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Evolution and Growth of Inland Navigation in Travancore

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Evolution and Growth of Inland Navigation in Travancore ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE A CASE STUDY Volume 8 | Issue 1 | June, 2017 | 137-139 e ISSN–2231–6418 DOI: 10.15740/HAS/ARJSS/8.1/137-139 Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in Evolution and growth of inland navigation in travancore P. Anilkumar P.G. Department of History, Iqbal College, Peringammala, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM (KERALA) INDIA ARTICLE INFO : KEY WORDS : Received : 15.12.2016 Evolution, Growth of inland, Transport, AVM canal Accepted : 29.05.2017 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Anilkumar, P. (2017). Evolution and growth of inland navigation in travancore. Adv. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 8 (1) : 137-139, DOI: 10.15740/HAS/ARJSS/8.1/137-139. Transport plays a vital role in the economic Anantha, Queen Victoria of England the then Maharaja development by providing access to jobs, education, of Travancore Sri Utram Tirunal Marthandavarma. The leisure travel and other amenities essential for quality of Travancore government under Sri Utram Tirunal life. Once the steam power was applied for purposes of Marthandavarma had various aims and objectives behind transport, it brought about significant changes first in the construction of AVM Canal. His government should the political and social spheres of the western world and much emphasis to the material prosperity and welfare of their colonies around the world. Transportation industry the people (Report on the Administration of Travancore merely undertakes the movement of people and goods 1038). It had played a significant role in the socio- from one place to another but in doing so it has been one economic, political and marine history of Travancore. of the most important activities of man in every stage of In that period Kanyakimari district was under the human civilization. Transport generates growth by control of Travancore Kingdom. The Travancore facilitating trade both nationally internationally and by Government inaugurated its construction work in 1860 increasing access to livelihoods education facilities as with the help of the British Resident and Engineers, well as local and national amenities. intended to connect two prominent places namely Anantha Victoria Marthanda varman Canal is Trivandrum and Kanyakumari. Unfortunately in 1860 popularly known as AVM Canal. It was running from itself Utram Tirunal Marthandavarma died and so in his Kochi in Kerala to Mandaikadu in Tamil Nadu. In This place Ayilyam Tirunal ascended the throne of Travancore. canal got this name from the Highness Maharaja of He continued the construction works of his predecessor. Travancore Sri Utram Tirunal Marthandavarma and his So the construction of AVM Canal also continued most respected British Queen Victoria of England. The systematically. In 1863 he appointed Barton as the chief etymological meaning of the term ‘Anantha’ simply engineer of the PWD in Travancore. It marked the indicates snake which always used by Padmanabha, the beginning of a new chapter in the history of PWD in family deity of the Travancore kings. Even though, Travancore (Directorate of Archives, TVM Cover File Padmanabha alias Lord Vishnu used the snake as his No. 16136). sleeping bed (Menon, 1994). It is popularly known as In 1867 the construction work of the AVM Canal, “Anantha Sayanam”. Thus the name of AVM Canal in the beach between Poovar and Manavalakurichi, south coined from the names of Lord Vishnu’s favorite reptile east of Colachel, was partly finished of this, the portion HIND ARTS ACADEMY P. ANILKUMAR from Poovar to Thengapattanam (Traffic Survey Report uplift the rural economy. Now the district collector says on the Inland Navigation in Kerala, 1959). In India, as in that the Tamilnadu Govt. alloted 920 crore for cleaning the case of other countries, the most important means of this canal (Thinakaran, op. cit., p. 16). transport and communication system was inland Transport and communication are indispensible to waterways. Waterways are one of the earliest and less our society. They are the elements which bind all expensive transport systems in spite of rail and road economic systems together. Without networks and transport. communication all social and economic life will be The main aim of the AVM Canal scheme was to reduced to isolated phenomena. Therefore, transportation extend the water communication to the extreme south of can’t be assessed in the same way as other services. A the country, through that the government had a plan to smoothly functioning system of communications is also make close contact with the Malayalam speaking people a requirement for social and economic integration of northern Travancore and Tamil speaking people of between separate geographical regions. The southern Travancore. There was a possibility of cultural modernization of the infrastructure is therefore, an urgent integration among these two sections of people. This task and a precondition for carrying out the whole of transportation was mainly with an aspect of products