CERN Courier March 2014 High performance hexapods Faces & Places METROLOGY AND POSITIONING for your precision positioning

a W a r D s Prize time in the US, Japan and Europe

JORAN Hexapod in December, the Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation announced the awarding of the 2014 Fundamental Physics Prize to Michael Green of the university of cambridge, and HEXAPOD ADVANTAGES John Schwarz of the california institute of Technology, for opening new perspectives 6 degrees of freedom on quantum gravity and the unifi cation of payload capacity: 1 500 kg forces. Schwarz and Green were honored resolution: 0.1 µm / 0.5 µrad for developing superstring theory during high stability & sti ness their collaboration between 1979 and 1986. conguration of the rotation centre in software its predecessor, string theory, originated in Top, left to right: Takahito the late 1960s in response to the discovery Kondo, Tomio Kobayashi of many new particles via accelerator and Shoji Asai. (Image experiments. credits: KEK, ICEPP and For other hexapod sizes, The prize, which recognizes UTokyo.) transformative advances in the fi eld, is Middle: Michael Green, consult us... awarded by the Fundamental Physics left, and John Schwarz. Prize Foundation, which was established (Image credits: DAMPT and in July 2012 by Yuri Milner to recognize Caltech.) Contact: +33 (0)4 66 29 43 88 or [email protected] groundbreaking work in the fi eld. Bottom: Presentation of Discover our whole range: www.hexapod-system.com in Japan, Takahito Kondo, Tomio the Julius Wess Award to Kobayashi and Shoji Asai have been awarded Takaaki Kajita, centre, with the 2013 nishina Memorial Prize for their his wife and Johannes contribution to the discovery of the Higgs Blümer, vice-president at boson. Kondo of KeK, Kobayashi of the KIT, far right, Detlef Löhe, international center for elementary Particle second right, and Ulrich Physics at the university of Tokyo, and Asai Nierste, far left. (Image of the university of Tokyo, are all members of credit: KIT.) the ATLAS collaboration. They share the prize with Hidetoshi Your guide to products, services and expertise Katori of the riKen research institute Super-Kamiokande for more than 25 years. the memory of Julius Wess, who worked and the university of Tokyo, honoured for in 1988 he and his colleagues observed for 20 years at the Karlsruhe institute of the invention of optical-lattice clocks, and a defi cit in atmospheric muon-neutrinos, Technology (KiT). Kajita received the Yoshiro Takahashi of Kyoto university, cited which could be later explained by the award at a ceremony at the KiT center for the creation of ultracold quantum systems occurrence of neutrino oscillations. for elementary Particle and Astroparticle Connect your business today of ytterbium atoms. The Julius Wess Award is dedicated to Physics in December. The nishina prize is awarded annually by the nishina Memorial Foundation to young physicists for their achievements in the fi eld of Left to right: Nobel laureates Samuel Ting atomic and subatomic physics. The foundation (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), was established in 1955 to commemorate George Smoot (University of California, Yoshi nishina, who originated the study of Berkeley, Paris Diderot University) and Frank Wilczek (Massachusetts Institute of nuclear physics in Japan. Technology), who received honorary FREE Another Japanese physicist has been doctorates from Gustavus Adolphus honoured in europe with the Julius Wess College in Saint Peter, Minnesota, on Award 2013 for outstanding achievements in 1 October. They were speaking at the elementary particle and astroparticle physics. college’s 49th annual Nobel conference on Find out how to get your business Takaaki Kajita of the institute for cosmic “The universe at its limits”. Other ray research at the university of Tokyo presenters at the conference were George or institution connected. has been recognized for his outstanding Coyne (Le Moyne College, Syracuse), contributions to neutrino physics, and Alexei Filippenko (University of California, Berkeley), S James Gates Jr (University of especially for his discovery of neutrino Maryland), Lawrence Krauss (Arizona State University), and Tara Shears (University of physicsworld.com/connect oscillations at the Super-Kamiokande Liverpool). Videos of the conference and other information can be found at https:// detector. Kajita has studied neutrinos at the gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2013/. (Image credit: Terry Clark.) Kamiokande experiment and subsequently at

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p34.indd 1 05/02/2014 13:04 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detector • Solid State Design • Easy to Use C OLLaBOratiON a N N i v E r s a r Y Indonesia and Bangladesh strengthen ties with CERN CALTECH celebrates 50th anniversary of • Low Cost quark prediction FAST SDDTM At a ceremony held in Jakarta on 21 october, (Top) At the signing the indonesian institute of Sciences (LiPi) ceremony in Jakarta in Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS signed a memorandum of understanding November, with Lukman in December 1963, Murray Gell-Mann Gell-Mann with the ALice collaboration, marking Hakim, chair of LIPI mailed a manuscript of a paper in which during Resolution Peaking Time the fi rst offi cial collaboration between an (front row, centre), he proposed the quark model of hadrons. after-dinner 125 eV FWHM 4 µs indonesian institute and an experiment Laksana Tri Handoko, It arrived in the editorial offi ce of Physics speeches at the 130 eV FWHM 1 µs at cern. Paolo Giubellino, the ALice LIPI team leader (back Letters B on 4 January and was published celebratory 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs spokesperson, and emmanuel Tsesmelis, row, centre), Emmanuel on 1 February 1964 with the title “A banquet. (Image 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs cern’s deputy head of international Tsesmelis, CERN (front, schematic model of baryons and mesons”. credit: Caltech.) relations, attended the signing ceremony, second from right), and on the 50th anniversary of the prediction SDD Spectrum 5.9 at which LiPi was represented by Lukman Paolo Giubellino, ALICE of quarks, the california institute of keV Hakim, the institute’s chair, and Laksana Tri spokesperson (front Technology (caltech) held a symposium 55Fe Handoko, the LiPi team leader. right). (Image credit: on 9–10 December 2013 to celebrate 1964, Zweig returned to caltech, where he eV FWHM

Counts 125 With the agreement, LiPi will contribute LIPI.) Gell-Mann’s scientifi c legacy. was a professor in the high-energy theory 25 mm2 x 500 µm initially at ALice in the area of grid (Below) Kamal Abdul After opening remarks by Tom Soifer, group for 20 years. unfortunately, Zweig was 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 computing. The team there has installed two Naser Chowdhury, chair of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, unable to attend the symposium. P/B Ratio: 20000/1 keV clusters, in Bandung and cibinong, which education secretary for and Astronomy at caltech, there were The symposium took place on the same days Energy (keV) have been connected to the ALice Grid. Bangladesh, left, and talks by Maria Spiropulu (“Higgs: from as the nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm, 2 Resolution vs Peaking Time There is also keen interest in the ALice o CERN’s director-general, Discovery to Beyond”), James Hartle (“The where François englert and Peter Higgs were 180 upgrade project. in addition, the high-energy Rolf Heuer, shake hands State of the universe”), Harald Fritzsch honored for their theoretical discovery of the 25 mm2 physics group that is being created at LiPi after signing an (“Murray Gell-Mann”), David Politzer electroweak symmetry-breaking mechanism. 170 Δ is expected to contribute to the ALice expression of interest (“The i = 1/2 rule”), Pierre ramond (“The it was a wonderful week for celebrating the 160 Standard SDD physics programme and to the upgrade of between Bangladesh and Flavor ring”), Barry Barish (“Quarks: An completion of the Standard Model of particle TM the experiment. The agreement exemplifi es CERN. experimentalist’s Perspective”), Barton physics. 150 FAST SDD LiPi’s effort to be more active and gain Zwiebach (“Generalized Geometry for ● For more details, see http://hep.caltech. international recognition as a research centre String Theory”), John Schwarz (“Murray edu/gm/. 140 ● of excellence. Gell-Mann and String Theory”), and John Schwarz and Hirosi Ooguri, Caltech. 130 Bangladesh took the fi rst steps in Geoffrey West (“The renormalization Group Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) collaborating with cern on 14 november, and Scaling from Quarks to Jaguars”). 