CONTENTS Part I: the Foundations of Democracy Ix

CONTENTS

Part I: The Foundations of Democracy

CHAPTER I. THE RIGHT TO REBEL 1. Democracy, Revolution, and the Threat of Anarchy (John Locke, Two, Treatises of Government) 2. Declaration of Independence (Congress of the United States) 3. Rebellion and Liberty (Thomas Jefferson, letter to W. S. Smith) 4. Challenge to Authority (Harold J. Laski, The State in Theory and Practice)

CHAPTER II. FREEDOM 1. Freedom and the General Will (Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract) 2. Freedom of Opinion—Limited or Unlimited? (John Stuart Mill, On Liberty) 3. The Logic of Persecution (Mr. Justice Holmes, dissenting opinion in Abrams United States) 4. Freedom in America (Max Eastman, "Political Liberty") 5. Measuring Freedom: The Control of the Future (John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct) 6. An Anthropologist Looks at Freedom (Bronislaw Malinowski, Freedom and Civilization) 7. Escape from Freedom (Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom) 8. Natural Law and Human Rights (Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law) 9. The Four Freedoms (Franklin D. Roosevelt, Message to Congress) ix

http://d-nb.info/577860690 CONTENTS

CHAPTER III. LIBERTY AND EQUALITY 82 1. The Meaning of Equality 86 (Abraham Lincoln, an address at Springfield) 2. Liberty and Equality 87 (Harold J. Laski, A Grammar of Politics) 3. Inequality and Personal Freedom 109 (Sidney and Beatrice Webb, The Decay of Capitalist Civi lization) 4. The Religion of Inequality 119 (R. H. Tawney, Equality)

CHAPTER IV. CHARACTER AND WISDOM IN DEMOCRATIC POLITICS I27 1. Government of Gentlemen, for Gentlemen, by Gentlemen: i33 (John Stuart Mill, Representative Government) 2. Public and Private Honesty 137 (Barbara Wootton, "Public and Private Honesty") 3. Power and Slavery 146 (Jacob Klatzkin, In Praise of Wisdom) y '4. Toleration and Cowardice *47 (Josiah C. Wedgwood, a letter to The Sunday Times) 5. When Democracy Destroys Itself 148 (Julien Benda, La grande epreuve des democraties) 6. The Failure of Democratic Leadership 152 (Salvador de Madariaga, Anarchy or Hierarchy) 7. The Triple Yoke J57 (Simon Bolivar, an address to the Congress of Venezuela) 8. The Limitations of the Expert r59 (Harold J. Laski, The Limitations of the Expert) 9. Democracy and the Expert 170 (A. D. Lindsay, The Modern Democratic State)

Part .II: Antidemocratic Thought

CHAPTER V. THE POLITICS OF PESSIMISM "83 1. The Lion and the Fox 190 (Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince) ' 2. The Sovereign State 199 (Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan) 3. Politics, History, Religion 210 (Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France) CONTENTS xi CHAPTER VI. THE IDOL STATE 230 1. Freedom in Nature and" Society 235 (G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Law) 2. The State Divine 241 (G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of History) 3. Sovereignty: Monarchical or Popular? 247 (G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Law) 4. Individualism, Democracy, and the State 252 (Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics) 5. German and Western Conceptions of-Freedom 256 (Ernst Troeltsch, "The German Idea of Freedom")

CHAPTER VII. THE CRY FOR THE LEADER 258 1. Democracy Is Forever Impossible • 265 (Thomas Carlyle, Latter-Day Pamphlets) 2. "Give Me a Leader" 267 (Thomas Carlyle, Chartism) 3. Prophet of Fascism 269 (Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History) 4. Slave Morality of Democracy 271 (Friedrich Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals) 5. Antichrist 275 (Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist) 6. Superman 280 (Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spa\e Zarathustra) 7. Revolt of the Masses 281 (Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses) 8. The Ruling Class 286 (Gaetano Mosca, The Ruling Class) 9. Leader Praises Leadership Principle 291 (Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf)

CHAPTER VIII. FASCISM: GOVERNMENT BY FORCE AND LIES 294 1. The State as Power 297 (Heinrich von Treitschke, Polities') 2. Politics: The Struggle with the Enemy 299 (Carl Schmitt, "The Concept of 'The Political'") 3. The Bigger the Lie, the Better " 302 (Adolf Hider, Mein Kampf) xii CONTENTS

4. Fascism, War, Dictatorship 303 (Benito Mlissolini, The Political and Social Doctrine of Fas cism) 5. The Political Doctrine of Fascism 309 (Alfredo Rocco, "The Political Doctrine of Fascism") 6. Fascism: The American Brand 315 (Henry A. Wallace, "American Fascism")

Part III: Capitalism, Socialism, Planning

CHAPTER IX. IN DEFENSE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY 326 1. The End of Government 330 (John Locke, Two Treatises of Government) 2. Representation of Property 345 (Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France) 3. Property—The First Principle of Government 349 (Mr. Justice Van Orsdel, in Children's Hospital v. Admins) 4. The Rule of Law and Regulation of Property 35i (Walter Lippmann, The Good Society) 5. The Fifth Freedom 359 (Herbert Hoover, "The 5th Freedom")

