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Storia Dei Bizantini Di Sicilia

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Storia Dei Bizantini Di Sicilia Giovedì 16 giugno dell’827 le prime navi degli invasori Luigi Santagati Musulmani toccarono terra in Sicilia, a Mazara del Vallo, venu- ti alla conquista della Sicilia bizantina, a quel tempo la terra più ricca del Mediterraneo. Santagati Iniziò quel giorno il Medioevo in Sicilia ed un conflitto che sarebbe durato un secolo e mezzo e che vide contrapposti, Luigi almeno all’inizio, dei predoni assetati di bottino contro un Storia dei popolo tenace, certo bizantino ed in parte ancora romano ma soprattutto siciliano, che difese col sangue ogni palmo della propria terra. Bizantini di Sicilia Dopo 1091 anni (dal 264 a.C. sino all’827) s’interrompeva così il più lungo periodo di pace che una nazione abbia mai goduto nella storia dell’Occidente. Ed iniziava, quel giorno, a concludersi la storia, sinora celata, dei Bizantini di Sicilia dura- a i ta oltre quattro secoli e mezzo dal 535 al 965. l i c Il primo lavoro che fa finalmente luce sul periodo più buio della sto- i ria isolana presentando una Sicilia sconosciuta non solo al grande pub- S blico degli appassionati ma anche agli studiosi del settore. i d LUIGI SANTAGATI, architetto, ha pubblicato alcuni dei lavori i più interessanti ed innovativi degli ultimi decenni sulla Topografia n antica della Sicilia: i t 2004 - Carta comparata della Sicilia moderna. Testo di Michele Amari. n Tradotta per la prima volta in italiano, integrata ed annotata a z 2006 - Viabilità e topografia della Sicilia antica. Volume I. La Sicilia del i 1720 secondo Samuel von Schmettau ed altri geografi e storici B del suo tempo 2010 - La Sicilia di al-Idrisi ne Il libro di Ruggero i e In attesa di pubblicazione: d Viabilità e topografia della Sicilia antica. Volume II. La Sicilia a alto-medievale ed arabo normanna corredata dal Dizionario i topografico della Sicilia medievale r o t ISBN 978-88-8243-201-0 S e 28,00 Edizioni Lussografica Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia 1 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Luigi Santagati 2 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia scritta da Luigi Santagati Edizione riveduta Edizioni Lussografica 3 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Luigi Santagati Santagati, Luigi <1949> Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia/Luigi Santagati ISBN 978-88-8243-201-0 Composizione grafica dell’autore © 2012 Edizioni Lussografica Caltanissetta In copertina: Claudio Tolomeo Sicilia insula in Claudii Ptolomaei Alexandrini [...] cm 43,5 x 26 4 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia A mia moglie Eleonora 5 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Luigi Santagati Ringraziamenti Questo lavoro sul periodo che oggi «riporto alla luce», vuole prepotentemen- te ricordare l’altra Sicilia. Meno conosciuta delle altre ma non per questo meno importante. Sento pertanto di dover ringraziare quanti, volontariamente o meno, mi han- no spinto ed aiutato in questo mio lavoro. Primo fra tutti Calogero Miccichè, già docente di Materie Classico al Liceo Classico ed oggi docente a contratto all’Università di Palermo, valido studioso della Sicilia antica con cui da decenni condivido piaceri e passioni, che ha fatto la prima lettura di quest’opera ed una seconda revisione linguistica, non man- cando di aiuti, preziosi consigli ed indicazioni. Poi Lucia Arcifa, docente all’Università di Catania, da anni per me punto di riferimento, mai avara nei pareri, negli aiuti e nei suggerimenti, che ha riletto con attenzione e pazienza il manoscritto aiutandomi da sempre anche nella ri- cerca di libri e documenti. E Ferdinando Maurici, dirigente dell’Assessorato Regionale siciliano ai BB. CC. AA. e docente all’Università di Bologna, a cui non ho mai nascosto la mia stima, da anni mio punto d’appoggio nelle pubblicazioni, sempre presente alle mie richieste, anch’egli attento lettore del manoscritto. Devo poi un ringraziamento particolare all'amica Vincenza Milazzo in Cigna, già insegnante oggi a riposo, che ha curato tutte le traduzioni inedite dal greco e dal latino. Poteva anche starsene a godersi la sua meritata pensione ma l'amore per le Lettere antiche continua a coinvolgerla. Ultimo ma non ultimo Giuseppe Amico già geometra alla Soprintendenza ai BB CC AA di Caltanissetta; dalle nostre discussioni sono nate utilissime indica- zioni di metodo che non ho mai dimenticato. Caltanissetta, 15 aprile 2012 Luigi Santagati [email protected] 6 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia S o m m a r i o Avvertenze 9 Libro I Introduzione ad una storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia Capitolo I Lo stato