120 Last 0 1 2 3 4 5 when education secretary Kamal Abdul between cern and the Bangladeshi information technology. in this way, it will The symposium concluded with remarks Peaking Time (μs) September, naser chowdhury visited the laboratory to high-energy physics community. facilitate the professional development and by Gell-Mann in which he described his George Zweig Throughput sign an expression of interest, together with The current agreement will help research skills of scientists, engineers and view on the signifi cance of the quark visited CERN 1,00,0000 cern’s director-general, rolf Heuer. The scientists, engineers and students from students from research organizations and prediction. There were lively discussions to give a 0.2 μs implementation of the expression of interest Bangladesh to gain valuable experience universities across the country, and could during intermissions and lunches. The colloquium could pave the way for an international in both experimental and theoretical lead to new scientifi c practices for nuclear banquet was held at the caltech President’s entitled 100,000 1 μs co-operation agreement that would further particle physics, as well as in aspects of scientists, research organizations and House, hosted by edward Stolper, the “Concrete formalize and broaden the collaboration particle accelerators, particle detectors and university students. interim president and the provost. Among Quarks; the 4 μs those attending the banquet was Marvin Beginning of 10,000 Goldberger, caltech’s 5th president the End”. In his talk, Zweig discussed At a ceremony held on 15 January at CERN, and Gell-Mann’s long-time friend and the steps that led him to introduce his Rate (OCR) Output Count the Israeli fl ag was hoisted for the fi rst time collaborator. “aces” model while he was working in 1,000 to join the other 20 fl ags of the Quarks were also proposed by George CERN’s Theory Division back in 1964, 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 organization’s member states, after Zweig, which he called “aces.” After and also reviewed some of the main Input Count Rate (ICR) UNESCO offi cially recorded Israel’s receiving his PhD from caltech in 1963, developments since that time. Following accession as a new CERN member state. Zweig spent 1963–1964 at cern, where his work in the fi eld of high-energy This followed the resolution unanimously he wrote a paper entitled “An Su3 Model particle physics, Zweig moved to a adopted by CERN Council on 12 December for Strong interaction Symmetry and its totally different fi eld, neurobiology, fi rst (cern courier January/February p5). Breaking” (dated 17 January 1964) and a doing experiments to understand how After the ceremony, Avigdor Liberman, sequel (dated 21 February 1964). However, sound is represented in the auditory deputy prime minister and minister of cern required that papers written by cortex of the cat and then moving on to foreign affairs of the state of Israel, visited junior members of the theory group be the problem of characterizing cochlear the LHC tunnel and the ATLAS experiment, approved before they could be submitted mechanics. (Image credit: G Zweig.) accompanied by a delegation of offi cials For a video of the colloquium, see for publication. Moreover, Zweig planned and representatives of the Israeli scientifi c •http://cds.cern.ch/record/1602433. For to publish in Physical Review, but cern Please see our web site for community. an interview with Zweig, see http:// complete specifications and required that papers had to be published in ph-news.web.cern.ch/content/ european journals. Therefore approval was interview-george-zweig. vacuum applications not forthcoming for these papers, so it took a while for his work to be fully appreciated. in AMPTEK Inc. [email protected] www.amptek.com 36 37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detector • Solid State Design • Easy to Use C OLLaBOratiON a N N i v E r s a r Y Indonesia and Bangladesh strengthen ties with CERN CALTECH celebrates 50th anniversary of • Low Cost quark prediction FAST SDDTM At a ceremony held in Jakarta on 21 october, (Top) At the signing the indonesian institute of Sciences (LiPi) ceremony in Jakarta in Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS signed a memorandum of understanding November, with Lukman in December 1963, Murray Gell-Mann Gell-Mann with the ALice collaboration, marking Hakim, chair of LIPI mailed a manuscript of a paper in which during Resolution Peaking Time the fi rst offi cial collaboration between an (front row, centre), he proposed the quark model of hadrons. after-dinner 125 eV FWHM 4 µs indonesian institute and an experiment Laksana Tri Handoko, It arrived in the editorial offi ce of Physics speeches at the 130 eV FWHM 1 µs at cern. Paolo Giubellino, the ALice LIPI team leader (back Letters B on 4 January and was published celebratory 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs spokesperson, and emmanuel Tsesmelis, row, centre), Emmanuel on 1 February 1964 with the title “A banquet. (Image 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs cern’s deputy head of international Tsesmelis, CERN (front, schematic model of baryons and mesons”. credit: Caltech.) relations, attended the signing ceremony, second from right), and on the 50th anniversary of the prediction SDD Spectrum 5.9 at which LiPi was represented by Lukman Paolo Giubellino, ALICE of quarks, the california institute of keV Hakim, the institute’s chair, and Laksana Tri spokesperson (front Technology (caltech) held a symposium 55Fe Handoko, the LiPi team leader. right). (Image credit: on 9–10 December 2013 to celebrate 1964, Zweig returned to caltech, where he eV FWHM

Counts 125 With the agreement, LiPi will contribute LIPI.) Gell-Mann’s scientifi c legacy. was a professor in the high-energy theory 25 mm2 x 500 µm initially at ALice in the area of grid (Below) Kamal Abdul After opening remarks by Tom Soifer, group for 20 years. unfortunately, Zweig was 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 computing. The team there has installed two Naser Chowdhury, chair of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, unable to attend the symposium. P/B Ratio: 20000/1 keV clusters, in Bandung and cibinong, which education secretary for and Astronomy at caltech, there were The symposium took place on the same days Energy (keV) have been connected to the ALice Grid. Bangladesh, left, and talks by Maria Spiropulu (“Higgs: from as the nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm, 2 Resolution vs Peaking Time There is also keen interest in the ALice o CERN’s director-general, Discovery to Beyond”), James Hartle (“The where François englert and Peter Higgs were 180 upgrade project. in addition, the high-energy Rolf Heuer, shake hands State of the universe”), Harald Fritzsch honored for their theoretical discovery of the 25 mm2 physics group that is being created at LiPi after signing an (“Murray Gell-Mann”), David Politzer electroweak symmetry-breaking mechanism. 170 Δ is expected to contribute to the ALice expression of interest (“The i = 1/2 rule”), Pierre ramond (“The it was a wonderful week for celebrating the 160 Standard SDD physics programme and to the upgrade of between Bangladesh and Flavor ring”), Barry Barish (“Quarks: An completion of the Standard Model of particle TM the experiment. The agreement exemplifi es CERN. experimentalist’s Perspective”), Barton physics. 150 FAST SDD LiPi’s effort to be more active and gain Zwiebach (“Generalized Geometry for ● For more details, see http://hep.caltech. international recognition as a research centre String Theory”), John Schwarz (“Murray edu/gm/. 140 ● of excellence. Gell-Mann and String Theory”), and John Schwarz and Hirosi Ooguri, Caltech. 130 Bangladesh took the fi rst steps in Geoffrey West (“The renormalization Group Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) collaborating with cern on 14 november, and Scaling from Quarks to Jaguars”). 120 Last 0 1 2 3 4 5 when education secretary Kamal Abdul between cern and the Bangladeshi information technology. in this way, it will The symposium concluded with remarks Peaking Time (μs) September, naser chowdhury visited the laboratory to high-energy physics community. facilitate the professional development and by Gell-Mann in which he described his George Zweig Throughput sign an expression of interest, together with The current agreement will help research skills of scientists, engineers and view on the signifi cance of the quark visited CERN 1,00,0000 cern’s director-general, rolf Heuer. The scientists, engineers and students from students from research organizations and prediction. There were lively discussions to give a 0.2 μs implementation of the expression of interest Bangladesh to gain valuable experience universities across the country, and could during intermissions and lunches. The colloquium could pave the way for an international in both experimental and theoretical lead to new scientifi c practices for nuclear banquet was held at the caltech President’s entitled 100,000 1 μs co-operation agreement that would further particle physics, as well as in aspects of scientists, research organizations and House, hosted by edward Stolper, the “Concrete formalize and broaden the collaboration particle accelerators, particle detectors and university students. interim president and the provost. Among Quarks; the 4 μs those attending the banquet was Marvin Beginning of 10,000 Goldberger, caltech’s 5th president the End”. In his talk, Zweig discussed At a ceremony held on 15 January at CERN, and Gell-Mann’s long-time friend and the steps that led him to introduce his Rate (OCR) Output Count the Israeli fl ag was hoisted for the fi rst time collaborator. “aces” model while he was working in 1,000 to join the other 20 fl ags of the Quarks were also proposed by George CERN’s Theory Division back in 1964, 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 organization’s member states, after Zweig, which he called “aces.” After and also reviewed some of the main Input Count Rate (ICR) UNESCO offi cially recorded