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1 IV. Xinjiang Security Measures and Conflict During the Commission’s 2016 reporting year, central and re- gional authorities continued to implement repressive security measures targeting Uyghur communities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). In October 2015, Yu Zhengsheng, a member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party Cen- tral Committee Political Bureau, said authorities should focus on counterterrorism in order to achieve stability in the XUAR.1 Re- ports from international media and rights advocates documented arbitrary detentions,2 oppressive security checkpoints 3 and pa- trols,4 the forcible return of Uyghurs to the XUAR from other prov- inces as part of heightened security measures,5 and forced labor as a means to ‘‘ensure stability.’’ 6 Meng Jianzhu, head of the Party Central Committee Political and Legal Affairs Commission, repeat- edly stressed the need for authorities to ‘‘eradicate extremism,’’ in particular ‘‘religious extremism,’’ in the XUAR in conjunction with security measures.7 The U.S. Government and international ob- servers have asserted that XUAR officials have justified restric- tions on Uyghurs’ religious freedom by equating them with efforts to combat extremism.8 The Commission observed fewer reports of violent incidents in- volving ethnic or political tensions in the XUAR in the 2016 report- ing year than in previous reporting years,9 though it was unclear whether less violence occurred, or Chinese authorities prevented public disclosure of the information. International media and rights -
Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet. -
Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ...................................................................................................................................................... -
Prehistoric Cultures in Xinjiang: Retrospect and Prospect
Athens Journal of History - Volume 3, Issue 2 – Pages 137-170 Prehistoric Cultures in Xinjiang: Retrospect and Prospect By Marcella Festa Archaeological researches in Xinjiang in the last century have revealed that the region was a crossroad of cultures as early as prehistory, but it is only in the last thirty years that its crucial importance has come to be recognized. From the 1980s an increasing number of studies have put forward cultural categories and spatial- temporal frameworks to organize Bronze Age and Iron Age remains in Xinjiang but due to several problems, such as scarce publications and scant reliable dating, there is still a lack of clear standards for establishing the cultural and temporal attributions of the sites. Nevertheless, the contribution given by debates among scholars on the subject is remarkable and needs to be evaluated in greater detail, in order to gain a clearer understanding of early Xinjiang. This paper aims to be a qualitative study on the current research on Bronze Age and Iron Age cultures in Xinjiang. It provides a retrospective review of the studies on the subject with special reference to selected works since the 1980s, in the hope of enhancing the understanding of Xinjiang and Eurasian prehistory. Introduction A series of excavations conducted during the last century in Xinjiang brought to light remains that were ascribed to the prehistory. Since then, an increasing number of objects has enriched the Urumqi Regional Museum, which, besides the famous "Tarim mummies", currently hosts a rich collection of remains from the whole region1. PhD Candidate, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy. -
The 2Nd Press Conference on Xinjiang-Related Issues
The 2nd Press Conference on Xinjiang-Related Issues 18 January 10, 2020, the Information Office of the People’s Government of On XUAR held the 2nd press conference on Xinjiang-related issues. The press conference invited Deputy Director of Public Security Department of XUAR Yalkun Yakufu, Spokesperson of the Information Office of the People’s Government of XUAR Gul Abulim, Deputy Director of the Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Machinery Administration of XUAR Gulnal Ubli, former trainee of the Vocational Education and Training Center of Kashgar Alijan Tohti and former trainee of the Vocational Education and Training Center of Yutian County of Hotan Prefecture Alimujan Abduani, to give a briefing and answer questions from the press regarding Xinjiang’s efforts on counter- terrorism, deradicalization and the vocational education and training program. 19 Moderator: Dear friends from the press, good morning. Welcome to the 2nd press conference on Xinjiang-related issues. The theme of this press conference is “Xinjiang’s efforts on counter-terrorism, deradicalization and the vocational education and training program.” The invitees of today’s press conference are Deputy Director of Public Security Department of XUAR Yalkun Yakufu, Spokesperson of the Information Office of the People’s Government of XUAR Gul Abulim, Deputy Director of the Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Machinery Administration of XUAR Gulnal Ubli, former trainee of the Vocational Education and Training Center of Kashgar City Alijan Tohti and former trainee of the Vocational Education and Training Center of Yutian County of Hotan Prefecture Alimujan Abduani. They will answer questions from you. First, Deputy Director of Public Security Department of XUAR Yalkun Yakufu will give a briefing about Xinjiang’s efforts on counter-terrorism, deradicalization and the vocational education and training program. -
Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 185 November, 2008 Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang by Jan Romgard Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. -
