DOCSLIB.ORG

The U.S. Foreclosure Crisis and Racial Change in the American South

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The U.S. Foreclosure Crisis and Racial Change in the American South Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations May 2019 The .SU . Foreclosure Crisis and Racial Change in the American South Jermaine Marquise Durham Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Durham, Jermaine Marquise, "The .SU . Foreclosure Crisis and Racial Change in the American South" (2019). All Dissertations. 2393. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2393 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE U.S. FORECLOSURE CRISIS AND RACIAL CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Planning, Design and the Built Environment by Jermaine M. Durham May 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Mickey Lauria, Committee Chair Dr. James Spencer Dr. Jason Osborne Dr. Elora Raymond ABSTRACT Despite the global impacts of the U.S. foreclosure crisis, research on how this event has shaped processes of neighborhood change at the local level is relatively limited. Although the immediate neighborhood impacts of the U.S. foreclosure crisis have been well documented, the long-term influences this historic event had on processes of racial succession is yet to be fully understood. Even less research has focused on how the foreclosure crisis influenced racial transitions in small to mid-sized cities in the American South. Using both quantitative and geographical analytic techniques, this multi-case study seeks to analyze the spatial distribution of foreclosures in two counties in Southeastern United States. Additionally, using OLS regression, the study seeks to determine the independent influences that foreclosures have on the racial succession process at the census tract level. This research will to add to the discussion on race, foreclosure, neighborhood change and the reproduction of spatial inequality in America’s post-Recession urban landscape. The results can help planners, policy makers and housing advocates better understand the racial transition process and more effectively ameliorate issues that result from concentrated foreclosures. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this to my parents for all the love, support and guidance they have given me throughout my life. To my family and friends, whose encouragement helped strengthen my confidence in times when I doubted myself. And to my ancestors; whose strength, courage and perseverance made my life possible. It is my hope that their legacy will be carried forward through my work. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Clemson University and the Planning, Design and the Built Environment program for the opportunity to pursue my dream. I also thank my dissertation committee for their guidance throughout this arduous journey. Their expertise in the field of urban planning and passion for research was both informative and inspirational. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... x LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I. A CRISIS EMERGES.................................................................................... 1 Purpose & Significance............................................................................ 2 Research Questions .................................................................................. 4 II. UNDERSTANDING RACE, FORECLOSURE & NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE ................................................................ 5 Understanding Race ................................................................................. 7 The Racialization of Space .................................................................... 14 Theories of Neighborhood Change ........................................................ 24 Theories of Racial Segregation .............................................................. 30 Gentrification ......................................................................................... 35 Mortgage Finance and the Foreclosure Crisis ....................................... 46 The Geography of the Foreclosure Crisis .............................................. 48 Deregulation, Financialization and Securitization ................................. 50 Subprime Lending .................................................................................. 58 Federal Responses Foreclosure Crisis ................................................... 67 Foreclosures and Neighborhood Change ............................................... 69 III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 74 Philosophical Orientation....................................................................... 74 v Table of Contents (Continued) Page Theories of Causality ............................................................................. 76 IV. RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS......................................................... 82 Purpose ................................................................................................... 82 Questions & Propositions ...................................................................... 83 Research Design..................................................................................... 85 Data Sources .......................................................................................... 88 Methods.................................................................................................. 91 Variables ................................................................................................ 94 Units of Analysis.................................................................................... 97 Methods for Research Question #1 ........................................................ 98 Methods for Research Question #2 ...................................................... 101 Case Description .................................................................................. 105 Geocoding & Hotspot Analysis ........................................................... 107 Threats to Validity ............................................................................... 