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Kanada 1945-1961

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Kanada 1945-1961 /Mgzus' '.45345 3 ^OS'ilS’O'b Longin Pastusiak KRAJE ODLEGŁE A JEDNAK BLISKIE Polska - Kanada 1945-1961 wijcUv/fyciwo addmjpdiszafelf Redaktor Michał Strzelecki Redaktor techniczny Włodzimierz Dąbrowski Korekta Danuta Bednarska-Pituła ~ Z A 5 3 4 5 3 © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek Toruń 2002 ISBN 83-7322-371-1 Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek, ul. Przy Kaszowniku 37, 87-100 Toruń, tel./fax (056) 623 22 38, (056) 660 81 60, e-mail: [email protected] Drukarnia nr 1, ul. Rydygiera 12a, 87-100 Toruń, tel. (056) 659 98 96 SPIS TREŚCI W STĘP ..................................................................................................................7 ROZDZIAŁ I. NIESPEŁNIONE NADZIEJE (1945-1947) ................... 15 STOSUNKI POLITYCZNO-DYPLOMATYCZNE ................................ 17 • Kanada uznaje TRJN - 17 • Organizacja placówek -20 • Katastro­ fa samolotu z penicyliną - 27 • Sprawy wojskowe - 29 • Placówka imigracyjna w Gdyni -31 • Kanadyjczycy o Polsce -3 2 • Stanisław Mikołajczyk w Kanadzie - 33 • Poselstwo Kanady w Warszawie - 35 • Problem niemiecki - 36 • W Izbie Gmin o Polsce - 37 • Jaka polityka?-38 STOSUNKI GOSPODARCZE .....................................................................42 • Oceny kanadyjskie - 42 • Handel - 43 • Odszkodowania za nacjo­ nalizację - 46 • Zwrot złota - 47 • Zamrożenie aktywów polskich - 50 • Pomoc kanadyjska - 50 • UNRRA - 52 • Odmowa kredytu - 53 • Pomoc pounrowska - 55 • Organizacje kanadyjskie w Polsce - 59 KULTURA NAUKA I SKARBY WAWELSKIE ..................................62 • Stosunki kulturalne - 62 • Współpraca naukowa - 64 • Skarby w Kanadzie - 65 • Wymiana not - 66 • Poszukiwanie zabytków - 68 • Akcja dyplomalyczno-prasowa - 71 • Rozmowa z St. Laurent - 74 • Opinie Poselstwa RP - 77 • Dyplomatyczne przepychanki - 78 • Skarga władz polskich - 83 CZYNNIK POLONIJNY ............................................................................. 90 • Polonia kanadyjska - 90 • Pomoc Polonii - 94 • Repatriacja - 96 • Spory wokół rejestracji - 98 • Żołnierze generała Andersa - 100 • Sprawa dziewcząt polskich - 107 • Polonia a skarby wawelskie -112 ROZDZIAŁ II. W OKOWACII ZIMNEJ WOJNY (1948-1956) .. .115 STOSUNKI POLITYCZNO-DYPLOMATYCZNE................................117 • Piętno zimnej wojny -117* Kontrowersje wokół placówek - 121 • Archiwum tokijskie - 126 • Dzieci polskie - 129 • Powrót posła - 130 • Wyjazd Kirkwooda - 1.34 • Sprawa attache wojskowych - 135 • Czy utrzymać poselstwo Kanady - 137 • Niemcy i granice - 138 • Sprawy różne - 139 • Audycje CBC - 141 • W Indochinach - 142 • Sygnały odwilży - 148 • Wydarzenia poznańskie - 153 • Polski Październik - 154 • W Izbie Gmin - 155 STOSUNKI GOSPODARCZE ...................................................................157 • Kulejący handel - 157 • Mienie polskie - 159 • Odszkodowania za nacjonalizację - 162 • Pomoc kanadyjska - 169 • „SS Batory” - 172 • Eksport-Import - 175 • Konsultacje handlowe - 183 • Kredyt pszeniczny - 186 • Ku lepszemu - 189 KULTURA, NAUKA I SKARBY WAWELSKIE............................... 