Israel’s receiving his PhD from caltech in 1963, developments since that time. Following accession as a new CERN member state. Zweig spent 1963–1964 at cern, where his work in the fi eld of high-energy This followed the resolution unanimously he wrote a paper entitled “An Su3 Model particle physics, Zweig moved to a adopted by CERN Council on 12 December for Strong interaction Symmetry and its totally different fi eld, neurobiology, fi rst (cern courier January/February p5). Breaking” (dated 17 January 1964) and a doing experiments to understand how After the ceremony, Avigdor Liberman, sequel (dated 21 February 1964). However, sound is represented in the auditory deputy prime minister and minister of cern required that papers written by cortex of the cat and then moving on to foreign affairs of the state of Israel, visited junior members of the theory group be the problem of characterizing cochlear the LHC tunnel and the ATLAS experiment, approved before they could be submitted mechanics. (Image credit: G Zweig.) accompanied by a delegation of offi cials For a video of the colloquium, see for publication. Moreover, Zweig planned and representatives of the Israeli scientifi c •http://cds.cern.ch/record/1602433. For to publish in Physical Review, but cern Please see our web site for community. an interview with Zweig, see http:// complete specifications and required that papers had to be published in ph-news.web.cern.ch/content/ european journals. Therefore approval was interview-george-zweig. vacuum applications not forthcoming for these papers, so it took a while for his work to be fully appreciated. in AMPTEK Inc. [email protected] www.amptek.com 36 37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

C O N F E r E N C E v i s i t s O B i t u a r i E s IPAC 2014 to take On 12 January, Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán, second Franco Selleri (1936–2013) place in Dresden from right, toured the LHC with József Pálinkás, president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, left, Franco Selleri died in the city of Bari, italy, is possible to formulate many theories This year, it is again the turn of europe to Marta Bajko, of CERN’s Technology on 21 november, from a stroke following equivalent to special relativity through the host the international Particle Accelerator Department, and the director-general, a long disease. A leading theoretical variation of a parameter epsilon between conference (iPAc), which since 2010 Rolf Heuer, right. The visitors went on physicist, he made original and important 0 and 1. on the basis of six experimental has combined the former continental to see the CMS experimental area and contributions to particle physics and on proofs, Franco fi xed epsilon to zero, which conferences (CERN Courier november the CERN Computing centre. the foundations of quantum mechanics, gave him the possibility to return to a 2009 p42). Starting in Kyoto, it has been relativity and epistemology. neo-Lorentzian approach based on the held consecutively in Asia, europe and Born in Bologna, Franco studied at the existence of a privileged reference system north America, going to Shanghai to start The Japanese senior Alma Mater Studiorum, where he became (the cosmic microwave background, for the cycle again in 2013. iPAc’14 will take vice-minister of education, Dottore in Fisica cum laude with his thesis instance). Doing so, he replaced the Lorentz place at the international congress center sports, culture, science on “Analisi dell'interazione pione nucleone”, transformations with a new set that he Dresden on 15–20 June, hosted by the and technology, Yoshita under the supervision of Gianpietro called “inertial transformations”. in this Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-rossendorf Sakurada, centre, came to Puppi. Puppi and other members of his way, the Sagnac effect, the twin paradox and supported by the GSi Helmholtzzentrum CERN on 17 January. During group were analysing bubble-chamber and the trip from the future to the past – für Schwerionenforschung, his visit he saw the LHC fi lm from Columbia University, focusing explained by mainstream research with Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin and DeSY. tunnel, accompanied by, to on pion–nucleon cross-sections in the some intellectual contorsions – fi nd an easy The conference programme consists of the left (with blue tie), José 500 MeV–1 GeV energy region. Franco and elegant explanation. Franco called his varied talks focusing on r&D, planning and Miguel Jiménez, head of the calculated the spectra at an incident France Selleri. (Image credit: Foundations theory weak relativity. prospects for future developments in the fi eld Technology Department, and pion kinetic energy of 960 MeV. He was of Physics 34 1612.) From the epistemological point of view, of particle accelerators. one highlight will to the right, Lyn Evans, Linear 22 years old. Franco was in favour of a reality existing be a session dedicated to the presentation Collider Collaboration director. He soon became well known because he après le triomphe des idées de Niels Bohr et independently of human observation. He of the 2014 european Accelerator Prizes, formulated, with Francesco Bonsignori, the de l'Ecole de Copenhagen, je me suis rallié was in close contact with Karl Popper who, awarded by the european Physical “peripheral model”. The model assumed sans enthusiasme à leur opinion et je les ai though very old, expressed his esteem for Society Accelerator Group. The scientifi c that the only important contribution to introduit, non sans quelques réticences dans Franco’s work on the subject by taking part programme will be composed of invited oral the interaction between the incoming mon enseignement. Mais, après depuis près in a conference on the subject that Franco presentations, contributed oral presentations particle and the target nucleon that was de 2 ans, j'ai cherché à retablir en physique organized in 1985 in Bari. and poster sessions. There will be a student responsible for single-pion production théorique mon idée primitive d'une causalité Franco was an excellent, clear lecturer. His poster session during delegate registration came from diagrams with only one virtual rigoreuse...”. courses and speeches were popular among on the Sunday afternoon. An industry intermediate pion. This model was extended Following a philosophical point of students and the general public because he exhibition will also be held in the congress to proton–proton interactions during view, Franco did not want to give up on believed that everybody should have the centre, allowing conference participants to Franco’s stay at cern (1959–1961), thanks the principle of causality, and supported possibility to understand physics. About fi nd out more about products and services to the contribution of ezio Ferrari and the wave-particle duality and the existence 50 students graduated under him, many of from companies that are active in the fi eld of suggestions of Sergio Fubini. The peripheral of hidden variables in the microscopic whom are now full professors in various accelerators and relevant areas of education. model, confi rmed by the S-matrix theory of world. Because of this he came into universities. He authored 350 papers and ● For further information, visit http://www. strong interactions of Geoffrey chew, also contact with John Bell who, in a paper on many books, the one on quantum mechanics ipac14.org/. received signifi cant experimental support, the einstein–Podolsky–rosen paradox, being the best known worldwide. A fl uent and can be considered the progenitor of formulated his theorem that provided the speaker of english, French and German, The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC) was CERN’s fi rst accelerator. Built the Drell–Yan process in that it concerns possibility of verifying experimentally the he had broad interests, from astronomy to as a stop-gap and training machine until the more powerful Proton the exchange of a virtual particle in strong validity of quantum mechanics. in another medical physics, art and politcs. Synchrotron (PS) started, it provided beams for CERN’s fi rst experiments interactions. paper, in Nuovo Cimento, Franco formulated Franco was director of the inFn section in particle and nuclear physics. In the view taken in October 1957, left, Following a period of research at Saclay a stronger form of Bell's inequality, which of Bari and was on the editorial board of Joop Vermeulen is seen kneeling near the tuning fork RF tank in front of and cornell, Franco was called to teach and is still not disproved by any experiment. As several international publications. He was the large magnet coils, less than three months after the SC had accelerated its fi rst lead research at the Physics Department of the a strong defender of locality in quantum awarded many honours and was a member protons. Vermeulen was one of the early pioneers at CERN involved in the construction university of Bari, where from 1980 he served mechanics, Franco supported David Bohm’s of the italian Physics Society, the American of the SC. The SC became a remarkably long-lived machine. In 1964, it began to be used as full professor of theoretical physics. wave-pilot approach and the statistical Physical Society, the new York Academy for nuclear physics alone, leaving particle physics to the PS, which had started up in In the late 1960s, dissatisfi ed by the formulation of quantum mechanics