DOCSLIB.ORG

Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DISCUSSION PAPERS Special Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area Editors Zoltán Gál – Szilárd Rácz Series editor Zoltán Gál Pécs 2008 Project co-financed by the EU Authors Ferenc Erdősi DSc (chapter 9) István Fodor DSc (chapter 4) Zoltán Gál PhD (chapter 15) Wiktor Glowacki (chapter 5) Zoltán Hajdú DSc (chapter 2, 3) László Hrubi (chapter 11) Iván Illés DSc (chapter 1, 10) Lukasz Kotula (chapter 5) Teréz Kovács PhD (chapter 13) Kinga Kuczynska (chapter 5) Gábor Lux (chapter 12) Péter Póla PhD (chapter 6, 7, 8) Szilárd Rácz (chapter 5) Zoltán Raffay PhD (chapter 14) ISSN 0238–2008 ISBN 978 963 9899 00 01 2008 by Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Technical editor: Ilona Csapó. Printed in Hungary by Sümegi Nyomdaipari, Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Ltd., Pécs CONTENT 1 Introduction – The Carpathians: a European macroregion ........................................... 9 1.1 Physical geographic features ................................................................................ 9 1.2 The analysed area ............................................................................................... 10 1.3 Demography ....................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Ethnic and religious affiliations .......................................................................... 16 1.5 Employment ....................................................................................................... 18 2 General determinations of the Carpathians project area: geographical location, spatial structure, borders ............................................................................................. 21 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 21 2.2 The Carpathians .................................................................................................. 21 2.3 The Carpathian Convention ................................................................................ 22 2.4 The Carpathians project space ............................................................................ 23 3 Historical geographical features of the project space ................................................. 27 3.1 Spatial constituents and consequences of the long-term historical processes ............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Spatial processes of the project region in the time of modernisation ................. 30 4 Environmental management, risk prevention, natural and cultural heritage in the Carpathian area ..................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Water management, water pollution and flood control ....................................... 33 4.1.1 Water pollution ......................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Flood and flood control ............................................................................ 36 4.2 The hazards of deforestation ................................................................................ 37 4.2.1 Soil degradation, erosion .......................................................................... 38 4.3 The potential impacts of climate change ............................................................. 39 4.4 Air pollution ........................................................................................................ 40 4.5 The environmental impacts of Carpathian industries, transport and agriculture ............................................................................................................ 41 4.6 Nature conservation in the Carpathian area ......................................................... 42 4.7 National parks in the Carpathian area .................................................................. 44 5 Carpathian settlement structure .................................................................................. 45 5.1 Austria ................................................................................................................ 45 5.2 Czech Republic ................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Hungary .............................................................................................................. 52 5.4 Poland ................................................................................................................. 53 5.5 Romania .............................................................................................................. 54 5.6 Serbia .................................................................................................................. 56 5.7 Slovakia .............................................................................................................. 57 5.8 Ukraine ............................................................................................................... 58 5.9 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 60 4 6 The demographic features of the Carpathian region ................................................... 62 7 Education and employment in the Carpathian region ................................................. 68 8 Employment, unemployment ..................................................................................... 71 9 Transport in the Carpathians ...................................................................................... 77 9.1 The evolution of the transport network .............................................................. 77 9.2 The current situation of transport ....................................................................... 83 9.3 The major problems of transport in the Carpathian region, weaknesses and alternatives for their solution ....................................................................... 85 9.3.1 Side-roads in peripheries ......................................................................... 