CHAPTER X. REVOLUTIONARY MARXISM 363 1. On Philosophy 371 (Karl Marx, Theses on Feuerbach) 2. Economic Interpretation of History 371 (Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) 3. The Communist Manifesto 372 (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Mani festo) 4. Economic and Noneconomic Forces in History 383 (Friedrich Engels, letter to J. Bloch) 5. The Withering Away of the State 385 (V. I. Lenin, State and Revolution) 6. Call to Revolution 397 (V. I. Lenin, a letter to the Members of the Central Com mittee) 7. Marxism and the United States 398 (Leon Trotsky, Karl Marx) 8. Why I Am Not a Communist 407 (Morris R. Cohen, "Why I Am Not a Communist") CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER XI. ENGLISH SOCIALISM 4*5 1. H&w We Live and How We Might Live 420 (William Morris, "How We Live and How We Might Live") 2. Parliamentary and Municipal Socialism 436 (Sidney Webb, Socialism in England) 3- The Tyranny of Functionless Property 446 (R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society) 4- On the Road to Victory 450 (Clement R. Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective) 5- Britain: World Leader of Democratic Socialism 455 (E. F. M. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism) 6. Socialism and the Common Law 459 (Frederick. Pollock, letter to Mr. Justice Holmes) 7- Socialist Culture, Art, and the Individual 459 (Herbert Read, The Politics of the Unpolitical)

CHAPTER XII. PLAN OR NO PLAN? 470

1. Science and Society 472 (John Dewey, "Authority and Social Change") 2. Planning versus Democracy 478 (Walter Lippmann, The Good Society) 3. Road to Serfdom 480 (Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom) 4. Planning for Freedom 485 (Barbara Wootton, Freedom under Planning) 5. Planning: America's Experience 493 (Charles E. Merriam, On the Agendg of Democracy) 6. Planning: America's Hope 497 (Charles E. Merriam, Systematic Politics)

CHAPTER XIII. ECONOMIC THREATS TO FREEDOM 502 0

1. Industrial Absolutism versus Political Liberty 506 (Louis D. Brandeis, Testimony before the Commission on Industrial Relations) 2. Property Rights and Human Rights . 507 (Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom) 3. Profit versus Production 511 (Thorstein Veblen, The Engineers and the Price System) 4. Full Employment in a Free Society 521 (William Beveridge, Full Employment in a Free Society) xiv CONTENTS r 5. ConceQtration of Economic Power 535 (Joseph C. O'Mahoney, Final Statement, Temporary Na tional Economic Committee) 6. Cartels and National Security 542 (Harley M. Kilgore, Report from the Subcommittee on War Mobilization to the Senate Committee on Military Affairs)

Part IV: From Nationalism to World Order

CHAPTER XIV. NATIONALISM: PEACEFUL OR AGGRESSIVE ? 551

1. Nationality and Liberty 556 (Lord Acton, "Nationality") 2. Humanitarian Nationalism 563 (Giuseppe Mazzini, "Pact of Fraternity of Young Europe") 3. Democratic Nationalism 566 (Thomas G. Masaryk, On Thought and Life: Conversations with Karel Cape\) 4. Small and Great Nations 570 (Hubert Ripka, Small and Great Nations) 5. The National Being 574 (A.E., The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity) 6. Zionism 578 . (Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State) 7. Imperialism—Incompatible with Free Government 586 (J. A. Hobson, Imperialism) 8. The Right to Conquer 591 (Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf)

CHAPTER XV. RACE: SENSE AND NONSENSE 593

1. The Germans—The Climax of World History and World Spirit 597 (G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of History) 2. Prussian Kultur versus Dollar-Hunting U.S.A. 599 (Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics) 3. The Nordics Did It All 600 (Hans F. K. Giinther, The Racial Elements of European History) 4. Eigenlob Stinkt 601 (Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf) 5. It Has Happened Here 602 (Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race) r CONTENTS xv 6. Race Crusade against Bolshevism 605 (Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color) 7. U.S. Race Arithmetic 606 (Annual Immigration Quotas into the U.S.) 8. Scientists Speak 607 (Julian S. Huxley and A. C. Haddon, We Europeans)

CHAPTER XVI. CONFLICT OR COMMON INTEREST?. (S16 1. Utopia and Reality: A Conservative View 620 (E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis) 2. Utopia and Reality: A Liberal Appraisal 631 (Leonard Woolf, "Utopia and Reality") 3. International Organization: The Functional Approach 641 (David Mitrany, A Wording Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organiza tion) • 4. Democratic Diplomacy 651 (Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy)

CHAPTER XVII. WAR: THE SOVEREIGN ASSASSIN '658 1. The Philosophy of International Anarchy 662 (G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Law) 2. The Blessings of War (564 (Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics) 3. Perpetual Peace 668 (Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace) • 4. The Sovereign Assassin (670 (Norman Angell, The Unseen Assassins) 5. The Atom and Humanity 679 0 (Harold C. Urey, "The Atom and Humanity") 6. The Free State versus the Military State 687 (D. W. Brogan, The Free State)

CHAPTER XVIII. THE SUPRANATIONAL COMMUNITY 7°4 1. The British Commonwealth of Nations 7°7 (Alfred Cobban, National Self-Determination) 2. The Soviet Union of Nations 7r4 (Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet. Communism: A New Civilization) 3. The Myth of World Government 720 (Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Myth of World Government") r xvi CONTENTS 4. The Reality of World Government 725 (Albert Guerard, "The World Comes of Age") 5. Peace through Law 729 (Woodrow Wilson, War and Peace: Presidential Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers, 79/7-/924) 6. American Century or Century of the Common Man? 734 (Henry A. Wallace, "The Price of Free World Victory") 7. American Affirmations of World Government 741 (Resolutions in favor of World Government by the State Legislatures of Massachusetts and North Carolina)

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 747

INDEX 777