191 • Stosunki kulturalne - 191 • Współpraca naukowa - 194 • Policja znajduje arrasy - 197 • Co dalej? -202 • Forum międzynarodowe - 206 • Odnalezienie części skarbów - 209 • Nowe działania - 210 CZYNNIK POLONIJNY.......................................................................... 220 • Wzrost liczebności Polonii - 220 • Żołnierze polscy - 222 • Repa- t racja - 223 • Trudności w emigrowaniu z Polski - 224 • Zmniej­ szaj \ca się pomoc - 225 • Granice Polski - 226 • Podziały politycz­ ne — 227 • Skarby wawelskie - 233 • Przemiany w Polsce — 234 ROZDZIAŁ III. TYLKO ODWILŻ (1957-1961) ..................................237 STOSUNKI POLITYCZNO-DYPLOMATYCZNE............................ 239 • Poprawa klimatu - 239 • Wytyczne dla Poselstwa - 245 • Interesy węgierskie - 247 • Groby jeńców - 248 • Opóźnienia wizowe - 248 • Plan Rapackiego - 250 • Problem niemiecki - 255 • Granica na Odrze i Nysie - 257 • Indochiny - 261 • Polska w Radzie Bezpie­ czeństwa — 265 • Konsulat w Montrealu — 267 • Ambasady i amba­ sadorowie — 268 • Na lorum Izby Gmin — 274 • Rozmowa z G. H. Southamem - 275 • Po zwrocie arrasów -277 STOSUNKI GOSPODARCZE ..................................................................279 • Nowe inicjatywy - 279 • Zakupy pszenicy - 281 • „Batory” - 286 • Umowa lotnicza - 287 • Problem aktywów - 289 • Opinia radcy handlowego - 290 • Handel - 291 KULTURA I NAUKA ............................................................................... 298 • Wymiana kulturalna -298 • Współpraca naukowa -303 KONIEC ODYSEI SKARBÓW WAWELSKICH ................................305 • Po październiku 1956 r. -305 • W komisji sejmowej -3 0 8 • Zwy­ cięstwo konserwatystów - 310 • Na forum ONZ - 313 • Argumenty polskie - 314 • Argumenty kanadyjskie - 317 • Oświadczenie Duplessisa - 318 • Polskie aide-memoire - 319 • Wycofanie się z obietnic - 320 • Akcja propagandowa - 321 • Zwrot kufrów - 322 • Pomoc rządu Kanady - 323 • Co dalej? - 326 • Nowe działania -327 • Po śmierci Duplessisa -329 • Rozmowa z premierem Que- becku - 330 • Front dyplomatyczny - 332 • Po śmierci Sauvć - 333 • List T. Kotarbińskiego - 333 • Działania dyplomatyczne - 334 • J. Lesage - 336 • Instrukcje Rapackiego - 338 • Rozmowy Southama - 338 • Plan odbioru arrasów - 340 CZYNNIK POLONIJNY ...........................................................................341 • Reakcje popaździernikowc 1956 r. - 341 • Obchody Tysiąclecia - 347 • Wizyty polityków emigracyjnych -348 • Pomoc dla kraju - 349 • Granice i Niemcy -350 • Zwrot skarbów -352 INDEKS OSÓB ............................................. 361 WSTĘP O Polsce i Kanadzie mówi się potocznie, że są to kraje odlegle od siebie ale sobie bliskie. Dzieli nas Ocean Atlantycki, różni nas historia i poziom rozwoju gospodarczego. Polska, która ma większą liczbę ludności niż Kanada pod wzglę­ dem obszaru stanowi zaledwie 3% terytorium Kanady. Przez kilkadziesiąt lat dzieliły nas różnice ustrojowe i przynależność do różnych ugrupowań politycz­ nych, gospodarczych i militarnych. A jednak jesteśmy sobie bliscy, choć odnoszę wrażenie jakby Kanada była bliższa Polsce i Polakom aniżeli Polska Kanadzie i Kanadyjczykom. Ale może się mylę. Przez kilka lat byłem prezesem Towarzystwa Polska-Kanada i zetk­ nąłem się z wieloma sympatycznymi przejawami zainteresowania