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The Situationist Urban Design, Rules and Principles

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The Situationist Urban Design, Rules and Principles Shirin Izadpanah Collage of fine arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Received: 02 March 2019- Accepted: 19 March 2020 Abstract From a general perspective, urbanism can be assumed as a bipolar world. On one hand, large-scale plans formulated by official organizations are shaping urban environment and the entirety of our cities; on the other hand, social activists and artists, active in the field of cities, are making an effort to give it a human character. According to De Certo (1984), the first approach to city, adopted by power structures, is composed of strategy, and the second approach, which is taking small-scale actions by ordinary citizens, artists and activists is made of tactic. One of the movement attempting to theorize these tactical actions is Situationist International. In spite of the philosophical and artistic essence, they were deeply interested in subjects related to the city and the everyday life of citizens. This paper aims to analyze the theories of this group and advancing their theory to the practice and supply practical instructions, utilizable in urban design discipline. For this purpose, it was necessary to use a qualitative method in which after spending a lot of time on studying their intellectual and philosophical products, we would be able to analyze and develop them to a theoretical framework utilizable in urban design field, both in scientific and professional approach. At the end of article, principles and indicators for the Situationist urban design will be provided and listed in ten categories. Keywords: Situationist International, Unitary Urbanism, Everyday Life, Spectacle, Psycho-geography, New Situationism practices are point out and then, through summarization 1. Introduction and classification of data obtained in prior stage The S.I (Situationist-International), established in 1957, theoretical framework of Situationist urban design is brought together a few branches of decomposed established. international surrealist movement after war (Albright, 2003). The most significant pre-Situationist groups are Dada-inspired Letterist International by the leadership of Guy Debord and International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB) by Asger Jorn. He had also a close relationship with another artistic organization, named COBRA movement (dérive d from Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam) (Albright, 2003). The S.I published twelve issues of International Situationist Journal between 1957 and 1972, a context in which members introduce their ideas. They used to look at the art, city and society with a critical and anti-capitalistic view. The society of spectacle, written by Guy Debord, is the most popular text ever written by any of the members that expresses some of these critical views. The critical attitude of this group have been always dependent on city and creating situations by citizens creatively. 2. Research Methodology Fig.1.The diagram of Situationism genealogy, (Sadler, 1998) This research follows qualitative method and developmental aim. Epistemologically, it is written through interpretation method, so the research technique 3. Literature Review uses library resources and analyzing method is descriptive and analytical. In the procedure of the research, after Trying to find the key points in Situationist international gathering and studying notes, books and papers written by theories about the concept of urban and urbanism, the the members of the movement, a foundation is provided philosophical and intellectual foundations of the on which a two-step analysis is done. In the first stage, Situationist-International will be reviewed at this part of essential design features of Situationist theories and the body. Studies texts in this paper includes not only the * Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] 13 Space Ontology International Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 4, Autumn 2019, 13- 25 written texts of early Situationist but also those are written around themselves consciously. Any situation after 90s known as New-Situationist. constructing experience requires three types of participants: the first one is a director, responsible for 3.1. Philosophical and intellectual foundations coordination and intervention for a specific event. The 3.1.1. Spectacle second type is participants who operate as a research team “The spectacle is a concrete inversion of life, an and collective project. Third group includes passive autonomous movement of the nonliving” (Debord, The spectators rounded by the constructed situation (Barnard, society of the spectacle, 1970, p. 10). The concept of 2004). The Situationists name this third group the livers of spectacle is borrowed from theater. Debord codified the the situation. metaphor of capitalism situation as a spectacle and a play 3.1.3. Psycho-geography based on Marx‟s analysis about self-alienation in According to Lefebvre, the SI regarded space as a social capitalistic society. He believed that capitalism was at its