108 Expected Findings ................................................................................ 113 V. GREENVILLE COUNTY CASE STUDY REPORT ............................... 115 General Information ............................................................................. 115 Brief History of Racial Segregation in Greenville County ............................................................................................. 117 Downtown Revitalization and Affordable Housing in Greenville County ....................................................................... 120 Foreclosure Process in Greenville County ........................................... 123 Population & Demographic Characteristics ......................................... 124 Black Population Change 2000-2015 .................................................. 130 Greenville Economic Characteristics ................................................... 135 Housing Value & Housing Age ........................................................... 138 Summary of Racial Change Greenville County................................... 141 Foreclosures and High Cost Lending Greenville County .............................................................................................. 147 Foreclosure & Racial Change in Greenville County (2000-2015) ......................................................................... 159 Limitations of the Greenville County Case Study ............................... 164 VI. MECKLENBURG COUNTY CASE STUDY REPORT.......................... 166 General Information ............................................................................. 166 vi Table of Contents (Continued) Page Brief History of Racial Segregation in Mecklenburg .......................... 168 Downtown Revitalization and Affordable Housing in Mecklenburg County .................................................................. 173 Foreclosure Process in Mecklenburg ................................................... 175 Population and Demographic Characteristics ...................................... 176 Black Population Change 2000-2015 .................................................. 180 Economic Characteristics in Mecklenburg County ............................. 182 Housing Value & Housing Age ........................................................... 185 Summary of Racial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix a Stations Transitioning on June 12
    APPENDIX A STATIONS TRANSITIONING ON JUNE 12 DMA CITY ST NETWORK CALLSIGN LICENSEE 1 ABILENE-SWEETWATER SWEETWATER TX ABC/CW (D KTXS-TV BLUESTONE LICENSE HOLDINGS INC. 2 ALBANY GA ALBANY GA NBC WALB WALB LICENSE SUBSIDIARY, LLC 3 ALBANY GA ALBANY GA FOX WFXL BARRINGTON ALBANY LICENSE LLC 4 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY ADAMS MA ABC WCDC-TV YOUNG BROADCASTING OF ALBANY, INC. 5 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY ALBANY NY NBC WNYT WNYT-TV, LLC 6 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY ALBANY NY ABC WTEN YOUNG BROADCASTING OF ALBANY, INC. 7 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY ALBANY NY FOX WXXA-TV NEWPORT TELEVISION LICENSE LLC 8 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY PITTSFIELD MA MYTV WNYA VENTURE TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, LLC 9 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY SCHENECTADY NY CW WCWN FREEDOM BROADCASTING OF NEW YORK LICENSEE, L.L.C. 10 ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY SCHENECTADY NY CBS WRGB FREEDOM BROADCASTING OF NEW YORK LICENSEE, L.L.C. 11 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM CW KASY-TV ACME TELEVISION LICENSES OF NEW MEXICO, LLC 12 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM UNIVISION KLUZ-TV ENTRAVISION HOLDINGS, LLC 13 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM PBS KNME-TV REGENTS OF THE UNIV. OF NM & BD.OF EDUC.OF CITY OF ALBUQ.,NM 14 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM ABC KOAT-TV KOAT HEARST-ARGYLE TELEVISION, INC. 15 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM NBC KOB-TV KOB-TV, LLC 16 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM CBS KRQE LIN OF NEW MEXICO, LLC 17 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE ALBUQUERQUE NM TELEFUTURKTFQ-TV TELEFUTURA ALBUQUERQUE LLC 18 ALBUQUERQUE-SANTA FE CARLSBAD NM ABC KOCT KOAT HEARST-ARGYLE TELEVISION, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Risk, and Real Estate in the Development of the Home Ownership State
    Risky Business: Race, Risk, and Real Estate in the Development of the Home Ownership State by Amanda R. Tillotson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Social Work and Political Science) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor John E. Tropman, Co-Chair Associate Professor Robert W. Mickey, Co-Chair Professor Nancy E. Burns Associate Professor Karen M. Staller DEDICATION To my children and their families ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of completing this dissertation has been fraught, and it ultimately was possible only because I received a great deal of assistance. I would like to thank John Tropman, Laura Lein, Rob Mickey, and Berit Ingersoll Dayton for convincing me that it might be possible to accomplish this, after all. I am grateful to John Tropman, Karen Staller, Rob Mickey, and Nancy Burns for insightful comments along the way. Mariah Zeisberg, Hanes Walton Jr. and Mary Corcoran also provided excellent comments and encouragement at various stages. Fellow participants on panels at the American Political Science Association, the Midwestern Political Science Association, the Political Theory workshop and the American History Workshop at the University of Michigan, and the Race, Law and History Seminar at the University of Michigan Law School made helpful comments on various iterations of this work, as did referees for the DePaul Journal for Social Justice. I first became interested in the idea of risk as a result of reading Freaks of Fortune by Jonathan Levy, and this book has continued to inform my thinking. My interest in issues of race and property was spurred by discussions in Thomas Green’s seminar on inequality at the University of Michigan Law School.