and the Foundation Louis de Broglie, 1959. Then in 1967, it started to supply beams for ISOLDE, CERN’s on-line isotope ongoing developments in particle physics according to Landau and Lifshitz. His book among others. separator, which produces beams for research ranging from pure nuclear physics to and thanks to a book by Bernard d'espagnat Die Debatte um Die Quantentheorie has A hard worker with a strong personality, astrophysics and medical physics. In 1990, ISOLDE was transferred to the PS Booster on quantum mechanics, Franco passed many been translated into French, Greek, italian, Franco believed that theoretical physics and the SC closed down after 33 years of service. months at the university of nebraska reading Japanese and Polish. cannot be driven by mutual consensus but The big magnet remained in Building 300, however, while the rest of the 300 m 2 as much as possible about the foundations Franco’s belief in wave-particle duality only by experimental proofs. He will be building was used as a storage room after the accelerator shut down. Soon, a public of the subject. He submitted a paper in pushed him to fi nd a means through greatly missed for his passion for physics, his exhibition will breathe new life into the hall. Cleaning the SC hall – seen on the right in 1976 to the Annales de la Fondation Louis which the wave could propagate, so he intellectual honesty and his solidarity with December 2012 – took about seven months and involved an external company as well as de Broglie on “Quantum Mechanics and focused his attention on relativity, where the working class. To his family, we offer our many CERN services, from the transport group and the magnet group to the reality”. De Broglie wrote the following in the synchronization of clocks between deep condolences. civil-engineering team. a letter addressed to Franco the same year, observers plays an important role. Hans ● Michele Barone, on behalf of friends, commenting on the paper: “...Plus tard, reinchebach has demonstrated that it collaborators and colleagues everywhere.

38 39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

C O N F E r E N C E v i s i t s O B i t u a r i E s IPAC 2014 to take On 12 January, Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán, second Franco Selleri (1936–2013) place in Dresden from right, toured the LHC with József Pálinkás, president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, left, Franco Selleri died in the city of Bari, italy, is possible to formulate many theories This year, it is again the turn of europe to Marta Bajko, of CERN’s Technology on 21 november, from a stroke following equivalent to special relativity through the host the international Particle Accelerator Department, and the director-general, a long disease. A leading theoretical variation of a parameter epsilon between conference (iPAc), which since 2010 Rolf Heuer, right. The visitors went on physicist, he made original and important 0 and 1. on the basis of six experimental has combined the former continental to see the CMS experimental area and contributions to particle physics and on proofs, Franco fi xed epsilon to zero, which conferences (CERN Courier november the CERN Computing centre. the foundations of quantum mechanics, gave him the possibility to return to a 2009 p42). Starting in Kyoto, it has been relativity and epistemology. neo-Lorentzian approach based on the held consecutively in Asia, europe and Born in Bologna, Franco studied at the existence of a privileged reference system north America, going to Shanghai to start The Japanese senior Alma Mater Studiorum, where he became (the cosmic microwave background, for the cycle again in 2013. iPAc’14 will take vice-minister of education, Dottore in Fisica cum laude with his thesis instance). Doing so, he replaced the Lorentz place at the international congress center sports, culture, science on “Analisi dell'interazione pione nucleone”, transformations with a new set that he Dresden on 15–20 June, hosted by the and technology, Yoshita under the supervision of Gianpietro called “inertial transformations”. in this Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-rossendorf Sakurada, centre, came to Puppi. Puppi and other members of his way, the Sagnac effect, the twin paradox and supported by the GSi Helmholtzzentrum CERN on 17 January. During group were analysing bubble-chamber and the trip from the future to the past – für Schwerionenforschung, his visit he saw the LHC fi lm from Columbia University, focusing explained by mainstream research with Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin and DeSY. tunnel, accompanied by, to on pion–nucleon cross-sections in the some intellectual contorsions – fi nd an easy The conference programme consists of the left (with blue tie), José 500 MeV–1 GeV energy region. Franco and elegant explanation. Franco called his varied talks focusing on r&D, planning and Miguel Jiménez, head of the calculated the spectra at an incident France Selleri. (Image credit: Foundations theory weak relativity. prospects for future developments in the fi eld Technology Department, and pion kinetic energy of 960 MeV. He was of Physics 34 1612.) From the epistemological point of view, of particle accelerators. one highlight will to the right, Lyn Evans, Linear 22 years old. Franco was in favour of a reality existing be a session dedicated to the presentation Collider Collaboration director. He soon became well known because he après le triomphe des idées de Niels Bohr et independently of human observation. He of the 2014 european Accelerator Prizes, formulated, with Francesco Bonsignori, the de l'Ecole de Copenhagen, je me suis rallié was in close contact with Karl Popper who, awarded by the european Physical “peripheral model”. The model assumed sans enthusiasme à leur opinion et je les ai though very old, expressed his esteem for Society Accelerator Group. The scientifi c that the only important contribution to introduit, non sans quelques réticences dans Franco’s work on the subject by taking part programme will be composed of invited oral the interaction between the incoming mon enseignement. Mais, après depuis près in a conference on the subject that Franco presentations, contributed oral presentations particle and the target nucleon that was de 2 ans, j'ai cherché à retablir en physique organized in 1985 in Bari. and poster sessions. There will be a student responsible for single-pion production théorique mon idée primitive d'une causalité Franco was an excellent, clear lecturer. His poster session during delegate registration came from diagrams with only one virtual rigoreuse...”. courses and speeches were popular among on the Sunday afternoon. An industry intermediate pion. This model was extended Following a philosophical point of students and the general public because he exhibition will also be held in the congress to proton–proton interactions during view, Franco did not want to give up on believed that everybody should have the centre, allowing conference participants to Franco’s stay at cern (1959–1961), thanks the principle of causality, and supported possibility to understand physics. About fi nd out more about products and services to the contribution of ezio Ferrari and the wave-particle duality and the existence 50 students graduated under him, many of from companies that are active in the fi eld of suggestions of Sergio Fubini. The peripheral of hidden variables in the microscopic whom are now full professors in various accelerators and relevant areas of education. model, confi rmed by the S-matrix theory of world. Because of this he came into universities. He authored 350 papers and ● For further information, visit http://www. strong interactions of Geoffrey chew, also contact with John Bell who, in a paper on many books, the one on quantum mechanics ipac14.org/. received signifi cant experimental support, the einstein–Podolsky–rosen paradox, being the best known worldwide. A fl uent and can be considered the progenitor of formulated his theorem that provided the speaker of english, French and German, The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC) was CERN’s fi rst accelerator. Built the Drell–Yan process in that it concerns possibility of verifying experimentally the he had broad interests, from astronomy to as a stop-gap and training machine until the more powerful Proton the exchange of a virtual particle in strong validity of quantum mechanics. in another medical physics, art and politcs. Synchrotron (PS) started, it provided beams for CERN’s fi rst experiments interactions. paper, in Nuovo Cimento, Franco formulated Franco was director of the inFn section in particle and nuclear physics. In the view taken in October 1957, left, Following a period of research at Saclay a stronger form of Bell's inequality, which of Bari and was on the editorial board of Joop Vermeulen is seen kneeling near the tuning fork RF tank in front of and cornell, Franco was called to teach and is still not disproved by any experiment. As several international publications. He was the large magnet coils, less than three months after the SC had accelerated its fi rst lead research at the Physics Department of the a strong defender of locality in quantum awarded many honours and was a member protons. Vermeulen was one of the early pioneers at CERN involved in the construction university of Bari, where from 1980 he served mechanics, Franco supported David Bohm’s of the italian