Separatism and the War on Terror in China's Xinjiang Uighur
SEPARATISM AND THE WAR ON TERROR IN CHINA’S XINJIANG UIGHUR AUTONOMous REGION BY Davide Giglio A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL COMPLETION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF The Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations “Separatism And The War On Terror In China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region” A Thesis by Davide Giglio for Award of the Certificate of Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations Introduction p.2 1. China and Terrorism ……………………………………………………p.3 2. Why Xinjiang Matters ……………………………………………….….p. 5 3.Background ……………………………………………………………….p.6 3.1 Geography 3.2 People 3.3 Economy and resources 3.4 Culture and Religion 3.5 History Critical Context – a comparison of the protagonists 4. Episodes of Terrorism in Xinjiang ………………………………….….p.11 4.1 Explosions 4.2 Assassinations 4.3 Attacks on Police and Government Institutions 4.4 Secret Training and Fundraising 4.5 Plotting and Organizing Disturbances and Riots 4.6 "East Turkistan" terrorist incidents outside China 5. The Separatists: Organizations and Individuals ……………………….p.16 5.1 Organisations active in Xinjiang 5.2 Uighur organizations active outside Xinjiang 5.3 Uighur “cyber-separatism” 5.4 Most Wanted 6. China’s counter- terrorist strategy: repression and diplomacy ……….p.22 6.1 Domestic measures 6.2 China’s anti-terror diplomacy 6.3 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Integrative conclusion 7. Xinjiang : radical Islam’s next tinderbox? …………………………..p.25 7.1 Conclusion 7.2 Sources Introduction The Chinese central government authority has in recent years been under increasing challenge from Muslim separatists in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People’s Republic of China, a vast, landlocked expanse of deserts, mountains and valleys bordering Central Asia. -
A New Species and Two New Records of the Genus Pseudepipona De Saussure, 1856 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with a Key to the Chinese Species
JHR 82: 285–304 (2021) doi: 10.3897/jhr.82.64011 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://jhr.pensoft.net A new species and two new records of the genus Pseudepipona de Saussure, 1856 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with a key to the Chinese species Yue Bai1, Bin Chen1, Ting-Jing Li1 1 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of En- tomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China Corresponding author: Ting-Jing Li ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Ohl | Received 5 February 2021 | Accepted 9 March 2021 | Published 29 April 2021 http://zoobank.org/1AFAA9FB-20E2-491A-B8C4-6D3EFF371862 Citation: Bai Y, Chen V, Li T-J (2021) A new species and two new records of the genus Pseudepipona de Saussure, 1856 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with a key to the Chinese species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 82: 285–304. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.82.64011 Abstract In present paper, a total of seven species of Pseudepipona is recognized from China, containing one new species and two newly recorded species. The new species Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) punctulata sp. nov. is described and illustrated in detail. Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) kozhevnikovi (Kostylev, 1927) and Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) straminea (André, 1884) are first recorded from China. Four other known species Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) augusta (Morawitz, 1867), Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) herrichii (de Saussure, 1856), Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) lativentris (de Saussure, 1855) and Pseudepipona (Pseude- pipona) przewalskyi (Morawitz, 1885) are also diagnosed with some figures. Furthermore, a key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided. Keywords Pseudepipona, Eumeninae, China, new species, new records Copyright Yue Bai et al. -
Architectural Styles of Mosques in China: Analysis and Comments 17 Feng Jinyuan
Islam Michael Dillon, Yijiu JIN and Wai Yip Ho - 978-90-47-42800-8 Downloaded from Brill.com04/30/2019 07:11:37AM via Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI Religious Studies in Contemporary China Collection International Advisor Michael Dillon, Leeds University VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rscc Michael Dillon, Yijiu JIN and Wai Yip Ho - 978-90-47-42800-8 Downloaded from Brill.com04/30/2019 07:11:37AM via Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI Islam Edited by Jin Yijiu Translated by Chan Ching-shing Alex Edited by Ho Wai Yip (English Edition) LEIDEN | BOSTON Michael Dillon, Yijiu JIN and Wai Yip Ho - 978-90-47-42800-8 Downloaded from Brill.com04/30/2019 07:11:37AM via Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI This book is the result of a co-publication agreement between The Ethnic Publishing House and Koninklijke Brill NV. These chapters were translated into English from the original《当代中国宗教研究 精选丛书:伊斯兰教卷》(Dangdai zhongguo zongjiao yanjiu jingxuan congshu: Yisilanjiao juan) with financial support from China Book International. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jin, Yijiu, 1933– editor. | Ho, Wai-Yip, editor. | Chan, Alex Ching-shing, 1966– translator. Title: Islam / edited by Jin Yijiu ; translation edited by Ho Wai Yip ; translated by Alex Chan Ching-shing. Other titles: Dang dai Zhongguo zong jiao yan jiu jing xuan cong shu. Yisilan jiao juan. English Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2017] | Series: Religious studies in contemporary China collection ; V. 6 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016042753 (print) | LCCN 2016042995 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004174542 (hardback : alk. -
