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Life in the Soil Life in the Soil JAMES B Life in the Soil Life in the Soil JAMES B. NARDI A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners The University of Chicago Press chicago and london james b. nardi is a biologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and the Illinois Natural History Survey who gardens with the help of innumerable soil creatures. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978-0-226-56852-2 (paper) ISBN- 10: 0-226-56852-0 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Nardi, James B., 1948– Life in the soil : a guide for naturalists and gardeners / James B. Nardi. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN- 13: 978-0-226-56852-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN- 10: 0-226-56852-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Soil biology. I. Title. QH84.8.N36 2007 578.75Ј7—dc22 2006037834 o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. Contents Acknowledgments ix How to Use This Book xiii Preface xix part one. the marriage of the mineral world and the organic world A. Introduction 1 B. How Soil Forms from Rocks and Weather 6 C. Plant Roots and Their Bacterial Partners 9 D. Plant Roots and Their Fungal Partners 11 E. Where Roots Meet Rocks and Minerals 15 F. Plant Roots and Their Animal Partners 22 1. Life in a Dark and Densely Populated World 22 2. Soil Fertility and the Formation of Humus 30 3. The Importance of Nitrogen 32 4. The Contribution of Animals to Soil Structure 36 5. Diggers and Tillers of the Soil 39 G. How Plants and Animals Aff ect the Layers of a Soil 40 part two. members of the soil community A. Microbes 47 1. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 47 2. Actinomycetes 51 3. Algae 54 vi Contents 4. Fungi 56 5. Chytrids, Hyphochytrids, Oomycetes 60 6. Lichens 62 7. Slime Molds 63 8. Protozoa 65 Animal Kingdom B. Invertebrates—Animals without Backbones 67 a. Animals Without Backbones or Jointed Legs 67 1. Flatworms 67 2. Roundworms and Potworms 69 3. Earthworms 74 4. Land Leeches 79 5. Rotifers 80 6. Snails and Slugs 81 7. Tardigrades 83 8. Onychophorans 86 b. Arthropods Other Than Insects 88 1. Mites and Springtails 88 2. Proturans and Diplurans 95 3. Myriapods 98 4. Spiders 103 5. Daddy Longlegs 105 6. Pseudoscorpions 107 7. True Scorpions, Windscorpions, Whipscorpions, and Schizomids 109 8. Microwhipscorpions 112 9. Ricinuleids 113 10. Woodlice 114 11. Crayfi sh 116 c. Insects: The Most Abundant Arthropods 116 1. Jumping Bristletails and Silverfi sh 117 2. Earwigs 119 3. Cockroaches 120 4. Camel Crickets and Mole Crickets 122 5. Short- horned Grasshoppers 124 6. Termites 125 7. Thrips 128 8. Big- eyed Bugs and Burrower Bugs 130 Contents vii 9. Aphids, Phylloxerans, and Coccoids 131 10. Cicadas and Rhipicerid Beetles 134 11. Rove Beetles and Ground Beetles 135 12. Tiger Beetles 138 13. Short- winged Mold Beetles 139 14. Featherwing Beetles 141 15. Sap Beetles 141 16. Antlike Stone Beetles 143 17. Minute Fungus Beetles 144 18. Ptilodactylid Beetles 146 19. Glowworms, Firefl ies, and Lightningbugs 147 20. Soldier Beetles 149 21. Dung Beetles 150 22. Carrion Beetles, Burying Beetles, and Hister Beetles 154 23. Wireworms and Click Beetles 157 24. Beetles of Rotten Logs 159 25. Scarabs, Weevils, and Their Grubs 163 26. Variegated Mud-loving Beetles 165 27. Fungus Beetles 167 28. Scorpionfl ies 168 29. Antlions 170 30. Caterpillars and Moths 171 31. March Flies, Crane Flies, and Soldier Flies 173 32. Midges and Biting Midges 176 33. Moth Flies 178 34. Snipe Flies 179 35. Robber Flies 179 36. Bee Flies 181 37. Long- legged Flies 182 38. Picture- winged Flies 182 39. Root- maggot Flies 183 40. Gall Wasps 186 41. Parasitic Wasps 188 42. Digger Bees and Velvet Ants 189 43. Digger Wasps 193 44. Ants 195 C. Vertebrates 197 a. Vertebrates Other Than Mammals 198 1. Salamanders 198 viii Contents 2. Toads 199 3. Caecilians 201 4. Lizards 202 5. Snakes 204 6. Turtles and Tortoises 205 7. Birds 207 b. Mammals 212 1. Woodchucks and Skunks 217 2. Badgers 220 3. Prairie Dogs 223 4. Ground Squirrels and Chipmunks 225 5. Moles 228 6. Shrews 231 7. Pocket Gophers 233 8. Kangaroo Rats 235 part three. working in partnership with creatures of the soil 1. Preventing Erosion 240 2. Avoiding Excessive Use of Fertilizers 242 3. Eff ects of Acid Rain 245 4. Avoiding Salt-Encrusted Soils 246 5. Maintaining Soil Structure 248 6. Discouraging Invasion of Soils by Exotic Species 250 7. Composting as an Antidote to Soil Abuse 251 Collecting and Observing Life of the Soil 257 Glossary 269 Further Reading 275 Index 279 Plates follow page 138. Acknowledgments Over many years this manuscript on life in the soil grew in the fer- tile environment provided by a community