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DIGNITY's REVOLT Threat, Identity, And DIGNITY’S REVOLT Threat, Identity, and Immigrant Mass Mobilization A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by John Christopher Zepeda August 2011 © 2011 John Christopher Zepeda ABSTRACT DIGNITY’S REVOLT: Threat, Identity, and Immigrant Mass Mobilization John Christopher Zepeda, Ph.D. Cornell University 2011 This dissertation analyzes the unprecedented, nationwide immigrant rights protest wave of 2006 and its effects on the national electorate and policymaking process. Specifically, the study focuses on three research questions: 1) What explains the surprising rise and abrupt decline of the demonstrations across the country?; 2) How were the marches organized, and what explains variation in the levels of mobilization in both expected and unexpected locations?; and 3) What, if any, effects did the wave of protests produce? To answer these questions, I use various data sources (e.g., more than 120 in-depth interviews, participant observation, newspaper archives, public opinion research, Census data, and data from the Department of Homeland Security) and perform multiple case studies. My findings indicate that a legislative threat to undocumented immigrants, and those who assisted them, helped create the opportunity for immigrant mass mobilization. This threat – along with the subsequent xenophobic rhetoric and discrimination against both immigrants and U.S.-born people of color from immigrant descent – helped create a collective identity and motivation to take action among supporters of immigrant rights. My results show that, through the utilization of local community resources and networks, immigrants formed broad coalitions to organize the demonstrations and diffused their calls for protest through ethnic media outlets. I find that levels of mobilization varied by the degree to which different immigrant ethnic groups felt threatened. Once the legislative attack had subsided, the movement shifted its focus to more institutional forms of politics. For the policymaking process, the immediate effects of the protest wave were that it helped prevent an anti-immigrant bill from passing in the Senate, while at the same time hurt activists’ attempts to win legalization for undocumented immigrants. In terms of their indirect and long-term impacts, the demonstrations helped provide the momentum and laid the foundation for an unprecedented national campaign to naturalize, register, and mobilize millions of immigrants to vote, an impact that influenced the outcome of the historic presidential election of 2008. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Chris Zepeda-Millán was born in the East Los Angeles barrio of Boyle Heights where he was raised by his mother and grandmother. He attended Salesian High School and took courses at East Los Angeles College and Pasadena City College before transferring to Loyola Marymount University where he double majored in Chicana/o Studies and Political Science. Chris is a Chicano scholar-activist, a first generation college graduate, and is the first Mexican-American to earn a Ph.D. from the Department of Government at Cornell University. His maternal grandparents were garment workers in the sweatshops of Downtown Los Angeles and his father and paternal grandparents were bi-national migrant farm workers throughout the Western and Southwestern United States and Central Mexico. Chris has been active in various local, national, and transnational social movements including: the struggle to establish local autonomous community spaces in Los Angeles, the fight to save the South Central Farm, immigrant rights, affirmative action, worker rights, global justice, anti-School of the Americas, transnational migrant rights, and the Zapatista Movement for National Liberation. iii DEDICATION For my mom, Debbie Millán, y para mi abuelita, Julia Millán. Your love, hard work, and constant caring and concern for our family and others throughout my life have served as examples that helped shape me, my thinking, and this dissertation. Su amor, trabajo, y su constante preocupación por nuestra familia y otros han servido como ejemplos que influyeron en mi formación, mis pensamientos, y esta tesis. Las amo con todo mi corazón. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first time I met the renowned Chicano Historian, Rudy Acuña, I had him sign my copy of his classic text book, Occupied America. In his dedication he wrote, “Una mano no se lava sola.” Much as with washing one’s hands, writing a dissertation is in many respects a collective—and often not so clean—effort. For the past six years, several people have supported me throughout this endeavor. While each of them deserves (at least!) their own personal dedication page, due to space constraints I am limited to only a brief reference to their individual or family names to express my gratitude. First and foremost are the members of both sides my family. Throughout my time in Ithaca, we’ve been through tragedies—from illnesses to deaths— and triumphs—such as the births of many new members of our familias—which have only served to make