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Baseline Evaluation for Alluvial Valley Floor Determination

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Baseline Evaluation for Alluvial Valley Floor Determination Baseline Evaluation for Alluvial Valley Floor Presented to: Determination Western Energy Company Colstrip, Montana Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Rosebud County, MT May 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1 Ninth Street Island Drive Livingston, Montana 59047 www.erm.com The world’s leading sustainability consultancy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 2 2.1 ALLUVIAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY 3 3.0 AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND PRACTICES 4 3.1 IRRIGATION 4 4.0 VEGETATION ASSESSMENT 5 4.1 VEGETATION TYPES 5 4.1.1 Methods 5 4.1.2 Results 5 4.2 VALLEY FLOOR VEGETATION AND MOISTURE AVAILABILITY 6 4.2.1 Methods 6 4.2.2 Results 7 5.0 REFERENCES 9 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 AVF Baseline Study Area Location Map Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 2 Bedrock Geology AVF Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 3 Geomorphology of AVF Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 4 Groundwater and Surface Water Sampling Locations AVF Baseline Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 5 Agricultural Practices in AVF Baseline Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 6 CIR – Summer 2013 NAIP AVF Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 7 CIR – Fall 2012 Worldview-2 AVF Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 8 Potential Agricultural Water Use AVF Baseline Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 9 Vegetation Mapping AVF Baseline Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee Figure 10 Moisture Availability Mapping AVF Baseline Study Area Richard Coulee and Parts of Rape Coulee LIST OF ATTACHMENTS Attachment A Alluvial Well Logs Attachment B Alluvial Valley Floors - Richard Coulee Study Area Attachment C Water Right 42A 181559-00 ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION Western Energy Company (Western Energy), a subsidiary of Westmoreland Coal Company, is proposing to conduct surface coal mining and subsequent mine reclamation for an expansion of the Rosebud Mine located west of Colstrip, Montana. The proposed expansion area is located primarily in Richard Coulee and parts of Rape Coulee, Rosebud County, Montana. The proposed expansion area is located in a semi-arid region of Montana, and the proposed coal mining and reclamation activities will be conducted in an area that includes multiple streams. Therefore, in accordance with Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM) 17.24.325, Western Energy will be requesting that the Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) make an alluvial valley floor (AVF) determination with respect to the stream valleys present in the proposed expansion area. Figure 1 illustrates the Study Area for the AVF baseline analysis conducted on behalf of Western Energy. The Study Area presented on Figure 1 was designed to evaluate upstream reaches, headwaters, downstream reaches, and the nearest area of agricultural activity that could potentially be indicative of AVF conditions for stream valleys potentially impacted by future mining and reclamation activities. The expanded analysis included the stream valleys and upland areas adjacent to and between the referenced drainages. The resultant Study Area evaluated for this baseline analysis is comprised of approximately 19.7 square miles (approximately 12,600 acres). Five sections located within the boundaries of the Study Area were evaluated previously as a part of the Nance-Brown AVF Coal Exchange (US DOI, 2010). Those five sections, also termed the Ashenhurst Tract, were the subject of an Environmental Assessment (EA) conducted by Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Components of the EA conducted by BLM on the Ashenhurst Tract are common with components of a Baseline Assessment to support an AVF determination. Therefore the findings presented in the EA for the Nance-Brown Coal Exchange are incorporated or discussed herein, as applicable. In accordance with the above, the following sections present a discussion of the geology/geomorphology, agricultural land use, and vegetation analysis of Study Area based on available published information and imagery. Where applicable, hydrology and hydrogeology data from the Study Area and generated by Nicklin Earth & Water on behalf of Western Energy are incorporated into the analysis and discussion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1 2.0 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY The Study Area is located in the northern portion of the Powder River Basin, a north-south trending, elongate structural and physiographic basin that extends from southeastern Montana to northeastern Wyoming. Figure 2 presents a portion of a geologic map covering the Study Area (Vuke et al., 2001). The primary purpose of the geologic map is to indicate the uppermost bedrock unit encountered in the area of study, with a lesser emphasis on identification of the unconsolidated deposits that may overlie the bedrock units. The uppermost bedrock unit underlying most of the Study Area is