Correspondence with UNESCO
The Assistant Director-General for Culture Mr Tom Tugendhat Chair Foreign Affairs Committee House of Commons London SW1A 0AA United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5 March 2021 Ref.: CLT/ADG/21/1364 Dear Mr Tugendhat, On behalf of the Director-General, I wish to thank you for your letter of 18 February, in which you share concerns over reports of the destruction of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. As it stands, we have no reports of any damage to the inscribed World Heritage properties located in the Xinjiang Province. For your information, the following sites in the Xinjiang Province are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List: - The natural heritage site “Xinjiang Tianshan”, part of the Tianshan mountain system of Central Asia, which is inscribed for its unique physical, geographical, biological and ecological features, as well as its scenically beautiful areas; - The cultural heritage site “Silk Roads: Routes Network of Chang’an- Tianshan Corridor” (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), a serial transnational World Heritage property. This site spans a 5,000 km section of the extensive Silk Roads network, stretching from Chang’an/Luoyang, the central capital of China in the Han and Tang dynasties, to the Zhetysu region of Central Asia. It took shape between the second century B.C. and the first century A.D. and remained in use until the 16th century, linking multiple civilizations and facilitating far-reaching exchanges in trade, religious beliefs, scientific knowledge, technological innovation, cultural practices and the arts. There are six component sites located in Xinjiang: • Qocho City (Turpan, Ancient City of Gaochang); • Yar City Site (Turpan, Ancient City of Jiaohe); • Kizil Cave Temple (Baicheng County); • Subash Buddhist Temple (Kuche County); • Kizilgaha Beacon Tower (Kuche County); 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP, France • Bachbaliq City (Jimsar County, Ancient City of Beiting) Tél. -
An Improved Method for Evaluating Regional Resource Carrying Capacities: a Case Study of the Tarim River Basin in Arid China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 28, No. 4 (2019), 2415-2428 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/91077 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2019-01-09 Original Research An Improved Method for Evaluating Regional Resource Carrying Capacities: A Case Study of the Tarim River Basin in Arid China Fei Wang1*, Changjian Wang2*, Yuyao Ye2, Bin Wen3* 1Xinjiang Laboratory of Lake Environment and Resources in Arid Zone, Research Centre for Urban Development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, College of Geography Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China 2Key Laboratory of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China 3College of Economic and Management, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China Received: 14 March 2018 Accepted: 15 May 2018 Abstract Resource endowment and resource carrying capacity (RCC) are the most important cornerstones of regional sustainable development. By applying a newly established RCC method, namely, the relative resources carrying capacity (RRCC) method, we evaluated the RCC in the Tarim River basin (TRB) in arid China in Xinjiang during 2000-2011. Research results show that the relative resources carrying capacity can be effectively served as indicators of regional resources sustainable development status. Taking Xinjiang as the reference region, the TRB can be characterized as an area with an overloaded population and surplus economy during the whole research period, where land resources are relative advantage resources carrying the regional population growth and economic development and water resources are relative disadvantage resources restricting rapid regional development. Taking TRB as the reference region, 42 counties and cities in TRB performed significant temporal and spatial disparities according to the RRCC based on population and economic perspectives. -
Indo-Pacific
INDO-PACIFIC Contrasting Chinese and Foreign Media Accounts on Xinjiang OE Watch Commentary: Chinese state media outlets are promoting People’s Liberation Army (PLA) efforts to “expand employment and promote increases in income” in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. One recent report published by the People’s Liberation Army Daily boasted improvements to farming infrastructure at Tithier, Kizil Township, in Xinjiang’s Baicheng County thanks to a locally stationed artillery regiment. The unnamed regiment “invited resident planting experts to carry out technical training for villagers in order to help the villagers expand the sales of agricultural products.” According to an article published by Xinhua News Agency, Hongxing Village, in Kashi County’s Yangdaman Township, “two years ago, was still a poor village. Under the coordination of the armed police officers and soldiers, it has now become a happy home for the local people to live and work in peace.” Chinese state media reports portray the PLA in Xinjiang as benevolent local leaders determined to solve issues related to village economies. Narratives of government aid and assistance are disseminated to Chinese readers illustrating the importance and necessity of PLA and police presence in Xinjiang Province. Xinjiang. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Xinjiang#/media/File:China_Xinjiang.svg, By Joowwww - self-made; based on CIA. Public Domain Official Chinese government reports indicate that some domestic companies plan to relocate their production centers to Xinjiang