Physics Society, the American of the SC. The SC became a remarkably long-lived machine. In 1964, it began to be used as full professor of theoretical physics. wave-pilot approach and the statistical Physical Society, the new York Academy for nuclear physics alone, leaving particle physics to the PS, which had started up in In the late 1960s, dissatisfi ed by the formulation of quantum mechanics and the Foundation Louis de Broglie, 1959. Then in 1967, it started to supply beams for ISOLDE, CERN’s on-line isotope ongoing developments in particle physics according to Landau and Lifshitz. His book among others. separator, which produces beams for research ranging from pure nuclear physics to and thanks to a book by Bernard d'espagnat Die Debatte um Die Quantentheorie has A hard worker with a strong personality, astrophysics and medical physics. In 1990, ISOLDE was transferred to the PS Booster on quantum mechanics, Franco passed many been translated into French, Greek, italian, Franco believed that theoretical physics and the SC closed down after 33 years of service. months at the university of nebraska reading Japanese and Polish. cannot be driven by mutual consensus but The big magnet remained in Building 300, however, while the rest of the 300 m 2 as much as possible about the foundations Franco’s belief in wave-particle duality only by experimental proofs. He will be building was used as a storage room after the accelerator shut down. Soon, a public of the subject. He submitted a paper in pushed him to fi nd a means through greatly missed for his passion for physics, his exhibition will breathe new life into the hall. Cleaning the SC hall – seen on the right in 1976 to the Annales de la Fondation Louis which the wave could propagate, so he intellectual honesty and his solidarity with December 2012 – took about seven months and involved an external company as well as de Broglie on “Quantum Mechanics and focused his attention on relativity, where the working class. To his family, we offer our many CERN services, from the transport group and the magnet group to the reality”. De Broglie wrote the following in the synchronization of clocks between deep condolences. civil-engineering team. a letter addressed to Franco the same year, observers plays an important role. Hans ● Michele Barone, on behalf of friends, commenting on the paper: “...Plus tard, reinchebach has demonstrated that it collaborators and colleagues everywhere.

38 39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

Universality of the Fermi interaction. parallel between the electron, the particle in ● Further reading i came to know Pontecorvo in 1947 and atoms, and the mesotron of cosmic rays was G Danby et al. 1962 Phys. Rev. Lett. 9 36. Erik Uggerhøj (1931–2014) 1948, at the time when he was a physicist just too imaginative. Fermi clearly rejected S Eliezer and D A Ross 1974 Phys. Rev. D 10 3088. at the nuclear reactor at chalk river, it. A year later, after my thesis experiment, Y Fukuda et al. 1994 Phys. Lett. B 335 237. canada, and when he came, i think twice, the universality of the Fermi interaction Y Fukuda et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1562. it might not have been obvious that erik proton and electron accelerators. However, it to chicago to see Fermi, who had been was accepted by everyone, but Pontecorvo’s V Gribov and B Pontecorvo 1969 Phys. Lett. 28B 493. uggerhøj would eventually be a professor was erik who created a breakthrough in this his teacher in rome and who was then 1947 letter is not remembered. it might be E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1947 Phys. Rev. 73 258. in physics at Aarhus university, but via a research by suggesting comparing proton my thesis adviser. one or two years later, of interest to note that probably Pontecorvo E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1948 Phys. Rev. 74 697. roundabout route – including carpentry and and antiproton collisions, which cern was Pontecorvo emigrated to the Soviet union. himself was not convinced of the correctness E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1950 Phys. Rev. 77 102. school teaching – this was what he achieved, able to provide from the 1980s. This work At the time of his visits, he was involved at of the idea, or he would have proposed the K S Hirata et al. 1988 Phys. Lett. B 205 416. becoming an inspirational fi gure in the has also contributed to the national centre for chalk river with e P Hincks, perhaps part obvious way to test it – that is by measuring M Nakahata et al. 1986 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 55 3786. university. particle therapy for the treatment of cancer at time, in a cosmic-ray experiment on stopped the capture rates in elements with atomic B Pontecorvo 1947 Phys. Rev. 72 246. erik was a true entrepreneur in Aarhus university Hospital in Skejby, which “mesotrons” (now known as muons) using number between those of carbon and iron. B Pontecorvo 1957a Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33 549. experimental physics. His fl air for is currently under construction. Geiger counters. This had similarities to Two neutrinos. i am personally indebted to B Pontecorvo 1957b Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 34 247. recognizing the numerous possibilities of a erik was a notable personality at cern, my thesis experiment, which showed that Pontecorvo for proposing, in 1959, to check B Pontecorvo 1959 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 37 1751; new machine gave birth to many instruments, where he performed his fi rst experiments in the energy spectrum of the electrons in experimentally if the neutrinos associated translation: 1960 Sov. Phys. JETP 10 1236. including the particle accelerators in the the mid-1970s with Georges charpak, and mesotron decay is continuous (Steinberger with muons in pion and kaon decay are the B Pontecorvo 1967 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 53 1717. Department of Physics at Aarhus in the 1960s. throughout the years he advocated numerous 1949). This turned out to be a much more same, or not, as those in β decay, and that M Schwartz 1960 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4 396. in the 1970s, he became engaged in using experiments. This involved extensive interesting result than Fermi and i realized. the higher energy accelerators, then under J Steinberger 1949 Phys. Rev. 75 1136. electrons and positrons, and at cern new travelling and he was employed at cern immediately three papers, one by T D Lee, construction at Brookhaven and cern, possibilities based on the duality of charged several times, moving his family there. M rosenbluth and c n Yang, another by would permit neutrino beams of energy Neutrinoless double beta decay particles appeared. The use of these particles erik thrived both when talking informally J Tiomno and A Wheeler, and the third high enough to allow such an experiment in the november 2013 issue of CERN at high velocities, up to close to the speed of Erik Uggerhøj. (Image credit: Niels Hertel, with the management in the cern canteen by G Puppi, pointed out that this showed (Pontecorvo 1959) – the experiment for Courier, p42, a letter by H V Klapdor- light, opened up new research opportunities Aarhus University.) and when taking the lead with the drilling that, in addition to the Fermi nucleon and which M Schwartz, L Lederman and i later Kleingrothaus puts forward the question in an otherwise classical fi eld – the passage of machine in laying the groundwork for the electron-neutrino currents, there was a shared the nobel prize (Danby et al. 1962). about progress in the fi eld of neutrinoless charged particles through matter – which Jens only one worldwide that has a synchrotron in next experiment. He had great ingenuity and third current, a muon-neutrino current, of independently, Schwartz had proposed that beta decay (0νββ). in contrast to his doubts, Lindhard had initiated at Aarhus university in its basement. enjoyed the challenges his ideas fostered, equal amplitude. At the time this was called neutrino beams would permit the study of the GerDA collaboration would like to the 1960s. in the late 1990s, erik realized that an area following them through until they crystallized the “Puppi triangle”. it demonstrated the weak interactions at higher energy, but he answer this question positively. While working at the accelerators at of signifi cant potential interest for ASTRID, into experiments that could be performed. He universality of the Fermi interaction. The did not consider the particular question of There has been tremendous progress in cern, especially the synchrotrons and – that of hard X-rays – could not be reached had incredible enthusiasm and persuasiveness, Hincks–Pontecorvo experiments were the possible inequality of the two neutrinos, the fi eld since his own last measurement – storage rings, erik realized the possibilities with the accelerator’s relatively low energy. and would present his case with conviction much smaller and the geometries quite proposed by Pontecorvo (Schwartz 1960). much beyond “some fresh breeze” – fi rst by that lay in building similar facilities at Having previously used X-rays at DeSY, he and passion. in this way, erik almost always different (Hincks and Pontecorvo 1947, Pontecorvo and neutrino oscillations. the number of experiments investigating Aarhus for areas of physics – in particular, enthusiastically proposed a synchrotron- achieved