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Steger Building Chicago Landmark Designation Report

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Steger Building Chicago Landmark Designation Report Exhibit A LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT Steger Building 28 E. Jackson Blvd. Final Landmark Recommendation adopted by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, April 4, 2013 CITY OF CHICAGO Rahm Emanuel, Mayor Department of Housing and Economic Development Andrew J. Mooney, Commissioner The Commission on Chicago Landmarks, whose nine members are appointed by the Mayor and City Council, was established in 1968 by city ordinance. The Commission is re- sponsible for recommending to the City Council which individual buildings, sites, objects, or districts should be designated as Chicago Landmarks, which protects them by law. The landmark designation process begins with a staff study and a preliminary summary of information related to the potential designation criteria. The next step is a preliminary vote by the landmarks commission as to whether the proposed landmark is worthy of consideration. This vote not only initiates the formal designation process, but it places the review of city per- mits for the property under the jurisdiction of the Commission until a final landmark recom- mendation is acted on by the City Council. This Landmark Designation Report is subject to possible revision and amendment dur- ing the designation process. Only language contained within a designation ordinance adopted by the City Council should be regarded as final. 2 STEGER BUILDING 28 E. JACKSON BLVD. BUILT: 1909-10 ARCHITECTS: MARSHALL & FOX The Steger Building is a nineteen-story commercial skyscraper built for the headquarters of the Steger & Sons Piano Manufacturing Company, one of the country’s largest and most successful piano manufacturers during the early twentieth century. Located at the northwest corner of E. Jackson Boulevard and S. Wabash Avenue in Chicago’s Loop, the Steger Building forms an inte- gral part of Chicago’s historic “Music Row”—a group of buildings clustered along Wabash Ave- nue between E. Adams Street and E. Congress Parkway that were constructed during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to house the city’s most important musical-instrument manufacturers. The development of Music Row was part of the larger post-Chicago Fire devel- opment of the thriving Loop retail district along State Street and Wabash Avenue. The Steger Building is a handsome Classical Revival-style building with finely detailed terra- cotta ornament manufactured by the Northwestern Terra Cotta Company, the largest of Chica- go’s terra-cotta manufacturers in the early twentieth century. The building’s prominent location at the intersection of Jackson Boulevard and Wabash Avenue, and its high level of design and craftsmanship, helped establish a high standard of quality for commercial structures along Wa- bash Avenue. The Steger Building’s three-story base is ornamented with a variety of Classical- style detailing. The building’s handsome first-floor lobby is also richly decorated with an ornate plaster ceiling and walls covered with terra-cotta garlands, swags, medallions, rosettes, and foli- ated bands. 3 Steger Building The Steger Building is a nineteen-story com- mercial office skyscraper located at 28 E. Jackson Blvd., in the heart of Chicago’s his- toric “Music Row” on the northwest corner of Jackson Blvd. and Wabash Ave. “Music Row” was the part of the Loop’s larger retail area where musical-instrument manufactur- ers and other music–related retailers located their businesses during the late 19th and ear- ly 20th centuries. 4 The Steger Building is designed in the Classical Revival architectural style and is clad with white-glazed brick with white terra-cotta details manufactured by Chicago’s Northwestern Terra Cotta Company. The building was commissioned by John Valentine Steger to serve as the headquarters for the Steger & Sons Pi- ano Manufacturing Company, one of the most successful producers of pianos in the Midwest during the late-19th and early 20th centuries. Top: A view of the building’s two-story, terra-cotta-clad base. Left: The building’s main entrance with its finely-detailed terra-cotta surround. 5 The Steger Building was the first tall office building to be designed by Marshall & Fox, a signifi- cant early twentieth-century architectural firm in Chicago. Practicing together between 1905 and 1926, Benjamin Marshall and Charles Eli Fox catered primarily to the city’s wealthy elite, spe- cializing in luxury apartment buildings, hotels, theaters, and clubs. Prominent Chicago buildings designed by Marshall & Fox include the Blackstone Hotel on South Michigan Avenue (a desig- nated Chicago Landmark); the adjacent Blackstone Theater on E. Balbo; several buildings in the East Lake Shore Drive Chicago Landmark District, including the Drake Hotel; the 1550 North State Parkway apartment building overlooking Lincoln Park; and the original section of the Up- town National Bank Building (a designated Chicago Landmark). PIANO MANUFACTURING IN CHICAGO In the century before radio, motion pictures, and television captured American hearts, the piano held an important place in the