ze strony Pola­ ków historią, kulturą, polityką, gospodarką i różnymi aspektami życia społeczeń­ stwa tego fascynującego kraju. Wielu Kanadyjczyków, którzy byli w Polsce, poznali Polaków, w tym także byli ambasadorowie Kanady w Polsce, z którymi przeprowadziłem wywiady do niniejszej książki mówiło mi o swego rodzaju mitologii kanadyjskiej, z którą zetknęli się w Polsce. Owa mitologia jest skrzyżo­ waniem dwóch innych zjawisk: fascynacji Kanadą z brakiem rzetelnej wiedzy o nim. Faktem jest że Polacy mają może nieco naiwne wyobrażenie o Kanadzie, ale jest to wyobrażenie polne sympatii i życzliwości. Stosunki bilateralne polsko-kanadyjskie po II wojnie światowej w spolaryzo­ wanym zimną wojną i rywalizacją radziecko-amerykańską świecie znajdowały się pod przemożnym wpływem ogólnej atmosfery stosunków Wschód-Zachód. Polskę i Kanadę łączą jednak pewne związki szczególne, które powodowały, że mimo odmienności ustrojowej stosunki polsko-kanadyjskie w okresie powo­ jennym miały swoją specyfikę, tzn. były cieplejsze, aktywniejsze aniżeli stosunki Kanady z innymi krajami ówczesnego bloku radzieckiego. Do tych czynników sprzyjających rozwojowi wzajemnych stosunków i wzaje­ mnemu zainteresowaniu zaliczyć można m.in.: — Tradycje stosunków polsko-kanadyjskich. Oba kraje nigdy nie prowadziły ze soba wojen, a podczas drugiej wojny światowej były sojusznikami. Na terenie Kanady znajdowały się obozy szkoleniowe dla polskich sił zbrojnych. Polacy i Kanadyjczycy walczyli na tych samych frontach, lotnicy kanadyjscy nieśli po­ moc między innymi mieszkańcom Warszawy w okresie powstania. W czasie lądowania zachodnich aliantów w Europie, polska dywizja pancerna wchodziła w skład Armii Kanadyjskiej i przeszła szlak od Normandii do Morza Północnego. 7 Przedstawicielem Kanady przy polskim rządzie emigracyjnym w Londynie był wówczas general Georges Vanier, późniejszy Gubernator Generalny Kanady. — Komplementarność interesów gospodarczych. Zainteresowanie obu kra­ jów wymianą gospodarczą na wzajemnie korzystnych warunkach toruje również drogę do rozwoju kontaktów politycznych. — Pomoc gospodarcza i charytatywna Kanady i Polonii kanadyjskiej dla Polski i społeczeństwa polskiego. Kanada wnosiła m.in. trzeci pod względem v idkości wkład w program UNRRA. Szczególna aktywność obu krajów na arenie międzynarodowej. Polska i Kanada współpracują ze sobą w wielu organizacjach międzynarodowych np. w ONZ, były lub są uczestnikami rozmaitych gremiów w najbardziej zapalnych punktach świata (Indochiny, Bliski Wschód). Udział Polski i Kanady w Między­ narodowej Komisji Nadzoru i Kontroli w Indocliinach oraz w Doraźnych Siłach Zbrojnych ONZ na Bliskim Wschodzie zbliżył tysiące Polaków i Kanadyjczy­ ków, umożliwił lepsze poznanie się i sprzyjał wzajemnemu zrozumieniu. Udział Polski I Kanady w tych międzynarodowych gremiach nie tylko korzystnie wpły­ nął na łagodzenie napięć lokalnych, ale ułatwił także rozwój stosunków dwu­ stronnych. — Polska i Kanada sąsiadujące bezpośrednio z supermocarstwami uważały, że w okresie napięć zimnowojennych, demonstrując swoją lojalność wobec ist­ niejących wówczas sojuszów wojskowych, mają równocześnie możliwość i swe­ go rodzaju obowiązek oddziaływania na swych wielkich sąsiadów,
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