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Housing Choice Report
    Regional Section February 2012 BALTIMORE METRO AREA ANALYSIS OF IMPEDIMENTS TO FAIR HOUSING CHOICE 2. REGIONAL PROFILE ...................................................................... 4 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 II. Regional Overview .................................................................................................... 6 III. Demographic Profile ................................................................................................. 6 a. Population Trends ....................................................................................................... 6 b. Areas of Racial and Ethnic Minority Concentration ..................................................... 8 c. Residential Segregation Patterns ............................................................................... 9 d. Persons with Limited English Proficiency .................................................................. 10 IV. Economic Profile ..................................................................................................... 12 a. Race/Ethnicity and Income ....................................................................................... 12 b. Concentrations of LMI Persons ................................................................................. 14 c. Disability and Income ................................................................................................ 14 d. Familial Status and Income ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lending in the Modern Era: Does Racial Composition of Neighborhoods Matter When Individuals Seek Home Financing? a Pilot Study in New England
    Lending in the Modern Era: Does Racial Composition of Neighborhoods Matter When Individuals Seek Home Financing? A Pilot Study in New England Meghan Kuebler* Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York This article explores the relationship between racial composition of neighborhoods and approval and origination of mortgages. It measures independent neighborhood effects, above and beyond applicant race effects preceding the recent housing mar- ket crisis for rental and owner-occupied homes. Mortgage applications are selected from the dozen most populated metropolitan areas in New England. Applications are linked to corresponding neighborhood data and generalized linear mixed mod- eling is applied. Data include prehousing market crash Housing Mortgage Disclo- sure Act data matched to American Community Survey 5-year data for over one mil- lion applications. Findings indicate, although controlling for income, gender, and race of the applicant, poverty and tenure, and additional socioeconomic variables, neighborhood racial composition has a statistically significant effect on whether mort- gages are approved and originated. Minority presence is correlated with a negative effect on mortgage origination regardless of race of the individual loan applicant. More specifically, whites’ applications are also turned down in minority neighbor- hoods, especially black neighborhoods. INTRODUCTION The recent housing foreclosure crisis warrants further investigation into lending practices and the criteria by which mortgage credit is issued (Rugh and Massey, 2010). Research is lacking on the mortgage crisis at the neighborhood level (Vesselinov and Beveridge, 2011). Minority neighborhoods were disproportionately affected by the housing market crash, meriting inquiry into lending patterns leading up to this tumultuous economic pe- riod (Spader and Quercia, 2008; Vesselinov and Beveridge, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Give Carolinas (Summer 2015)
    S u m m e r 2 0 1 5 Guests enjoyed an intimate, star-studded evening during the Inaugural Levine Children’s Gala on May 2. SEE INSIDE FOR MORE A PUBLICATION OF CAROLINAS HEALTHCARE FOUNDATION Give our kids every chance to get better. PUT YOUR MONEY WHERE THE MIRACLES ARE. JENNIFER LOPEZ ACTRESS, MUSICIAN, TV PERSONALITY, MOM Like all moms, I’m always concerned about my children’s well-being. But sometimes they get sick. Sometimes they get hurt. That’s why I’m so grateful we have children’s hospitals. If any child needs a miracle, they’ll do everything in their power to make one happen. Please join me in giving sick and injured children every chance to get better. Put Your Money Where the Miracles Are. Give to your Children’s Miracle Network Hospital. Children’s Miracle Network Hospitals ® raises funds and awareness for 170 member hospitals that provide 32 million treatments each year to kids across the U.S. and Canada. Donations stay local, funding critical treatments, pediatric medical equipment and charitable care. Find out why children’s hospitals need community support and find your member hospital at CMNHospitals.org and facebook.com/CMNHospitals . Summer 2015 Give Carolinas is a publication produced by Carolinas HealthCare Foundation. For more information, please call 704-355-4048. © Copyright 2015 by Carolinas HealthCare Foundation To opt out of future communications from Carolinas HealthCare Foundation, please email [email protected], telephone 704-355-4048, or write to: Carolinas HealthCare Foundation @ P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte,
