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Calicium Corynellum (Ach.) Ach Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach. Rock Nail CALICIACEAE SYN.: Lichen corynellus Ach. (1803); Calicium paroicum Ach.; Strongyleuma paroicum (Ach.) Vainio non auct. (1799); Cyphelium chlorinum (Sten.) Krempelk sec.auct.ital. Status: Nationally Scarce UK BAP Priority Species Lichens Red Data Book – Critically Lead Partner: Plantlife Endangered (1996) 3 / 233 10-km squares (2 in England, 1 in Scotland) UK Biodiversity Action Plan: These are the current BAP targets following the 2001 Targets Review: T1 - Maintain all known populations. T2 - If biologically feasible, restore Bywell population to former extent. Progress on targets as reported in the UKBAP 2002 reporting round can be viewed by selecting this species and logging in as a guest on the following web site http://www.ukbap.org.uk/asp/2002_LPLogin.asp The full Action Plan for Calicium corynellum can be viewed on the following web site, http://www.ukbap.org.uk/asp/UKPlans.asp?UKListID=179 Contents Status:...............................................................................................................1 UK Biodiversity Action Plan:...................................................................................1 1 Morphology, Identification, Taxonomy & Genetics................................................2 1.1 Morphology & identification ......................................................................2 1.2 Taxonomic considerations ........................................................................3 1.3 Genetic implications ................................................................................4 2 Distribution & Current Status ...........................................................................4 2.1 World....................................................................................................4 2.2 Europe ..................................................................................................4 2.3 United Kingdom......................................................................................5 2.3.1 England .............................................................................................7 2.3.2 Northern Ireland..................................................................................7 2.3.3 Scotland.............................................................................................8 2.3.4 Wales ................................................................................................8 3 Ecology & Habitat Requirements .......................................................................8 3.1 Habitat..................................................................................................8 3.2 Humidity ...............................................................................................9 1 3.3 Site Management....................................................................................9 3.4 Atmospheric pollution ..............................................................................9 3.5 Position .................................................................................................9 3.6 Substrate ............................................................................................ 10 3.7 Aspect................................................................................................. 10 3.8 Associated Species................................................................................ 10 3.9 Dispersal ............................................................................................. 10 4 Threats ....................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Factors Threatening Survival & Dispersal.................................................. 11 5 Management Implications .............................................................................. 13 6 Recommendations for Future Work ................................................................. 13 7 References .................................................................................................. 14 8 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 15 9 Contacts ..................................................................................................... 15 1 Morphology, Identification, Taxonomy & Genetics 1.1 MORPHOLOGY & IDENTIFICATION Description Calicium corynellum is a “pin-head” lichen with a distinctive, powdery (granular-leprose), yellowish-green thallus. The apothecia are black, sessile or more commonly short- stalked (usually no more than 0.5-0.6mm) and 3-5 times as high as the width of the central part of the stalk. The disc can reach 2.5mm diameter in sessile fruits, and the brownish exciple supports a well-developed, black dry-spore mass (mazedium). A faint yellowish pruina can be seen on the lower side of the exciple. (See figure 1) Figure 1 - Line drawing of Calicium corynellum indicating main features (Fred Rumsey) ‘Pin-head’- like apothecium Yellow-green thallus 2 Figure 2 - Calicium corynellum (by Jenny Duckworth) Chemistry The thallus contains rhizocarpic acid. Scandinavian specimens also contain usnic acid, but in central Europe this is replaced by atranorin (Middleborg and Mattsson). Chemical reactions are all negative (Pd-, K-, KC-, UV-), and the apothecia are I-. Microscopic characters Microscopic characters must be examined to confirm the identity of this species, particularly the shape and ornamentation of the spores. The photobiont is Trebouxia. Asci are clavate. Ascospores are 12-16 x 4-6µm, 1-septate with a distinct incision at the septum. The ascospore wall is thick with a distinct ornamentation of spirally arranged ridges when semi-mature, later becoming uneven and cracked. Similar species C. corynellum is one of the few calicioid lichens, and the only one of its genus, that is found only on rock. However, it can be confused with: Calicium viride – this species is similar in appearance and much more common. It grows on wood and bark, and the thallus is verrucose, taller apothecia (often 1.0- 1.9mm) that are 9-16 times as high as the width of the stalk and have a brown pruina. Psilolechia lucida – a saxicolous species commonly found in the same habitat as C. corynellum. It resembles the sterile thallus but can be distinguished by its thicker, often rimose, thallus, bright yellow-green colour, and sometimes the presence of convex yellow apothecia. Under long wave UV light the thallus glows dull orange. 1.2 TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The close proximity of some C.corynellum populations to the very similar but corticolous C. viride has led to speculation that they may be the same species, however closer examinations of apothecial form and spore structure do not support this. 3 1.3 GENETIC IMPLICATIONS None. 2 Distribution & Current Status 2.1 WORLD Calicium corynellum is widespread but rare throughout temperate and hemiboreal parts of Western Europe, from Fennoscandia to Italy, and in western North America (Purvis et al. 1992, Nimis 1993, Wirth 1995, Ahti 1999, Tibell 2002). It is not known from Asia, Australasia or South America, although suitable habitats would seem to be available. This species is easily overlooked and may be under-recorded. In North America C. corynellum was first collected from the Wells Gray Provincial Park in British Columbia. In the United States it has been recorded from scattered localities in California, Idaho and Montana. An earlier record from Arizona has recently been redetermined as Calicium montanum. (Kolb & Spribelle 2001). Figure 3 - World distribution of Calicium corynellum 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 0 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 2.2 EUROPE Most of the European records are from Fennoscandia, where it is now rare and thought to be declining (Tibell 2002). Most of the known sites are in central and northern Sweden and in southern Finland; however some of these records are from the 19th century and have not been relocated. The species has also been recorded from temperate areas of France, Germany, Moravia, Portugal, Tenerife, Italy (including Sardinia) and Turkey. 4 Table 1 - Country by country status of Calicium corynellum across Europe (*Country codes are taken from Flora Europaea as of 1964 with red data book listings where available [Definitions of the red list categories].) Country Status notes Source(s) Au 1 record from Moravia (probably now in Austria) Tibell 2002 Az Britain [Br] Regarded as Nationally Scarce in Britain (occurring in 100 or fewer 10-km squares of the national grid). The species is known only from three sites in two stronghold areas. Bu Cz Da Finland [Fe] Scattered in Southern Finland Ahti et al 1999 France [Ga] Present Tibell 2002 GERMANY 2 sites in Baden-Wurttenburgs Wirth 1987 [Ge] Hb He Ho Hs ITALY [It] At least 8 sites in northern, central and southern Nimis 1993 Italy, also 1 site in northern Sardinia Tibell 2002 Ju Lu NORWAY 1 site in southern Norway Middleborg & [No] Mattsson 1987 PORTUGAL Present in Portugal and Tenerife Tibell 2002 [Po] Rm Rs(N) Rs(B) Rs(C) Rs(W) Rs(E) SWEDEN Rare in southern Sweden, scattered in central and Ahti et al 1999 [Su] northern Sweden. Turkey Present Tibell 2002 2.3 UNITED KINGDOM Overview In Britain Calicium corynellum has a northern distribution restricted to the millstone grit and limestone areas of south Northumberland and Midlothian. At present it is known only from artificial habitats in churchyards, where it has been recorded from four sites (3 in northern England, 1 in southern Scotland), and
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