used in global numerical modeling of weather been launched on a series of environmental satellites, and climate processes. Many space agencies have re- specifically the Global Imager (GLI) on the Advanced cently launched satellites that include infrared and mi- Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) and the Mod- crowave instruments designed to provide global or re- erate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) gional data on the temperature of the ocean surface. on the Terra and Aqua satellites. Advanced Microwave Infrared systems that provide operational products in- Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) instruments have been clude the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer included on both the ADEOS-II and Aqua satellites. (AVHRR) on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric In this study only data from the Earth Observing Sys- Administration (NOAA) series of polar-orbiting satel- tem (EOS) AMSR (AMSR-E) on Aqua are used. Un- lites and the imaging radiometers on all geostationary fortunately, ADEOS-II has not provided data since No- operational meteorological satellites. In this study we vember 2003, but data from GLI have been made avail- have access to data from the Geostationary Operational able for this study. Further details on the satellite Environmental Satellite-9 (GOES-9) Multispectral Im- instruments used in this study are included in a later ager (MSI) after it was moved from above the eastern section. Pacific Ocean to over the equator north of Australia. The instruments described above all supply estimates The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) series of SST that have a range of spatial resolutions and ac- curacies. However, in most cases, the accuracies of sat- ellite-derived SST estimates are comparable to those Corresponding author address: Dr. I. J. Barton, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania for data collected from ground-based platforms. The 7001, Australia. suite of satellite instruments listed above now provides E-mail: [email protected] a global coverage that is not practical from ships and DOI: 10.1175/JTECH2084.1 © 2007 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 09:38 AM UTC JTECH2084 1774 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 24 TABLE 1. Satellite radiometers used in the analysis with the number of cloud-free coincidences with the ship location. The overpass times for each satellite over the Gulf of Carpentaria and the channels used for SST determination are also included. UTC ϭ Gulf of Carpentaria overpass times (UTC) day (night); Resolution ϭ spatial resolution (km). Satellite Radiometer UTC Resolution Channels for SST Total scenes Cloud free NOAA-12 AVHRR 0640–0815 (1830–2000) 1.1 3.7, 10.8, 12 ␮m4936 NOAA-16 AVHRR 0400–0535 (1540–1715) 1.1 3.7, 10.8, 12 ␮m5242 Terra MODIS 0015–0150 (1240–1355) 1.0 3.7, 3.9, 4.0, 11, 12 ␮m4723 Aqua MODIS 0345–0505 (1529–1645) 1.0 3.7, 3.9, 4.0, 11, 12 ␮m4724 ERS-2 ATSR-2 0045–0115 (1300–1330) 1.0 3.7, 10.8, 12 ␮m74 Envisat AATSR 0015–0045 (1230–1300) 1.0 3.7, 10.8, 12 ␮m184 ADEOS-II GLI 0035–0110 (1240–1340) 1.0 3.7, 8.6, 10.8, 12 ␮m 112 22 GOES-9 MSI Geostationary 4.0 10.8, 12 ␮m 640 217 Aqua AMSR-E 0345–0505 (1529–1645) 38, 56 6.9, 10.6, 18.7, 24, 36, 90 GHz 30 8 buoys. With all these data being available to research within the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- and application communities there is now a need to search Organisation (CSIRO). The radiometer has a develop methods for getting the best SST possible using heritage going back many years and is the culmination all the satellite and ground-based data that are avail- of developments leading to a reliable accurate instru- able. This is the aim of the Global Ocean Data Assimi- ment. Full details of the instrument are provided by lation Experiment (GODAE) High Resolution SST Pi- Bennett (1998). A rotating 45° plane mirror sequen- lot Project (GHRSST-PP) (www.ghrsst-pp.org). The tially views the sea, a hot blackbody calibration target, available data include a range of satellite orbits and the sky, and finally an ambient temperature blackbody overpass times, several different infrared spectral con- calibration target. The incoming radiation is physically figurations, and microwave-based estimates that can be chopped against a second ambient temperature black- used in cloudy conditions. A further complication is body target, and the chopped radiation is focused with that infrared radiometers measure the radiometric skin a45° parabolic front-surfaced mirror onto a pyroelec- temperature of the ocean, microwave radiometers give tric detector. The detector is located behind an inter- subskin measurements, and ship and buoy measure- ference filter that passes radiation with wavelengths be- ments of SST are typically at a depth of 1–3 m. Thus, tween 10.5 and 11.5 ␮m. The temperatures of the two when developing a blended SST from all available data calibration blackbody targets are accurately monitored, all these factors need to be taken into account. Finally, providing excellent absolute radiometric accuracy. any system developed under the GHRSST-PP program During 2001 the DAR011 radiometer was included in needs to be flexible enough to account for loss of sen- the Miami2001 infrared radiometer calibration and in- sors, the introduction of new sensors, and any develop- tercomparison. The radiometer was calibrated against a ment of new blending techniques. National Institute of Standards and Technology In this paper satellite data from the nine instruments (NIST)-designed blackbody target and compared named above (and listed in Table 1) have been as- against other similar instruments used for the validation sembled for comparison with shipborne measurements of satellite-derived surface temperatures, and was of SST. The data analysis shows the performance of found to perform with a high degree of accuracy— each instrument in tropical clear-sky conditions. The better than 0.1 K. Results from the Miami2001 exercise data also allow the intercomparison of the different sat- are reported by Barton et al. (2004) and Rice et al. ellite-derived SST estimates without reference to any (2004). Since Miami2001, regular comparisons with ground-based data. The analysis techniques developed laboratory-based blackbody targets and other ship- here demonstrate how, in GHRSST-PP, in situ and sat- based measurements suggest that the DAR011 radiom- ellite datasets can be used to monitor the accuracy of both individual and blended SST datasets. eter has maintained its accuracy. A further radiometer intercomparison is planned for the near future to en- sure that shipborne infrared radiometers have main- 2. Ship instrumentation tained their capability of providing skin SST measure- ments suitable for validation. a. DAR011 infrared radiometer On the R/V Southern Surveyor the infrared radiom- The DAR011 radiometer is a single-channel, self- eter was mounted above the bridge and viewed the sea calibrating, infrared radiometer developed and built surface outside the ship’s wake with a nadir angle of Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/28/21 09:38 AM UTC OCTOBER 2007 B A R T O N 1775 data used in the analysis were obtained within the same minute. For the radiometer the same coincident time applied, except when the radiometer was in a calibra- tion mode, and then the coincidence was always less than 3 min. The satellite instruments are listed in Table 1 along with details of the number of images supplied and the number of cloud-free coincidences with the ship location. It is important to note that the SST algorithms for the Advanced ATSR (AATSR) and ATSR-2 are derived theoretically and give a radiometric temperature of the sea surface, which is often called the skin temperature. In contrast, the SST algorithms for the other satellite instruments are tuned to give a bulk SST, even though infrared radiometers sense the skin temperature and the microwave radiometers sense the subskin tempera- FIG.
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