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The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States Between the Third Plenary Council and the Condemnation of Americanism Author(S): Gerald P

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The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States Between the Third Plenary Council and the Condemnation of Americanism Author(S): Gerald P The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States between the Third Plenary Council and the Condemnation of Americanism Author(s): Gerald P. Fogarty Source: U.S. Catholic Historian, Vol. 11, No. 3, The Americanist Controversy: Recent Historical and Theological Perspectives (Summer, 1993), pp. 19-35 Published by: Catholic University of America Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25153985 . Accessed: 22/10/2014 15:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Catholic University of America Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to U.S. Catholic Historian. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 66.31.143.47 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 15:19:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States Between the Third Plenary Council and the Condemnation of Americanism Gerald P. Fogarty, S.J. BETWEEN THE CONVOCATIONOF THE THIRD PLENARY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE in 1884 and the condemnation of Americanism in 1899, the American Catholic hierarchy was divided on a series of issues. Several factors con tributed to this division. First, the last national council or legislative assembly of the American bishops was summoned by Roman officials, and not at American initiative, as was the case in the nine previous national councils. The agenda was largely set in Rome and did not address some of the nascent issues in the American Church. Second, the Church in the United States was itself undergoing a serious change in its relationship to American society. Finally, a new theological wind was beginning to blow from Rome that caught many American prelates unaware. In retrospect, nothing better represented the future tension than the Holy See's decision to convoke the council. The American Church was still subject to the Congregation of Propaganda, the Roman bureau in charge of missionary countries. The congregation delegated Cardinal Johann Baptist Franzelin, S.J., to draw up the proposed agenda for the council. A leading theologian at the First Vatican Council and one of the foremost proponents of the new Thomistic revival that received Leo XIIFs formal encouragement in 1879, Franzelin pre sented an analysis of the American Church that was decidedly Roman in its origin and orientation. Despite priest-bishop tension in some places, the cardi nal noted that several dioceses had extraordinarily good relations between priests and bishops, and he praised the seminaries in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Troy, New York, and Milwaukee. Philadelphia, however, he singled out as "preferable for Roman instruction." He acknowledged that, although some priests were poorly educated in theology, many were distinguished in Baltimore, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, but the last two sees were most outstanding, because "graduates of Rome are in good number." He brought to his fellow cardinals' attention, however, that James Gibbons, 19 This content downloaded from 66.31.143.47 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 15:19:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 20 U.S. Catholic Historian Bishops and theologians at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, St. Mary's Seminary, 1884 (Courtesy ofSulpician Archives, Baltimore.) named Archbishop of Baltimore in 1877, with two burses at the American College in Rome, preferred to send his students to St. Mary's Seminary in his see city, where they were taught by the Sulpicians.1 Franzelin also addressed a series of other issues from the need to work for the conversion of African Americans to the appointment of a permanent apos tolic delegate to keep the Holy See informed of American affairs. In prepara tion for the council, the congregation had summoned the American archbish ops to Rome to discuss the agenda. Before their arrival, however, the congre gation met and recommended a change in the practice of the previous plenary councils, at which the Archbishop of Baltimore presided as apostolic delegate. Instead, the congregation proposed to Pope Leo XIII that an Italian consultor to the congregation, Bishop Luigi Sepiacci, be appointed as delegate and be elevated to the rank of archbishop. The pope approved this recommendation.2 The appointment of an Italian delegate, which was later rescinded in favor of Gibbons, was symptomatic of the Roman desire to curb some of the inde pendent spirit of the American bishops. But Roman officials were also intent on bringing American canon law more into line with universal Church law. Only at the insistence of Propaganda did the American bishops provide in the council for irremovable rectors, that is, for quasi-pastors with tenure in their posts. The Americans linked this irremovability to another Roman request for parochial schools. Only a parish or "mission" with a school could be constitut ed a benefice and hence enjoy irremovability. The bishops at the council also followed Propaganda's insistence that these new irremovable rectors and the diocesan consultors draw up a list of three names of candidates for vacant dio ceses. This list was then to be examined by the bishops of the metropolitan 1.APF, Acta, 252 (1883), 1088-1089. 