    [Show full text]
  • Residential Segregation and Housing Discrimination in the United States
    RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND HOUSING DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES Violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination A Response to the 2007 Periodic Report of the United States of America Submitted by Housing Scholars and Research and Advocacy Organizations December 2007 PREPARED BY: Michael B. de Leeuw, Megan K. Whyte, Dale Ho, Catherine Meza, and Alexis Karteron of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP, with significant assistance from members of our working group, and especially Philip Tegeler of the Poverty & Race Research Action Council and Sara Pratt on behalf of the National Fair Housing Alliance. We are also grateful for the assistance of Myron Orfield, John Goering, and Gregory Squires. * SUBMITTED BY Poverty & Race Research Action Council, Washington, DC National Fair Housing Alliance, Washington, DC National Low Income Housing Coalition, Washington, DC NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., New York, NY Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, DC National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty, Washington, DC Center for Responsible Lending, Durham, NC Center for Social Inclusion, New York, NY Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity, Columbus, OH Human Rights Center, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN Institute on Race & Poverty, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN Center for Civil Rights, University of North Carolina Law School, Chapel Hill, NC ACLU of Maryland Fair Housing Project, Baltimore, MD Inclusive Communities Project, Dallas, TX New Jersey Regional Coalition, Cherry Hill, NJ Fair Share Housing Center, Cherry Hill, NJ Michelle Adams, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law William Apgar, Harvard University Hilary Botein, Baruch College, City University of New York Sheryll Cashin, Georgetown University Law Center Camille Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Jpmorgan Chase &
    SKADDEN,ARPS,SLATE,MEAGHER &FLOM LLP 1440 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W. FIRM/AFFILIATE OFFICES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005-2111 ----------- ________ BOSTON CHICAGO TEL: (202) 371-7000 HOUSTON LOS ANGELES FAX: (202) 393-5760 NEW YORK www.skadden.com PALO ALTO WILMINGTON DIRECT DIAL ----------- 202-371-7180 BEIJING DIRECT FAX BRUSSELS 202-661-9010 FRANKFURT EMAIL ADDRESS HONG KONG [email protected] LONDON MOSCOW MUNICH PARIS SÃO PAULO SEOUL February 16, 2021 SHANGHAI SINGAPORE TOKYO TORONTO BY EMAIL ([email protected]) U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Division of Corporation Finance Office of Chief Counsel 100 F Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 20549 Re: JPMorgan Chase & Co. – 2021 Annual Meeting Supplement to Letter dated January 11, 2021 Relating to Shareholder Proposal Submitted by CtW Investment Group Ladies and Gentlemen: We refer to our letter dated January 11, 2021 (the “No-Action Request”), submitted on behalf of JPMorgan Chase & Co., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), pursuant to which we requested that the Staff of the Division of Corporation Finance (the “Staff”) of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) concur with the Company’s view that the shareholder proposal and supporting statement (the “Proposal”) submitted by CtW Investment Group (the “Proponent”) may be excluded from its proxy materials for the Company’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2021 Annual Meeting”). This letter is in response to the letter to the Staff, dated January 29, 2021, submitted on behalf of the Proponent (the “Proponent’s Letter”), and supplements the No-Action Request. In accordance with Rule 14a-8(j), a copy of this letter also is being sent to the Proponent.