of friends and colleagues. Some friends helped me prepare diagrams and design illustrations. Others shared their discoveries, advice, and encouragement. Each person’s contribution enriched the manuscript. My mother steadfastly nurtured my interest in nature and garden- ing from the time when I fi rst encountered the world beneath my feet. Mark Bee labeled most illustrations and helped prepare many diagrams for this guide. His many talents and interests—as micros- copist, musician, and artist—added to the impact of the illustrations. Joyce Scott advised me on artistic matters—proportions, textures, shading. She could see ways to improve drawings that often eluded me. Molly Scott is an accomplished artist who worked part- time at the University of Illinois Artist Service. She spent many hours scan- ning illustrations for this book and preparing a number of its dia- grams. Michael Jeff ords contributed most of the photographs that grace this guide. As Education and Public Relations Liaison at the Illinois Natural History Survey, Michael’s photographs have appeared in many publications and presentations. They speak eloquently for na- ture. My Sunday morning companions in the Indiana woods, Daisy (fi g.118) and Maggie, explored the soil with me and often were able to “see” with their noses creatures that I probably would not have x Acknowledgments seen with my eyes. They clearly delighted in the discoveries that they shared with me. Friends shared their discoveries, their passions, and their knowl- edge of particular organisms or particular topics. As a skilled teacher for the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ray Archuleta of- fered advice on preparing more eff ective illustrations. Don Johnson studies the sculpturing of the earth’s surface by animals. He intro- duced me to the term “biomantle” to describe the biologically gen- erated “epidermis” of soil. Jackie Worden introduced me to the plea- sures and potentialities of using colored pencils for illustrations. Mark Sturges (the Farm at Chili Nervanos) shared his knowledge of com- posting as well as his enthusiasm for the creatures that are responsi- ble for the success of organic gardening. From wherever she traveled, Pamela Sutherland would send me creatures or photographs of crea- tures. Susan Gabay- Laughnan furnished me with insect models from the woods near her home and from the fi elds where she carries out her experiments in corn genetics. On an afternoon trek through Tre- lease Woods, Lowell Getz introduced me to the snails and slugs of east- central Illinois. Larry Hoff man showed me how to culture algae from the soil. As chairperson of Champaign County Audubon’s edu- cation committee, Beth Chato was a valuable source of information on vertebrates and their associations with soils; Ed Zaborski took me on several earthworm forays and later, at his stereomicroscope, he pointed out the features that are useful in distinguishing diff erent species of earthworms. Drawing from life was important in preparing the illustrations. Don Jarc found a mole in his garden that posed for the illustration in this book. In helping me search for specimens of certain arthro- pods, Rosanna Giordano, with her unfl agging enthusiasm and deter- mination, tracked down several species that I was unable to fi nd in the soils of Illinois and Indiana. Finding adult and larval specimens of root maggots turned out to be more challenging than I had expected. When I contacted them for the fi rst time, Stefan Jaronski in Montana, Amy Dreves in Oregon, and Rosanna Giordano in Vermont helped in a search that culminated with the shipment of these insects from Jay Whistlecraft in Ontario. As enthusiastic teachers, Jennifer Anderson, Huzefa Raja, Carol Shearer, and Meredith Blackwell introduced me to the extraordinary Kingdom of the fungi. Josephine Rodriquez, Colin Favret, and Jim Acknowledgments xi Whitfi eld helped me fi nd specimens of the more exotic arthropods in the collections at the Illinois Natural History Survey and the Uni- versity of Illinois. Gary Olsen brought me up to date on the classifi - cation of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. In late winter, long before I could fi nd any gastropods for examination of their radulae, Betty Ujhelyi brought me some from her backyard. My colleagues who study insects and their relatives often helped with fi nding and identifi cation of specimens. Don Webb (fl ies and scorpionfl ies), David Voegtlin (aphids and phylloxerans), and Felipe Soto (springtails and diplurans) were always eager to discuss their favorite arthropods. For many years Heather (plate 66) and Francis Young shared their composting expertise with our east- central Illinois community.
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