us stronger and bring us closer together. Without your love and apoyo, I would never have survived my sometimes intellectually, and all too often physically, cold experiences at Cornell. Our families have journeyed from rural and urban Mexico to the agricultural fields of the U.S. Southwest and the garment factories of downtown Los Angeles to the halls of the Ivy League. This dissertation and this Ph.D. are as much the fruit of your labor as they are of mine. Thus, in no particular order, les quiero dar las gracias a las familias: Zepeda, Millán, Salinas, López, Chávez, Chidiac, Hernández, Gallo, Morales, Torres, Hamelius, Landeros, and Becerra (I hope I didn’t forget anyone!). I want to give a special “shout-out” to my prima Lucy (a radical Chicana poet, writer, and mother) and primo Mario (a revolutionary labor organizer). Without the two of you, I never would have discovered the worlds of Chian@ Studies and Zapatismo. Lastly, I want to thank my father who showed me the value of hard work and who pushed me to think more critically about politics by always being more than willing to argue with me over my political beliefs ;). I love you all. v Friends were also integral to the successful completion of this long process, and there are several on the “Leva-List” worth noting. Carlos, Paco, Veek, Charlie, Alex, and Mike—you “fooz” are like brothers to me, and the laughs and crazy stories we’ve shared over the years have helped keep me grounded (sometimes literally rolling on the floor busting up!). Other levas also played important roles in helping me prepare for and get through graduate school. Through our organizing and (often times literally) endless debates and discussions—from the streets of Los Angeles to the jungles of Chiapas—friends from MEChA, the Eastside Café, Estación Libre, Casa del Pueblo, and the Autonomous People’s Collective all influenced my thinking and political development (even if the text of this dissertation might not always show it!). Roberto, Miguel, Olmeca, Aura, Pasky, Jessica, Mixpe, Steven Patrick, Fernando, Cati, Oriel, Hildawg, Eddie, Pablo, Sirena, and James, the political and cultural spaces and networks we helped create during the early-2000s were not only historic and inspiring to be a part of, but also proved to be vital for my fieldwork and to the research presented in this dissertation. I’m glad to be home to help continue our struggle to create “a world where many worlds can fit.” Other friends whom I have come to know and respect through taking part in immigrant rights activism, and who deserve mentioning, include: Xiomara Corpeño, Angelica Salas, Nativo Lopez, Arnoldo Garcia, Cathy Tactaquin, Colin Rajah, and Laura Rivas. Being able to actually know, hang out with, and interview my heroes (the people who organize for immigrant rights on a daily basis), oftentimes made writing this dissertation exciting, while at other times made it all the more difficult. I hope you all can understand the constraints of academic standards, dissertation committees, and limiting my claims to the evidence I was able to gather in a relatively short period of time. I hope you are not too disappointed with the results of this study, vi and I promise that while este libro es para “ellos,” the ones that follow will be for el movimiento. Cris “Pops” Rosales, Mr. J, Mr. Rodriguez, and Father Jim—although I was never a great student and somehow graduated from high school without being able to really read, write, or spell well, I thank you and the rest of the Salesian family for your faith in me. As an undergraduate at LMU, Deena Gonzalez, Fernando Guerra, Graciela Limon, Juan Mah y Busch, Michael Genovese, Matt Streb, Jodi Finkel, and especially my “big sister” Denise Sandoval were all influential in encouraging me to apply to graduate school—thanks! During my graduate studies, a number of other people also helped me develop confidence in my work, gave me feedback on it, or assisted me with my research in some other manner: Alfonso Gonzales, Hector Perla, Paula McClain, Cristina Hilo, Mrs. Cambron, Laura Hernandez, Tehema Lopez, Gladys Negrete, Ron Hayduk, Ruth Milkman, Caitlin Patler, Alan Gomez, Haven Perez, David Abalos, Chris Lebron, Vessla Weaver, Ricardo Ramirez, Matt Barreto, Silvia Monzano, Cristina Beltran, Lisa Garcia-Bedolla, Adrian Felix, Denise Gonzales, Ramon Grosfoguel, Lowell Turner, Jesse Lichtenstein, Pete Hildebrand, and Perla De Anda—your help and support along the way are greatly appreciated. My research and writing would not have been possible without generous funding from the Ford Foundation, LMU’s Department of Political Science and Bellermine College of Liberal Arts, and Cornell University’s Latino Studies Program, American Studies Program, and Graduate School (especially Terry Plater!). The members of my dissertation committee merit special recognition for their accomplishment of putting up with me—and my book-length chapters—for the last few years! Sarah Soule, I wish that your time at Cornell had been longer, but I learned a great deal from you and appreciate all of your thoughtful, rigorous, and quick (!) feedback.
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