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Project JXTA – Guide to a Peer-To-Peer Framework

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Project JXTA – Guide to a Peer-To-Peer Framework Project JXTA – Guide to a peer-to-peer framework Ekaterina Chtcherbina Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Munich Thomas Wieland Siemens AG, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Coburg 1 High-level agenda ! Introduction ! Peer-to-Peer Computing ! The Project JXTA ! JXTA Concepts ! JXTA Protocols ! "Hello JXTA-World" 2 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Introduction: Benefits of Peer-to-Peer Computing 3 5 Myths about P2P ! It is always fully decentralized ! P2P is about People-to-People communication ! It is only about file sharing ! P2P is not secure ! P2P is not scalable 4 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Distributed Search 5 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Multi-user applications and games 6 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Auctions 7 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Collaboration 8 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Resource sharing 9 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Distributed storage and file sharing 10 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Blackboards 11 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Examples of P2P Applications ! Building facilities (sensor equipment) ! Collaboration work support (development tools, data sharing) ! Medicine (effective collaboration, file sharing, distributed data processing) ! Building site automatization ! Business & entertainment communication support ! Cars (driver support, location based services, car tracking) 12 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Peer-to-Peer Computing 13 What is Peer-to-Peer Networking? ! Traditional P2P network definition (comp. sc. encyclopedia): “A type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving others.” ! Our P2P network definition: “An adaptive, self-configuring network which does not rely on central servers. The peers in a P2P network are devices that can act as both servers and clients (servents).” 14 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Disadvantages of Client/Server Systems ! Central servers (or server clusters) are potential bottlenecks and single points of failure of distributed systems " P2P allows for efficient use of resources and robustness 15 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Peer-to-peer and Ad Hoc Networks ! Ad hoc networks require self- configuration ! Dynamic environment, unstable connectivity, infrastructureless ! Issues: addressing, service discovery & advertisement, dynamic service composition, connection mgt., routing " P2P enables self-configuration of dynamic distributed systems 16 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Messages in C/S and P2P Traditional traffic ClientPeer congestion zone ClientPeer Server Cache ClientPeer ClientPeer Server ClientPeer ClientPeer ClientPeer ClientPeer 17 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Centralized Distributed Computing ! Distributed networking technologies such as DCOM, CORBA and Web Services currently rely on a priori known directory servers (registry, naming server, UDDI, etc.) Database 1. 2. Service Client Server 3. 18 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Centralized Distributed Computing (2) ! Distributed auto-configuration technologies such as Jini also rely on directory servers " P2P plug and play technologies such as UPnP are more suitable for infrastructureless environments Peer Peer Peer Peer Peer 19 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Special Features ! Decentralized ☺ ! Scalability/Redundancy/Fault tolerance ! P2P networks scale well with increasing numbers of users ! Multiple distributed copies of of frequently accessed resources ! Nondeterministic ! Peers can appear and vanish spontaneously ! Behaviour is less predictable 20 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Requirements for P2P Systems ! Metadata/Interoperability ! When are they essentially independent ? ! Encapsulation? Privacy? Trust? ! Discovery ! Who is out there ? ! How do I reach them ? ! Messaging ! QoS Security Trust/Reputation ! Peer-to-peer interaction issues 21 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Security in P2P Networks 22 Security Issues ! Authentication ! The process of determining whether or not some entity is in fact who that entity declares itself to be. ! Authorization ! Process of giving an authenticated entity permissions to do some action or access some resource ! Encryption and confidentiality ! Integrity 23 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Challenges in P2P Systems ! Memberships and groups are dynamic ! People do not trust each other ! Each peer is untrusted ! Peers don't have trust relationships ! Unpredictable network latencies ! Firewalls and other barriers ! No central services (especially no directory) ! Individuals can cause local damage that spreads ! Every peer may run run different software ! Code may be mobile ! Complex systems: hard to understand 24 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Solutions ! Mostly based on "web of trust" ! A trusts B, B trusts C, so A can also trust C ! Users exchange their public keys and encrypt messages with their private keys ! Enrich by reputations • Assign reputations to entities • Allow others to retrieve reputations • Use reputation to build trust relationships • Example: eBay ! Alternative: centrally issued group membership certificates (PKI) ! Introduces dependencies from a server-like infrastructure component 25 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 FurtherPossibleSecurity Tools ! Encryption ! Authentication ! Firewalls ! May be installed on each peer ! Drawbacks: Block all traffic on port, not application; generally static rulesets ! Sandboxes ! Essential for mobile code systems! ! E.g. in Java/JVM, .NET/CLR 26 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Search in P2P Networks 27 Distributed Search: Network Topology Based Centralized Decentralized (e.g. Napster) (e.g. Gnutella) !Relies on the organization of the peers within the network to route requests !Optimization focuses on the reduction of the diameter (no. of hops, round trip time) of the graph representing the distributed network 28 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Distributed Search: Content Mapping Based ! Content addressable networks: distributed hash table. Content (or pointer to content) is stored in assigned peers " not a practical approach for content described by multiple attributes ! Publish/subscribe networks: peers agree on a certain query and advertisement template. Content based routing. 29 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Hybrid Search Super Hybrid approach: Peer locally centralized + globally decentralized + publish/subscribe (e.g. JXTA Search) $ No perfect solution, choice depends on the application 30 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Support for Message Exchange ! Routing in multi-hop ad hoc networks ! Caching mechanism (relaying) for overcoming ! Disruptive connectivity Relay ! Firewalls Peer Peer C Firewall Peer Polling B Peer A Relay Mobile Peer Peer 31 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Peer-to-Peer Systems ! P2P platforms ! Messaging ! Sun Microsystems: frameworks JXTA ! Open Source: Jabber ! Distributed computing ! Collaboration ! SETI@home ! Engenia Software, Inc ! Entropia ! Others ! File sharing ! Magi: Endevors ! Freenet ! Gnutella ! KaZaA 32 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Project JXTA 33 What is JXTA? conceptual framework for Peer-to-Peer applications ! serves as a specification, an effort to create a common platform for building distributed services and applications ! neither a standalone Peer-to-Peer application nor a concrete framework implementation! ! But: Sun has provided a reference implementation (in Java) which incorporates the specified components ! Napster, Gnutella, Freenet & Co. provide users with limited ability to share resources and are unable to share data with other, similar applications 34 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 The Project JXTA ! Started as a research project at Sun Microsystems by Chief Scientist Bill Joy ! First official release of a Java reference implementation in April 2001 ! Since then put under an open-source license The name JXTA is derived from the word juxtapose, meaning to place two entities side-by-side or in close proximity. By choosing this name, the development team at Sun recognized that P2P solutions would always exist alongside the current client/server solutions, rather than replacing them completely. Brendon Wilson 35 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Key Assumptions ! Platform Independence (any language, any OS, any hardware) ! But: JXTA dependence ! Allow for absolute heterogeneity of peers ! Highly unreliable & changing network environment ! Asynchronous,Unreliable,Uni-directional transport ! Idempotent protocol exchanges – No protocol state ! Applications to build their own security & encryption models 36 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Technology ! JXTA technology is based on XML, Java technology, and key concepts of UNIX operating system ! Transmitted information is packaged as messages ! Messages define an XML envelop to transfer any kind of data ! The use of Java language is not required ! JXTA protocols can be implemented in C, C++, Perl, or any other programming language 37 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 JXTA Concepts 38 JXTA Architecture Application Level JXTA Services JXTA Platform Components pipes peers peer groups peer groups Core Services resolver pipe discovery membership propagation service router and relay services transports 39 © Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002 Key Aspects ! XML documents (advertisements) used to describe
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