his goal. 1948, 1950). Their results did not permit Pontecorvo’s work on what he called different isotopes and different methods, and atomic physics – that interested many of radiation facility for hard X-rays. A new He also had a great “team spirit”. Almost conclusions about the continuity of the neutrino “oscillations” dates back to the second by experimental measures to improve the researchers there. He managed to gain experiment hall was built, including lab no one came to cern without being invited decay-electron spectrum, and at the time no 1950s and 1960s, but the processes that the background compared to the precursor the support of a large number of physicists space, with government funding in 1997. on an outing where erik was happy to let such claim was made. nevertheless, in his he then referred to as oscillations, such 76Ge experiments, Heidelberg-Moscow for a new accelerator – the Aarhus Storage The construction was fi nished and in use for the younger generation go wandering in the later years, Pontecorvo claimed that these as neutrinos changing to (μ+e–), or (μ–e+), (HdM) and iGeX. Moreover, it is surprising ring for ions and electrons, Denmark many years before fi nance for a new ring for mountains while he concentrated on the experiments permitted the conclusion that or νμ → ν e, or ν → ν– cannot be related to to see that the letter quotes conference (ASTriD) – which could be used for a high-brilliance soft X-rays – ASTriD2 – perfect barbecue for later dining under the the muon-decay spectrum is continuous, as neutrino oscillations as we now observe contributions of GerDA only, but not our number of atomic-physics experiments. was granted in December 2008. it is a tribute sky. repeated in the CERN Courier article. and understand them (Pontecorvo 1957a, refereed articles. Very early on, erik saw the potential of using to erik’s foresight that the hall to house That Erik has left so many signifi cant it is interesting to recall that Pontecorvo 1957b, 1967, Gribov and Pontecorvo The GerDA design follows the idea of ASTriD not only to store ions as originally ASTriD2 was available when it was needed. footprints within natural sciences, and had anticipated the universality of the 1969). neutrino oscillations were Gerd Heusser (1995 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. foreseen, but for storing high-energy Another specialty of erik’s was slow especially in physics, is also a result of his Fermi interaction already in 1947, in a very discovered, serendipitously, by M Koshiba Sci. 45 543). This idea was tested with electrons for the production of high-intensity antiprotons. At the beginning of the 1980s, ability to engage and convince other people, different way. Following the publication in and collaborators, in the 1990s, in the liquid nitrogen in the GeniuS test facility short-wavelength synchrotron radiation, i.e. there was growing interest in understanding irrespective of their age and rank – from 1946 by conversi, Pancini and Piccioni of Kamiokande and later Super-Kamiokande without success by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus soft X-rays. The accelerator was so big – for the complex mechanisms generated directors, rectors and deans to co-workers, the experiment that showed that the nuclear detectors, which had been built to look (2008 Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 17 505). The a university site – that a new underground by collisions between simple charged technicians and skilled workmen. He was a interaction of the mesotron is too weak for for proton decay (nakahata et al. 1986, GerDA collaboration refurbished the same laboratory had to be built below the car particles and atoms. At what had become splendid personality who left his mark. it to be the particle proposed by Yukawa Hirata et al. 1988, Fukuda et al. 1994, germanium crystals and achieved a stable park between the chemistry and physics the Department of Physics and Astronomy, ● Søren Pape Møller, David Field, Helge as responsible for nuclear forces, in a letter Fukuda et al. 1998). The 1969 paper operation in liquid argon over a programmed departments. The physics department at many researchers had worked on these Knudsen and Ulrik Uggerhøj, Aarhus to Physical Review Pontecorvo noted that by Gribov and Pontecorvo is, to my period of 1.5 years. With this technique, the Aarhus university remains pretty much the themes thanks to the local access to both University. the result of that experiment – namely that knowledge, the fi rst work that imagined background was reduced by about one order negative mesons stopped in carbon absorbers mass–fl avour mixing, which, as we now of magnitude with respect to the historical L E t t E r s decayed normally, whereas those stopped in know, is the mechanism of neutrino HdM and iGeX experiments. iron absorbers are captured by the nucleus oscillations. At the time (1969), it was The GerDA collaboration is well aware of Pontecorvo and neutrino physics several important contributions to progress will make some comments. Much credit before their decay, within the uncertainty an imaginative, mathematical invention, the 2006 article by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus 2 in connection with the centenary of in particle physics in the 20th century. is given to Pontecorvo for the theoretical factor (ZFe/Zc) , that is, about 20 – showed without observational motivation, and was (Mod. Phys. Lett. A21 1547). The reasons Bruno Pontecorvo’s birth, CERN Courier However, in his later years, he also imagined prognosis of neutrino oscillations, but as best that the nuclear interaction amplitude of the ignored. The actual neutrino oscillation why we do not compare to this result – as (September 2013 p78) published an article some contributions that he did not make, i can determine, Pontecorvo’s contributions mesotron is the same as that of the Fermi mechanism, that is, the mass–fl avour requested in his letter to CERN Courier – “Pontecorvo and neutrino physics” by Vadim and this involves, to some extent, some of here are much less clear than generally interaction in β decay, and that therefore eigenstate mixing, was understood in are mentioned in our publication on 0νββ Bednyakov, a collaborator of Pontecorvo’s in my own work. in addition, the article largely suggested (Pontecorvo 1957, 1959, 1967). i there might be a universal Fermi interaction the mid-1980s, with the important help results (2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 122503) his later years. credits Pontecorvo with the foundation of believe that these questions are of interest (Pontecorvo 1947). This, now clearly correct, of the work of eliezer and ross (eliezer and discussed by B Schwingenheuer (2013 Pontecorvo, given his remarkable our understanding of neutrino oscillations. for understanding the history of the physics idea was universally rejected by the physics and ross 1974). Ann. Physik 525 269). The statistical error imagination, concentration and insight, made i have tried to understand this history and involving neutrinos, so as to justify this review. community at the time. The notion of a ● Jack Steinberger, CERN. on the signal counts given is too small, the

40 41 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Faces & Places

Universality of the Fermi interaction. parallel between the electron, the particle in ● Further reading i came to know Pontecorvo in 1947 and atoms, and the mesotron of cosmic rays was G Danby et al. 1962 Phys. Rev. Lett. 9 36. Erik Uggerhøj (1931–2014) 1948, at the time when he was a physicist just too imaginative. Fermi clearly rejected S Eliezer and D A Ross 1974 Phys. Rev. D 10 3088. at the nuclear reactor at chalk river, it. A year later, after my thesis experiment, Y Fukuda et al. 1994 Phys. Lett. B 335 237. canada, and when he came, i think twice, the universality of the Fermi interaction Y Fukuda et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1562. it might not have been obvious that erik proton and electron accelerators. However, it to chicago to see Fermi, who had been was accepted by everyone, but Pontecorvo’s V Gribov and B Pontecorvo 1969 Phys. Lett. 28B 493. uggerhøj would eventually be a professor was erik who created a breakthrough in this his teacher in rome and who was then 1947 letter is not remembered. it might be E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1947 Phys. Rev. 73 258. in physics at Aarhus university, but via a research by suggesting comparing proton my thesis adviser. one or two years later, of interest to note that probably Pontecorvo E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1948 Phys. Rev. 74 697. roundabout route – including carpentry and and antiproton collisions, which cern was Pontecorvo emigrated to the Soviet union. himself was not convinced of the correctness E P Hincks and B Pontecorvo 1950 Phys. Rev. 77 102. school teaching – this was what he achieved, able to provide from the 1980s. This work At the time of his visits, he was involved at of the idea, or he would have proposed the K S Hirata et al. 1988 Phys. Lett. B 205 416. becoming an inspirational fi gure in the has also contributed to the national centre for chalk river with e P Hincks, perhaps part obvious way to test it – that is by measuring M Nakahata et al. 1986 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 55 3786. university. particle therapy for the treatment of cancer at time, in a cosmic-ray experiment on stopped