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3D Kinematic and Strength Behavior of Granular Materials at the Particle-Level

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3D Kinematic and Strength Behavior of Granular Materials at the Particle-Level University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2015 3D KINEMATIC AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS AT THE PARTICLE-LEVEL Mehmet Burak Cil University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cil, Mehmet Burak, "3D KINEMATIC AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS AT THE PARTICLE-LEVEL. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3297 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Mehmet Burak Cil entitled "3D KINEMATIC AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS AT THE PARTICLE-LEVEL." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Civil Engineering. Khalid Alshibli, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dayakar Penumadu, Eric Drumm, Angel Palomino Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) 3D KINEMATIC AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS AT THE PARTICLE-LEVEL A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Mehmet Burak Cil May 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Mehmet Burak Cil All rights reserved. ii To my wife Saliha and my son Ahmet Asım & To my family iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my academic advisor Dr. Khalid Alshibli for his guidance, constant encouragement and support throughout my graduate study. He has provided an excellent academic environment to advance my skills and technical knowledge. His professional advice and assistance have been invaluable and have helped me to become an independent researcher. I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Dayakar Penumadu, Dr. Angel Palomino, and Dr. Eric Drumm for their valuable suggestions and constructive comments. I am grateful to Dr. Mark Rivers, Dr. Peter Kenesei and Dr. Ulrich Lienert for their help during experiments and data analysis at Advanced Photon Source (APS). My special thanks go to Dr. Kenesei for sharing his expertise with me. He taught me how to use Fable and DIGIgrain, and patiently answered all my questions about 3DXRD technique. I would like to thank my officemates and friends, Andrew Druckrey, Ala'a Qasem, Maha Jarrar and Dr. Isaac Jeldes, for all of the help and support they provided. Also, I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by National Science Foundation. Finally, I am thankful to my wife Saliha, my son Ahmet Asım, my father Ahmet, my mother Şengül, and my sisters Şeyma and Hatice for their endless love, understanding, and continuous support during my Ph.D. study. iv ABSTRACT The macro-scale behavior of uncemented granular materials is governed by the particle-to- particle interactions. Therefore, accurate assessment of the micro-scale mechanics is essential for better understanding of the fundamental behavior of granular materials. Particle fracture phenomenon and force transmission mechanisms in natural granular assemblies such as sands have not been fully understood due to the lack of micro-scale experimental measurements. The objective of this dissertation is to provide key quantitative measurements about these issues using powerful non-destructive experimental 3D x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) and synchrotron micro-tomography (SMT) techniques, as well as distinct element method (DEM). 3DXRD was employed to measure the volume-averaged lattice strain of individual silica sand particles within a sand assembly under 1D compression loading condition. The evolution and distribution of particle fracture, particle fracture mechanism and deformation characteristics of sand particles subjected to 1D compression across the scales were also investigated and quantified using SMT and DEM methods. Sand particles were modeled in DEM as crushable agglomerates composed of many spherical sub- particles that were linked by parallel bonds. DEM simulations were first calibrated and validated using laboratory experiments, and then were used to quantify micro-scale processes including the contact force network, and the fracture mechanics of crushable agglomerates. In addition, DEM was adopted to examine particle kinematic behavior and the influence of boundary conditions in triaxial testing. In first set of lattice strain measurements performed on a column composed of three sand particles, the normal strain along the loading direction increased in a linear fashion as the compression proceeded until one of the sand particle fractured. However, significant variation and v fluctuations were observed in the measured lattice strain tensor components of sand particles for relatively larger specimen due to complex deformation behavior and a non-homogenous contact force network. The SMT images and DEM model revealed that particle fracture concentrates at certain locations close to the loading platen, and the onset of particle fracture and specimen yielding occur at the same strain level in a 1D compression test. Finally, triaxial test DEM simulations showed that a flexible membrane better replicates the uniformly applied confining stress compared to a rigid boundary. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 6 Dissertation Outline .................................................................................................................... 8 References ................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 12 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 13 Distinct Element Method (DEM) ............................................................................................. 13 Previous studies .................................................................................................................... 14 Particle Flow Code in Three Dimensions (PFC3D) ............................................................. 17 Fundamentals of Three Dimensional X-ray Diffraction (3DXRD) .......................................... 20 Introduction to x-ray diffraction ........................................................................................... 20 Diffraction theory and Bragg’s Law ..................................................................................... 22 Reciprocal lattice................................................................................................................... 24 Synchrotron radiation at Advanced Photon Source (APS) ................................................... 27 Beamline 1-ID at APS .......................................................................................................... 29 Coordinate systems ............................................................................................................... 30 References ................................................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 3 STRAIN TENSOR DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSED INDIVIDUAL SILICA SAND PARTICLES USING HIGH-ENERGY SYNCHROTRON DIFFRACTION ............................................. 41 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 43 Principle of 3DXRD Microscopy ............................................................................................. 46 Experiments .............................................................................................................................. 47 Diffraction Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 53 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Track particle orientation ...................................................................................................... 59 vii Lattice strain tensor measurements ......................................................................................
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