dell'arte 15 Capitolo II Le fonti della conoscenza storica e geografica 25 Libro II Tra la Sicilia romana e bizantina (440-535) Capitolo I Fine di un impero 49 Capitolo II Dai Vandali agli Ostrogoti ed ai Bizantini 55 Capitolo III La Sicilia tra il VI e l'VIII secolo 77 Capitolo IV La Sicilia tra l'VIII ed il IX secolo 115 Libro III Vita e civiltà dei Bizantini di Sicilia (535-827) Capitolo I Gli insediamenti abitativi tra il V e l'VIII secolo 129 Capitolo II La Sicilia bizantina 155 1 Architettura ed opere pubbliche 2 Comunicazioni 3 Società civile, amministrazione e giustizia 4 Agricoltura,allevamento ed insediamenti rurali 5 Religione 6 Medicina e magia 7 Lingua 8 Commercio, artigianato e cultura materiale 9 Vita quotidiana 10 Cultura 11 Letteratura e poesia 12 Altre espressioni artistiche Libro IV L'invasione araba e la resistenza bizantina (827-1061) Capitolo I L'invasione araba e la prima linea di resistenza 201 Capitolo II La seconda linea di resistenza 227 Capitolo III Lo sgretolamento della Sicilia bizantina 245 Capitolo IV La caduta di Siracusa 271 Capitolo V L'inizio della fine 287 7 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Luigi Santagati Capitolo VI La caduta delle ultime roccaforti siciliane 319 Capitolo VII Tra Arabi e Normanni 341 Appendice Insediamenti religiosi 355 Ponti esistenti in epoca bizantina 359 Santi bizantini siciliani 370 Strateghi di Sicilia 375 Unità di misura bizantine 377 Lettera di Fozio 380 Fortificazioni di incerta collocazione temporale 384 Bibliografia 387 Indice dei nomi di persona 395 Indice dei nomi di luogo 405 Indice delle tavole 1 L'impero bizantino nella 2a metà del VI secolo 65 2 L'impero bizantino ed i themata a metà dell'VIII secolo 108 3 I tre Valli di Sicilia in epoca bizantino-araba 111 4 La Sicilia secondo Tolomeo 135 5 La Sicilia bizantina prima dell'invasione araba 157 6 Chiese e monasteri prima dell'invasione araba 185 7 Le direttrici dell’invasione araba nell’827 219 8 La Sicilia nell'831 dopo l'invasione araba 229 9 La Sicilia dopo la caduta di Siracusa nell'878 289 10 L'ultima difesa bizantina tra il IX ed il X secolo 292 11 La chora demennita 294 12 L'impero bizantino alla metà del IX secolo 329 13 La Sicilia araba 335 14 Fortificazioni di incerta collocazione temporale 385 8 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia AVVERTENZA ALL’EDIZIONE AGGIORNATA Questa edizione aggiornata, pubblicata ad appena quattro mesi dalla precedente, non cambia nulla della sostanza del libro ma corregge alcune imperfezioni, certi refusi e talune imprecisioni segnalatemi da lettori o da me riscontrate. Inoltre integra il testo con alcune notizie, pur secondarie, pervenutemi solo dopo la pubblicazione e portando il numero delle pagine da 416 a 420 con l’inserimento della Lettera di Fozio nell’Appendice. AVVERTENZE I nomi in greco medievale degli insediamenti, delle persone e delle cose se non attestati con certezza in documenti o scritti del periodo, sono stati rilevati dal Dizionario onomastico della Sicilia di Girolamo Caracausi, opera misconosciuta ma non per questo meno importante di tante altre. La grafia delle parole arabe è stata rilevata da lavori a volte datati; pertanto non sempre corrisponde perfettamente alla maniera attualmente usata di translitterazione dall’alfabeto arabo a quello latino. Ma non posso però fare a meno di dissociarmi dall’uso di dare i suoni utilizzando lettere straniere che non hanno il corrispondente in italiano; ad esempio con la g, sostituita dalla j francese o inglese. Per non parlare della sc sostituita dalla sh francese o inglese, della gh sostituita dalla g' e della sc e sci sostituita dalla s'. E questo vale anche per la w utilizzata per la u. Gli accenti â î û sono da pronunciare per lo più aspirati. La c, lettera inesistente nel nostro alfabeto, ha un suono di h gutturale non in uso nelle lingue europee come, ad esempio, nella parola qalcat (rocca) ed cayn (fon- tana). Per favorire la lettura scorrevole del testo non sono state utilizzate ab- breviazioni ricercate ma, piuttosto, contrazioni che riportano immediata- mente al testo citato. Pertanto invece di utilizzare, ad esempio, l’abbreviazione BAS per Bi- blioteca arabo-sicula di Michele Amari o, a complicare le cose, Amari 9 Print to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/) Luigi Santagati 1880, ho preferito usare la dizione "Amari Biblioteca" di più immediata comprensione così come ho preferito scrivere "Amari Storia" per indicare la Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia. Per le opere d’Amari e, in particolare, per quanto riguarda la Biblioteca arabo-sicula, ogni riferimento è legato all'edizione edita da Ermanno Loescher nel 1880-9 in 2 volumi più un'appendice.
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