85 9.3.2 Regional traffic ........................................................................................ 87 9.3.3 Interregional traffic ................................................................................. 87 9.3.4 International (cross-border) traffic .......................................................... 87 10 Border crossing in the Carpathian area ....................................................................... 90 11 The general economic position of the Carpathian region ........................................... 94 11.1 Historical background, current processes ........................................................... 94 11.2 The region’s socio-economic position ................................................................ 98 11.3 The internal structure of the economic development and employment level of the Carpathian region .......................................................................... 105 12 Industry in the Carpathian area ................................................................................. 111 12.1 Industrial typology of the Carpathian regions .................................................. 111 12.2 The changing spatial structure of industry in the Carpathian area .................... 114 13 Agriculture in the Carpathian region ........................................................................ 117 13.1 The relationship between employment of active wage earners and agricultural farmers .......................................................................................... 117 13.1.1 Austria ................................................................................................... 117 13.1.2 Czech Republic ..................................................................................... 119 13.1.3 Hungary ................................................................................................. 119 13.1.4 Poland .................................................................................................... 120 13.1.5 Romania ................................................................................................ 121 13.1.6 Serbia .................................................................................................... 122 13.1.7 Slovakia ................................................................................................. 122 13.1.8 Ukraine .................................................................................................. 123 13.1.9 Summary ............................................................................................... 123 13.2 Land use structure ............................................................................................. 124 13.2.1 Austria ................................................................................................... 124 13.2.2 Czech Republic ..................................................................................... 125 13.2.3 Hungary ................................................................................................. 127 13.2.4 Poland .................................................................................................... 127 13.2.5 Romania ...............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agricultural Economy and Policy Report Austria
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 9/30/2015 GAIN Report Number: AU1505 Austria Post: Vienna Agricultural Economy and Policy Report Report Categories: Agricultural Situation Agriculture in the Economy Approved By: Kelly Stange Prepared By: Roswitha Krautgartner Report Highlights: Austria is a small but highly developed agricultural and food market with a high income level and a high standard of living. Despite the fact that foods and beverages from Austria, Germany, and other EU countries dominate the shelves of Austrian retail, there are good market opportunities for U.S. products. Using official data, Austria imports $ 151 million worth of U.S. agricultural, fishery and forestry products but this does not include significant transshipment of U.S. goods through other EU countries. Consumer oriented food and beverage products are the most important agricultural imports from the United States. 2 Political and Macroeconomic Situation Austria is a democratic republic and a federal state, consisting of legislative institutions at the national and provincial levels. Austria has been a member of the European Union since 1995, and its trade policy issues with the U.S. mirror those of the general EU trade policy issues. Austria is led by a coalition government. The coalition consists of the center-left Social Democratic Party and the center- right People’s Party. Austria has a well-developed market economy and a high standard of living. It has a population of 8.5 million (2014). As a condition of its accession to the European Union, Austria adopted and implemented all EU laws and regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourists Manifestations in the Development of Culinary Tourism in Banat (Vojvodina, Serbia)
