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ANTH 42: Primates in Nature Quiz Clock 18 10 Omomyids Anthropoid Quiz clock! Minutes remaining:! ONE! ANTH 42: Primates in Nature! 7! 30 sec …! 6! 5! 4! 3! Lecture 3:! 18! 10! 2! Finish evolution, then ! Methods (1)! Shoshonius! Omomyids! Omomyids (Necrolemur, Shoshonius)! Wyoming! France! Philippines! Anthropoid origins! China! Mao’s role in primate origins! Anthropoid (tiny!)! Eocene tarsier, same ~ 40 mya! genus as modern.! This modern, this early, opened possibility anthropoids direct from ?? (not adapid or omomyid)! Fayum, Catopithecus (oligopithecid, 37mya. Egypt! 2 premolars (derived) similar to later Multiple late Aegyptopithecus ~33mya)! Eocene/early Oligocene Huh?! localities span ~37 - 33 mya! More primate fossils representing more taxa. Modern: ~15 major groups, ~200 species, all with histories.! L-41: Eocene, 35-36 mya! Fayum ! Rainforest! Follow Falk.! ~ 33mya:! Older: Oligopithecids (2 premolars [derived]) e.g. Catopithecus! Aegyptopithecus Apidium! (mix of monkey, ape features)! Younger: Parapithecids (3 premolars [NWM]; e.g. Apidium) and propliopithecids (Aegyptopithecus)! Oligocene to Miocene! Key point:! 20 mya Miocene Planet of apes! Planet of the apes! •! Features of both apes (esp. teeth) and Fayum, Egypt! 26 mya! monkeys (esp. postcranial). Anthropoids, Branisella! yes; monkey/ape split not clear, if even present.! Miocene hominoids; “dental apes” to Proconsul, Sivapithecus, Then, monkeys happened! and us.! •! Or at least, something did. Debated. ! •! Monkey radiations mostly within •! Africa: Proconsul 40+ species, 3-50 kg! (early)! last 5-10my! •! Europe: Dryopiths, Sivapiths! •! Asia: Sivapiths (orangs)! Madagascar! Phylogenies tell stories! Lemur versions of donkeys, sloths, gorillas…! If draw it with different “grades” Above: humans have very symbolized by levels [LEFT], implies deep roots (we’re so primate evolution led up to us AND a Ecosystems we see important and unique, succession of “higher” taxa evolving must have been separated from “lower”. On [RIGHT], all today are altered! from apes for very long lineages evolved from common time)! ancestors; neutral.! Phylogenies tell stories! Phylogenies Alt ideas Anthropoids! (Omomyiforms)! Removed fossil taxa from one on right.! If draw it with different “grades” symbolized by levels [LEFT], implies primate evolution led up to us AND a Alternative ideas for origin succession of “higher” taxa evolving of the Anthropoids from “lower”. On [RIGHT], all lineages evolved from common (monkeys and apes)! ancestors; neutral.! SUMMARY: Key concepts! WHY: Evolution and its mechanisms! 1.! Interpretation of fossil record! 2.! Issues identifying “transitional” mammal, primate fossils! But not until some discussion 3.! Plesiadapids (? Protoprimates); Adapids (prosimians); of methods of study…! Omomyids (tarsiers), and the puzzle of anthropoid origins! 4.! Wide distribution, multiple species, most small! 5.! Oligocene radiation, Miocene apes! 6.! Pliocene monkeys! 7.! Madagascar megafaunal extinctions & human arrival! Sources of data in primatology! Biomedical (physiology, anatomy).! Methods! Skeletal study (including fossils)! Precise measurements, knowing what •! Need to understand because influences to measure. One definition of “data”.! how interpret results, and why Demography (counting monkeys)! uncertainty exists.! •! Part of “primates in nature” is studying them, and some at least interested in what that’s like. ! Behavior: Observing animal behavior can be difficult Behavior: tigers! to do, and immensely difficult to do in an tigers! unbiased way.! To start, get paper & pen (pencil) ready; next slide showing 2.5 minute clip from a film on observational methods. There’s about 25 seconds of introduction, then a beep and the goal is to record what you see.! Next, watch Do your best to write down the behavior of the again, with tigers, from the moment you hear the beep on.! my notes on the 1st 35 Do your best to write down the behavior of the tigers, from the moment you hear the beep on.! seconds…! Behavior: tigers •! 0: 2 tigers, call #1 (moving toward viewer) & #2 (side to viewer). Both looking toward viewer. #1 walks twd viewer; ! Now for something primatological…! (I cheated, & still •! 2: #2 glances behind rock then follows cple steps, both stop. Both missed plenty)! attending to something near viewer. ! •! 5: #1 brief open mouth slightly, tongue protrude, then looks to it's This time, just imagine you’re right; return face forward! •! 15: flicks right ear (sound?)! •! 17: #2 looks to right; several seconds writing it all down.! pass, then #1 glances same direction! •! 19: #2, then #1, turn back forward.! •! 24: #1, keeping attention forward, The narration is a bit over the steps to right, then faces right & walks, some apparent tongue top, sorry… but think about sticking out motions. Goes > 1 tiger length, starts to climb rock, ears/ the interpretations being attention twd top of rock.! •! 30: Camera leaves #2; #1 draws ears NB: I chose segments with placed on the observations. back against head & appears to relatively long clips - but hesitate! •! 33: Bounds up, another tiger on How does he know?! the editing does make rock lying down facing roughly twd “observation” even viewer (#3). #3 glances toward #2 as trickier. Sorry.! Red #s are the second, starting from 0, #2 approaches, then! that the noted behavior starts! •! 35: looks downslope again! Now for something primatological…! Valley of the Golden Baboon!.
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