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Interim Watershed Characterization Report Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority Watersheds

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Interim Watershed Characterization Report Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority Watersheds Source Water Protection CTC SWP Region Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Credit Valley Conservation Interim Watershed Characterization Report Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority Watersheds Part of the Source Water Protection Plan Program For the CTC SWP Region Prepared by: March, 2007 CTC SWP Region – CLOCA Watershed Characterization Acknowledgements This report was written by Gayle Soo Chan and Jonathan Staples of CLOCA and Richard Gerber of Gerber Geosciences Inc. Shelly Cuddy (now with the Regional Municipality of Durham), Amber Lepine and Godofredo Carpio of CLOCA provided text, numerous data sets and figures vital to the completion of this document. Various other staff at CLOCA, too numerous to mention, also contributed information that is summarized in this document. This is the first report of the program aimed at summarizing and collating all of the existing information and mapping relating to Source Protection for the watersheds within the CLOCA jurisdiction. The basic objectives of this first phase of the program were to analyse what information is available, and assess what information or knowledge is needed in the future to address the input necessary in the development of the Source Water Protection Plan. CTC SWP Region – CLOCA Watershed Characterization EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The objective of a Source Water Protection Plan (SWP Plan) is to establish measures to protect both the quality and quantity of sources of drinking water within a given region. The SWP Plan is considered the first step in a multi-barrier approach to ensuring safe drinking water. Subsequent barriers are expected to occur with safeguard implementation during treatment, distribution, monitoring and responses to emergencies. The development of a SWP Plan will be based on a technical assessment of the many different sources of drinking water and the potential threats to those drinking water sources. The Plan will be developed through two main phases that are summarized briefly below. Assessment Phase Evaluation of vulnerability of drinking water sources (quality and quantity) through a technical review of the hydrological, geological and hydrogeological setting of a given area termed Watershed Characterization; Evaluation of potential threats, both current and future, to these sources from a quality and quantity perspective termed Issues/Threats Identification; and For each threat identified, the risk of contamination or depletion will be assessed to determine risk category (significant, moderate, low or negligible) termed Risk Assessment/Categorization. Implementation Phase Identify measures to reduce the risks; Each measure will specify responsibilities, timing and method for completion; and Monitoring and evaluation activities. It is expected that the public will be consulted throughout the development of the SWP planning process. While the SWP Plan development process was initiated in November 2004 in the absence of legislation, it is expected that Conservation Authorities will be responsible for watershed-based descriptions and water budgets while the Municipal partners will remain responsible for water supply issues such as the delineation of wellhead protection zone areas and issues surrounding surface water intakes. The Province of Ontario intends to create SWP Plans for all watersheds within the Province (MOE, 2004a; b) and has created groupings of Conservation Authorities (CA) to work together to create SWP Plans with their Municipal partners. Credit Valley Conservation (CVC), the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority (CLOCA) have been grouped together in what is herein termed the CTC SWP Planning Region. OBJECTIVES This is the first report of the program, entitled Watershed Characterization (revised and updated draft), and is aimed at summarizing and collating existing information and mapping March, 2007 Page 3 of 435 CTC SWP Region – CLOCA Watershed Characterization relating to SWP for the watersheds within the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority (CLOCA) study area. The basic objectives of this initial task are to analyse available information, and assess what information or knowledge gaps exist relative to the protection of drinking water supplies within a watershed context. Given the timelines for completion and the varied stages of understanding across the region for the various components, this reporting exercise is by no means expected to be a complete analysis of all watershed conditions. While it provides a good overview of work completed to date and general findings, the main objective is to identify critical drinking water issues and to determine what work is required to conduct drinking source water protection to provincial standards. It is expected that this work will, however, become an invaluable building block to more detailed watershed descriptions and findings that will ensue under future locally specific programs and initiatives. The information and the gaps analysis presented in this report will direct the preparation of future CA work plans. Topics of consideration discussed in this Watershed Characterization include discussions of: Existing studies that contribute to the knowledge base necessary for the SWP Planning program; Watershed-based topics including physiography, climate, population, land use, water use and existing water-related monitoring systems; The physical setting including the geology, hydrology (surface water flow system) and hydrogeology (groundwater flow system); The status of water budget studies aimed at delineating the interaction of the various reservoirs within the hydrologic cycle and quantifying the resource; The current water use quantities and locations; Historical and current water quality information; Existing protection area delineation; and Data/information/knowledge gaps and key issues of concern relative to the protection of the sources of drinking water. During the past year, the Ministries of the Environment and Natural Resources Source Protection Implementation Groups (SWIG) have developed guidance documents for carrying out the technical assessments required to aid the development of the SWP Plans. This report was revised to meet the requirements outlined in the Watershed Characterization technical guidance module. Additionally, this document was peer reviewed by a municipal technical advisary group and multiple revisions resulting from that process have been made. Provincial requirements require an additional peer review process with a provincial/ Conservation Ontario team that will commence with the delivery of this document. It is anticipated that the resulting comments will be addressed during the full assessment report compilation phase. ORGANIZATION OF DOCUMENT CLOCA has prepared this Watershed Characterization report following the direction outlined in the Assessment Report: Draft Guidance Module 1 Watershed Characterization, MOE (April 10, 2006). This “executive summary” briefly summarizes the components of this report. March, 2007 Page 4 of 435 CTC SWP Region – CLOCA Watershed Characterization BACKGROUND AND PHYSICAL SETTING CLOCA’s watersheds (herein also referred to as the study area) are located along the north shore of Lake Ontario and all rivers and creeks present within the study area ultimately discharge to Lake Ontario. The major landform occurring within the study area, namely, the Oak Ridges Moraine, forms a topographic high along the northern boundaries. Ground surface topography ranges from 75 metres above sea level (masl) at Lake Ontario to over 365 masl near Chalk Lake. The climate within the Study area can be characterized as temperate with Lake Ontario providing a moderating influence. Total average annual precipitation generally ranges from 750 to 900 mm/year, with snowfall accounting for approximately 15 to 20% of the total precipitation. More than 50% of the total annual precipitation is returned to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. Major aquifer systems occur within the thick package of Quaternary-age sediments situated throughout the study area. These sediments represent deposition (and erosion) during glacial and interglacial periods over the last 125,000 years, and the thickness of these sediments range from 0 to 250 m. The most prominent aquifer within the Quaternary sediments is associated with the Oak Ridges Moraine. Other aquifer systems within Quaternary sediments are associated with bedrock valleys, which often contain considerable thicknesses of sand and gravel, and the Iroquois Beach deposits. Groundwater flow directions throughout the study area are, like the surface water flow system, generally towards Lake Ontario with local deflections towards streams. Significant groundwater recharge occurs over the higher elevation areas of the study area along the Oak Ridges Moraine. Significant groundwater discharge occurs where steep slopes, associated with the flanks of the Oak Ridges Moraine and the Lake Iroquois shoreline occur. The Lake Iroquois shoreline represents the near-shore area of a deep glacial lake that existed in the Lake Ontario basin approximately 12,000 years ago. Groundwater discharge directly to Lake Ontario is negligible. WATER USE The Study area presently contains a population greater than 300,000 people. In addition, numerous people commute into the area to work each day. Municipal water supply within the Study area is from Lake Ontario, as there are no municipal
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