    TOURISTS MANIFESTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULINARY TOURISM IN BANAT (VOJVODINA, SERBIA) Bojana KALENJUK 1, Dragan TEŠANOVIĆ 1, Snježana GAGIĆ2, Nikola VUKSANOVIĆ 1, Marija ŠKRINJAR3, 1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Novi Sad, Serbia 2University of Alfa, College of professional studies in management and business communication, Sremski Karlovci, Serbia 3 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Food Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Abstract: Vojvodina has a large number of tourist manifestations of food and drinks which attract many domestic and foreign tourists. Tourist manifestations represent an integral part of gastronomic tourism, which is defined as the tourist visit of primary or secondary food producers, restaurants for producing and serving food and certain destinations for tasting and experiencing the regional specialties, where food and drink are primary motivation for travel. Recognizing the importance of tourist manifestations in the development of tourism this manuscript has a task to investigate the tourist manifestations in the territory of Banat, in order to determine the most frequent types of events in districts (Kikinda - Northern Banat District, Zrenjanin – Middle Banat district and Pancevo - South Banat District) and period of taking place of events. The research will include analysis of food and drink events in 2011. Keywords: tourist events, manifestation, food, beverage, culinary tourism, Vojvodina, Banat. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourist manifestations contribute greatly to the formation of the destinations image, increasing the cohesion of the local community and its pride, and improving their quality of life (Bjeljac et al., 2003; Bjeljac, Ž., 2004; Hadžić, O., Bjeljac, Ž., 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Pancevo Agro Biomass Supply Study, 2019
    AGRO-BIOMASS POTENTIAL AND LOGISTICS STUDY FOR SUPPLYING THE PUBLIC UTILITY COMPANY “GREJANJE-PANČEVO” Photos by Foragrobio cc doo © 2019 GIZ DKTI Prepared for: AMBERO Consulting Gesellschaft mbH and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH DKTI- Development of a Sustainable Bioenergy Market in Serbia Terazije 23/V 11000 Beograd Prepared by: Vojislav Milijić, Foragrobio cc doo Sumska 9-III/1, Subotica May 2019 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ DKTI (GIZ) Programme "Development of sustainable bioenergy market in Serbia": Agro-Biomass Potential and Logistics Study for Supplying the Public Utility Company “Grejanje – Pančevo” ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents List of tables List of figures List of charts List of abbreviations Table of Contents List of abbreviations.........................................................................................................................................3 1. Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................4 2. Definition of Tasks........................................................................................................................................5 3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................6 4.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Mountains of Slovakia (Hory Slovenska)
    MOUNTAINS OF SLOVAKIA (HORY SLOVENSKA) © PIOTR MIELUS, AUGUST 2007 Introduction Slovakia is a small country (it covers an area of 49.000 sq km) and borders on: Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine and Hungary. There are 5 million people living there and approx. 10% live in the capital city of Bratislava. Slovakia is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe. The highest point is located in the Tatra Mountains (Gerlachovský štít 2655m) and the lowest point is in the Bodrog valley (94m). The extreme points of the Slovak territory are: in the north: near a top of Mondrálova in Babia hora massiv on the Polish border (49:37) in the south: Donau coast near the village of Patnice on the Hungarian border (47:44) in the west: Morava coast near the village of Záhorska Ves on the Austrian border (16:50) in the east: near a top of Kremenec in Bukovské vrchy on the Ukrainian/Polish border (22:34) Slovakian mountains belong to the Western Carpathians (a tiny part in the east belong to the Eastern Carpathians). The main rivers have estuaries in the Danube: Vah, Hron, Hornad and Torisa. The majority of the Slovak territory belongs to the basin of the Black Sea, but the highest part (High Tatras) belongs to the Baltic Sea (upper Poprad valley). Technical data For the each peak the following information is provided: 1. Peak – official Slovak name, for border peaks alternative name in brackets, distinguishing adjectives (if needed added by the author) in italics. 2. Height – taken from the Source Map. 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean RFC Re-Routing Overview TT2020
    Mediterranean RFC Re-Routing Overview TT2020 1 Mediterranean RFC Re-Routing Scenarios 2020 Version Control VERSION AUTHOR DATE CHANGES 1.0 PMO 08/06/2019 First draft version TT2019 1.0 PMO 12/06/2019 Corrections by the members 2.0 PMO 30/07/2019 Final draft version TT2019 2.0 PMO 12/09/2019 GA Approval TT2019 2.0 PMO 26/09/2019 TAG/RAG Approval TT2019 3.0 PMO 11/03/2020 Final draft version TT2020 3.0 PMO 24/03/2020 GA Approval TT2020 3.0 PMO 08/04/2020 TAG/RAG Approval TT2020 3.0 PMO 30/04/2020 RFI Contact change 2 Mediterranean RFC Re-Routing Scenarios 2020 Table of Contents Version Control ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Mediterranean RFC Network Map with line categories ............................................................................................ 5 Rail Freight Corridors Network Map 2020 ................................................................................................................. 5 Single/Double Track features...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. General Information ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Heavy Metals Existing in the Danube Wa- Ters in Turnu Severin – Bechet Section