the capture rates in elements with atomic B Pontecorvo 1947 Phys. Rev. 72 246. erik was a true entrepreneur in Aarhus university Hospital in Skejby, which “mesotrons” (now known as muons) using number between those of carbon and iron. B Pontecorvo 1957a Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33 549. experimental physics. His fl air for is currently under construction. Geiger counters. This had similarities to Two neutrinos. i am personally indebted to B Pontecorvo 1957b Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 34 247. recognizing the numerous possibilities of a erik was a notable personality at cern, my thesis experiment, which showed that Pontecorvo for proposing, in 1959, to check B Pontecorvo 1959 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 37 1751; new machine gave birth to many instruments, where he performed his fi rst experiments in the energy spectrum of the electrons in experimentally if the neutrinos associated translation: 1960 Sov. Phys. JETP 10 1236. including the particle accelerators in the the mid-1970s with Georges charpak, and mesotron decay is continuous (Steinberger with muons in pion and kaon decay are the B Pontecorvo 1967 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 53 1717. Department of Physics at Aarhus in the 1960s. throughout the years he advocated numerous 1949). This turned out to be a much more same, or not, as those in β decay, and that M Schwartz 1960 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4 396. in the 1970s, he became engaged in using experiments. This involved extensive interesting result than Fermi and i realized. the higher energy accelerators, then under J Steinberger 1949 Phys. Rev. 75 1136. electrons and positrons, and at cern new travelling and he was employed at cern immediately three papers, one by T D Lee, construction at Brookhaven and cern, possibilities based on the duality of charged several times, moving his family there. M rosenbluth and c n Yang, another by would permit neutrino beams of energy Neutrinoless double beta decay particles appeared. The use of these particles erik thrived both when talking informally J Tiomno and A Wheeler, and the third high enough to allow such an experiment in the november 2013 issue of CERN at high velocities, up to close to the speed of Erik Uggerhøj. (Image credit: Niels Hertel, with the management in the cern canteen by G Puppi, pointed out that this showed (Pontecorvo 1959) – the experiment for Courier, p42, a letter by H V Klapdor- light, opened up new research opportunities Aarhus University.) and when taking the lead with the drilling that, in addition to the Fermi nucleon and which M Schwartz, L Lederman and i later Kleingrothaus puts forward the question in an otherwise classical fi eld – the passage of machine in laying the groundwork for the electron-neutrino currents, there was a shared the nobel prize (Danby et al. 1962). about progress in the fi eld of neutrinoless charged particles through matter – which Jens only one worldwide that has a synchrotron in next experiment. He had great ingenuity and third current, a muon-neutrino current, of independently, Schwartz had proposed that beta decay (0νββ). in contrast to his doubts, Lindhard had initiated at Aarhus university in its basement. enjoyed the challenges his ideas fostered, equal amplitude. At the time this was called neutrino beams would permit the study of the GerDA collaboration would like to the 1960s. in the late 1990s, erik realized that an area following them through until they crystallized the “Puppi triangle”. it demonstrated the weak interactions at higher energy, but he answer this question positively. While working at the accelerators at of signifi cant potential interest for ASTRID, into experiments that could be performed. He universality of the Fermi interaction. The did not consider the particular question of There has been tremendous progress in cern, especially the synchrotrons and – that of hard X-rays – could not be reached had incredible enthusiasm and persuasiveness, Hincks–Pontecorvo experiments were the possible inequality of the two neutrinos, the fi eld since his own last measurement – storage rings, erik realized the possibilities with the accelerator’s relatively low energy. and would present his case with conviction much smaller and the geometries quite proposed by Pontecorvo (Schwartz 1960). much beyond “some fresh breeze” – fi rst by that lay in building similar facilities at Having previously used X-rays at DeSY, he and passion. in this way, erik almost always different (Hincks and Pontecorvo 1947, Pontecorvo and neutrino oscillations. the number of experiments investigating Aarhus for areas of physics – in particular, enthusiastically proposed a synchrotron- achieved his goal. 1948, 1950). Their results did not permit Pontecorvo’s work on what he called different isotopes and different methods, and atomic physics – that interested many of radiation facility for hard X-rays. A new He also had a great “team spirit”. Almost conclusions about the continuity of the neutrino “oscillations” dates back to the second by experimental measures to improve the researchers there. He managed to gain experiment hall was built, including lab no one came to cern without being invited decay-electron spectrum, and at the time no 1950s and 1960s, but the processes that the background compared to the precursor the support of a large number of physicists space, with government funding in 1997. on an outing where erik was happy to let such claim was made. nevertheless, in his he then referred to as oscillations, such 76Ge experiments, Heidelberg-Moscow for a new accelerator – the Aarhus Storage The construction was fi nished and in use for the younger generation go wandering in the later years, Pontecorvo claimed that these as neutrinos changing to (μ+e–), or (μ–e+), (HdM) and iGeX. Moreover, it is surprising ring for ions and electrons, Denmark many years before fi nance for a new ring for mountains while he concentrated on the experiments permitted the conclusion that or νμ → ν e, or ν → ν– cannot be related to to see that the letter quotes conference (ASTriD) – which could be used for a high-brilliance soft X-rays – ASTriD2 – perfect barbecue for later dining under the the muon-decay spectrum is continuous, as neutrino oscillations as we now observe contributions of GerDA only, but not our number of atomic-physics experiments. was granted in December 2008. it is a tribute sky. repeated in the CERN Courier article. and understand them (Pontecorvo 1957a, refereed articles. Very early on, erik saw the potential of using to erik’s foresight that the hall to house That Erik has left so many signifi cant it is interesting to recall that Pontecorvo 1957b, 1967, Gribov and Pontecorvo The GerDA design follows the idea of ASTriD not only to store ions as originally ASTriD2 was available when it was needed. footprints within natural sciences, and had anticipated the universality of the 1969). neutrino oscillations were Gerd Heusser (1995 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. foreseen, but for storing high-energy Another specialty of erik’s was slow especially in physics, is also a result of his Fermi interaction already in 1947, in a very discovered, serendipitously, by M Koshiba Sci. 45 543). This idea was tested with electrons for the production of high-intensity antiprotons. At the beginning of the 1980s, ability to engage and convince other people, different way. Following the publication in and collaborators, in the 1990s, in the liquid nitrogen in the GeniuS test facility short-wavelength synchrotron radiation, i.e. there was growing interest in understanding irrespective of their age and rank – from 1946 by conversi, Pancini and Piccioni of Kamiokande and later Super-Kamiokande without success by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus soft X-rays. The accelerator was so big – for the complex mechanisms generated directors, rectors and deans to co-workers, the experiment that showed that the nuclear detectors, which had been built to look (2008 Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 17 505). The a university site – that a new underground by collisions between simple charged technicians and skilled workmen. He was a interaction of the mesotron is too weak for for proton decay (nakahata et al. 1986, GerDA collaboration refurbished the same laboratory had to be built below the car particles and atoms. At what had become splendid personality who left his mark. it to be the particle proposed by Yukawa Hirata et al. 1988, Fukuda et al. 1994, germanium crystals and achieved a stable park between the chemistry and physics the Department of Physics and Astronomy, ● Søren Pape Møller, David Field, Helge as responsible for nuclear forces, in a letter Fukuda et al. 1998). The 1969 paper operation in liquid argon over a programmed departments. The physics department at many researchers had worked on these Knudsen and Ulrik Uggerhøj, Aarhus to Physical Review Pontecorvo noted that by Gribov and Pontecorvo is, to my period of 1.5 years. With this technique, the Aarhus university remains pretty much the themes thanks to the local access to both University. the result of that experiment – namely that knowledge, the fi rst work that imagined background was reduced by about one order negative mesons stopped in carbon absorbers mass–fl avour mixing, which, as we now of magnitude with respect to the historical