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Slope Instabilities on Perennially Frozen and Glacierised Rock Walls: Multi-Scale Observations, Analyses and Modelling

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Slope Instabilities on Perennially Frozen and Glacierised Rock Walls: Multi-Scale Observations, Analyses and Modelling Luzia Fischer Slope Instabilities on Perennially Frozen and Glacierised Rock Walls: Multi-Scale Observations, Analyses and Modelling schriFtenreihe Physische GeoGraPhie GLazioLoGie und GeomorPhodynamik 58 Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Wilfried Haeberli, Prof. Dr. Max Maisch Diese Arbeit wurde von der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich im Herbstsemester 2009 aufgrund der Gutachten von Prof. Dr. W. Haeberli (Universität Zürich), Dr. C. Huggel (Universität Zürich) und Prof. Dr. J. Clague (Simon Fraser Universität) als Dissertation angenommen. Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. Wilfried Haeberli (Vorsitz), Dr. Christian Huggel (Leitung der Dissertation), Prof. Dr. Andreas Kääb, Dr. Ross S. Purves Für den Inhalt des Textes und der Illustrationen ist der Autor/die Autorin allein verantwortlich. Die Herausgeber. ISBN 3 85543 254 6 © Geographisches Institut der Universität Zürich, 2009 Bezugsadresse: Geographisches Institut der Universität Zürich Schriftenreihe Physische Geographie Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Fax: +41 (0)44 635 68 48 E-mail: [email protected] Druck: Stiftung Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft der Universität Zürich Titelbild: The Monte Rosa east face, northern Italian Alps (photo: J. Vallet, Helimap System SA) Summary Slope failures from steep bedrock slopes have occurred in mountain areas throughout time. This is a consequence of the topography, geological characteristics, intense freeze-thaw activity and oversteepened slopes from glacier erosion. However, during the past decades, an increased number of periglacial rock avalanche events have been recorded in the European Alps and other high mountain ranges which are thought to be related to permafrost degradation and gla- cier shrinkage, indicating the potentially serious hazard related to slope instabilities originating from high-mountain faces. The primary aim of this study is an interdisciplinary investigation of topographic, geological, cryospheric and climatic factors influencing high-mountain rock slope stability in view of the ongoing climatic change. The investigation of slope instabilities in high-mountain faces must account for the large variety of factors and processes and also consider the difficult conditions for data acquisition. The objectives of this study, where detachment zones of recent periglacial rock avalanches in the European Alps are investigated based on a multi-scale approach, can be divided in (a) the investigation and modelling of slope instabilities on periglacial high-mountain faces in order to better understand the different factors and processes leading to a slope failure, and (b) the application of different data acquisition and investigation techniques to test their suitability for steep faces in complex and difficult high-mountain terrain. The implemented approaches consist of 1) a GIS-based statistical multi-factor analysis of detachment zones over the entire Central European Alps based on a rock avalanche inventory, 2) a GIS-based multi-factor analysis and detailed remote-sensing-based time-lapse topographic investigations of the Monte Rosa east face using LiDAR and digital photogrammetry, and 3) geomechanical analysis and numerical slope stability modelling of the Tschierva rock avalanche at the Piz Morteratsch. This study has shown that in most cases a combination of several critical factors leads to a slope failure and no specific single primary factor was distinguished. The two factors slope an- gle and a pronounced discontinuity system are included in critical factor combinations at all failure magnitudes. The change in a factor and the time scale of change are considered to be more important than the individual factors. Rapid changes in a factor do not allow adequate stress redistribution within a flank and therefore, the critical shear strength may be exceeded. A large number of detachment zones were found to be located in areas with recent changes in glaciation and near the lower limits of local permafrost occurrence. Glaciers, mainly influencing the topography, and permafrost, mainly affecting the groundwater regime and geotechnical characteristics of discontinuities, are currently the predisposing factors having the fastest changes. However, slow processes such as progressive failure were also found to contribute to slope instabilities. The present study demonstrates the benefits of a multi-scale approach and the combined application of conventional and novel techniques for the investigation of slope instabilities in high-mountain