    South Western Journal of Vol.2, No.1, 2011 Horticulture, Biology and Environment pp.47-55 P-Issn: 2067- 9874, E-Issn: 2068-7958 STUDY OF HEAVY METALS EXISTING IN THE DANUBE WA- TERS IN TURNU SEVERIN – BECHET SECTION Elena GAVRILESCU University of Craiova, Horticulture Faculty, A.I.Cuza Street, no. 13, Craiova, Romania E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The Danube River Protection Convention and the Environment Programme of the Danube River Basin aim to the complex assessment of water quality at the national level and of its development trends in order to substantiate the measures and policies to reduce pollution, plus other pri- ority objectives as the quantification of the heavy metals content (Lack 1997). The monitored sections in the study, respectively Turnu Severin - Calafat - Bechet were part of the TNMN network for tracking the Danube water quality (Harmancioglu et al. 1997).The heavy metals are from both the upstream of Turnu Severin and from the Jiu River. After the study conducted in 2007-2009 there were found in some metals significant amounts of nickel, copper, chromium, arsenic and lead in particular. Key words: monitoring, heavy metals, aquatic ecosystem, water pollution, the Danube INTRODUCTION Danube represents the biggest water resource for Romania being more than double (85x109 cm/year) in comparison with the inland water (river and lakes), which represents about 40x109 cm/year, but the possibilities of their use in natural regime are limited because of different technical reasons (Botterweg & Rodda 1999). Even so the importance of the Danube health is of major concern for Romania as well as for other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • House in Carpathians1
    Ethnologia Polona, 2014, 35, s. 25-77 Ethnologia Polona, vol. 35: 2014, 25 – 77 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 HOUSE IN CARPATHIANS1 JIŘÍ LANGER AND HELENA BOČKOVÁ ROŽNOV POD RADHOŠTĚM and BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC INTRODUCTION The problem of the folk culture has always been a great topic for the ethnographers. Since the last century an attention of many explorers from many countries has focused on it. A common interest in finding the answers to the questions of the causes of the specifications of their cultural manifestation in the Carpathians connected them. They seemed to be different from firmly rooted ideas about the typical features of individual nations. Anachronisms provoke everybody who was looking for the originalities of their own national or Slavonic culture. They served to the creating of romantic fanta- sies about the culture in the mountains surviving into the period in which European nations formed. From the point of view of a historian this culture is considered to be very young, having been created before our eyes. Our generation could still study it by the very watching. We know it from autopsy. It differed from neighbouring lower situated areas with the early evolution forms, transferring of their phenomena for long distances, strong penetration and co operation with neighbouring social environments and ethnic heterogeneity. This all enabled people in the mountains to survive even in the worst climatic and social conditions. The principles of the folk culture being thought to be specific for the whole Carpathians touching vast areas of Europe connected fairly different forms of the way of the life from the Balkan to White Russia and from the river Morava (CZ) as far as the coast of the Black Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Differences in Hungary: the Current Stage of Local Food Production at the County-Level
    Regional differences in Hungary: the current stage of local food production at the county-level ZSÓFIA BENEDEK1,$, BÁLINT BALÁZS2 1: Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 2: Environmental Social Science Research Group, Hungary $: corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Paper prepared for presentation for the 142nd EAAE Seminar Growing Success? Agriculture and rural development in an enlarged EU May 29-30, 2014 Corvinus University of Budapest Budapest, Hungary Copyright 2014 by Zsófia Benedek and Bálint Balázs. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. 1 Abstract There is an increasing political interest in Hungary to relocalize food. Previous achievements on the Food Relocalization Index (Ricketts Hein et al., 2006) is used and applied to Hungary to map the local food activity. We focus on different indicators of production to consider the extent of small-scale food-related activity. Biophysical limits (the ratio of agricultural areas) are also considered to reveal areas where funds can be allocated to ensure efficiency. Eastern Hungary has the highest potential for further development as it has relatively high level of food activity and food production capacity. Keywords: short food supply chains; small-scale farmers; regional differences; Rural Development Program; quantitative analysis Introduction In the last years a rapid spread of short food supply chains (SFSCs) was witnessed; and also, an increasing political interest to relocalize food. The latest EU study describing the state-of- the-art of SFSCs in the EU understands them as food chains where the number of intermediaries (most typically retailers) is minimized (ideally to zero); and food production, processing, trade and retail occur within a particular narrowly defined geographical area (Kneafsey et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Engl Hungary State District Zalaerdö AG 2017Doc
    Hungary 2017 State dictrict For estry Zalaerdö PLC Office Germany: Office Austria: Ziegelstadel 1 · D-88316 Isny Europastr. 