    [Show full text]
  • What We Know About Mortgage Lending Discrimination in America
    WIlT WE KNOW IIOUT MIRTIIIE LENIIIG IlseR11I111T111 IN ERICA SaPl8D1bar 1999 1.1.81"""1111111.. aod Urban DIII.e.maDI A.__ WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT MORTGAGE LENDING DISCRIMINATION IN AMERICA HUD-8765-3 WHAT WE KNOW bOUT MOITGAGE LENDING DISCIIIINATION INIIERICA SEPTEIBER 1999 SIll_hied II: I.s. DepadlDent ollousll._ld Urban DevellP_eat Imce.' 'allev D_I...elt lId lesearch h lbe IrbaalnstltUte Wasbinatan. D.C. Maraen Austin Tumer Jlbl Yllller StIPbl1 IISS Kenlelb Tell.... Dille illig David lIvine .11111 Bass Slnllh Mlcblile Delair C.ltnctI •. c-I'W929 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Felicity Skidmore for her many.contributions to both the design and the synthesis of this research project. She has been a source ofboth intellectual insight and common sense at every stage of our work, helping us organize and rationalize findings from its various components, and drafting major portions of this report. George Galster also made valuable contributions as adviser and reviewer for all phases of the'project, and has helped ensure the technical quality and integrity of our work. We also thank four individuals who reviewed draft versions of the analyses upon which this report is based. Kathy Cloud, of the National Fair Housing Alliance, reviewed our re-analysis of paired testing data; Anthony Yezer, of the George Washington University and Geoffrey Tootell, of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, provide,d valuable comments on our review and re-analysis of the existing statistical literature; and David Listokin, of Rutgers University, reviewed our case study analysis of a mortgage lending institution. All of these technical reviewers challenged our assumptions and pushed us to advance our thinking on critical issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 MEET CHARLOTTE MEET CHARLOTTE
    EXPERIENCEMEET THE MOMENTUM MEET CHARLOTTE CHARLOTTE SEE WHY MAJOR COMPANIES TAP INTO CHARLOTTE’S ENERGY TO ESTABLISH NEW HQS. MOMENTUM. Charlotte teems with activity. This is a city that is luring new residents by the day and major new corporate headquarters practically by the month. Why is Charlotte such a kinetic environment? The pillars of talent to propel healthy businesses, low cost of living to attract young workers, ENERGY. proactive city government to encourage innovative companies, and an environment that appeals to weekend adventurers and new families alike. CHARLOTTEIt’s a city that works hard and plays well, with a booming corporate IS landscape that welcomes newcomers and makes them feel as if they’re DYNAMICPOSITIVITY. being ushered into an inclusive and highly desirable community. 02 06 INDUSTRIES 05 HEADQUARTERS & HISTORY 07 COMMERCE IN CHARLOTTE 09 TALENT & AFFORDABILITY 10 INNOVATION 11 EDUCATION & JOBS 12 UNIVERSITIES 14 CHARLOTTE LIVING 13 CHARLOTTECOMMUNITY-DRIVEN & WORLDIS CLASS 16 CHARLOTTE CULTURE 19 PUTTING CHARLOTTE 17 TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE BUSINESSES ON THE MAP TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 21 RESILIENCE & RESOLVE 22 COMMUNITY RESPONSE DYNAMIC23 MOMENTUM & VISION 25 CONTACT US 04 CHARLOTTE’S HERITAGE TARGET INDUSTRIES TARGET OPERATIONS FUELS ITS MOMENTUM A CITY OF INDUSTRY The office buildings and warehouses of Charlotte bustle Charlotte is a city built on commerce. Growing healthy, groundbreaking businesses FINANCE HEADQUARTERS with activity. Buttoned-down bankers collaborate with is at the core of Charlotte’s DNA. The energy that flows through Charlotte’s business freewheeling fintech experts changing the future of community starts with its students and young workforce and continues up to C-Suites.