2. Ibid. 1080, Audience, Aug. 26, 1883. This content downloaded from 66.31.143.47 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 15:19:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States 21 CardinalJames ^^^^^^^^^^^^M^^^^^^^^^^H^^ Gibbons W^UK/KKK ^H^BbP^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^HHHj^^B (Courtesyof Archives, ^^BjKjm&^ ^^^^^^BB^MJ^^^HflVlk A^^^^^Blil Baltimore.) province in which the vacancy occurred. For the first time since the election of John Carroll by his fellow priests, priests again had a say in the choice of their bishops and now at Roman insistence. Only on a few points did the bishops actually initiate legislation at the coun cil, most notably in their decree calling for the establishment of the Catholic University of America. In retrospect, however, the council addressed few of the problems then coming to the surface in the United States Church, not the least among which was the ethnic tension between Irish and German-Americans. Hardly had the Third Plenary Council gained Roman approval than the first sign of tension appeared. In response to a query from Propaganda, the bishops of dioceses with sizable German populations had agreed that German parishes could have irremovable rectors, that is, that there could be more than one parish within a given territory to provide for the pastoral care of those who did not speak English. Before Propaganda could issue instructions on this, howev er, Father Peter Abbelen of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee arrived in Rome This content downloaded from 66.31.143.47 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 15:19:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 22 U.S. Catholic Historian ^^^^^^^^^HHH^^^^^Pn^ ArchbishopJohn ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^^^^H| (Courtesy of ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HH^^^^^^^^^^^ISulpician ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m^K^^^^^^^^^^mArchives, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ify^^^^^^^^^^H Baltimore.) >' ^^^^^^^ ^ k m.,. wiJ^^^V':-.; IMI^^^^H late in 1886 with a petition in behalf of German-American Catholics for a series of changes in the American Church. Claiming the Irish hierarchy dis criminated against German-speakers, the petition asked that national parishes ? be established for German and other language groups the point already ? agreed upon by the American hierarchy that children of German parentage be bound to these parishes even after reaching adulthood, and that German vicars general be appointed in dioceses where there was a German-speaking population. The reaction to Abbelen's memorial was the first step in forming the liberal party in the American hierarchy. John Keane, the Bishop of Richmond and rector designate of the Catholic University of America, was then in Rome seeking papal approbation of the new university. With him was John Ireland, Bishop of St. Paul, seeking to have his diocese elevated to metropolitan status, partly to escape the German domination, as he saw it, of the Metropolitan Province of Milwaukee of which he was a suffragan. Aiding them was Denis J. O'Connell, named rector of the American College in Rome the year before. This content downloaded from 66.31.143.47 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 15:19:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Catholic Hierarchy in the United States 23 ' ^^^^^^^^^I^^^^h^^^^I^^^^^^^^^^HDenisJ. jj^^^^^^^g^^^^gmm^^^^^^^^^^^^mO'Connell as I^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^Hbishopof ^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^BRichmond ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^H(Courtesy of ^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hp^^^HSulpician ^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^I^^^^^H^^^HArchives, ^^^^^^^^^Ett^^^^^^^K/^^^^KU^^^mBaltimore.) Ireland, Keane, and O'Connell lost no time in protesting Abbelen's memorial to the Congregation of Propaganda and in notifying the American hierarchy of the challenge to its authority. In the meantime, other issues soon became intertwined. In the fall of 1886, the American archbishops, in accordance with the council's legislation pertain ing to suspect secret societies, had conferred in regard to approval of Catholic membership in the Knights of Labor, a labor union that the Holy Office had already condemned in Quebec. WTien they failed to reach unanimous agree ment, however, the case had to go to the Holy See. To complicate the issue fur ther, Father Edward McGlynn of New York had violated the orders of his ordi nary, jArchbishop Michael A. Corrigan, and had campaigned for Henry George as mayor of New York. George appeared to Corrigan and others to be a social ist because of his advocacy of a single tax on the unearned increase in property value.
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