average home. Prior to 1930, piano playing was a primary form of entertainment, and owning a piano was a status symbol for middle-class American families. In 1867, historian James Parton declared that “the piano was only less important to the American home than the kitchen stove,” a statement borne out by the fact that by 1905 there were more pi- anos and organs in America than there were bathtubs. Pianos provided the first introduction to music for many citizens; during the 1880s, half a million people were learning to play the piano and seven out of ten pupils in American public schools were being taught to read music, most likely using a piano. Piano instruction had become more than entertainment, and was considered an important part of a young person’s education. Although the first pianos to grace American homes were imported from Europe, by the mid- nineteenth century several east-coast manufacturers—Chickering and Gilbert of Boston, Nunns and Clark of New York, Meyer of Philadelphia—were producing pianos that rivaled the quality and construction of European models. American piano makers made significant contributions to improvements in piano design and construction, and American piano manufacturers such as Jo- seph P. Hale and W. W. Kimball were the first to apply industrial production methods to the manufacture of pianos, which lowered costs and opened the industry to a whole new market. At the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, hundreds of American models were displayed by a variety of different makers. As historian Alfred Dolge noted in Men Who Have Made Piano History, the Centennial Exposition “established once and for all the superiority of the American piano as an industrial product, in comparison with other similar products of other countries.” During the 1880s and 1890s, pianos became one of the first luxury items to reach the mass mar- ket, and American piano manufacturers were poised to meet the demand. Between 1890 and 1900, the number of pianos in American homes increased at a rate five times faster than the growth of the population. American pianos accounted for more than half of the world’s produc- tion, and were built by 263 firms employing 18,000 workers. During the last half of the nineteenth century, Chicago developed into a major center for the manufacture of musical instruments in general, and pianos in particular. This was not surprising given Chicago’s growing dominance during this period as a major manufacturing and distribu- tion center for all kinds of products. The city’s natural advantages as a manufacturing center— central location, national network of railroads and transportation lines, growing population, and 6 In the mid-1800s, Eastern manufacturers dominated the American piano market. However, the World’s Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, generated valuable publicity for Chica- go piano manufacturers such as Bush & Gerts, Cable, Kimball, Lyon & Healy, and Steger & Sons. After the fair, the sale of Midwestern-made pianos skyrocketed. Top: A view of the Court of Honor, World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893. Bottom (left to right): Kimball Piano Catalog, 1893; Cable Company Catalog, 1910; Steger & Son’s advertisement, circa 1910. 7 By 1910, Midwestern brands con- stituted over half of all piano sales in the United States. Chicago sur- passed New York as the country’s largest producer of pianos in the early 1920s, with nearly 125,000 pianos produced annually. Clockwise from top left: Kimball Co. advertisement, circa 1900; Ca- ble Piano Factory in St. Charles, IL, circa 1920; Lyon & Healy Factory, circa 1920; Steger & Sons Factory in Steger, IL, circa 1910. 8 proximity to an abundance of raw materials—translated well to piano manufacturing. In 1880, fourteen piano factories were operating in Chicago. Just one decade later, there were thirty-one. Chicago’s piano industry reflected the broader acceptance of pianos produced in the western half of the United States, which were initially seen as inferior to established East Coast brands such as Steinway. In 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition sparked a national marketing competi- tion between “upstart” Midwestern piano companies and more venerable Eastern brands. The Exposition generated valuable publicity for Chicago brands such as Bush & Gerts, Cable, Cable- Nelson, Conover, Hamilton (Baldwin), Kimball, Lyon & Healy, and Steger & Sons. After the Exposition, the sale of Midwestern-made pianos skyrocketed, and by 1910 they constituted over half of all piano sales in the United States. Chicago surpassed New York as the county’s largest producer of pianos in the early 1920s, with nearly 125,000 pianos produced annually. THE STEGER & SONS PIANO MANUFACTURING COMPANY One of the most successful Chicago piano manufacturing firms to emerge during the late- nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries was the Steger & Sons Piano Manufacturing Company. John Valentine Steger, an enigmatic and dogged industrialist, immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1871. After first working in a brass foundry, Steger used his savings to form a partnership with a piano tuner and open a piano store.
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