the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation. The Tongue River Member is the primary coal-bearing strata in the area and is comprised of interbedded sandstones, shales, and up to 32 individual coal seams. The more resistant units within the Tongue River Member crop out as resistant ridgelines as well as along incised stream channels within the Study Area. Ridges in the central and eastern two- thirds of the Study Area are capped by more resistant clinker beds. Coal seams in the Tongue River Member have burned in situ over wide areas resulting in baking and vitrification of the overlying sandstones and shales – commonly known as clinker. The clinker deposits are characteristically reddish-brown in color. Although the geologic map used as a base for Figure 2 indicates the presence of alluvium in Richard Coulee and to a limited extent in Rape Coulee, the stream valley alluvium is more extensive in the Study Area than shown on the geologic map. The primary weathering mechanisms active in the Study Area are mass- wasting as a result of wind and water erosion. In Figure 3, the light- colored ridge-crest outcroppings and rubble areas are composed of sandstones and shales of the Tongue River Member. The slightly darker, reddish-hued ridge crests and exposed rubble areas are composed of resistant clinker beds. The area between the bedrock ridge-crests and the nearest stream typically is a sloping alluvial fan surface, comprised of a veneer of colluvium derived from the bedrock ridges. In many areas, that colluvium veneer appears to thin significantly, as indicated by the lighter color and sparse vegetation. The margins between the colluvium of the alluvial fans and the alluvial valley deposits along the stream valleys typically appear as a well-defined erosional truncation of the upland, colluvium deposits. The erosional truncation, in many instances, parallels the sinuous stream channel contained in the fluvial deposits of the alluvial valley. Major streams in the Study Area generally flow east to southeastward. The major streams (and their unnamed tributaries) sourced within or ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2 flowing across the Study Area, from north to south, are Richard Coulee and Rape Coulee. Figure 3 presents the potential extent of alluvial deposits in those major stream drainages (and their tributaries) within the Study Area based on an examination of high-resolution National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery taken in 2013 (NAIP 2013). The potential presence of alluvial deposits was determined by identifying: abrupt erosional breaks between the adjacent upland alluvial fans and the stream deposits, especially those margins that mimic or parallel the stream channel; relatively planar ground surface between opposing upland fan deposits; low-gradient, meandering stream channels; and apparent relict stream terrace deposits. Along the narrow, upper reaches of the streams, stream- bank vegetation partially obscures the streambed for the referenced streams or their smaller tributaries. Rather than depicting discontinuous stretches of alluvial deposits in those instances, the alluvial deposits are depicted as continuous through the obscured reaches of the streams. The extent of alluvial deposits along the stream valleys in the Study Area is greater than depicted by prior geologic investigators in the area (Figure 2). Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of existing groundwater monitoring wells in the Study Area. Wells numbered: WA-228 and WA- 229 were completed on behalf of Western Energy. The geologic logs for the two monitoring wells (Attachment A) document the presence of 12 to 27 feet of alluvium at those boring locations. The extent of potential alluvial deposits along the streams in the Study Area appears to be well defined by the easily identified erosional truncation of the colluvium comprising the upland alluvial fan deposits that flank the streams. 2.1 ALLUVIAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY Attachment B is a summary of water availability, surface water quality and occurrence, and groundwater quality and occurrence in the Study Area. The locations for water quality sampling points in the Study Area are indicated on Figure 4. Specific conductivity for groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells completed in the alluvial deposits within the Study Area are consistent with a Class III groundwater classification. Class III groundwater is characterized by specific conductivity values ranging from 2,500-15,000 µmhos/cm and it is considered usable for irrigation of some salt-tolerant crops. As discussed in Attachment B, the specific conductivity values for most of the groundwater samples collected in the Study Area are greater than 4,000 µmhos/cm; thus that groundwater would be considered saline per U.S. Department of Agriculture standards. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 3 3.0 AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND PRACTICES Most of the bottomland along the ephemeral stream channel of Richard Coulee is undeveloped rangeland, with no evidence of historic or current farming practices. Agricultural land is found exclusively in the southeastern portion of the Study Area, along Richard Coulee near the confluence with Rosebud Creek (Figure 5).
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