    [Show full text]
  • A Path to Housing Justice in California Facing History, Uprooting Inequality: a Path to Housing Justice in California
    Facing History, Uprooting Inequality: A Path to Housing Justice in California Facing History, Uprooting Inequality: A Path to Housing Justice in California Amee Chew with Chione Lucina Muñoz Flegal About This Report This report was produced by PolicyLink with funding from the Melville Charitable Trust. Acknowledgments We are deeply grateful to our community partners who served We thank Michelle Huang at PolicyLink and the USC Equity on the Advisory Committee of this report, for their expertise, Research Institute for data analysis; Heather Tamir at PolicyLink guidance, and insights: for editorial support; Jacob Goolkasian for layout and design; Guadalupe Garcia for logistical support; and Kakuna Kerina for • Alexandra Suh and José Roberto Hernández, Koreatown thorough copyedits. Immigrant Workers Alliance • Anya Lawler and Alexander Harnden, Western Center on We are grateful to the Melville Charitable Trust for supporting Law and Poverty this project. • Ashley Werner, Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability • Camilo Sol Zamora and Cat Kung, Causa Justa :: Just Cause • Christina Livingston, Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment • Cynthia Strathmann, Strategic Actions for a Just Economy • D’Artagnan Scorza and Jelani Hendrix, Uplift Inglewood and Social Justice Learning Institute ©2020 PolicyLink. All rights reserved. • Deborah Thrope and Mariel Block, National Housing Law Project Cover, lower left: In 1963, hundreds of NAACP-CORE members • Jennifer Martinez, PICO California and supporters march in Torrance for fair
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Discrimination in Housing
    Cover picture: Members of the NAACP’s Housing Committee create signs in the offices of the Detroit Branch for use in a future demonstration. Unknown photographer, 1962. Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. (24841) CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA: RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HOUSING A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study Prepared by: Organization of American Historians Matthew D. Lassiter Professor of History University of Michigan National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers Consultant Susan Cianci Salvatore Historic Preservation Planner & Project Manager Produced by: The National Historic Landmarks Program Cultural Resources National Park Service US Department of the Interior Washington, DC March 2021 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 HISTORIC CONTEXTS Part One, 1866–1940: African Americans and the Origins of Residential Segregation ................. 5 • The Reconstruction Era and Urban Migration .................................................................... 6 • Racial Zoning ...................................................................................................................... 8 • Restrictive Racial Covenants ............................................................................................ 10 • White Violence and Ghetto Formation ............................................................................. 13 Part Two, 1848–1945: American
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Trade Guide
    TRAVEL TRADE GUIDE 1 TOUR IN CHARLOTTE No matter what neighborhood you choose to explore, expect your palate to be wowed. USA Today B-B-Q S A U C E 2 / CHARLOTTETRAVELTRADE.COM DISCOVER CHARLOTTE he 16th largest city in the nation, the Charlotte T region is home to more than 2.7 million people and counting. Yet even as one of the country’s fastest growing cities, it’s the Queen City’s unmeasurable amenities—our friendly and welcoming attitude, our longstanding tradition of hometown pride—that keep people coming back for more. A hard-working banking town that enjoys letting loose, Charlotte’s community comes together over good food and cold craft brews, at gallery crawls and home games. While exploring our walkable Uptown and its surrounding neighborhoods, discover elevated, farm-to-table cuisine, award-winning exhibits and thrilling outdoor adventure— all hallmarks of an energetic city on the rise. Booking accommodations in Charlotte for our tour group series was M O T I N I This growing city, named after the Queen of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, S A a great experience. The team was quick and efficient at dealing with E L T our company’s requirements and was extremely helpful when it came DAVE COLES may be the only place in the South where you can jump from a - - SOUTHERN LIVING T to various suggestions. They put us in touch the hotel of our choice, A E boisterous trip to the NASCAR Hall of Fame to a trendy rooftop bar I Product Manager, S N T which was also great at completing our request.
    [Show full text]