product resulted from multilateral relations instead of an peak in the 50s and it colonized everyday life as Marx had empty container. Regarding this definition of space, they predicted, a colonization of every general and special composed psycho-geography theory about environment‟s fields of Life. Debord said “The spectacle is not a atmosphere and Debord introduced psycho-geography as collection of images; it is a social relation between people “the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the that is mediated by images” (Ibid) and introduced the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, result of these relations as the society of the spectacle. on the emotions and behavior of individuals” (1955). Debord attacked the passivity lied in spectacle. People in “Psycho-geography demanded new forms of cartography, public are just the spectators of a scene in which all edges capable of representing states of consciousness and are occupied with glass showcases, commodification‟s feeling. The Situationists thus sought to map out unités showoff, theme parks counterfeit authentic urban spaces d'ambiance 2, singular places with special qualities such as and … all at the service of product‟s presentation. the social composition of an area, or common Emancipation that Debord speaks about lies in rejecting architectural style, but the emphasis was placed more on life as an only presentation and actively constructing of the soft mutable elements of urban scenes” (Bassett, 2004, the situation, spectators should become actors. It is about p. 402). Since the unités d'ambiance borders are of construction of our existence, nothing else captivated us qualitative, not physical distances, redefining the concept from outside (Swyngedouw, 2002). According to this of neighborhood is one of its uses. Neighborhoods have statement, a self-alienated existence is one that refers to lost their physical borders and boundaries, and it seems something other than its self, an installed concept. On the very unlikely for us to rebuild those former structures other hand, an authentic existence is a concept which had again. “New psycho-geographical maps of the city can shaped its identity during the time by its self and refers to define space and environments according to peoples‟ constructing and shaping process in the course of time. needs and emotions, rather than as the functionalist city 3.1.2. Situation vision of planners and architects, and of its systems Henri Lefebvre‟s “critique of everyday life” and “theory requirements such as traffic and commodity circulation” of moments” and also Sartre‟s theories of “Perfect (Barnard, 2004, p. 120). moments” and “privileged situations” had had essential 3.1.4. Everyday life roles in foundation of situation concept in SI movement. “Everyday life is the measure of all things: of the Situation has two central aspects. First one is the rejection fulfilment of human relations; of the use of lived time; of of passivity in everyday life. The construction of a artistic experimentation and of revolutionary politics” situation is necessarily a collaborative action: “A moment (Debord, 1961). Debord declared in his book that the of life concretely and deliberately constructed by the advent of the society of the spectacle, in Paris and every collective organization of a unitary ambiance1 and a game other cities, had caused poverty and destruction of of events” (Debord, 1957). Situations aim to be genuine life (1970); and because of that, the everyday life constructed, encounter and creatively lived moments in must be the context of revolutionary transformation, not specific urban settings (Albright, 2003). The second the manufactures or artists‟ canvases. Everydayness is a aspect is refusing a situation to be an Art work. Debord in platform on which Situationists collect their theories and an article named “Introduction to a Critique of Urban technics to cause social changes in the context of the city Geography” declared that “new beauty can only be beauty (Bridger, 2010). In their opinion, Art has a social and of situation” (Debord, 1955). “Nothing would be more political responsibility and, as an artist, we should draw misleading … than to think the situation as a privileged or people‟s attention to their everyday life and reforming it exceptional moment in the sense of aestheticism… We in a way that they take on an influential and a decisive can comprehend its true nature only if we locate it role in their own life. For example, daily commuting is historically in its proper place: that is, after the end and one of the most boring and ordinary routines, although it self-destruction of art” (Agamben, 2000). All these is one of the few times in which a person has a chance in definitions attend to express that people should leave the solitude and privacy to think and contemplate in modern passivity and arrange their behaviour, friends and palaces 2. It is a Situationist definition that Kith Basset (2004) didn‟t 1. There will be a further explanation. translate it in her paper, so I use the original French term. Shirin Izadpanah life. Therefore, commuting assume importance and as a Jorn, Sturm, & Wyckaert, 1959).
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