terrain. Furthermore, the findings provide a fundamental basis for prospective slope instability susceptibility analyses and subsequent hazard assessments. i Zusammenfassung Felsstürze aus steilen Felswänden finden in Gebirgsregionen schon seit jeher statt. Dies ist bedingt durch die Topographie, aber auch durch geologische Charakteristiken, intensive Ge- frier/Tau-Zyklen und übersteile Wände infolge Glazialerosion. Während der letzten Jahrzehnte wurde jedoch eine erhöhte Anzahl von Sturzereignissen registriert, sowohl in den europäischen Alpen wie auch in anderen Gebirgsregionen. Viele dieser Stürze werden mit Veränderungen im Permafrost und mit dem Gletscherrückzug in Verbindung gebracht, und sie zeigen die potenti- ellen Risiken im Zusammenhang mit solchen Instabilitäten in hochalpinen Steilwänden. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, topographische, geologische, kryosphärische und klimati- sche Faktoren, welche die Hangstabilität beeinflussen, in einer interdisziplinären Untersuchung hinsichtlich der aktuellen Klimaveränderung zu untersuchen. Untersuchungen von Instabilitä- ten in hochalpinen Felswänden müssen einerseits die verschiedenen Faktoren und Prozesse miteinbeziehen, andererseits auch die erschwerten Bedingungen für die Datenerhebung berück- sichtigen. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit, bei der Anrisszonen von periglazialen Felssturzereignissen in den europäischen Alpen auf verschiedenen Skalen untersucht wurden, lassen sich daher folgen- dermassen formulieren: (a) Die Untersuchungen und Modellierungen von Instabilitäten in peri- glazialen Felswänden sollen zur Verbesserung des Verständnisses der einzelnen kritischen Fak- toren und der gesamten Prozesse beitragen, welche zu einem Sturzereignis führen. (b) Ver- schiedene Datenerhebungs- und Analysemethoden sollen verwendet werden, um ihre Anwend- barkeit in steilem, periglazialem Terrain zu testen. Die verwendeten Ansätze bestehen aus 1) einer GIS-basierten Multi-Faktoren-Analyse, welche ein Felssturzinventar über die Zentralalpen auswertet, 2) einer GIS-basierten Multi- Faktoren-Analyse und hochauflösenden topographischen Analysen der Monte Rosa Ostwand basierend auf LiDAR-Daten und digitaler Photogrammetrie, und 3) geomechanischen Analysen und nummerischen Stabilitätsmodellierungen des Tschierva Felssturzes (Piz Morteratsch). Die Resultate dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass meistens nicht ein einzelner Faktor, sondern eine Kombination von verschiedenen Faktoren für Hanginstabilitäten verantwortlich ist. Die Hang- neigung und ausgeprägte Kluftsysteme kommen jedoch für jede Grössenordnung von Sturzer- eignissen in der Faktorkombination vor. Die Veränderung eines Faktors und der Zeitraum der Veränderung scheinen wichtiger zu sein als die einzelnen Faktoren. Eine schnelle Veränderung verhindert angemessene Spannungsumverteilung innerhalb einer Flanke und daher kann die kri- tische Scherfestigkeit eher überschritten werden. Viele Anrisszonen befinden sich in Gebieten mit kürzlichem Gletscherrückzug und in der Nähe der Untergrenze von lokalen Permafrost- vorkommen. Gletscher, welche vor allem Einfluss auf die Topographie ausüben, und Perma- frost, welcher hauptsächlich die Grundwasserverhältnisse und geotechnischen Eigenschaften von Diskontinuitäten beeinflusst, sind derzeit jene Faktoren, die sich am schnellsten ändern. Es gibt jedoch auch Prozesse, welche über lange Zeit zu Instabilitäten führen können, wie zum Beispiel die kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung und das Öffnen von Klüften. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt die Vorteile eines Multi-Skalen-Ansatzes und der kombinierten Anwendung von konventionellen und neuen Techniken zur Untersuchung von Hanginstabilitä- ten im Hochgebirge. Ausserdem bilden die Resultate eine wesentliche Grundlage für eine flä- chendeckende Abschätzung der Suszeptibilität und anschließende Gefahrenbeurteilungen. iii Table of Contents Summary i Zusammenfassung iii Table of Contents v Table of Figures ix List of Abbreviations xi PART A: OVERVIEW 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objective and research questions ................................................................................. 2 1.3 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................... 3 2 Scientific Background ............................................................................................... 5 2.1 Rock slope instability in high‐mountain areas ............................................................... 5 2.1.1 Characteristics of steep high‐mountain rock walls ................................................ 5 2.1.2 Observed and investigated slope failure events .................................................... 6 2.1.3 Relevance of slope failures in high‐mountain rock walls ......................................
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