L E t t E r s decayed normally, whereas those stopped in know, is the mechanism of neutrino HdM and iGeX experiments. iron absorbers are captured by the nucleus oscillations. At the time (1969), it was The GerDA collaboration is well aware of Pontecorvo and neutrino physics several important contributions to progress will make some comments. Much credit before their decay, within the uncertainty an imaginative, mathematical invention, the 2006 article by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus 2 in connection with the centenary of in particle physics in the 20th century. is given to Pontecorvo for the theoretical factor (ZFe/Zc) , that is, about 20 – showed without observational motivation, and was (Mod. Phys. Lett. A21 1547). The reasons Bruno Pontecorvo’s birth, CERN Courier However, in his later years, he also imagined prognosis of neutrino oscillations, but as best that the nuclear interaction amplitude of the ignored. The actual neutrino oscillation why we do not compare to this result – as (September 2013 p78) published an article some contributions that he did not make, i can determine, Pontecorvo’s contributions mesotron is the same as that of the Fermi mechanism, that is, the mass–fl avour requested in his letter to CERN Courier – “Pontecorvo and neutrino physics” by Vadim and this involves, to some extent, some of here are much less clear than generally interaction in β decay, and that therefore eigenstate mixing, was understood in are mentioned in our publication on 0νββ Bednyakov, a collaborator of Pontecorvo’s in my own work. in addition, the article largely suggested (Pontecorvo 1957, 1959, 1967). i there might be a universal Fermi interaction the mid-1980s, with the important help results (2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 122503) his later years. credits Pontecorvo with the foundation of believe that these questions are of interest (Pontecorvo 1947). This, now clearly correct, of the work of eliezer and ross (eliezer and discussed by B Schwingenheuer (2013 Pontecorvo, given his remarkable our understanding of neutrino oscillations. for understanding the history of the physics idea was universally rejected by the physics and ross 1974). Ann. Physik 525 269). The statistical error imagination, concentration and insight, made i have tried to understand this history and involving neutrinos, so as to justify this review. community at the time. The notion of a ● Jack Steinberger, CERN. on the signal counts given is too small, the

40 41 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 4 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 4 CERN Courier March 2014 CERN Courier March 2014 Faces & Places Recruitment signifi cance of the peak is not estimated 0νββ signal and do not show such a shift in accepted by EPJC, and 2013 EPJC 73 2583, correctly and no effi ciency correction is energy with respect to calibration lines at full respectively) prior to the publication of the F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m applied in the calculation of the half-life energy. Therefore, the quoted ballistic defi cit physics results (2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . time. For this reason, GerDA compares its is not relevant in the energy reconstruction of 122503). owing to the reduced background, result to the claim published in 2004 (Nucl. the GerDA data and the signal line should we reach a higher sensitivity than HdM after Instr. Methods A522 371 and Phys. Letts. B appear at the Q-value. 21 kg yr exposure and exclude the claim of Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics 586 198). The GerDA analysis followed a 2004 with 99% probability. | | in the above-mentioned 2006 paper, the rigorous analysis path, where parameters ● The GERDA collaboration. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association peak reconstructs 2 keV below the Q-value for background and pulse shape have been ● All GerDA publications are available at of the decay. Double escape-peak events fi xed prior to the “unblinding” and are www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/public/index. in 208Tl or 56co decays are proxies for the documented in papers (arXiv:1306.5084, html. master‘s college N EW P r O D u C t s M E E t i N G m.sc.Physics PARTICLE Aerotech’s npaq 6u is a high-power reduces design risk, time and cost for The Varenna School on Grid and Cloud your chance for excellent education in germany drive rack that uses plug-in amplifi ers developers of complex power systems. Computing – Concepts and Practical rWth aachen university master’s college PHYSICS supporting both linear and pulse-width The ZL8800 is a dual-channel/dual-phase Applications will be held on 25–30 July in • DESY has openings for: modulation (PWM) topologies to control controller that uses a charge-mode Varenna. 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The npaq 6u (Gui), which lets users design digital data preservation; and grid and cloud performs both current-loop and servo-loop power into their systems without writing monitoring. Lectures will be by major DESY develops, runs and uses accelerators and detectors for the investigati- on of the structure of matter. closures digitally to ensure the highest code. its drag-and-drop interface experts in grid and cloud computing For Physics, RWTH Aachen University is consistently ranked among the top level of positioning accuracy and rate signifi cantly shortens design time. The from around the world. The deadline three universities in Germany. stability. For further information, contact Powernavigator tool is available as a for applications is 5 May. For further The position An innovative programme, the Master’s College, links excellent education to Fellows in experimental particle physics are invited to participate in DESYs Steve McLane, tel +1 412 967 6854, e-mail free, downloadable Gui. For further information, visit http://en.sif.it/activities/ the needs of international students, providing them with all resources to particle physics research. [email protected] or visit www. information, contact Shannon Pleasant fermi_school/mmxiv or contact Alina succeed in their chosen study programme. Analysis and detector-upgrade in the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS • aerotech.com/product-catalog/drives-and- tel +1 512 382 8444, e-mail spleasant@ Grigoras, e-mail alina.gabriela.grigoras@ Preparation of the International Linear Collider ILC The international Master’s degree in Physics from RWTH Aachen University is • drive-racks/npaq-6u.aspx. intersil.com or visit www.intersil.com. cern.ch. recognised worldwide. (accelerator and experiments) Cooperation in the Analysis Centre of the Helmholtz Alliance • Diamond Systems has unveiled the Spectrum has launched the ”Physics at the Terascale” Participation in experiments like ALPS and BELLE II Join our RWTH Master‘s College! • epsilon-12G2, a rugged, managed digitizerneTBoX, which is aimed at XP Power has announced a 130 W Generic development of detectors and accelerators for applications in Pave your way for a successful Master‘s Programme • Layer 2+ ethernet switch module that engineers who need a high-precision, addition to the ecS series of Ac-Dc particle physics offers 12 10/100/1000 Mbps copper multi-channel measurement system. power supplies. 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The standalone switch, ADC and its own pre-amplifi er, with either convection cooled, the unit is capable of up The European Spallation Source is preparing prolongation by one additional year. which operates across a temperature range 8 or 16 bit resolution and sampling rates to 100 W output. The series comprises six to construct a world-leading European of –40 °c to +85 °c, does not require a up to 200 MS/s. in addition, Spectrum has single-output models providing nominal materials research centre in Lund, Sweden. Please submit your application including a resume and the usual documents ESS is an international partnership of (curriculum vitae, list of publications and copies of university degrees) to host computer interface. A 480 MHz MiPS announced the fi rst product to be based on output voltages from +12 to +48 VDc. The 17 European countries. its new, ultra-fast, modular M4i platform the DESY human resources department. 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For further controllers with a highly-integrated visit www.spectrum-instrumentation. information, contact Steve Head, tel +44 Please send your application quoting the reference code, digital Dc/Dc power controller that com. 118 984 5515, e-mail [email protected]. also by E-Mail to: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Human Resources Department Code: EM001/2014 Be part of the future! | Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 We are looking for a highly qualified: | | | | Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international E-Mail: [email protected] contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, Deadline for applications: 31 March 2014 www.desy.de seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for Senior Software Developer faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. Control System Software Architect The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s largest scientific organisation. www.helmholtz.de 42 For more details, have a look at: http://europeanspallationsource.se/vacancies

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