to Europe’s ambitions political, economic and social be transported to south Indian markets departed from agenda. Since the need for communication and Colachel harbour (Directorate of Archives, TVM Cover transportation does not know any national borders, the File No. 65). These things like rise, wheat etc were functioning of the networks needs to be adopted to this transported to various parts in the Travancore kingdom new economic and political geography. due to the A.V.M canal. After the end of Travancore Inland water transport has been regarded as the first kingdom this canal transport was wind up. transportation system in the world from time immemorial At present the AVM Canal is encroached in some (Velupillai).It is also the cheapest mode known ever since parts especially the coastal areas. The canal has lost its ancient times. The development of rail, road and air bright structure due to the construction of houses and transports led to the decay of inland navigation system. buildings on the canal. In some places the local But in many advanced countries it continues to play a panchayats were constructed a small bridges crossed by major role due to careful planning. In India, inland water the canal (Thinakaran, News Paper Daily, April 7, 2013). transport which had once played a dominant role has These encroachments can be visualized places like been pushed to the stage of extinction because roads and Mullurthurai, Ramanthurai, Inayam, Midalam and so on railways have superseded the waterways. The peculiar which the southern regions of the canal from physical features of erstwhile Travancore led to the Thengapattanam. The canal again continues from evolution and growth of inland navigation in the state. Kurumpanai towards the south and flows through Travancore history gives excessively greater Vaniyakudi, Kodimanai, Colachel, Manavalakurichi and importance to dynastic history and other related aspects, ends at kadiapattanam. The originality of the canal has ignoring the field of transport and communication, gone and the naturalist is chaos due to the above reasons. especially the problem of canal navigation. Trade, both But at the same time, a little bit of the water flows here inland and foreign flourished all through the ages mainly and there makes a domestic help for the inhabitants of because of the availability of inland water transport Thoothoor and nearby villages (Directorate of Archives, facilities. All major commercial Centers were linked by Cover File No. 3353). navigational routes. Many villages and towns arose on People have made their own fate in bringing up the the banks of rivers. Several types of ‘Vallams’ were in terrible diseases like Chickungunia, Dengu fever by use (Menon, 1996). Even though water transport was polluting the canal under various circumstances. In the cheapest means of transport in Travancore from very present Kerala, especially at Poovar, it is a centre of early period onwards, there had never been a planned mosquitoes. Present history has changed the geographical department of the system till the beginning of the 19th status where the canal looks for a reconstruction in which century (Report on the Administration of Travancore the dreams of predecessors to be fulfilled for the aspect 1038). The geographical, revenue and military surveys of socio-cultural and political developments which will under taken by professionals appointed by the British 138 Adv. Res. J. Soc. Sci., 8(1); June, 2017 : 137-139 HIND ARTS ACADEMY EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF INLAND NAVIGATION IN TRAVANCORE Government led to the increase of topographical and development of coastal area will begin from the banks geographical knowledge of Travancore regions. This of AVM Canal. helped the Government of Travancore to construct a network of canals. Thus the beginning of the 19th century REFERENCES was a turning point in the history of canal navigation in Aiyar Ramanatha (1923). Progressive Travancore, Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram. p.10. Inland waterways have played an important role in the Indian transport system since ancient times. However, Cover File No. 16136, Bundle No. 40, Sl. No. 621, 1865, PWD in the decades after independence, the importance of this – new form of Cheque – reg., Directorate of Archives, TVM. mode of transport has declined considerably with the expansion of road and rail transport (Aiyar, 1923). Cover File No. 65, Bundle -67, Sl. No. 1053, 1875, canals and Nevertheless there is a growing realization that inland backwaters and boats using these, certain information water transport has to be an integral component of the relating to them, Directorate of Archives, TVM. overall transport system of any region since it is one of Cover File No. 3353, Bundle No. 57, Sl. No. 857, 1871, British the most advantageous transport modes, having the least works in Travancore - to be attended by the PWD, impact on environment, the lowest cost for domestic and Directorate of Archives, TVM. international transport enormous capacity reserves and Menon, A. Sreedhara (1996). A Survey of Kerala History, the least energy consumption. The potential of inland Viswanathan Publishers, 1996, p. 341.
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