1/1 · A-7540 Güssing Phone: +49 (0) 75 62 / 914 54 - 14 Phone: +43 (0) 33 22 / 42 963 - 0 www.blaser-safaris.com Fax.: +43 (0) 33 22 / 42 963 - 59 [email protected] The Zalaed ő Company lies in western Hungary in the Zala Hills and stretches from the village of Bak to the Slovenian border and manages the biggest oak and beech forest in Hungary. The most important game species are red deer and wild boars. The quality of the red deer in this area is world famous. The stags in this area reach an age of 14-16 years when their enormous antlers obtain the biggest size. For estry • HUNTING AREA: 22.600 ha with 40 % woodland (beech and oak) Bánokszentgyörgy • NATURAL FEATURES: Hilly terrain District • ACCOMMODATION: Hunting lodge Szentpéterfölde main house cl. I, 6 double rooms Szentpéterfölde & Hunting lodge Szentpéterfölde out building cl. I, 4 double rooms Marki Hunting lodge Márki cl. I, 6 double rooms Hunting lodge Szentpéterfölde main house Hunting lodge Szentpéterfölde out building Main house Out building Hunting lodge Márki - 2 - District • HUNTING AREA: 24,000 ha with 50 % woodland Lenti : • NATURAL FEATURES: Hilly terrain • ACCOMMOD ATION: Hunting lodge Olgamajor cl. I, 13 twin bed rooms Hunting lodge Pusztapáti cl. I, 7 twin bed rooms Hunting lodge Olgamajor Hunting lodge Pusztapáti District • HUNTING AREA: 13,000 ha with 75 % woodland Letenye : • NATURAL FEATURES : Hilly terrain • ACCOMMODATION: Hunting lodge Budafa cl. I, 6 twin bed rooms - 3 - District • HUNTING AREA: 5,600 ha with 40 % woodland (beech & oak), 206 ha wild boar fence Nagykanizsa • NATURAL FEATURES : Hilly terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Report on the Research of Early Holocene Period in the Nwpart of Great Hungarian Plain KERTÉSZ Róbert Damjanich János Múzeum, Szolnok
    Fol. Hist.-nat. Mus. Matr., 16: 29-44, 1991 Preliminary report on the research of Early Holocene period in the NWpart of Great Hungarian Plain KERTÉSZ Róbert Damjanich János Múzeum, Szolnok ABSTRACT? In this paper the author publishes a material collected from the surface during a field survey at Jászberény I, a recently discovered Mesolithic site in the Zagyva basin in the NW part of the Great Hungarian Plain. This microlithic industry belonging to the Late Mesolithic period may throw a new light upon the Early Holocene history of the above-mentioned region. On the basis of the assemblage of typical implements found at Jászberény I the theory of a hiatus between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic in Hungary can be rejected. This site makes us to suppose that even the Great Hungarian Plain participated with equal importance in those processes which took plane in the marginal areas of the Carpathian Basin at the end of the Boreal an at the beginning of the Atlantic period. PREFACE In spite of continuously made intensive topographic surveys in the country the Hungarian Mesolithic could be defined with great difficulties. The emergence of hypotheses often contradictory to each other, the pros and cons on the question of cultural continuity and general uncertainty itself in this matter are due first of all to the fact that this period is represented mostly by less charac­ teristic find assemblages originated usually from surface collection therefore lacking stratigraphie data. The dating of these finds is different also because at certain sites prehistoric pottery was found together with the chipped stone implements.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid. 10 (1) : 54-60 ; 31.111.1987 ISSN 0342-7536 Notes on the distribution of Gortyna borelii lunata Freyer in the Carpathian Basin Peter Gyulai Aulich 13. 3/2, H- 3529 Miskolc 1, Hungary. Gortyna borelii Pierret, 1837 {leucographa auct., nee Borkhausen) is an extremely local species, but has a very wide distribution. It is known from England (one locality only), France (Seine-et-Oise, the nominotypical form, Charente, Cher, Deux-Sevres), Spain (Catalonia : Baells, Valada), W. Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Nassau, Pfalz), E. Germany (Thüringen, Leipzig, Halle), Poland, the Carpathian Basin and S.W. Siberia. Unfortuna- tely, many of the European populations have already disappeared. Popula- tions in Central Europe are referrable to ssp. lunata Freyer, 1839, which is larger than the nominate subspecies. In this note, the distribution of lunata and its foodplants in the Carpathian Basin is discussed. I. The foodplants of G. borelii lunata Frr. in the Carpathian Basin. Clearly, populations of the moth can only occur where the foodplants occur and so, first, the known distributions of the foodplants are presented. For the Carpathians and Carpathian Basin, three species are mentioned in the literature and a fourth is discussed here. 1. Peucedanum longifolium L. : Grows only on limestone. Occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, but also in the Carpathian Basin and the Southern Carpathians (Kazan Gorge, Mehadia, Bâile Herculane, Cserna Valley) up to about 1000 m. This is the only known foodplant of the highest occurring European borelii population, of the Domogled, a mountain near Mehadia (F.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Case Study Methodology
    CASE STUDY ORGANIC FARMING IN MOUNTAIN REGION MURAU (AUSTRIA) D4.3 | Final Version | March 2017 Thilo Nigmann, Gerhard Hovorka, Thomas Dax This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innova- tion programme under grant agreement No 633814 5 1 Introduction: What is the case study about? ............................................................ 8 2 Definition of the social-ecological system (SES) studied.......................................... 12 2.1 Figure of the SES, using the revised SES Framework......................................................... 12 2.2 Description of the SES ....................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Levels of ESBO provision, trends and determinants ......................................................... 17 2.4 Ancillary economic and social benefits provided ‘on the back’ of ESBOs ......................... 19 3 Shifting societal norms, collective learning and voluntary actions .......................... 20 4 Mechanisms, (collective) actions and governance arrangements to enhance the level of ESBO provision .......................................................................................... 20 4.1 Organisational capacities, leadership, networking and communication .......................... 20 4.2 Innovative governance arrangements and mechanisms supporting ESBO provision....... 21 4.3 The role and impact of policy in ESBO provision ..............................................................
    [Show full text]